Addresing the Ethnobotanical Practices of Herbal Remedies by Indigenous People in Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria: The Three Villages in the Bajali District of Assam

Addresing the Ethnobotanical Practices of Herbal Remedies by Indigenous People in Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria: The Three Villages in the Bajali District of Assam | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Addresing the Ethnobotanical Practices of Herbal Remedies by Indigenous People in Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria: The Three Villages in the Bajali District of Assam Hirakjyoti Das, Ashmita Saha, Nongmaithem Randhoni Chanu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7255979/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ethnopharmacological Relevance : The primary objective of this ethnobotanical study was to preserve the indigenous understanding of medicinal plants in three villages located in the Bajali district of Assam: Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria. Despite highlighting the value of medicinal plants in rural healthcare, the investigation aimed to bridge the gap between generations and conventional healing approaches. Aim of the Study : The investigation sought to close the gap among generations with conventional healing approaches while exposing the worth of medicinal plants in rural healthcare. Materials and Methods : Applying standardized questionnaires, 94 informants, including housewives, cultivators, and traditional healers, were interrogated. From September 2024 to January 2025, fieldwork went on to determine and catalog plant species that served medicinally. Results : The investigation recognized 101 species of medicinal plants across different families that were utilized to treat conditions like respiratory problems, diabetes, diarrhea, and high blood pressure. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves, roots, and bark; decoctions, pastes, and infusions were among the methods of preparation used. These findings demonstrate how crucial ethnomedical knowledge is to basic healthcare, particularly for remote areas with minimal opportunity for modern medical services. However, urgent conservation measures must be undertaken since to the reduced use of traditional therapies as a result of modernity and urbanization. For evidence to confirm the effectiveness of these herbs, the study emphasizes the necessity of documenting, sustainable harvesting, and combining traditional wisdom with recent pharmacological research. The development of novel medications for global purposes using traditional knowledge is the focus of the present study. Health sciences/Health care Biological sciences/Plant sciences Ethno-medical knowledge Traditional Therapies Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Plants have been utilized in medicine for treating, preventing and assortment of ailments among mankind since the inception of civilization. Medicinal plants are less poisonous than synthesized drugs, making them valuable assets when creating novel drugs offering therapeutic properties (Banki et al., 2020; Alemu et al., 2024 ). One of the globe's 12 megabioregions, India is home to two biodiversity hotspots: the Eastern Himalayas and the Western Ghats. A great deal of biodiversity and distinctive species variety are attributes of such regions (Tangjang et al., 2011 ; Karuppusamy, 2024 ). The Eastern Himalayas zone contain Bhutan, northeastern India, and sections of southern, central, and eastern Nepal, famous due to its vital geographical variations. Numerous different and rare native plant species prevalent in the Eastern Himalayan zone are known for their medicinal benefits. An ecosystem which is diverse and abundant is formed through such variances. Among the estimated 8,000 woody plant species that inhabit the Indian Himalayas solely, nearly 1,748 species are believed to have pharmacological meaning (Ray and Saini, 2022 ; Kumar et al., 2019 ; Dimri and Kumar, 2024 ). The remarkable species richness of the Eastern and Central Himalayas is reinforced by a warm, humid climate carried on by the moisture brought up by the Indian summer monsoon. The weather in the western region, on the flip hand, is warm and dry. As the floristic diversification of the Himalayan region coincides closely with its geophysical amenities, it is certain that geology and climate have a significant effect on the current spread of plant species. The eastern Himalaya and the western Himalaya are found in the Palaeotropical Kingdom and the Holarctic Kingdom, correspondingly, referring to the two primary floristic kingdoms comprising this immense mountain region. In addition, the Eastern and Western Himalayas are recognized as pertaining to varying floristic sections, which are designated as the Irano-Turanian and Eastern Asiatic domains, respectively, at the localized level (Wambulwa et al., 2021 ; Sparsha and Parida, 2024 ). The Terai-Duar Savannas, Grasslands, and the Eastern Himalayan Broad leaf and Conifer Forests are all featured in the World 200 Ecological zones. The Kangchenjunga Landscape is dedicated to a broad spectrum of ecosystems that fall into six major groups depending on altitude: tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, cool temperate, subalpine, and alpine. The area is an abundance of biodiversity considering an extensive variety of different habitats and microclimatic conditions induced by these noteworthy topographic contrasts (Kandel et al., 2016 ). Northeastern India, consisting of the Himalayas and Indo-Burma vast biodiversity areas, is an integral hub for biodiversity. Nearly fifty percent of India's plant diversity and 40% of their indigenous species are situated in this distinctive biogeographic zone, which is home to a broad range of globe habitats. Traders in Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, and Delhi receive crude pharmaceuticals from the region's forests that are plenty in therapeutic plants. Even in rocky zones, heavy development of forests is helped by ideal climatic settings, especially abundant rainfall and pleasant temperatures. The woods displayed resolve and regrowth regardless of barriers such as burning and slashing. At greater altitudes, the varying fauna contains rhododendron scrubs, alpine meadows, mixed and evergreen trees, and tropical species at lower latitudes (Dutta et al., 2023 ; Dikshit et al., 2014 ; Das and Khosla, 2021 ). Based on the 2001 survey, more than 130 of India's 427 tribal people originate in the 8 Sister States, which are situated in the nation's northeast: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. Assam, that is often alluded to as the "Gateway to Northeast India," fascinates tourists and thrill-seekers with its luscious valleys, tea farms, undulating rice fields, mist-covered peaks, and swift-moving rivers. The 2001 census disclosed that 12.8% of the nation's tribal residents reside in this state solely. Assam that lies in northeastern India connects frontiers to Bangladesh, Meghalaya, and West Bengal to the west; Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Mizoram and Tripura to the south; Nagaland and Manipur to the east. The southern Barak Valley, the plateaus between Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Manipur, and the vastest Brahmaputra Valley represent Assam, which resembles like the letter "Y." Boasting its rivers, hills, and valleys, its varied habitat feeds a wealth of species. Assam endures a subtropical monsoon climate, with summer temperatures commonly ranging roughly 35°C and winter temperatures ranging about 25°C, with lows at night near 10°C. November through April constitute the driest time of year, whilst May through October is the hot, rainy season. Across the year, there is frequently surprising rainfall, although sunny periods are typical outside of the monsoon season (Sajem and Gosai, 2006 ; Ghosh and Parida, 2015 ). Materials and Methods Study area: Three Villages of Bajali District of Assam In three villages in the Bajali district named as Doloigaon, Bamakhata and Muguria, we underwent an ethnobotanical investigation. Traditional therapies have becoming less prevalent as modern treatments have occupied their place, whereas younger generations, who usually relocate to urbanized areas are losing their grasp of medicinal plants. The investigation sought to bridge the information disconnect among generations by documenting the traditional medical practices of elderly residents and underlining the worth of medicinal plants, especially during times of crisis or in scenarios in which contemporary medications might not be obtainable. Research Site: Doloigaon (GPS coordinates: latitude 26°32'52" N, longitude 91°10'33" E); Bamakhata (GPS coordinates: latitude 26°32'04" N, longitude 91°10'37" E); Muguria (GPS coordinates: latitude 26°31'08" N, longitude 91°10'16" E). These 3 villages are located in the Bajali district of Assam. The Bajali district, a region about the extent of Barbados at 422.95 sq km, possesses a population of 3,24,739 in 2011, that equates to Iceland. The Baksa district is the root for numerous smaller rivers which flow through Bajali, namely Kaldia, Pahumara, and Deojara. Despite a few mountains spread around, the topography is mostly flat. Winters are cold and misty, whilst summers are warm. February through April is the dry season. May through September receives plenty of rainfall (ranges around 385 to 410 cm), while October and November offer pleasant foggy climate. By November, winter hits and runs for nearly four months, with February and March often dry and hazy (GOA District Profile, 2024). Collecting Data and Survey of Medicinal Plants : Field Inspections and Documentation : Field investigations along with exploratory excursions (Fig. 2 ) were undertaken throughout September 2024 to January 2025 for documenting ethnopharmacological rehearsals in the Bajali district's villages of Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria. The native residents' rich historical plant information and the limited accessibility of healthcare services influenced the choice of these places. Also, the Census of India 2011 (obtainable via https://bajali.assam.gov.in/about-us/about-district ) gave the demographic data for those regions. Following the compilation and collection procedure, medicinal plants were acquired in triplicate or duplicate, dependent upon their access at specific points. Informer Selection : 21 respondents are regarded as conventional herbal practitioners, who possess traditional understanding of the therapeutic properties of herbs along with an ancestral healing legacy. An overall of 94 informers were picked at randomly from house-to-house questionnaires, having most of them of those who responded living in rural areas. In contrast, criteria involving age group with level of education were undertaken to consideration; The following factors were taken into account, though: 32 were female, 62 were male, 10 were around the ages between 50 to 60, 57 were around the ages of 60 to 75, and 27 were around the ages of 75 to 85. In this investigation, nearly all among the informants reported non-literate, whereas 39 informants possessed received educations up to class IX standards. N.B: We clarify that all participants were adults and provided their informed consent to participate in the study, permitting this online open-access journal to publish any potentially identifiable information. It is important to note that the text, figures, and supplemental materials do not contain any participant-identifying information or personal data. In this study, we have not been involved with any patients. Participants have full consent to use their photograph in this research. Collecting Evidence by Ethnobotany and Moral Quandaries : The aims of the research were described in comprehensively, and every informants granted their oral agreement. September 2024 – January 2025 was the time frame of this ethnobotanical survey. A questionnaire with limited structure was utilized for the conversations with informants (Table 1 ). Throughout the September 2024 to January 2025 survey time frame, 15 field investigations (7–8 days per survey) were took place. Throughout the September 2024 – January 2025 survey time frame, 15 field investigations (7–8 days per survey) took place out. The main objective of the questionnaire aimed to compile information on indigenous plant names, parts of plants utilized, preparation and application methodologies, and how this knowledge is handed across to the upcoming generation. Data Analysis : The following guidelines were utilized for evaluating and presenting the findings from the ethnobotanical survey into charts or tabulations: Taxonomic variation, indigenous designation, and medicinally beneficial parts of plants. Based on their scientific names, the plants were listed alphabetically on the basis of their potential to cure diseases. Results Demographic Data : Herbal traders (12.76%), traditional healers (22.34%), housewives (13.82%), and cultivators (51.06%) represented the group of people investigated Fig. 2 . Participants were between the ages of 50 and 85 and primarily belong to families with a significant connection with conventional agricultural practices, were being questioned concerning their expertise of plants utilized for the management of different ailments. Whereas more than half of the males who participated (65.95%) were cultivators and traditional healers, the female respondents (34.04%) comprised housewives and traditional healers, a few of them also worked as cultivators. Plant Data and Taxonomic Diversity: The research results revealed more than 101 different species in all, comprising Acmella oleracea L., Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Aloe vera (L) Burm.f., Amaranthus cruentus L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Basella alba L., Boerhavia diffusa L. nom. Cons., Bombax ceiba L., Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Calamus tenuis Roxb., Calotropis gigantean (L.) Dryand., Carica papaya L., Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Chenopodium album L., Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees. & C.H.Eberm., Commelina diffusa Burm.f., Coriandrum sativum L., Curcuma longa L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Datura metel L., Dendrocnide sinuate (Blume) Chew, Dillenia indica L., Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult., Ehretia acuminate R.Br., Eichhornia crassipes Mart., Emblica officinalis L., Enhdyra fluctuans Lour., Eryngium foetidum L., Euphorbia antiquorum L., Ficus benghalensis L., Ficus heterophylla L. f., Ficus religiosa L., Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Heliotropium indicum L., Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Impatiens balsamina L., Ipomoea aquatic Forssk., Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., Kyllinga monocephala Rottb., Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Lasia spinosa Lour., Lawsonia inermis L., Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng., Litchi chinensis Sonn., Litsea salicifolia Roxb., Malva verticillata L., Mangifera indica L., Mentha arvensis L., Mikania micrantha Kunth, Mimosa pudica L., Mimusops elengi L., Mirabilis jalapa L., Momordica charantia L., Monoon longifolium Sonn., Moringa oleifera Lam., Murraya koenigii (L.), Murraya koenigii (L.), Musa balbisiana Colla, Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, Ocimum gratissimum L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Opuntia Mill., Oxalis corniculata L., Paederia foetida L., Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees, Physalis philadelphica Lam., Piper betle L., Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze, Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume, Ricinus communis L., Rumex vesicarius L., Saccharum officinarum L., Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd., Sesamum indicum L., Smilax zeylanica L., Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski, Spinacia oleracea L., Spondias mombin L., Swertia chirayita L., Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels., Tamarindus indica L., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., Terminalia chebula Retz., Tinospora cordifolia (thunb.) Miers, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Vitex negundo L., Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. are utilized across the Bajali District of Assam to manage an array of diseases. Table 2 shows information on the proper identifying of these plants, covering their scientific names, families, regional names, plant parts utilized, administration method, along with diseases they treat. From the families Fabaceae (4.95%), Amaranthaceae (3.96%), Lamjaceae (3.96%), Asteraceae (2.97%), Apiaceae (2.97%), Apocynaceae (2.97%), Lamiaceae (2.97%), Malvaceae (2.97%), Moraceae (2.97%), Anacardiaceae (1.98%), Boraginaceae (1.98%), Brassicaceae (1.98%), Combretaceae (1.98%), Cucurbitaceae (1.98%), Euphorbiaceae (1.98%), Lauraceae (1.98%), Meliaceae (1.98%), Myctaginaceae (1.98%), Poaceae (1.98%), Rubiaceae (1.98%), Rutaceae (1.98%), Solanaceae (1.98%), Acanthaceae (0.99%), Amaryllidaceae (0.99%), Annonaceae (0.99%), Araceae (0.99%), Arecaceae (0.99%), Asphodelaceae (0.99%), Athyriaceae (0.99%), Balsaminaceae (0.99%), Basellaceae (0.99), Cactaceae (0.99%), Caricaceae (0.99%), Cayophyllaceae (0.99%), Clusiaceae (0.99%), Commelinaear (0.99%), Convolvulaceae (0.99%), Crassulaceae (0.99%), Cyperaceae (0.99%), Dilleniaceae (0.99%), Gentianaceae (0.99%), Liliaceae (0.99%), Lythraceae (0.99%), Malvaceae (0.99%), Maringaceae (0.99%), Menispermaceae (0.99%), Musaceae (0.99%), Myrtaceae (0.99%), Orchidaceae (0.99%), Oxalidaceae (0.99%), Pedaliaceae (0.99%), Phyllanthaceae (0.99%), Piperaceae (0.99%), Plantaginaceae (0.99%), Polygonaceae (0.99%), Pontederiaceae (0.99%), Rhamnaceae (0.99%), Sapindaceae (0.99%), Sapotaceae (0.99%), Saururaceae (0.99%), Smilacaceae (0.99%), Urticaceae (0.99%), Zingiberaceae (0.99%) are documented. The knowledge on the different plant species recognized was given by all categories of respondents; however, in comparison with the remaining categories, traditional healers (22.34%) and housewives (13.82%) gave larger knowledge Fig. 4 . This might be partly because traditional healers and housewives typically work with herbs on an ongoing basis and have acquired greater comprehension regarding plants in broad. Of the three villages that were inquired, Doloigaon and Bamakhata had a majority of respondents. It is significant, that despite being one of the villages where a larger percentage of respondents were questioned, the majority of the data on plant species discovered by this study originated in Doloigaon. The substantial occurrence of novel plant species or prospective candidates may be explained by the reality that a significant number of the respondents questioned in Doloigaon consisted of housewives or traditional healers. It has been found that such plants were recognised to boast an array of medicinal attributes and are utilized in the communities where they grow, encompassing – Wound healing ( Amaranthus spinosus L., Basella alba L., Boerhavia diffusa L. nom. Cons., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Commelina diffusa Burm.f., Curcuma longa L., Coriandrum sativum L., Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Dillenia indica L., Dendrocnide sinuate (Blume) Chew, Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., Euphorbia antiquorum L., Ficus religiosa L. etc.), Diabetes ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees. & C.H.Eberm, Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., Ehretia acuminate R.Br., Emblica officinalis L., Ficus heterophylla L. f., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Momordica charantia L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees etc.), Diarrhea ( Amaranthus spinosus L., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Boerhavia diffusa L. nom. Cons., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Emblica officinalis L., Eryngium foetidum L., Mirabilis jalapa L., Mimusops elengi L. etc.), Hypertension ( Amaranthus cruentus L., Allium sativum L., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., Eryngium foetidum L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Monoon longifolium Sonn., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. etc.), Urinary tract infaction ( Amaranthus spinosus L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. etc.), Cancer ( Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees. & C.H.Eberm, Ehretia acuminate R.Br., Eichhornia crassipes Mart., Mimosa pudica L., Tinospora cordifolia (thunb.) Miers etc.), Asthma ( Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Calotropis gigantean (L.) Dryand., Eryngium foetidum L., Ficus religiosa L., Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng., Litsea salicifolia Roxb., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Vitex negundo L. etc.) and other diseases Table 2 . Table 2 A compilation of medicinal plants including scientific names, families, local names, parts used, mode of preparation, and mode of application techniques that are employed for treating an array of diseases in Bajali District, Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria villages. (Author’s Original) SI. NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME PART USE MODE OF PREPARATION AND APPLICATION 1 Acmella oleracea L. Asteraceae Huhoni Bon Flowers, leaves, stem, whole plant, roots • Decoction or infusion of the leaves and flowers is used topically (toothache, stammering, stomatitis) 2 Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae Piyaaj Stems, leaves • Stem is applied topically (heart disease) 3 Allium sativum L. Liliaceae Nohoru Bulb, leaves • Bulb and leaves are consumed as vegetables (hypertension, constipation) 4 Aloe vera (L) Burm.f. Asphodelaceae Ghrit Kumari Leaf, gel, latex • Leaf is applied orally (constipation, skin disorders) • Leaf paste is applied topically (skin diseases, ease joint pain) 5 Amaranthus cruentus L. Amaranthaceae Morisa Sak Whole plant, stem, seeds, leaves • Leaf and stem is eaten (reduce blood pressure, cholesterol, anemia, heart disease, anti-ageing) 6 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Kata Khutora Leaves, steam, roots • Paste of the root is used ( gonorrhea, eczema, colic) • Leaf paste is applied topically (ulcerated mouth, wounds, boils, burns, hemorrhoids) • The plant is intake orally (piles, diarrhea, nausea) • Seed juice is taken orally (urinary tract infection, urine related disorders) 7 Azadirachta indica A. Juss Meliaceae Neem Leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots, bark • Leaves paste is taken orally (skin ulcers, diabetes) • Bark powder is applied topically (smoothening the skin) • Fruits are taken orally (hemorrhoids, intestinal worms, urinary tract disorders, diabetes) 8 Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Phyllanthaceae Leteku Fruits, bark, roots • Fruits are eaten (skin diseases) • Bark is used (eye inflammation) 9 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell Plantaginaceae Brahmi Whole plant • Leaf paste is eaten orally (hypertension, constipation, asthma, stomachache, diarrhea, malaria) • Decoction of the bark is taken orally (hypertension, constipation) 10 Basella alba L. Basellaceae Puroi Sak Leaves • Leaves are eaten (anemia, anti ageing) • Leaf paste is applied to the skin (wounds, itching, burns, allergy) 11 Boerhavia diffusa L. nom. Cons. Nyctaginaceae Punarnava Roots • Roots paste are applied topically (wounds, inflammation, skin ailments, pain, scar) • Plant powder is intake orally (piles, diarrhea, nausea) 12 Bombax ceiba L. Malvaceae Simalu Young root, flowers, gum, leaves, bark, shoots • Decoction of the bark is given orally (fever) • Bark juice is given orally (stomachache) 13 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Brassicaceae Laixaak Leaves, seeds • Leaf is applied additionally (stomach disorder) 14 Brassica nigra (L.) Koch Brassicaceae Horiyoh Seed, flower • Seed paste is taken orally (piles) • Seed powder boils in water and taken orally (anemia) • Oil is applied to the scalp (dandruff, hair problem) • Seed paste is applied topically (boils, itching, allergy) 15 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Palas Flower, leaves, seeds • Flower juice is applied topically (eye diseases) and taken orally (diarrhea) 16 Calamus tenuis Roxb. Arecaceae Bet Gos Leaves, stem, root, shoot • Leaves are boils in water and having bath (paralysis) • Shoots are eaten (anemia) 17 Calotropis gigantean (L.) Dryand. Apocynaceae Akanda Leaves, latex, root, flowers, Bark, root bark • Root and leaf juice is taken orally (asthma) • Leaf paste is used topically (Bacterial infection, swelling) • Bark powder is taken orally (liver and spleen diseases) • Milk juice of the plant is taken orally (cancer, arthritis, as antidote for snake bite) 18 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Amita Leaves, fruit, seed, flower, root • Fruits are eaten orally (anti-ageing, aids digestion) 19 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Apocynaceae Karabi Ful Steam bark, seeds, leaves • Steam bark is taken orally ( malarial fever, snake bite, sores) • Seeds paste is applied topically (skin complaining) • Leaf juice is taken orally (jaundice, fever, intestinal worms) 20 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don Apocynaceae Nayantara Leaf, root, shoot, steam, flower, bark, seeds • Root paste is applied topically (septic wounds) • Root decoction is used ( fever) • Leaf juice is taken orally (blood dysentery) • Flowers are applied topically (chest pain, intestinal pain) 21 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Apiaceae Bor Manimuni Whole plant, mainly leaves • Bark paste is applied on the affected skin (skin pigmentation, scabies) • Leaf paste is applied topically (skin disease, infected wounds, swelling) 22 Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae Jilmil Sak Leaves, young shoots • Leaves and young shoots are taken orally (nutritional deficiency, constipation, bile) 23 Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees. & C.H.Eberm. Lauraceae Tejpat Leaves • Leaf is applied topically (diabetes, cancer, stomach problem, pain) 24 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Commelinaear Kona Simolu Leaves, steam, gum • Gum is applied topically (wounds, boils, itching) 25 Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae Dhonia Leaves, seeds • Leaves paste is taken orally (antioxidants, beta-carotene) • Leaf paste is applied topically (wound healing) • Fruit juice is taken orally (stomach problem) 26 Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Haladhi Root • Root is applied topically (eye infections, skin sores, infected wounds, gum disease) 27 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Dubori Bon Whole plant, leaves, roots, rhizomes • Paste of the plant is applied topically (wounds, inflammation, skin ailments, pain, scar) • Powder of the plant is intake orally (piles, diarrhea, nausea) • Juice of the plant is taken orally (urinary tract infection, urine related disorders) 28 Datura metel L. Solanaceae Dhatura Seeds, fruit • Purified seeds are taken orally (stomach and intestinal pain) • Fruit juice is applied topically (dandruff, falling hair) 29 Dendrocnide sinuate (Blume) Chew Urticaceae Sorat Gos Root, leaves, seed, bark • Juice of the root is taken orally (chronic fever) • Roots are boils in water and taken orally (jaundice) • Root and leaves paste is applied topically (wounds, burns, rashes, boils) 30 Dillenia indica L. Dilleniaceae Ou Tenga Leaf, bark, fruit, mucilage • Fruit juice is taken orally (cough, digestion, lack of appetite) and applied over the scalp topically (hair fall, hair tonic, dandruff) • Bark paste is applied on the affected skin (skin pigmentation, scabies) • Fruits is eaten (stomach disorders, to combat weakness) • Mucilage is applied topically (wound healing, burns) 31 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Athyriaceae Dhekiya Young fronds, root, leaves, stem • Young fronds are eaten (liver cirrhosis, diabetes, hypertension, nyctalopia) • Roots and leaf paste/powder is used topically (wound healing, skin inflammation) • Leaf is applied topically (ulcers) 32 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. Caryophyllaceae Lai Jabori Leaves • Leaf paste is taken orally (cough) • Leaf juice is applied topically (sinusitis) 33 Ehretia acuminate R.Br. Boraginaceae Pujar Leaves, fruit, roots • Leaves are eaten orally (anthelmintic) • Root extract are used topically/orally (sexual dysfunction, aging, malaria, cancer, diabetes, constipation) 34 Eichhornia crassipes Mart. Pontederiaceae Meteka Leaves, roots ,flowers • Extraction of the plant is used (anti ageing, anticancer) 35 Emblica officinalis L. Euphorbiaceae Amlokhi Fruit • Fruit is consumed orally (diabetes, digestion, hair problems, diarrhea, joint pain) 36 Enhdyra fluctuans Lour. Asteraceae Helochi Whole plant, steam • Stem is taken orally (gastric, ulcer) • Whole plant is taken orally (constipation) 37 Eryngium foetidum L. Apiaceae Man Dhaniya Leaves, seeds • Leaf paste is applied to the skin (burns) • Leaf paste is eaten (hypertension, constipation, asthma, stomachache, diarrhea, malaria) • Seeds are taken orally (diarrhea, colitis) • Flower is applied topically (chest pain, intestinal pain) 38 Euphorbia antiquorum L. Euphorbiaceae Siju Latex, leaves, fruits, root • Juice of the plant is taken orally (cough) • Steam paste is applied topically (wound healing) 39 Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Bot Gos Steam bark, roots, buds, leaves, fruits, latex • Milky latex is applied directly over the wound and swelling. • Latex is applied topically (dental caries, skin diseases, conjunctivitis) • Leaf paste is applied topically (skin disease) 40 Ficus heterophylla L. f. Moraceae Konoi Dimoru/Bolowa Leaf • Leaf paste is topically applied (infections) • Leaf juice is taken orally (diabetes) 41 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Ahot Steam, bark, fruits, buds, latex, leaves • Bark and fruits powder is taken orally (Asthma) • Mixing 2–3 leaves with 50gm of jaggery is taken orally (Stomach pain) • Bark powder is used as face pack by topically (brighter complexion) • Fruits are taken orally (constipation) • Leaf paste is used topically (wound healing) 42 Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. Clusiaceae Thekera Fruit • Fruit juice is taken orally (common cold, stomach problem) 43 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Lamiaceae Gomari Root, fruit, flower, leaves • Fruits are eaten with water (acidity) • Leaf juice is taken orally (cold, cough, gonorrhea) • Fruit powder is taken orally (diabetes) • Root powder is applied topically (gout, arthritis) • Leaf paste is applied topically (wounds) 44 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Hatisur Leaves • Extracted juice of the pounded leaves is applied topically (wounds, furuncles, skin ulcers) • Juice is used as eye drop (conjunctivitis) 45 Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae Joba Phool Leaves, flowers • Leaves and flowers paste is taken orally (shampoo) 46 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malvaceae Meseka Tenga Fruit, leaves, flower • Leaf tea is taken orally (high blood pressure) • Paste of the leaf and flower is applied into the scalp (strengthening of hair roots, alopecia) • Flower is soaked in water overnight and filtered next day and taken orally (diabetes) 47 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malvaceae Tenga Mora Seeds, leaves, fruits, roots • Seeds, leaves, fruits are taken orally (relief of sour throat, healing wounds) 48 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Saururaceae Mesendari Leaf • Leaf is applied additionally (stomach disorder) • Leaf paste is taken orally (cough) • Leaf juice is applied topically (sinusitis) 49 Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae Dumdeuka/Koria Bijol Leaves, flowers • Flower paste is applied topically (burns) • Paste/juice of leaf/root is applied to the skin (wounds, skin inflammation) 50 Ipomoea aquatic Forssk. Convolvulaceae Kalmow Whole plant • Juice is taken by orally (to induce vomiting in opium poisoning) • Buds paste is applied topically (ringworm) • Intake of leaves (as nutrition, cure jaundice, nervous debility, anemia) 51 Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Crassulaceae Pategoja/Dupar Tenga Leaf, stem • Leaves juice is taken orally (kidney stone, gastric ulcer) • Plant paste is applied topically ( headache, cuts and wounds) 52 Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. Cyperaceae Keya Bon Oil, roots, rhizome • Decoction of fresh roots is taken orally (malaria with chills) • Paste of rhizomes taken orally (worm infection) 53 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Cucurbitaceae Panilao Fruit, shoots • Fruit juice is taken orally (diabetes, weight control, skin glow) 54 Lasia spinosa Lour. Araceae Sengmora Rhizomes, roots, leaves • Rhizomes are used orally (stomach aches, snake and insect bites, injuries) • Leaf and roots are used topically (piles) 55 Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Jetuka Leaves, flower, seed, steam,bark,root • Leaf paste is applied topically (joint pain, skin diseases, wound healing, dandruff, hair diseases) • Flower juice is taken orally (jaundice) 56 Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Lamiaceae Doron Bon Leaves, whole plant, flowers • Leaf paste is applied topically (skin diseases, infected wounds, swelling) • Plant juice is taken orally (Jaundice, asthma, cough, cold) 57 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Sapindaceae Lichu Fruit • Fruit is eaten as a food and used for medicine (cough, fever, pain) 58 Litsea salicifolia Roxb. Lauraceae Digh lati Leaves • Leaves paste are applied topically (inflammation, wound healing) • Leaves juice are taken orally (asthma) 59 Malva verticillata L. Malvaceae Lofa Leaves, flower • Leaf is applied topically (gout) • Flower paste is taken orally (stomach diseases, stone, constipation, lice, amenorrhea) 60 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Aam Fruit • Fruit is applied topically (mineral, antioxidants) 61 Mentha arvensis L. Lamiaceae Podina Leaves • Leaves paste is taken orally (hair rinse) 62 Mikania micrantha Kunth Asteraceae Jarmani Lota Leaves • Leaves paste is applied topically (wound healing) • Leaf juice is taken orally (stomachache) applied topically (insect bite, itching) 63 Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Nilaji Bon/Lajuki Lota Roots, leaves, whole plant, Leaves, seeds • Root is chewed and root paste is applied topically (snake bite, small pox) • Leaf decoction or paste is used topically or orally (wounds, pink eye) • Whole plant is used (cancer, muscle pain, edema, leg pain) 64 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Bokul Root, flowers, bark • Powder of the dried flower or juice of fresh flower is administrated through the nostrils (headache, sinusitis) • Decoction of the stem bark is taken orally (diarrhea, intestinal worms) 65 Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Godhuli Gopal Leaves, roots • Leaf juice is applied to the skin (wound healing) • Juice extracted from the roots and taken orally (diarrhea, dysentery, liver infections) 66 Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Tita Kerala Fruit • Fruit juice is consumed orally (diabetes, cholesterol) 67 Monoon longifolium Sonn. Annonaceae Debadaru Stem bark, leaves • Decoction of the bark is taken orally (hypertension, constipation, fever) 68 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Sajina Leaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers, pods • Leaves, pods, fruits are eaten (anemia, arthritis, joint pain, stomach and intestinal ulcers, heart problems, high blood pressure, kidney stones, thyroid, infections) • Leaf paste or powder is applied directly to the skin (dandruff, wounds) 69 Murraya koenigii (L.) Rutaceae Narasingha Leaves • Leaf paste is applied topically (skin diseases, burns) • Leaves are taken orally (obesity) • Leaves powder is orally used (weight loss, reduce stress) 70 Murraya koenigii (L.) Rutaceae Norohinghoo Leaves, flower • Leaf paste is applied topically (skin diseases) • Flower juice is taken orally (jaundice) 71 Musa balbisiana Colla Musaceae Athiyakol/Bhimkol Wax, Exudates, Fruit, Peel, bark/peel ash • Wax and exudates are consumed orally (intestinal worm) • Exudates are taken orally (women infertility) • Ash water is taken orally (gastritis, gout, cough) • Ripe fruit water is consumed orally (health tonic, dysentery) 72 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Rubiaceae Kadam Flowers • Flower is applied topically (wound healing, antioxidant) 73 Ocimum gratissimum L. Lamiaceae Ram Tulasi Leaves, leaf oil • Leaf oil is mixed with alcohol and applied topically (skin infections) and taken orally (bronchitis) 74 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Lamiaceae Tulsi Flower, leaves, seeds • Flower is applied topically (anxiety, stress, diabetes, high cholestrrol) • Leaves paste is applied (lower blood sugar, ease joint pain) 75 Opuntia Mill. Cactaceae Fonimonokha Fruit • Fruit is taken by orally (diarrhea, colitis) 76 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Tengeshi Tenga Leaves, flowers • Leaf juice is used topically (burns, insect bites, various skin eruptions) 77 Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae vedailota Whole plant, leaves, stem • Plant paste is applied topically (headache, cuts and wounds) • Stem is taken orally (gastric ulcer) • Whole plant is taken orally (constipation) 78 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees Acanthaceae Tita ful Flower • Flowers are consumed orally (diabetes, liver problems) 79 Physalis philadelphica Lam. Solanaceae Pokmow Fruits • Fruit is used orally (diuretics, febrifuge) • Fruit juice is taken orally (cough, digestion, lack of appetite) 80 Piper betle L. Piperaceae Pan leaves • Leaves are chewing (mouth freshner) • Leaf paste is applied topically (wound healing) 81 Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Hukloti Leaves • Leaf juice is taken orally (common cold, stomach problem) • Leaves and young shoots are taken orally (nutritional deficiency, constipation, bile) 82 Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume Orchidaceae Kopou Phool Flower • Flower is applied topically (high toxicity) 83 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Era Gos Leaf, root, seed oil • Castor oil is used topically (wound healing, skin softening, hair conditioner, corns and bunions) • Seed paste is applied to the skin (boils, migraine headaches, inflammatory skin disorders) 84 Rumex vesicarius L. Polygonaceae Chuka Hak Leaves • Leaves are used topically (to reduce sudden and ongoing pain and swelling of the nasal passages and respiratory tract, treating bacterial infections) 85 Saccharum officinarum L. Poaceae Kuhiyar Cane fibers, stalks • Fibers are applied orally (antioxidants) • Stalks are taken orally (infections, boost immunity, dehydration) 86 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Fabaceae Ashok Bark, flower, seed • Bark powder is taken orally (fever) • Bark is boiled in water and can be used for washing the skin surface (skin infections) 87 Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae Til Seed, seed oil • Seed paste is taken orally (piles) • Seed powder boils in water and taken orally ( anemia) • Oil is applied to the scalp (dandruff, hair problem) • Seed paste is applied topically (boils, itching, allergy) 88 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae Bagh Achora Leaves, roots, rhizome • Root powder is consumed (joint pain, swelling) or powder can be made into paste by adding water and used topically (joint pain) • Decoction of the root is consumed (skin diseases, gout, arthritis) 89 Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski Asteraceae Vringoraj Stems • Stems are taken orally (liver and kidney related diseases, skin infections, inhibits cancer cell production, hair growth) 90 Spinacia oleracea L. Amaranthaceae Paleng Hak Leaves • Root is applied topically (eye infections, skin sores, infected wounds, gum disease) • Leaf paste is applied topically (skin disease, burns) 91 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae Amra Fruit, bark, flowers, leaves • Fruit is used orally (diuretics, febrifuge) • Make tea of flowers & leaves and taken orally (stomach pain, urethritis, cystitis, inflammation) 92 Swertia chirayita L. Gentianaceae Sirata Whole plant, root • Dried leaf and stem is soaked in water and taken orally after filtration (malaria, fever) 93 Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Meliaceae Poma Bark, root bark, young fruits, leaves • Bark extracts are used topically (wounds) 94 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Myrtaceae Kola Jam Seed, leaf, bark, fruit • Seeds powder is taken orally (diabetes, arthritis, anemia, enhance digestion) 95 Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Teteli Pulp, leaves, bark, roots, seed, shells, flowers • Pulp is taken orally (common cold) • Leaves are used as poultice topically (wound healing) • Seed powder is taken orally (diarrhea, dysentery) 96 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Combretaceae Arjun Gos Stem, bark • Bark powder is taken orally (anemia, tumors, hypertension) 97 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Hilikha Fruit • Fruit is taken orally (digestion, hair problems) 98 Tinospora cordifolia (thunb.) Miers Menispermaceae Saguni Lota Root, stems, leaves • Steam juice is taken orally (fever, jaundice, cancer, dysentery) 99 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Fabaceae Methi Hak Leaves • Leaf is applied topically (asthma, diabetes) • Leaf juice is taken orally (kidney stone, gastric ulcer) 100 Vitex negundo L. Lamiaceae Posotiya Leaf, seed, root, bark, fruits, flower • Leaf are boiled in water and taken orally (cough, asthma, fever, common cold) 101 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Bogori Fruits, leaves • Fruit is eaten (hypertension) • Leaf juice is taken orally (diarrhea) Plant Growth Varieties and Accessibility : Among the 101 varieties of plants which have been traditionally utilized to alleviate ailments, trees accounted for 62% of the overall population, followed by shrubs (19%), climbers (11%), grasses 5%, and herbs 3%. It came to light that the majority of common type of plant utilized was trees. It has been observed that although certain plants are cultivated, a majority of plants flourish in the natural settings. Herbal Formulations and Modes of Use : Throughout the investigation, different approaches to the preparation and administration of the herbal medicines were reported. The primary method used to prepare these herbal remedies is to extract the plant juice and consume it fresh. A handful are either mashed and swallowed fresh or given as infusions. Although a few individuals suggested boiling plants about an hour or so, others recommended against it because they felt it would reduce the plant material's potency. It was established from the information acquired that the plant parts were either employed immediately or permitted to air dry prior being preserved for further use, notably in the off-season. Based out of the information, various parts of plants were utilized to alleviate ailments with various proportions. Each of the subsequent plant parts were utilized: leaves, steam, roots, whole plants, seeds, bark, gel, latex, gum, shoots, rhizomes, mucilage, buds, oil, fibers, stalks, pulp, and shells. Whereas every part of the plant are possibly significant for curing various diseases, the leaves, seeds, and bark of these plants were among the most frequently used portions for treatments. Discussion Northeast India is residence to the nation's richest store of floral diversity and serves as one of the "biodiversity hotspots" beneath the Himalayan range and Indo-Burma's massive biodiversity zones. Having an overall land area of 262180 km 2 , or nearly 8% of the nation's entire land, the 8 states that make up North East India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura are home to approximately 40 million people. Plant biodiversity predominantly makes up the foundation of human life on the planet, involving crop cultivation across populations of farmers. It supports multiple living things since its enormous range of soil, slope, altitudes, and ecological scenarios (Roy et al., 2015 ; Chatterjee et al., 2006 ). The zone in question is remarkable for the variety of human empires and is habitat to many communities covering an assortment of ethnic categories, according to the current study. These ethnic communities have been using conventional therapeutic practices throughout prehistoric ages and retain a richness of conventional wisdom. Conventional botanical remedies are the mainstay for medical care to the indigenous tribes in the northeastern area. A broad spectrum of distinctive medicinal plants can be encountered in this area. Somehow, the ethical cultivation of these herbs and preserving the potency of these fundamental medicinal substances extracted from these parts tend to face challenges. The broad description of ethnobotany, a primary branch of ethnobiology, refers to the "science of people's interaction with plants" (McClatchey et al., 2009 ). And on the other hand ethnopharmacology is "the interdisciplinary scientific exploration of the biologically active agents that are traditionally employed” (Süntar, 2020 ). Research in ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology have similarities since both highlight the historical and human components that are inherent in the term "ethno." In these areas, fieldwork research is usually necessary to investigate conventional and native therapeutic knowledge and the biodiversity that is associated with it. This knowledge need to be documented and then transformed into useful products or applications (Kumar et al., 2013 ). The comprehensive documentation of the medicinal plants that indigenous tribes in the northeastern region possess historically employed is greatly aided by this study. 101 species of medicinal plants employed by the residents of three villages were uncovered during the study Fig. 5 . These papers assist in treating an assortment of ailments by providing insightful knowledge regarding conventional medicine. In addition, it promotes the advancement of scientific techniques for confirming the efficacy of these methods of treatment by pharmacological, phytochemical, and other pharmaceutical assessments. Particularly in remote locations having insufficient availability of healthcare, individuals highly depend on the assistance of traditional healers. These practitioners serve a vital function in managing serious healthcare needs. Their experience should be updated through exchanging thoughts with healers representing different communities, along with they must take part in workshops for youngsters to expand their competence. It is imperative that regional community development strategies embrace medicinal plant ecosystems, with a particular focus on protecting and conserving an array of plant species that indigenous communities have traditionally exploited. Formerly a record of such data, conventional healers are presently in trouble since indigenous practices are diminishing. Moreover, the gene pool of medicinal plants is now significantly reduced as a result of altered farming methods and extensive habitat damage. Due to unrestricted harvesting by inexperienced workers and a lack of attempts to promote natural or artificial regrowth, many precious species are in danger of going extinct. Training local communities for the production, preservation, and harvesting of medicinal plants is crucial for achieving longevity. Teaching them the correct direction is vital for ensuring that wild plant species recover. The primordial forest ecosystem should be safeguarded since alterations to the environment could endanger its existence and cause some species to become extinct. Conclusion This investigation illustrates the vitality of medicinal plants and supplies a solid foundation for establishing plans to develop the herbal medicine sector, which will eventually boost the local revenue and elevate standard of living. To maintain the existence and avert the loss of priceless ancestral wisdom transmitted orally, ethnomedicinal plant understanding has to be conserved and documented. Furthermore, disseminating such knowledge to the society will assist that it remains pertinent for the coming generations.. Declarations In the paper and its supplemental information files, we attest that each element of data created and analyzed during this investigation has been submitted to the journal. There were no other datasets utilized. Acknowledgment : Heartfelt gratitude is extended by the authors towards the herbal traders, traditional healers, housewives, and cultivators from the villages of Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria regarding their outstanding assistance and collaboration. Their depth of expertise and openness to sharing knowledge were vital to the accomplishment of this ethnobotanical investigation. The recognition of plant species and the provision of useful information have substantially improved the investigation, and the authors are extremely grateful for their time and effort. Funding Statement : No funding grant was availed for this work from any type of Research funding organization. Author’s Contribution: Hirakjyoti and Nongmaithem Randhoni drafted the article under the supervision of Ashmita. Hirakjyoti did the original study Competing Interest: All the authors publicize that they have no competing interests. It is a self-funded work by the Author. References Alemu, M., Asfaw, Z., Lulekal, E., Warkineh, B., Debella, A., Sisay, B. and Debebe, E., 2024. Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used by the local people in Habru District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine , 20 (1), p.4. Banik, B., Das, S. and Das, M.K., 2020. 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Commercially important medicinal plants of North East India and their current applications–A review. Ghosh, D. and Parida, P., 2015. Medicinal plants of Assam, India: a mini review. International Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 2 (6), pp.5-10. https://bajali.assam.gov.in/about-us/about-district. Kandel, P., Gurung, J., Chettri, N., Ning, W. and Sharma, E., 2016. Biodiversity research trends and gap analysis from a transboundary landscape, Eastern Himalayas. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity , 9 (1), pp.1-10. Karuppusamy, S., 2024. Vegetation and Forest Types of the Western Ghats. In Biodiversity Hotspot of the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka (pp. 25-61). Apple Academic Press. Kumar, D., Singh, M. and Sharma, S., 2019. Fate of important medicinal plants in the eastern Himalaya in changing climate scenarios: a case of Panax pseudoginseng Wall. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research , 17 (6). Kumar, S., Sharma, S. and Chattopadhyay, S.K., 2013. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7255979","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":513145350,"identity":"ccb831eb-3f39-4ac7-b1cf-5fdbae4a4395","order_by":0,"name":"Hirakjyoti Das","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bharat Pharmaceutical Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hirakjyoti","middleName":"","lastName":"Das","suffix":""},{"id":513145351,"identity":"4e9a69f6-ef09-435b-a570-09829bfd66aa","order_by":1,"name":"Ashmita Saha","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgaGBCBpf7z/4QMGhgPEaklgkGE4c4bZgHgtQGtsGG7ksEkQpYW//+zRDQ9/2PEw9pw9Vs1Tc0eOn4H54aMbeLRI3MhLu5GQkMzDzN6Xdpvn2DNjyQY2Y+McfNbc4DEDamHmYeM5YHabh+1w4oYDPGzS+LTInz8D0lLPwyORYFbM848ILQYHckBaDvNISOSYMfO2EaHF8AZIS9pxHgOeY8mSc/sOG0s2E/CLHNBhN3/YVNsbsDcf/PDm22E5fvbmh4/xeh8ZMIHiiIGZWOUgwPiDFNWjYBSMglEwYgAA69ZQZ39U+PIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Bharat Pharmaceutical Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashmita","middleName":"","lastName":"Saha","suffix":""},{"id":513145352,"identity":"c7a2dfc6-c0a1-40a8-b579-175e6e1a24cc","order_by":2,"name":"Nongmaithem Randhoni Chanu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nongmaithem","middleName":"Randhoni","lastName":"Chanu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-30 19:38:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7255979/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7255979/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91106888,"identity":"dc88d385-d244-4d34-875d-2096f27ee412","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 15:40:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38434,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeographic location of study area. ( Author’s original )\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7255979/v1/817a4908976ae93dc2190b97.jpeg"},{"id":91106889,"identity":"1ab36383-5cfa-4e52-bae5-877ee19635fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 15:40:01","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDemographic data of the people involved in the ethnobotanical investigation. (Author’s Original)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7255979/v1/507f59783d4d66d47142eb9d.png"},{"id":91107339,"identity":"acd2f9ab-c2f9-4745-8b21-5c9cd5b61aad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 15:48:01","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43867,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistributions of documented medicinal plant species by family in the Bajali District's Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria villages. (Author’s original)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7255979/v1/590907f0fc3fca03236a1e35.png"},{"id":91107340,"identity":"af99ad15-2a38-4e0b-812b-5279a222afdb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 15:48:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":212258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePictures captured during local respondents were interviewed about medicinal plants. (Author’s Original)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: a) All methods followed in the present study were carried out following relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) All experimental protocols were approved by Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panikhaiti, Barchapari, Assam 781026\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec) This is to confirm that informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s) regarding their participation in this present study as well as publication of the study in open open-access platform.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7255979/v1/19469aa669e73baf8277eef2.jpeg"},{"id":91106891,"identity":"66c950e8-27b3-49ee-8c57-5ce71347703e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 15:40:01","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":607620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSome documented plants picture taken at the study area. (Author’s Original)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7255979/v1/50f36063ec291138e6034d32.png"},{"id":91828736,"identity":"df66e467-bf9b-4f59-8af0-03a8ca0de7b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 08:53:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2510972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7255979/v1/77eb45a8-9319-476b-9f72-06e272a872e4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAddresing the Ethnobotanical Practices of Herbal Remedies by Indigenous People in Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria: The Three Villages in the Bajali District of Assam\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlants have been utilized in medicine for treating, preventing and assortment of ailments among mankind since the inception of civilization. Medicinal plants are less poisonous than synthesized drugs, making them valuable assets when creating novel drugs offering therapeutic properties (Banki et al., 2020; Alemu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). One of the globe's 12 megabioregions, India is home to two biodiversity hotspots: the Eastern Himalayas and the Western Ghats. A great deal of biodiversity and distinctive species variety are attributes of such regions (Tangjang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Karuppusamy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The Eastern Himalayas zone contain Bhutan, northeastern India, and sections of southern, central, and eastern Nepal, famous due to its vital geographical variations. Numerous different and rare native plant species prevalent in the Eastern Himalayan zone are known for their medicinal benefits. An ecosystem which is diverse and abundant is formed through such variances. Among the estimated 8,000 woody plant species that inhabit the Indian Himalayas solely, nearly 1,748 species are believed to have pharmacological meaning (Ray and Saini, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Dimri and Kumar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe remarkable species richness of the Eastern and Central Himalayas is reinforced by a warm, humid climate carried on by the moisture brought up by the Indian summer monsoon. The weather in the western region, on the flip hand, is warm and dry. As the floristic diversification of the Himalayan region coincides closely with its geophysical amenities, it is certain that geology and climate have a significant effect on the current spread of plant species. The eastern Himalaya and the western Himalaya are found in the Palaeotropical Kingdom and the Holarctic Kingdom, correspondingly, referring to the two primary floristic kingdoms comprising this immense mountain region. In addition, the Eastern and Western Himalayas are recognized as pertaining to varying floristic sections, which are designated as the Irano-Turanian and Eastern Asiatic domains, respectively, at the localized level (Wambulwa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Sparsha and Parida, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The Terai-Duar Savannas, Grasslands, and the Eastern Himalayan Broad leaf and Conifer Forests are all featured in the World 200 Ecological zones. The Kangchenjunga Landscape is dedicated to a broad spectrum of ecosystems that fall into six major groups depending on altitude: tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, cool temperate, subalpine, and alpine. The area is an abundance of biodiversity considering an extensive variety of different habitats and microclimatic conditions induced by these noteworthy topographic contrasts (Kandel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNortheastern India, consisting of the Himalayas and Indo-Burma vast biodiversity areas, is an integral hub for biodiversity. Nearly fifty percent of India's plant diversity and 40% of their indigenous species are situated in this distinctive biogeographic zone, which is home to a broad range of globe habitats. Traders in Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, and Delhi receive crude pharmaceuticals from the region's forests that are plenty in therapeutic plants. Even in rocky zones, heavy development of forests is helped by ideal climatic settings, especially abundant rainfall and pleasant temperatures. The woods displayed resolve and regrowth regardless of barriers such as burning and slashing. At greater altitudes, the varying fauna contains rhododendron scrubs, alpine meadows, mixed and evergreen trees, and tropical species at lower latitudes (Dutta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Dikshit et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Das and Khosla, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the 2001 survey, more than 130 of India's 427 tribal people originate in the 8 Sister States, which are situated in the nation's northeast: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. Assam, that is often alluded to as the \"Gateway to Northeast India,\" fascinates tourists and thrill-seekers with its luscious valleys, tea farms, undulating rice fields, mist-covered peaks, and swift-moving rivers. The 2001 census disclosed that 12.8% of the nation's tribal residents reside in this state solely. Assam that lies in northeastern India connects frontiers to Bangladesh, Meghalaya, and West Bengal to the west; Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Mizoram and Tripura to the south; Nagaland and Manipur to the east. The southern Barak Valley, the plateaus between Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Manipur, and the vastest Brahmaputra Valley represent Assam, which resembles like the letter \"Y.\" Boasting its rivers, hills, and valleys, its varied habitat feeds a wealth of species. Assam endures a subtropical monsoon climate, with summer temperatures commonly ranging roughly 35\u0026deg;C and winter temperatures ranging about 25\u0026deg;C, with lows at night near 10\u0026deg;C. November through April constitute the driest time of year, whilst May through October is the hot, rainy season. Across the year, there is frequently surprising rainfall, although sunny periods are typical outside of the monsoon season (Sajem and Gosai, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Ghosh and Parida, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy area: Three Villages of Bajali District of Assam\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn three villages in the Bajali district named as Doloigaon, Bamakhata and Muguria, we underwent an ethnobotanical investigation. Traditional therapies have becoming less prevalent as modern treatments have occupied their place, whereas younger generations, who usually relocate to urbanized areas are losing their grasp of medicinal plants. The investigation sought to bridge the information disconnect among generations by documenting the traditional medical practices of elderly residents and underlining the worth of medicinal plants, especially during times of crisis or in scenarios in which contemporary medications might not be obtainable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch Site:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDoloigaon (GPS coordinates: latitude 26\u0026deg;32'52\" N, longitude 91\u0026deg;10'33\" E); Bamakhata (GPS coordinates: latitude 26\u0026deg;32'04\" N, longitude 91\u0026deg;10'37\" E); Muguria (GPS coordinates: latitude 26\u0026deg;31'08\" N, longitude 91\u0026deg;10'16\" E). These 3 villages are located in the Bajali district of Assam. The Bajali district, a region about the extent of Barbados at 422.95 sq km, possesses a population of 3,24,739 in 2011, that equates to Iceland. The Baksa district is the root for numerous smaller rivers which flow through Bajali, namely Kaldia, Pahumara, and Deojara. Despite a few mountains spread around, the topography is mostly flat. Winters are cold and misty, whilst summers are warm. February through April is the dry season. May through September receives plenty of rainfall (ranges around 385 to 410 cm), while October and November offer pleasant foggy climate. By November, winter hits and runs for nearly four months, with February and March often dry and hazy (GOA District Profile, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCollecting Data and Survey of Medicinal Plants :\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eField Inspections and Documentation :\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eField investigations along with exploratory excursions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) were undertaken throughout September 2024 to January 2025 for documenting ethnopharmacological rehearsals in the Bajali district's villages of Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria. The native residents' rich historical plant information and the limited accessibility of healthcare services influenced the choice of these places. Also, the Census of India 2011 (obtainable via \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://bajali.assam.gov.in/about-us/about-district\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://bajali.assam.gov.in/about-us/about-district\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) gave the demographic data for those regions. Following the compilation and collection procedure, medicinal plants were acquired in triplicate or duplicate, dependent upon their access at specific points.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInformer Selection :\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 respondents are regarded as conventional herbal practitioners, who possess traditional understanding of the therapeutic properties of herbs along with an ancestral healing legacy. An overall of 94 informers were picked at randomly from house-to-house questionnaires, having most of them of those who responded living in rural areas. In contrast, criteria involving age group with level of education were undertaken to consideration; The following factors were taken into account, though: 32 were female, 62 were male, 10 were around the ages between 50 to 60, 57 were around the ages of 60 to 75, and 27 were around the ages of 75 to 85. In this investigation, nearly all among the informants reported non-literate, whereas 39 informants possessed received educations up to class IX standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN.B: We clarify that all participants were adults and provided their informed consent to participate in the study, permitting this online open-access journal to publish any potentially identifiable information. It is important to note that the text, figures, and supplemental materials do not contain any participant-identifying information or personal data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we have not been involved with any patients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants have full consent to use their photograph in this research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCollecting Evidence by Ethnobotany and Moral Quandaries :\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aims of the research were described in comprehensively, and every informants granted their oral agreement. September 2024 \u0026ndash; January 2025 was the time frame of this ethnobotanical survey. A questionnaire with limited structure was utilized for the conversations with informants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"584\" height=\"479\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThroughout the September 2024 to January 2025 survey time frame, 15 field investigations (7\u0026ndash;8 days per survey) were took place. Throughout the September 2024 \u0026ndash; January 2025 survey time frame, 15 field investigations (7\u0026ndash;8 days per survey) took place out. The main objective of the questionnaire aimed to compile information on indigenous plant names, parts of plants utilized, preparation and application methodologies, and how this knowledge is handed across to the upcoming generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Analysis :\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The following guidelines were utilized for evaluating and presenting the findings from the ethnobotanical survey into charts or tabulations:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaxonomic variation, indigenous designation, and medicinally beneficial parts of plants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on their scientific names, the plants were listed alphabetically on the basis of their potential to cure diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDemographic Data :\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHerbal traders (12.76%), traditional healers (22.34%), housewives (13.82%), and cultivators (51.06%) represented the group of people investigated Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Participants were between the ages of 50 and 85 and primarily belong to families with a significant connection with conventional agricultural practices, were being questioned concerning their expertise of plants utilized for the management of different ailments. Whereas more than half of the males who participated (65.95%) were cultivators and traditional healers, the female respondents (34.04%) comprised housewives and traditional healers, a few of them also worked as cultivators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePlant Data and Taxonomic Diversity:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research results revealed more than 101 different species in all, comprising \u003cem\u003eAcmella oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eAllium cepa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e (L) Burm.f., \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus cruentus\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus spinosus\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e A. Juss, \u003cem\u003eBaccaurea ramiflora\u003c/em\u003e Lour., \u003cem\u003eBacopa monnieri\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pennell, \u003cem\u003eBasella alba\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eBoerhavia diffusa\u003c/em\u003e L. \u003cem\u003enom. Cons., Bombax ceiba\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Czern., \u003cem\u003eBrassica nigra\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Koch, \u003cem\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/em\u003e (Lam.) Taub., \u003cem\u003eCalamus tenuis\u003c/em\u003e Roxb., \u003cem\u003eCalotropis gigantean\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Dryand., \u003cem\u003eCarica papaya\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eCascabela thevetia\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Lippold, \u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e (L.) G.Don, \u003cem\u003eCentella asiatica\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Urban, \u003cem\u003eChenopodium album\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eCinnamomum tamala\u003c/em\u003e (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees. \u0026amp; C.H.Eberm., \u003cem\u003eCommelina diffusa\u003c/em\u003e Burm.f., \u003cem\u003eCoriandrum sativum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eCynodon dactylon\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers., \u003cem\u003eDatura metel\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eDendrocnide sinuate\u003c/em\u003e (Blume) Chew, \u003cem\u003eDillenia indica\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eDiplazium esculentum\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) Sw., \u003cem\u003eDrymaria cordata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Willd. ex Schult., \u003cem\u003eEhretia acuminate\u003c/em\u003e R.Br., \u003cem\u003eEichhornia crassipes\u003c/em\u003e Mart., \u003cem\u003eEmblica officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eEnhdyra fluctuans\u003c/em\u003e Lour., \u003cem\u003eEryngium foetidum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eEuphorbia antiquorum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eFicus benghalensis\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eFicus heterophylla\u003c/em\u003e L. f., \u003cem\u003eFicus religiosa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eGarcinia pedunculata\u003c/em\u003e Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham., \u003cem\u003eGmelina arborea\u003c/em\u003e Roxb., \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eHibiscus \u0026times; rosa-sinensis\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eHibiscus sabdariffa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eHibiscus sabdariffa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eHouttuynia cordata\u003c/em\u003e Thunb., \u003cem\u003eImpatiens balsamina\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eIpomoea aquatic\u003c/em\u003e Forssk., \u003cem\u003eKalanchoe pinnata\u003c/em\u003e (Lam.) Pers., \u003cem\u003eKyllinga monocephala\u003c/em\u003e Rottb., \u003cem\u003eLagenaria siceraria\u003c/em\u003e (Molina) Standl., \u003cem\u003eLasia spinosa\u003c/em\u003e Lour., \u003cem\u003eLawsonia inermis\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eLeucas cephalotes\u003c/em\u003e (Roth) Spreng., \u003cem\u003eLitchi chinensis\u003c/em\u003e Sonn., \u003cem\u003eLitsea salicifolia\u003c/em\u003e Roxb., \u003cem\u003eMalva verticillata\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMentha arvensis\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMikania micrantha\u003c/em\u003e Kunth, \u003cem\u003eMimosa pudica\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMimusops elengi\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMirabilis jalapa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMomordica charantia\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMonoon longifolium\u003c/em\u003e Sonn., \u003cem\u003eMoringa oleifera\u003c/em\u003e Lam., \u003cem\u003eMurraya koenigii\u003c/em\u003e (L.), \u003cem\u003eMurraya koenigii\u003c/em\u003e (L.), \u003cem\u003eMusa balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e Colla, \u003cem\u003eNeolamarckia cadamba\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Bosser, \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eOcimum tenuiflorum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eOpuntia\u003c/em\u003e Mill., \u003cem\u003eOxalis corniculata\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003ePaederia foetida\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003ePhlogacanthus thyrsiflorus\u003c/em\u003e Nees, \u003cem\u003ePhysalis philadelphica\u003c/em\u003e Lam., \u003cem\u003ePiper betle\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003ePogostemon benghalensis\u003c/em\u003e (Burm.f.) Kuntze, \u003cem\u003eRhynchostylis retusa\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Blume, \u003cem\u003eRicinus communis\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eRumex vesicarius\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eSaccharum officinarum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eSaraca asoca\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Willd., \u003cem\u003eSesamum indicum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eSmilax zeylanica\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eSphagneticola trilobata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pruski, \u003cem\u003eSpinacia oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eSpondias mombin\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eSwertia chirayita\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eSwietenia mahagoni\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Jacq., \u003cem\u003eSyzygium cumini\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Skeels., \u003cem\u003eTamarindus indica\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eTerminalia arjuna\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Wight \u0026amp; Arn., \u003cem\u003eTerminalia chebula\u003c/em\u003e Retz., \u003cem\u003eTinospora cordifolia\u003c/em\u003e (thunb.) Miers, \u003cem\u003eTrigonella foenum-graecum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eVitex negundo\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eZiziphus mauritiana\u003c/em\u003e Lam. are utilized across the Bajali District of Assam to manage an array of diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows information on the proper identifying of these plants, covering their scientific names, families, regional names, plant parts utilized, administration method, along with diseases they treat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the families Fabaceae (4.95%), Amaranthaceae (3.96%), Lamjaceae (3.96%), Asteraceae (2.97%), Apiaceae (2.97%), Apocynaceae (2.97%), Lamiaceae (2.97%), Malvaceae (2.97%), Moraceae (2.97%), Anacardiaceae (1.98%), Boraginaceae (1.98%), Brassicaceae (1.98%), Combretaceae (1.98%), Cucurbitaceae (1.98%), Euphorbiaceae (1.98%), Lauraceae (1.98%), Meliaceae (1.98%), Myctaginaceae (1.98%), Poaceae (1.98%), Rubiaceae (1.98%), Rutaceae (1.98%), Solanaceae (1.98%), Acanthaceae (0.99%), Amaryllidaceae (0.99%), Annonaceae (0.99%), Araceae (0.99%), Arecaceae (0.99%), Asphodelaceae (0.99%), Athyriaceae (0.99%), Balsaminaceae (0.99%), Basellaceae (0.99), Cactaceae (0.99%), Caricaceae (0.99%), Cayophyllaceae (0.99%), Clusiaceae (0.99%), Commelinaear (0.99%), Convolvulaceae (0.99%), Crassulaceae (0.99%), Cyperaceae (0.99%), Dilleniaceae (0.99%), Gentianaceae (0.99%), Liliaceae (0.99%), Lythraceae (0.99%), Malvaceae (0.99%), Maringaceae (0.99%), Menispermaceae (0.99%), Musaceae (0.99%), Myrtaceae (0.99%), Orchidaceae (0.99%), Oxalidaceae (0.99%), Pedaliaceae (0.99%), Phyllanthaceae (0.99%), Piperaceae (0.99%), Plantaginaceae (0.99%), Polygonaceae (0.99%), Pontederiaceae (0.99%), Rhamnaceae (0.99%), Sapindaceae (0.99%), Sapotaceae (0.99%), Saururaceae (0.99%), Smilacaceae (0.99%), Urticaceae (0.99%), Zingiberaceae (0.99%) are documented.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe knowledge on the different plant species recognized was given by all categories of respondents; however, in comparison with the remaining categories, traditional healers (22.34%) and housewives (13.82%) gave larger knowledge Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. This might be partly because traditional healers and housewives typically work with herbs on an ongoing basis and have acquired greater comprehension regarding plants in broad.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf the three villages that were inquired, Doloigaon and Bamakhata had a majority of respondents. It is significant, that despite being one of the villages where a larger percentage of respondents were questioned, the majority of the data on plant species discovered by this study originated in Doloigaon. The substantial occurrence of novel plant species or prospective candidates may be explained by the reality that a significant number of the respondents questioned in Doloigaon consisted of housewives or traditional healers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt has been found that such plants were recognised to boast an array of medicinal attributes and are utilized in the communities where they grow, encompassing \u0026ndash; Wound healing (\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus spinosus\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eBasella alba\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eBoerhavia diffusa\u003c/em\u003e L. \u003cem\u003enom. Cons., Cynodon dactylon\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers., \u003cem\u003eCommelina diffusa\u003c/em\u003e Burm.f., \u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eCoriandrum sativum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eCentella asiatica\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Urban, \u003cem\u003eDillenia indica\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eDendrocnide sinuate\u003c/em\u003e (Blume) Chew, \u003cem\u003eDiplazium esculentum\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) Sw., \u003cem\u003eEuphorbia antiquorum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eFicus religiosa\u003c/em\u003e L. etc.), Diabetes (\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e A. Juss, \u003cem\u003eCinnamomum tamala\u003c/em\u003e (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees. \u0026amp; C.H.Eberm, \u003cem\u003eDiplazium esculentum\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) Sw., \u003cem\u003eEhretia acuminate\u003c/em\u003e R.Br., \u003cem\u003eEmblica officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eFicus heterophylla\u003c/em\u003e L. f., \u003cem\u003eGmelina arborea\u003c/em\u003e Roxb., \u003cem\u003eHibiscus sabdariffa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eLagenaria siceraria\u003c/em\u003e (Molina) Standl., \u003cem\u003eMomordica charantia\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eOcimum tenuiflorum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003ePhlogacanthus thyrsiflorus\u003c/em\u003e Nees etc.), Diarrhea (\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus spinosus\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/em\u003e (Lam.) Taub., \u003cem\u003eBacopa monnieri\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pennell, \u003cem\u003eBoerhavia diffusa\u003c/em\u003e L. \u003cem\u003enom. Cons., Cynodon dactylon\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers., \u003cem\u003eEmblica officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eEryngium foetidum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMirabilis jalapa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMimusops elengi\u003c/em\u003e L. etc.), Hypertension (\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus cruentus\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eBacopa monnieri\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pennell, \u003cem\u003eDiplazium esculentum\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) Sw., \u003cem\u003eEryngium foetidum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eHibiscus sabdariffa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eMonoon longifolium\u003c/em\u003e Sonn., \u003cem\u003eTerminalia arjuna\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Wight \u0026amp; Arn., \u003cem\u003eZiziphus mauritiana\u003c/em\u003e Lam. etc.), Urinary tract infaction (\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus spinosus\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e A. Juss, \u003cem\u003eCynodon dactylon\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers. etc.), Cancer (\u003cem\u003eCinnamomum tamala\u003c/em\u003e (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees. \u0026amp; C.H.Eberm, \u003cem\u003eEhretia acuminate\u003c/em\u003e R.Br., \u003cem\u003eEichhornia crassipes\u003c/em\u003e Mart., \u003cem\u003eMimosa pudica\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eTinospora cordifolia\u003c/em\u003e (thunb.) Miers etc.), Asthma (\u003cem\u003eBacopa monnieri\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pennell, \u003cem\u003eCalotropis gigantean\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Dryand., \u003cem\u003eEryngium foetidum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eFicus religiosa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eLeucas cephalotes\u003c/em\u003e (Roth) Spreng., \u003cem\u003eLitsea salicifolia\u003c/em\u003e Roxb., \u003cem\u003eTrigonella foenum-graecum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eVitex negundo\u003c/em\u003e L. etc.) and other diseases Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA compilation of medicinal plants including scientific names, families, local names, parts used, mode of preparation, and mode of application techniques that are employed for treating an array of diseases in Bajali District, Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria villages. (Author\u0026rsquo;s Original)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSI. NO.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSCIENTIFIC NAME\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAMILY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOCAL NAME\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePART USE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMODE OF PREPARATION AND APPLICATION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcmella oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHuhoni Bon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowers, leaves, stem, whole plant, roots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Decoction or infusion of the leaves and flowers is used topically (toothache, stammering, stomatitis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllium cepa\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmaryllidaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePiyaaj\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStems, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Stem is applied topically (heart disease)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNohoru\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBulb, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bulb and leaves are consumed as vegetables (hypertension, constipation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e (L) Burm.f.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsphodelaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGhrit Kumari\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf, gel, latex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf is applied orally (constipation, skin disorders)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (skin diseases, ease joint pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus cruentus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmaranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorisa Sak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant, stem, seeds, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf and stem is eaten (reduce blood pressure, cholesterol, anemia, heart disease, anti-ageing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus spinosus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmaranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKata Khutora\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, steam, roots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Paste of the root is used ( gonorrhea, eczema, colic)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (ulcerated mouth, wounds, boils, burns, hemorrhoids)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; The plant is intake orally (piles, diarrhea, nausea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seed juice is taken orally (urinary tract infection, urine related disorders)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e A. Juss\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots, bark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves paste is taken orally (skin ulcers, diabetes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark powder is applied topically (smoothening the skin)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruits are taken orally (hemorrhoids, intestinal worms, urinary tract disorders, diabetes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaccaurea ramiflora\u003c/em\u003e Lour.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhyllanthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeteku\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits, bark, roots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruits are eaten (skin diseases)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark is used (eye inflammation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacopa monnieri\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pennell\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlantaginaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrahmi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is eaten orally (hypertension, constipation, asthma, stomachache, diarrhea, malaria)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Decoction of the bark is taken orally (hypertension, constipation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBasella alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBasellaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePuroi Sak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves are eaten (anemia, anti ageing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied to the skin (wounds, itching, burns, allergy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoerhavia diffusa\u003c/em\u003e L. \u003cem\u003enom. Cons.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNyctaginaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePunarnava\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Roots paste are applied topically (wounds, inflammation, skin ailments, pain, scar)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Plant powder is intake orally (piles, diarrhea, nausea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBombax ceiba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimalu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoung root, flowers, gum, leaves, bark, shoots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Decoction of the bark is given orally (fever)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark juice is given orally (stomachache)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Czern.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrassicaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaixaak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf is applied additionally (stomach disorder)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrassica nigra\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Koch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrassicaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHoriyoh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeed, flower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seed paste is taken orally (piles)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seed powder boils in water and taken orally (anemia)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Oil is applied to the scalp (dandruff, hair problem)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seed paste is applied topically (boils, itching, allergy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/em\u003e (Lam.) Taub.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePalas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlower, leaves, seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower juice is applied topically (eye diseases) and taken orally (diarrhea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalamus tenuis\u003c/em\u003e Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArecaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBet Gos\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, stem, root, shoot\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves are boils in water and having bath (paralysis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Shoots are eaten (anemia)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalotropis gigantean\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Dryand.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAkanda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, latex, root, flowers,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBark, root bark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root and leaf juice is taken orally (asthma)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is used topically (Bacterial infection, swelling)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark powder is taken orally (liver and spleen diseases)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Milk juice of the plant is taken orally (cancer, arthritis, as antidote for snake bite)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCarica papaya\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaricaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmita\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, fruit, seed, flower, root\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruits are eaten orally (anti-ageing, aids digestion)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCascabela thevetia\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Lippold\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarabi Ful\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSteam bark, seeds, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Steam bark is taken orally ( malarial fever, snake bite, sores)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seeds paste is applied topically (skin complaining)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is taken orally (jaundice, fever, intestinal worms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e (L.) G.Don\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNayantara\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf, root, shoot, steam, flower, bark, seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root paste is applied topically (septic wounds)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root decoction is used ( fever)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is taken orally (blood dysentery)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flowers are applied topically (chest pain, intestinal pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCentella asiatica\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Urban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBor Manimuni\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant, mainly leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark paste is applied on the affected skin (skin pigmentation, scabies)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (skin disease, infected wounds, swelling)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChenopodium album\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmaranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJilmil Sak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, young shoots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves and young shoots are taken orally (nutritional deficiency, constipation, bile)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCinnamomum tamala\u003c/em\u003e (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees. \u0026amp; C.H.Eberm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLauraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTejpat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf is applied topically (diabetes, cancer, stomach problem, pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommelina diffusa\u003c/em\u003e Burm.f.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommelinaear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKona Simolu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, steam, gum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Gum is applied topically (wounds, boils, itching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoriandrum sativum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDhonia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves paste is taken orally (antioxidants, beta-carotene)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (wound healing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit juice is taken orally (stomach problem)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZingiberaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaladhi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root is applied topically (eye infections, skin sores, infected wounds, gum disease)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCynodon dactylon\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDubori Bon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant, leaves, roots, rhizomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Paste of the plant is applied topically (wounds, inflammation, skin ailments, pain, scar)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Powder of the plant is intake orally (piles, diarrhea, nausea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Juice of the plant is taken orally (urinary tract infection, urine related disorders)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDatura metel\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolanaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDhatura\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeeds, fruit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Purified seeds are taken orally (stomach and intestinal pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit juice is applied topically (dandruff, falling hair)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDendrocnide sinuate\u003c/em\u003e (Blume) Chew\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrticaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSorat Gos\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot, leaves, seed, bark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Juice of the root is taken orally (chronic fever)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Roots are boils in water and taken orally (jaundice)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root and leaves paste is applied topically (wounds, burns, rashes, boils)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDillenia indica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDilleniaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOu Tenga\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf, bark, fruit, mucilage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit juice is taken orally (cough, digestion, lack of appetite) and applied over the scalp topically (hair fall, hair tonic, dandruff)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark paste is applied on the affected skin (skin pigmentation, scabies)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruits is eaten (stomach disorders, to combat weakness)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Mucilage is applied topically (wound healing, burns)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiplazium esculentum\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) Sw.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAthyriaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDhekiya\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoung fronds, root, leaves, stem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Young fronds are eaten (liver cirrhosis, diabetes, hypertension, nyctalopia)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Roots and leaf paste/powder is used topically (wound healing, skin inflammation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf is applied topically (ulcers)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDrymaria cordata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Willd. ex Schult.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaryophyllaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLai Jabori\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is taken orally (cough)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is applied topically (sinusitis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEhretia acuminate\u003c/em\u003e R.Br.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoraginaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePujar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, fruit, roots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves are eaten orally (anthelmintic)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root extract are used topically/orally (sexual dysfunction, aging, malaria, cancer, diabetes, constipation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEichhornia crassipes\u003c/em\u003e Mart.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePontederiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeteka\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, roots ,flowers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Extraction of the plant is used (anti ageing, anticancer)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmblica officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEuphorbiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmlokhi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit is consumed orally (diabetes, digestion, hair problems, diarrhea, joint pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnhdyra fluctuans\u003c/em\u003e Lour.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHelochi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant, steam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Stem is taken orally (gastric, ulcer)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Whole plant is taken orally (constipation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEryngium foetidum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMan Dhaniya\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied to the skin (burns)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is eaten (hypertension, constipation, asthma, stomachache, diarrhea, malaria)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seeds are taken orally (diarrhea, colitis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower is applied topically (chest pain, intestinal pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuphorbia antiquorum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEuphorbiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiju\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLatex, leaves, fruits, root\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Juice of the plant is taken orally (cough)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Steam paste is applied topically (wound healing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus benghalensis\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBot Gos\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSteam bark, roots, buds, leaves, fruits, latex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Milky latex is applied directly over the wound and swelling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Latex is applied topically (dental caries, skin diseases, conjunctivitis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (skin disease)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus heterophylla\u003c/em\u003e L. f.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKonoi Dimoru/Bolowa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is topically applied (infections)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is taken orally (diabetes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus religiosa\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAhot\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSteam, bark, fruits, buds, latex, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark and fruits powder is taken orally (Asthma)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Mixing 2\u0026ndash;3 leaves with 50gm of jaggery is taken orally (Stomach pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark powder is used as face pack by topically (brighter complexion)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruits are taken orally (constipation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is used topically (wound healing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGarcinia pedunculata\u003c/em\u003e Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClusiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThekera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit juice is taken orally (common cold, stomach problem)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGmelina arborea\u003c/em\u003e Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGomari\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot, fruit, flower, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruits are eaten with water (acidity)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is taken orally (cold, cough, gonorrhea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit powder is taken orally (diabetes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root powder is applied topically (gout, arthritis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (wounds)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoraginaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHatisur\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Extracted juice of the pounded leaves is applied topically (wounds, furuncles, skin ulcers)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Juice is used as eye drop (conjunctivitis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHibiscus \u0026times; rosa-sinensis\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJoba Phool\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, flowers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves and flowers paste is taken orally (shampoo)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHibiscus sabdariffa\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeseka Tenga\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit, leaves, flower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf tea is taken orally (high blood pressure)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Paste of the leaf and flower is applied into the scalp (strengthening of hair roots, alopecia)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower is soaked in water overnight and filtered next day and taken orally (diabetes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHibiscus sabdariffa\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTenga Mora\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeeds, leaves, fruits, roots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seeds, leaves, fruits are taken orally (relief of sour throat, healing wounds)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHouttuynia cordata\u003c/em\u003e Thunb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaururaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMesendari\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf is applied additionally (stomach disorder)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is taken orally (cough)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is applied topically (sinusitis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImpatiens balsamina\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBalsaminaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDumdeuka/Koria Bijol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, flowers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower paste is applied topically (burns)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Paste/juice of leaf/root is applied to the skin (wounds, skin inflammation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIpomoea aquatic\u003c/em\u003e Forssk.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConvolvulaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKalmow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Juice is taken by orally (to induce vomiting in opium poisoning)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Buds paste is applied topically (ringworm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Intake of leaves (as nutrition, cure jaundice, nervous debility, anemia)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKalanchoe pinnata\u003c/em\u003e (Lam.) Pers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrassulaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePategoja/Dupar Tenga\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf, stem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves juice is taken orally (kidney stone, gastric ulcer)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Plant paste is applied topically ( headache, cuts and wounds)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKyllinga monocephala\u003c/em\u003e Rottb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKeya Bon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil, roots, rhizome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Decoction of fresh roots is taken orally (malaria with chills)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Paste of rhizomes taken orally (worm infection)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLagenaria siceraria\u003c/em\u003e (Molina) Standl.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCucurbitaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePanilao\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit, shoots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit juice is taken orally (diabetes, weight control, skin glow)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLasia spinosa\u003c/em\u003e Lour.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSengmora\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRhizomes, roots, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Rhizomes are used orally (stomach aches, snake and insect bites, injuries)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf and roots are used topically (piles)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLawsonia inermis\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLythraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJetuka\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, flower, seed, steam,bark,root\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (joint pain, skin diseases, wound healing, dandruff, hair diseases)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower juice is taken orally (jaundice)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucas cephalotes\u003c/em\u003e (Roth) Spreng.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDoron Bon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, whole plant, flowers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (skin diseases, infected wounds, swelling)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Plant juice is taken orally (Jaundice, asthma, cough, cold)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLitchi chinensis\u003c/em\u003e Sonn.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSapindaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLichu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit is eaten as a food and used for medicine (cough, fever, pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLitsea salicifolia\u003c/em\u003e Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLauraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDigh lati\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves paste are applied topically (inflammation, wound healing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves juice are taken orally (asthma)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMalva verticillata\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLofa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, flower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf is applied topically (gout)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower paste is taken orally (stomach diseases, stone, constipation, lice, amenorrhea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnacardiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit is applied topically (mineral, antioxidants)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha arvensis\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePodina\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves paste is taken orally (hair rinse)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMikania micrantha\u003c/em\u003e Kunth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJarmani Lota\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves paste is applied topically (wound healing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is taken orally (stomachache) applied topically (insect bite, itching)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMimosa pudica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNilaji Bon/Lajuki Lota\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoots, leaves, whole plant,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root is chewed and root paste is applied topically (snake bite, small pox)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf decoction or paste is used topically or orally (wounds, pink eye)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Whole plant is used (cancer, muscle pain, edema, leg pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMimusops elengi\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSapotaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBokul\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot, flowers, bark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Powder of the dried flower or juice of fresh flower is administrated through the nostrils (headache, sinusitis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Decoction of the stem bark is taken orally (diarrhea, intestinal worms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMirabilis jalapa\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNyctaginaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGodhuli Gopal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, roots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is applied to the skin (wound healing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Juice extracted from the roots and taken orally (diarrhea, dysentery, liver infections)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMomordica charantia\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCucurbitaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTita Kerala\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit juice is consumed orally (diabetes, cholesterol)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonoon longifolium\u003c/em\u003e Sonn.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnnonaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDebadaru\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStem bark, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Decoction of the bark is taken orally (hypertension, constipation, fever)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMoringa oleifera\u003c/em\u003e Lam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoringaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSajina\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers, pods\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves, pods, fruits are eaten (anemia, arthritis, joint pain, stomach and intestinal ulcers, heart problems, high blood pressure, kidney stones, thyroid, infections)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste or powder is applied directly to the skin (dandruff, wounds)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMurraya koenigii\u003c/em\u003e (L.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRutaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNarasingha\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (skin diseases, burns)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves are taken orally (obesity)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves powder is orally used (weight loss, reduce stress)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMurraya koenigii\u003c/em\u003e (L.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRutaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorohinghoo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, flower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (skin diseases)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower juice is taken orally (jaundice)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e Colla\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMusaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAthiyakol/Bhimkol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWax, Exudates, Fruit, Peel, bark/peel ash\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Wax and exudates are consumed orally (intestinal worm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Exudates are taken orally (women infertility)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Ash water is taken orally (gastritis, gout, cough)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Ripe fruit water is consumed orally (health tonic, dysentery)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeolamarckia cadamba\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Bosser\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRubiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKadam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower is applied topically (wound healing, antioxidant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRam Tulasi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, leaf oil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf oil is mixed with alcohol and applied topically (skin infections) and taken orally (bronchitis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOcimum tenuiflorum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTulsi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlower, leaves, seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower is applied topically (anxiety, stress, diabetes, high cholestrrol)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves paste is applied (lower blood sugar, ease joint pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOpuntia\u003c/em\u003e Mill.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCactaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFonimonokha\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit is taken by orally (diarrhea, colitis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxalis corniculata\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOxalidaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTengeshi Tenga\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, flowers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is used topically (burns, insect bites, various skin eruptions)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePaederia foetida\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRubiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003evedailota\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant, leaves, stem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Plant paste is applied topically (headache, cuts and wounds)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Stem is taken orally (gastric ulcer)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Whole plant is taken orally (constipation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhlogacanthus thyrsiflorus\u003c/em\u003e Nees\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcanthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTita ful\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flowers are consumed orally (diabetes, liver problems)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhysalis philadelphica\u003c/em\u003e Lam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolanaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePokmow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit is used orally (diuretics, febrifuge)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit juice is taken orally (cough, digestion, lack of appetite)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePiper betle\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePiperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eleaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves are chewing (mouth freshner)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (wound healing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePogostemon benghalensis\u003c/em\u003e (Burm.f.) Kuntze\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHukloti\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is taken orally (common cold, stomach problem)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves and young shoots are taken orally (nutritional deficiency, constipation, bile)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhynchostylis retusa\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Blume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrchidaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKopou Phool\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flower is applied topically (high toxicity)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRicinus communis\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEuphorbiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEra Gos\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf, root, seed oil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Castor oil is used topically (wound healing, skin softening, hair conditioner, corns and bunions)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seed paste is applied to the skin (boils, migraine headaches, inflammatory skin disorders)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRumex vesicarius\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolygonaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChuka Hak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves are used topically (to reduce sudden and ongoing pain and swelling of the nasal passages and respiratory tract, treating bacterial infections)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaccharum officinarum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKuhiyar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCane fibers, stalks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fibers are applied orally (antioxidants)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Stalks are taken orally (infections, boost immunity, dehydration)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaraca asoca\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Willd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAshok\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBark, flower, seed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark powder is taken orally (fever)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark is boiled in water and can be used for washing the skin surface (skin infections)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSesamum indicum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePedaliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeed, seed oil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seed paste is taken orally (piles)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seed powder boils in water and taken orally ( anemia)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Oil is applied to the scalp (dandruff, hair problem)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seed paste is applied topically (boils, itching, allergy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSmilax zeylanica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmilacaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBagh Achora\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, roots, rhizome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root powder is consumed (joint pain, swelling) or powder can be made into paste by adding water and used topically (joint pain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Decoction of the root is consumed (skin diseases, gout, arthritis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphagneticola trilobata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pruski\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVringoraj\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Stems are taken orally (liver and kidney related diseases, skin infections, inhibits cancer cell production, hair growth)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpinacia oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmaranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaleng Hak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Root is applied topically (eye infections, skin sores, infected wounds, gum disease)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf paste is applied topically (skin disease, burns)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpondias mombin\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnacardiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmra\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit, bark, flowers, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit is used orally (diuretics, febrifuge)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Make tea of flowers \u0026amp; leaves and taken orally (stomach pain, urethritis, cystitis, inflammation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSwertia chirayita\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGentianaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSirata\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant, root\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Dried leaf and stem is soaked in water and taken orally after filtration (malaria, fever)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSwietenia mahagoni\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Jacq.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBark, root bark, young fruits, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark extracts are used topically (wounds)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium cumini\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Skeels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKola Jam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeed, leaf, bark, fruit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seeds powder is taken orally (diabetes, arthritis, anemia, enhance digestion)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarindus indica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeteli\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePulp, leaves, bark, roots, seed, shells, flowers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Pulp is taken orally (common cold)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaves are used as poultice topically (wound healing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Seed powder is taken orally (diarrhea, dysentery)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerminalia arjuna\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Wight \u0026amp; Arn.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCombretaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArjun Gos\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStem, bark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bark powder is taken orally (anemia, tumors, hypertension)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerminalia chebula\u003c/em\u003e Retz.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCombretaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHilikha\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit is taken orally (digestion, hair problems)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTinospora cordifolia\u003c/em\u003e (thunb.) Miers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMenispermaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaguni Lota\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot, stems, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Steam juice is taken orally (fever, jaundice, cancer, dysentery)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrigonella foenum-graecum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethi Hak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf is applied topically (asthma, diabetes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is taken orally (kidney stone, gastric ulcer)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVitex negundo\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePosotiya\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf, seed, root, bark, fruits,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eflower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf are boiled in water and taken orally (cough, asthma, fever, common cold)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZiziphus mauritiana\u003c/em\u003e Lam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRhamnaceae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBogori\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits, leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fruit is eaten (hypertension)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Leaf juice is taken orally (diarrhea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePlant Growth Varieties and Accessibility :\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the 101 varieties of plants which have been traditionally utilized to alleviate ailments, trees accounted for 62% of the overall population, followed by shrubs (19%), climbers (11%), grasses 5%, and herbs 3%. It came to light that the majority of common type of plant utilized was trees.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt has been observed that although certain plants are cultivated, a majority of plants flourish in the natural settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHerbal Formulations and Modes of Use :\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThroughout the investigation, different approaches to the preparation and administration of the herbal medicines were reported. The primary method used to prepare these herbal remedies is to extract the plant juice and consume it fresh. A handful are either mashed and swallowed fresh or given as infusions. Although a few individuals suggested boiling plants about an hour or so, others recommended against it because they felt it would reduce the plant material's potency. It was established from the information acquired that the plant parts were either employed immediately or permitted to air dry prior being preserved for further use, notably in the off-season.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased out of the information, various parts of plants were utilized to alleviate ailments with various proportions. Each of the subsequent plant parts were utilized: leaves, steam, roots, whole plants, seeds, bark, gel, latex, gum, shoots, rhizomes, mucilage, buds, oil, fibers, stalks, pulp, and shells. Whereas every part of the plant are possibly significant for curing various diseases, the leaves, seeds, and bark of these plants were among the most frequently used portions for treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNortheast India is residence to the nation's richest store of floral diversity and serves as one of the \"biodiversity hotspots\" beneath the Himalayan range and Indo-Burma's massive biodiversity zones. Having an overall land area of 262180 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, or nearly 8% of the nation's entire land, the 8 states that make up North East India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura are home to approximately 40\u0026nbsp;million people. Plant biodiversity predominantly makes up the foundation of human life on the planet, involving crop cultivation across populations of farmers. It supports multiple living things since its enormous range of soil, slope, altitudes, and ecological scenarios (Roy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Chatterjee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The zone in question is remarkable for the variety of human empires and is habitat to many communities covering an assortment of ethnic categories, according to the current study. These ethnic communities have been using conventional therapeutic practices throughout prehistoric ages and retain a richness of conventional wisdom. Conventional botanical remedies are the mainstay for medical care to the indigenous tribes in the northeastern area. A broad spectrum of distinctive medicinal plants can be encountered in this area. Somehow, the ethical cultivation of these herbs and preserving the potency of these fundamental medicinal substances extracted from these parts tend to face challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe broad description of ethnobotany, a primary branch of ethnobiology, refers to the \"science of people's interaction with plants\" (McClatchey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). And on the other hand ethnopharmacology is \"the interdisciplinary scientific exploration of the biologically active agents that are traditionally employed\u0026rdquo; (S\u0026uuml;ntar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Research in ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology have similarities since both highlight the historical and human components that are inherent in the term \"ethno.\" In these areas, fieldwork research is usually necessary to investigate conventional and native therapeutic knowledge and the biodiversity that is associated with it. This knowledge need to be documented and then transformed into useful products or applications (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe comprehensive documentation of the medicinal plants that indigenous tribes in the northeastern region possess historically employed is greatly aided by this study. 101 species of medicinal plants employed by the residents of three villages were uncovered during the study Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. These papers assist in treating an assortment of ailments by providing insightful knowledge regarding conventional medicine. In addition, it promotes the advancement of scientific techniques for confirming the efficacy of these methods of treatment by pharmacological, phytochemical, and other pharmaceutical assessments. Particularly in remote locations having insufficient availability of healthcare, individuals highly depend on the assistance of traditional healers. These practitioners serve a vital function in managing serious healthcare needs. Their experience should be updated through exchanging thoughts with healers representing different communities, along with they must take part in workshops for youngsters to expand their competence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is imperative that regional community development strategies embrace medicinal plant ecosystems, with a particular focus on protecting and conserving an array of plant species that indigenous communities have traditionally exploited. Formerly a record of such data, conventional healers are presently in trouble since indigenous practices are diminishing. Moreover, the gene pool of medicinal plants is now significantly reduced as a result of altered farming methods and extensive habitat damage. Due to unrestricted harvesting by inexperienced workers and a lack of attempts to promote natural or artificial regrowth, many precious species are in danger of going extinct.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraining local communities for the production, preservation, and harvesting of medicinal plants is crucial for achieving longevity. Teaching them the correct direction is vital for ensuring that wild plant species recover. The primordial forest ecosystem should be safeguarded since alterations to the environment could endanger its existence and cause some species to become extinct.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis investigation illustrates the vitality of medicinal plants and supplies a solid foundation for establishing plans to develop the herbal medicine sector, which will eventually boost the local revenue and elevate standard of living. To maintain the existence and avert the loss of priceless ancestral wisdom transmitted orally, ethnomedicinal plant understanding has to be conserved and documented. Furthermore, disseminating such knowledge to the society will assist that it remains pertinent for the coming generations..\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the paper and its supplemental information files, we attest that each element of data created and analyzed during this investigation has been submitted to the journal. There were no other datasets utilized.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment :\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeartfelt gratitude is extended by the authors towards the herbal traders, traditional healers, housewives, and cultivators from the villages of Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria regarding their outstanding assistance and collaboration. Their depth of expertise and openness to sharing knowledge were vital to the accomplishment of this ethnobotanical investigation. The recognition of plant species and the provision of useful information have substantially improved the investigation, and the authors are extremely grateful for their time and effort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding grant was availed for this work from any type of Research funding organization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s Contribution:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHirakjyoti and Nongmaithem Randhoni drafted the article under the supervision of Ashmita. Hirakjyoti did the original study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors publicize that they have no competing interests. It is a self-funded work by the Author.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlemu, M., Asfaw, Z., Lulekal, E., Warkineh, B., Debella, A., Sisay, B. and Debebe, E., 2024. Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used by the local people in Habru District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e(1), p.4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBanik, B., Das, S. and Das, M.K., 2020. Medicinal Plants with Potent Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Properties found in Eastern Parts of the Himalaya: An Ethnomedicinal Review. \u003cem\u003ePharmacognosy Reviews\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(28).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChatterjee, S., Saikia, A., Dutta, P., Ghosh, D. and Worah, S., 2006. Review of biodiversity in Northeast India. \u003cem\u003eBackground paper\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDas, J. and Khosla, M., 2021. Exploring the rich Flora and Fauna of North East India. \u003cem\u003eNorth East India: the Untapped Tourism Industry\u003c/em\u003e, pp.77-84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDikshit, K.R., Dikshit, J.K., Dikshit, K.R. and Dikshit, J.K., 2014. Natural vegetation: forests and grasslands of North-East India. \u003cem\u003eNorth-East India: land, people and economy\u003c/em\u003e, pp.213-255.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimri, D. and Kumar, A., 2024. Traditional Medicinal Herbs in North-Western Region of Himalayas: Case Study. In \u003cem\u003eSustainable and Functional Foods from Plants\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 223-252). Apple Academic Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDutta, A.K., Dutta, P.P., Pathak, B., Barman, D., Baruah, P. and Devi, D., 2023. 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An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the Eastern Himalayan zone of Arunachal Pradesh, India. \u003cem\u003eJournal of ethnopharmacology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e134\u003c/em\u003e(1), pp.18-25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWambulwa, M.C., Milne, R., Wu, Z.Y., Spicer, R.A., Provan, J., Luo, Y.H., Zhu, G.F., Wang, W.T., Wang, H., Gao, L.M. and Li, D.Z., 2021. Spatiotemporal maintenance of flora in the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot: current knowledge and future perspectives. \u003cem\u003eEcology and Evolution\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(16), pp.10794-10812.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ethno-medical knowledge, Traditional Therapies","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7255979/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7255979/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnopharmacological Relevance\u003c/strong\u003e: The primary objective of this ethnobotanical study was to preserve the indigenous understanding of medicinal plants in three villages located in the Bajali district of Assam: Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria. Despite highlighting the value of medicinal plants in rural healthcare, the investigation aimed to bridge the gap between generations and conventional healing approaches.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim of the Study\u003c/strong\u003e: The investigation sought to close the gap among generations with conventional healing approaches while exposing the worth of medicinal plants in rural healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/strong\u003e: Applying standardized questionnaires, 94 informants, including housewives, cultivators, and traditional healers, were interrogated. From September 2024 to January 2025, fieldwork went on to determine and catalog plant species that served medicinally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: The investigation recognized 101 species of medicinal plants across different families that were utilized to treat conditions like respiratory problems, diabetes, diarrhea, and high blood pressure. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves, roots, and bark; decoctions, pastes, and infusions were among the methods of preparation used. These findings demonstrate how crucial ethnomedical knowledge is to basic healthcare, particularly for remote areas with minimal opportunity for modern medical services. However, urgent conservation measures must be undertaken since to the reduced use of traditional therapies as a result of modernity and urbanization. For evidence to confirm the effectiveness of these herbs, the study emphasizes the necessity of documenting, sustainable harvesting, and combining traditional wisdom with recent pharmacological research. The development of novel medications for global purposes using traditional knowledge is the focus of the present study.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Addresing the Ethnobotanical Practices of Herbal Remedies by Indigenous People in Doloigaon, Bamakhata, and Muguria: The Three Villages in the Bajali District of Assam","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-11 15:39:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7255979/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84f092b1-8afd-4e8a-9ad4-12b1e5474667","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":54580940,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":54580941,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-22T08:53:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-11 15:39:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7255979","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7255979","identity":"rs-7255979","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}