Influence of Seismic Hazards on the Giza Plateau in Egypt: Identifying Vulnerable Areas

Influence of Seismic Hazards on the Giza Plateau in Egypt: Identifying Vulnerable Areas | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Influence of Seismic Hazards on the Giza Plateau in Egypt: Identifying Vulnerable Areas Ibrahim H. Mohamed, Ashraf S. Hussein, Youssef F. Rashed This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6601256/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Giza plateau, including the Pyramids and the Sphinx of Giza, is one of the world's most iconic and historic monuments. Protection of these monuments is a conservation of heritage and a responsibility to sustain the value of this monumental complex. Understanding the vulnerability of this monumental complex is the aim of this research. Three-dimensional modeling for the Giza plateau has been considered with high precision to reflect this area's actual topology and elevation change. Finite element analysis is used to calculate the natural frequency and dynamic response regarding maximum displacement of the pyramids and the sphinx against various earthquakes. Seven earthquakes are used, and earthquakes not from the region are reasonably scaled to match the seismic properties of the region. The average weighted mean of the maximum principal stresses for the seven earthquakes is calculated, with weights related to the probability of exceedance of these earthquakes in a 100-year time, to identify the areas where failure and damage are more likely to occur and, hence, are vulnerable. It is concluded that critical vulnerable areas are the Sphinx's neck, arms, thigh, the Khafre and Khufu pyramids' base, the corner regions, and the plateau region connecting the pyramids to the Sphinx. Physical sciences/Engineering/Civil engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards Giza Plateau Sphinx of Giza Seismic Hazard Vulnerability Finite Element Model-ling Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6601256","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":461253026,"identity":"57111e2a-53a9-4167-9593-2d08f62babe4","order_by":0,"name":"Ibrahim H. 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