Frequency, type, and diversity of Organized Leisure-Time Activities in the Context of Mental Health and Well-Being of Czech Adolescents Aged 11–15

Frequency, type, and diversity of Organized Leisure-Time Activities in the Context of Mental Health and Well-Being of Czech Adolescents Aged 11–15 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Frequency, type, and diversity of Organized Leisure-Time Activities in the Context of Mental Health and Well-Being of Czech Adolescents Aged 11–15 Marek Maracek, Michaela Matusova, Britt Hallingberg, Jan Pavelka, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7480001/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Participation in organized leisure-time activities (OLTA) is widely recognized as a important determinant of adolescent development, but questions remain about the relative importance of different activity types and the role of participation frequency. Methods Data were drawn from the nationally representative Czech sample of the 2022 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. A total of 14,588 adolescents aged 11–15 years completed standardized questionnaires. Latent class analysis was applied to identify clusters of OLTA participation, and logistic regression models examined associations between cluster membership, participation frequency, and multiple indicators of health and well-being, controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Results Findings demonstrated that adolescents engaged in OLTA reported higher levels of well-being across several outcomes compared to non-participants. Team-based and all-rounder clusters of OLTA participation showed the strongest and most consistent positive associations, while the artist cluster revealed weaker but still significant benefits. A dose–response relationship was observed, indicating that higher frequency of participation was linked to better health outcomes. Conclusions The study underscores the importance of both type and frequency of OLTA participation in supporting adolescent health and well-being and supports previous findings of the positive relationship between varied OLTA participation and psychological outcomes. These findings highlight the need for policies and programs that ensure accessible, diverse, and enjoyable leisure opportunities for all adolescents. Longitudinal research is required to clarify causal mechanisms and inform evidence-based interventions promoting adolescent development. Background Adolescence is a critical developmental phase during which behavioural patterns, social identities, and health trajectories are formed (Steinberg, 2014 ). Globally, growing concerns have been raised about deteriorating mental health in young people. Approximately 75% of all mental health disorders emerge before the age of 25 (Solmi et al., 2022 ), and many adolescents already experience anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic complaints that may persist into adulthood (Merikangas et al., 2010 ). Recent international evidence suggests particularly high levels of psychosomatic complaints among 15-year-old girls, accompanied by rising feelings of stress and loneliness across age groups (Cosma et al., 2021 ; Eriksson & Stattin, 2024 ). In Czechia, national data mirror these trends, with adolescents reporting increasing mental health challenges amplified by social pressures, academic demands, and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic (NUDZ, 2021; Cosma, Pavelka & Badura, 2021 ). Identifying developmental factors that protect and promote adolescent mental health is therefore an urgent public health priority (Kessler et al., 2005 ; Otto et al., 2021 ; Windarwati et al., 2022 ). Leisure is recognized as a child right and constitutes an important social context for promoting well-being (Hallingberg et al., 2025 ). Organized leisure-time activities (OLTA)—such as sport, arts, youth organizations, after-school clubs, and religious groups—have long been considered protective factors for adolescent development (Badura et al., 2015 ; Boelens et al., 2022 ). They offer structured environments that support autonomy, competence, and relatedness, needs which are central to self-determination theory and strongly linked to life satisfaction and motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000 ; Leversen et al., 2012 ). Empirical research shows that adolescents engaged in OLTA report lower stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms (Biddle et al., 2019 ; Vella et al., 2022 ). However, not all young people have equal access to such opportunities. Adolescents from higher socioeconomic backgrounds typically participate in a wider variety of activities (Hobza et al., 2022 ), whereas those from less affluent families may face financial or logistical barriers that limit participation. Consequently they are not able to take the advantage of potential mental health benefits or only to a limited extent (Badura et al., 2021 ). Schools and community organizations have been identified as key settings for reducing such inequalities by providing accessible opportunities (Bennett et al., 2012 ; Garcia-Carrion et al., 2019; Holloway & Pimlott-Wilson, 2014 ; Zeldin et al., 2007 ). Beyond access, the level of engagement and enjoyment also plays a crucial role. Adolescents often experience both obligation and enjoyment when participating in OLTA, but evidence suggests that enjoyment is the decisive factor linking participation with mental health benefits, while obligation alone has much weaker associations (Svacina et al., 2022 ; Badura et al., 2024 ). Some scholars have discussed the “overscheduling hypothesis,” suggesting that high-frequency involvement may be harmful (Mahoney et al., 2012; Rosenfeld & Wise, 2010 ). Yet most empirical studies provide little support for this notion and instead report that more frequent participation is associated with positive developmental outcomes (Fredricks, 2012 ; Mahoney & Vest, 2012 ; Caetano et al., 2024 ). Despite these insights, important gaps remain. Much of the literature has compared non-participants with simple categories such as sport-only or non-sport-only involvement. Less attention has been paid to more complex participation profiles that capture how adolescents combine multiple types of activities. Evidence is also limited to the role of participation frequency when considered alongside activity type. This is particularly relevant in Czechia, where adolescent engagement in OLTA is among the highest in Europe: around 86% reported participation in at least one activity in 2018 (Badura et al., 2021 ; Gaba et al., 2022). Applying clustering approaches can therefore provide new insights into how diverse combinations of activities are associated with adolescent well-being (Badura et al., 2015 ; Kusier, Ubbesen & Folker, 2024 ). Therefore, this study aims to analyse the relationship between OLTA and adolescent health and mental well-being, with an emphasis on the diversity and frequency of participation with regards to sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES) and other demographic variables. To achieve this, the study explores the following research questions: (i) What role does participation in a wider diversity of OLTAs play in adolescent health and well-being? and (ii) How does the frequency of engagement across activities contribute to overall well-being? METHODOLOGY STUDY DESIGN The methodology for data collection in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in the Czechia in 2022 follows a structured and internationally standardized protocol aimed at ensuring the reliability, validity, and cross-national comparability of the data collected (Inchley et al., 2023 ). The HBSC is a cross-sectional study, conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), involving 50 countries across Europe and North America. In the Czechia, data collection was conducted using a self-administered, standardized questionnaire that was distributed in schools. The questionnaire was designed to capture a wide range of health-related behaviors, psychosocial factors, and demographic information. The data collection process involved a two-stage cluster sampling method, where schools were selected as primary sampling units, and then one class per grade (5th, 7th, and 9th) was chosen to participate. All students in the selected classes completed the questionnaire under the supervision of trained researchers, ensuring a controlled environment for data collection. To maintain the quality and comparability of the data, the HBSC study utilizes a validated protocol that includes rigorous translation and back-translation procedures for the questionnaire (Inchley et al., 2023 ). Furthermore, the data collection process is designed to be anonymous, which encourages honest responses from adolescents regarding sensitive topics such as mental health and substance use (Cerqueira et al., 2024). The respondents did not receive any incentives for their participation. Parental or school principal consent was obtained, with the latter being sufficient where parents had previously signed a general consent form for school-related research participation. Before the survey, students were informed about their right to skip questions or withdraw at any time. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc (registration number 14/2019). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study utilized data from a nationally representative sample of 14,588 Czech adolescents in the 5th, 7th, and 9th grades, with an almost equal gender distribution (49.3% girls). Data collection took place between May and June 2022 in 246 schools (86.1% response rate on school level) across all 14 administrative regions of Czechia. The research was conducted during school hours under the supervision of trained research staff, yielding an overall response rate at the individual level of 83.1%. The most common reason for non-participation was illness, while 77 students actively declined to take part. After excluding cases with missing responses, the final dataset comprised 12,069 students. In the analysis, weights were used according to region and grade. MEASURES Organized leisure-time activities: Participation in OLTA was assessed through a question asking how often adolescents engaged in six types of organized activities: (a) team sports (e.g., football/soccer, volleyball, floorball), (b) individual sports (e.g., tennis, gymnastics, karate), (c) arts (e.g., attendance at school of arts, playing a musical instrument, singing, dancing, theatre), (d) youth organizations (e.g., Scouting, Sokol, YMCA), (e) after-school or leisure club’s activities (e.g. e.g., board games, model building, language club, debate club) and (f) religious activities (e.g., attending church meetings, singing in a church choir). Each category included specific examples and was accompanied by an explanatory note clarifying that these activities take place within structured settings, such as sports clubs or community organizations, under the supervision of coaches, leaders, or instructors (Bosakova et al., 2016). This distinction ensured that only organized forms of leisure-time activities, rather than casual or unstructured pastimes, were considered. For each activity type, participants selected from four response options: "0 = I don’t do this activity," "1 = once or twice a month," "2 = once a week," and "3 = twice a week or more often." To ensure that only those with regular involvement were analysed, the study focused on adolescents who participated in at least one OLTA on a weekly basis. This threshold was chosen based on previous research indicating that regular engagement is necessary for meaningful developmental benefits (Hansen & Larson, 2007) and aligns with common methodological standards for measuring extracurricular participation (Bohnert et al., 2010; Vandell et al., 2022). Mental Health and Well-Being: Life satisfaction Life satisfaction was measured using the Cantril Ladder, an 11-point visual scale ranging from 0 (worst possible life) to 10 (best possible life). This widely used measure is considered a reliable tool for assessing adolescents' overall life satisfaction (Levin & Currie, 2014) and has been shown to produce results comparable to the multi-item Satisfaction with life scale questionnaire, which is designed to measure subjective well-being (Jovanović, 2016). Multiple health complaints Psychological and somatic complaints were assessed using the HBSC symptom checklist (Haugland et al., 2001; Heinz et al., 2022). In this study, psychological symptoms included nervousness, irritability/bad temper, feeling low, and difficulties falling asleep, while somatic symptoms covered headaches, backaches, stomachaches, and dizziness. Each symptom was rated on a five-point scale (0 = rarely or never to 4 = about every day), with subscale scores ranging from 0 to 16. Following the HBSC protocol (2022), a binary cut-off was applied, defining multiple health complaints as experiencing two or more symptoms more than once a week. The internal consistency of the subscales was acceptable (α = .68–.74). WHO5 The emotional component of well-being was evaluated using the 5-item World Health Organization (WHO-5) Well-Being Index (Topp et al., 2015). Respondents rated how they had felt over the past two weeks (e.g., “I have felt cheerful and in good spirits,” “I have felt active and vigorous”) on a six-point scale from 0 (at no time) to 5 (all of the time). The summed scores were multiplied by four, yielding a range of 0 to 100, with higher scores reflecting better well-being. A score of ≤ 50 indicated poor well-being ( www.who-5.org ). Internal consistency for this scale was high (α = .84) (Sischka et al., 2025 ). Self-rated health Self-rated health (SRH) was measured using the question, "Would you say your health is…?" with response options of poor, fair, good, and excellent. Following recommended classification (Schnohr et al., 2016), responses were dichotomized into excellent health versus all other categories. Family Affluence Scale The Family Affluence Scale (FAS) is a tool designed to assess the socioeconomic status of children and adolescents, particularly in European and North American contexts. The FAS includes items related to family possessions, access to resources, and living conditions, allowing researchers to stratify populations based on affluence levels. The FAS categorizes adolescents into low (0–6 points), medium (7–10 points), and high (11–13 points) affluence groups. This categorization supports a nuanced analysis of socioeconomic differences in adolescent health and well-being in the Czechia as well (Hobza et al., 2022 ). Family Support Family support is a critical component of psychological well-being, as evidenced by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) developed by Zimet et al. (1988). This scale includes items that assess the perceived support from family, such as emotional help, decision-making assistance, and open communication about problems. A mean score of 5.5 or above on this scale indicates high family support, which is linked to positive mental health outcomes (Badura et al., 2024 ). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS v.28 and Python 3.12. A significance threshold of α = .01 was applied given the large sample size. First, cluster analysis was used to identify distinct patterns of OLTA participation. The optimal number of clusters was determined based on silhouette width (Kaufman & Rousseeuw, 2009 ). For analyses of participation frequency, responses were coded as: 0 = no participation, 0.5 = 1–2 times/month, 1 = once per week, and 2 = twice per week or more. These were summed across activity types and categorized into four groups: none, 0.5–1.5, 2–3.5, and ≥ 4 sessions per week. Group differences by sex, age, socioeconomic status, and family support were assessed using χ² tests to account for clustering of students within schools. Logistic regression models were then conducted to examine associations between OLTA clusters (reference: non-participation) and well-being outcomes. Separate models examined the role of frequency of participation. All models were estimated in three steps: (i) model 1: unadjusted, (ii) model 2: adjusted for sex and grade and (iii) model 3: fully adjusted for sex, grade, family affluence (FAS), and family support. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 99% confidence intervals (CI). Nagelkerke R² values are presented in tables to indicate the explanatory power of each model. RESULTS Cluster analysis identified five distinct profiles of OLTA participation: inactive (21.4%), team sports (16.9%), individual sports (21.1%), artistic activities (15.0%), and all-rounders (25.6%). Approximately one in five adolescents reported no engagement in organized activities. Participation differed significantly by sex and age (Table 1 ). Boys were more likely to be in the team sports cluster (25.8% vs. 8.3% among girls; p < .001), whereas girls more often engaged in individual sports (23.8% vs. 18.3%) and artistic activities (21.0% vs. 8.7%). With increasing age, non-participation rose sharply (13.1% among 5th graders vs. 31.1% among 9th graders), while the proportion of all-rounders decreased markedly (35.4% in grade 5 vs. 16.4% in grade 9). Girls reported consistently lower well-being than boys across all indicators, and well-being also tended to decline with age, with the exception of self-rated health, which remained relatively stable. Binary logistic regressions (Table 2 ) demonstrated that participation in OLTA was positively associated with adolescent health and well-being across multiple indicators in the fully adjusted models. Compared with non-participants, adolescents in the team sports cluster were more likely to report excellent self-rated health (OR = 1.66, 99% CI: 1.38–1.99), high well-being (OR = 1.66, 1.39–1.98), and life satisfaction (OR = 1.24, 1.04–1.48), and they had lower odds of experiencing multiple health complaints (OR = 0.73, 0.61–0.87). The individual sports cluster showed similarly favourable outcomes, with particularly strong associations for excellent self-rated health (OR = 1.84, 1.55–2.18) and well-being (OR = 1.59, 1.35–1.87). Adolescents in the all-rounder cluster displayed the most consistent positive profile, with increased odds across all three well-being indicators (ORs ranging from 1.24 to 1.57) and reduced likelihood of health complaints (OR = 0.82, 0.71–0.96). The artistic cluster showed more modest benefits, limited mainly to well-being (OR = 1.20, 1.01–1.44). Analysis of participation frequency (Table 3 ) revealed a clear dose–response relationship. Adolescents engaging in fewer than two sessions per week did not consistently report better outcomes compared with non-participants when all covariates were considered. In contrast, those who took part in 2–3.5 sessions per week already showed significantly higher odds of well-being (OR = 1.56, 99% CI: 1.33–1.83), excellent self-rated health (OR = 1.63, 1.37–1.94), and high life satisfaction (OR = 1.22, 1.03–1.44), together with lower odds of multiple health complaints (OR = 0.80, 0.69–0.94). Adolescents participating in four or more sessions per week demonstrated the strongest associations across all outcomes, with OR = 1.97 (1.64–2.36) for well-being, OR = 1.90 (1.56–2.31) for excellent self-rated health, and OR = 1.49 (1.24–1.80) for life satisfaction, alongside reduced likelihood of health complaints (OR = 0.81, 0.68–0.97). The explanatory power of the models was moderate but meaningful. For WHO-5 well-being, Nagelkerke R² increased from 0.025 in the baseline model including only covariates to 0.235 in the fully adjusted model. Similar improvements were observed for self-rated health (0.032 to 0.233), life satisfaction (0.018 to 0.182), and health complaints (0.021 to 0.148). These values highlight that OLTA participation, particularly frequent and diverse engagement, contributes substantially to explaining variability in adolescent well-being beyond demographic and socioeconomic factors. Table 1 Distribution of OLTA participation, socioeconomic status, family support, and health outcomes by sex and grade. Variable Total N = 11961 Boys N = 5887 Girls N = 6074 χ² 5th grade N = 3596 7th grade N = 4253 9th grade N = 4113 χ² Inactive cluster 2560 (21.4%) 1275 (21.7%) 1285 (21.2%) ns 470 (13.1%) 809 (19.0%) 1281 (31.1%) < 0.001 Team sports cluster 2027 (16.9%) 1520 (25.8%) 507 (8.3%) < 0.001 585 (16.3%) 737 (17.3%) 705 (17.2%) ns Individual sports cluster 2524 (21.1%) 1080 (18.3%) 1444 (23.8%) < 0.001 754 (21%) 929 (21.9%) 840 (20.4%) ns All-rounders cluster 3062 (25.6%) 1502 (25.5%) 1560 (25.7%) ns 1274 (35.4%) 1114 (26.2%) 674 (16.4%) < 0.001 Artists cluster 1789 (15.0%) 510 (8.7%) 1279 (21.0%) < 0.001 512 (14.2%) 664 (15.6%) 612 (14.9%) ns OLTA 0h per week 1772 (14.8%) 908 (15.4%) 865 (14.2%) ns 297 (8.3%) 547 (12.9%) 928 (22.6%) < 0.001 OLTA 0.5–1.5h per week 2217 (18.5%) 1053 (17.9%) 1164 (19.2%) ns 582 (16.2%) 784 (18.4%) 851 (20.7%) < 0.001 OLTA 2-3.5h per week 5297 (44.3%) 2727 (46.3%) 2569 (42.3%) < 0.001 1667 (46.4%) 1905 (44.8%) 1724 (41.9%) < 0.001 OLTA 4 + h per week 2676 (22.4%) 1199 (20.4%) 1477 (24.3%) < 0.001 1050 (29.2%) 1016 (23.9%) 609 (14.8%) < 0.001 FAS low 2543 (21.3%) 1209 (20.5%) 1335 (22%) ns 872 (24.2%) 890 (20.9%) 782 (19.0%) < 0.001 FAS middle 7327 (61.3%) 3577 (60.8%) 3750 (61.7%) ns 2124 (59.1%) 2605 (61.2%) 2598 (63.2%) 0.001 FAS high 2091 (17.5%) 1101 (18.7%) 990 (16.3%) 0.001 601 (16.7%) 758 (17.8%) 732 (17.8%) ns High Family support 7693 (64.3%) 4107 (69.8%) 3586 (59.0%) < 0.001 2713 (75.5%) 2662 (62.6%) 2318 (56.4%) < 0.001 High life satisfaction (≥ 7) 4216 (35.2%) 2402 (40.8%) 1814 (29.9%) < 0.001 1680 (46.7%) 1407 (33.1%) 1129 (27.5%) 50) 7108 (59.4%) 4182 (71.0%) 2926 (48.2%) < 0.001 2487 (69.2%) 2405 (56.5%) 2216 (53.9%) < 0.001 Excellent self-rated health 3423 (28.6%) 2038 (34.6%) 1385 (22.8%) 2/week) 5298 (44.3%) 1901 (32.3%) 3397 (55.9%) < 0.001 1301 (36.2%) 1960 (46.1%) 2037 (49.5%) < 0.001 Note: WHO-5 = World Health Organization Well-Being Index;. ns = not significant. Table 2 Logistic regression by cluster of OLTA involvement WHO5 SRH Life satisfaction Health Complaints OR (99% CI) OR (99% CI) OR (99% CI) OR (99% CI) Model (i) Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Inactive cluster Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Team sports cluster 2.38 2.03 2.79 2.05 1.72 2.43 1.73 1.47 2.03 0.5 0.43 0.59 Individual sports cluster 1.77 1.53 2.05 1.98 1.68 2.34 1.52 1.3 1.77 0.74 0.64 0.86 Artistic activities cluster 1.14 0.97 1.33 1.16 0.96 1.4 1.23 1.04 1.47 1.07 0.91 1.25 All-rounders cluster 1.90 1.65 2.19 1.57 1.34 1.85 1.71 1.47 1.98 0.67 0.59 0.78 Model (ii) Inactive cluster Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Team sports cluster 1.82 1.54 2.16 1.81 1.51 2.16 1.41 1.19 1.67 0.66 0.56 0.78 Individual sports cluster 1.84 1.58 2.14 2.1 1.77 2.48 1.44 1.22 1.68 0.73 0.63 0.85 Artistic activities cluster 1.33 1.12 1.57 1.32 1.09 1.6 1.25 1.05 1.5 0.92 0.78 1.09 All-rounders cluster 1.73 1.49 2.01 1.6 1.36 1.89 1.43 1.23 1.67 0.74 0.64 0.86 Sex_Girl 0.38 0.34 0.42 0.57 0.51 0.64 0.61 0.55 0.68 2.61 2.36 2.89 Grade_5 Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Grade_7 0.57 0.51 0.65 1 0.87 1.14 0.57 0.5 0.64 1.54 1.36 1.74 Grade_9 0.54 0.48 0.62 1.03 0.9 1.18 0.45 0.4 0.51 1.72 1.52 1.96 Model (iii) Inactive cluster Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Team sports cluster 1.66 1.39 1.98 1.66 1.38 1.99 1.24 1.04 1.48 0.73 0.61 0.87 Individual sports cluster 1.59 1.35 1.87 1.84 1.55 2.18 1.18 1 1.4 0.83 0.71 0.98 Artistic activities cluster 1.20 1.01 1.44 1.22 1 1.49 1.12 0.92 1.35 1.02 0.85 1.21 All-rounders cluster 1.57 1.34 1.84 1.45 1.22 1.72 1.24 1.05 1.46 0.82 0.71 0.96 Sex_Girl 0.40 0.36 0.45 0.62 0.55 0.69 0.68 0.61 0.76 2.45 2.2 2.73 Grade_5 Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Grade_7 0.66 0.58 0.75 1.08 0.95 1.24 0.63 0.55 0.71 1.35 1.18 1.53 Grade_9 0.67 0.58 0.77 1.16 1.01 1.33 0.52 0.45 0.59 1.43 1.26 1.64 FAS_low Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. FAS_mid 1.14 1.00 1.30 1.19 1.03 1.37 1.2 1.04 1.37 0.9 0.79 1.02 FAS_high 1.31 1.10 1.56 1.55 1.3 1.85 1.73 1.46 2.06 0.92 0.78 1.09 Family support_high 4.21 3.78 4.70 2.39 2.11 2.71 4.14 3.65 4.7 0.29 0.26 0.33 Note: Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for sex and grade; Model 3: fully adjusted for sex, grade, family affluence, and family support. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; WHO-5 = World Health Organization Well-Being Index; SRH = self-rated health; LS = life satisfaction; HC = health complaints. Bold indicates significance at α = .01. Table 3 Logistic regression according to frequency of participation in OLTA per week. WHO5 (good well-being) SRH Life satisfaction Health Complaints OR (99% CI) OR (99% CI) OR (99% CI) Exp(B) OR (99% CI) Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper OLTA 0h Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. OLTA 0.5–1.5h 1.24 1.05 1.46 1.17 0.96 1.43 1.23 1.03 1.48 0.85 0.72 1.01 OLTA 2-3.5h 1.82 1.58 2.1 1.76 1.48 2.09 1.58 1.35 1.85 0.68 0.59 0.78 OLTA 4 + h 2.24 1.9 2.63 2.03 1.68 2.44 2.04 1.72 2.42 0.69 0.58 0.8 OLTA 0h Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. OLTA 0.5–1.5h 1.24 1.04 1.47 1.21 0.99 1.48 1.16 0.97 1.4 0.86 0.72 1.02 OLTA 2-3.5h 1.74 1.5 2.02 1.8 1.51 2.14 1.41 1.2 1.65 0.72 0.62 0.83 OLTA 4 + h 2.23 1.88 2.64 2.17 1.8 2.63 1.78 1.49 2.13 0.71 0.6 0.84 Sex_Girl 0.36 0.32 0.4 0.55 0.49 0.61 0.6 0.54 0.66 2.73 2.47 3.01 Grade_5 Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Grade_7 0.58 0.51 0.66 1.02 0.89 1.16 0.57 0.51 0.65 1.54 1.36 1.74 Grade_9 0.56 0.49 0.64 1.07 0.94 1.23 0.46 0.41 0.52 1.72 1.52 1.95 OLTA 0h Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. OLTA 0.5–1.5h 1.18 0.98 1.42 1.16 0.94 1.42 1.09 0.9 1.33 0.9 0.75 1.08 OLTA 2-3.5h 1.56 1.33 1.83 1.63 1.37 1.94 1.22 1.03 1.44 0.8 0.69 0.94 OLTA 4 + h 1.97 1.64 2.36 1.9 1.56 2.31 1.49 1.24 1.8 0.81 0.68 0.97 Sex_Girl 0.38 0.34 0.43 0.59 0.53 0.66 0.66 0.6 0.74 2.57 2.31 2.84 Grade_5 Ref. Ref. Ref. Grade_7 0.66 0.58 0.76 1.1 0.97 1.26 0.63 0.56 0.72 1.35 1.19 1.53 Grade_9 0.69 0.6 0.79 1.21 1.05 1.39 0.53 0.46 0.6 1.43 1.26 1.64 FAS_low Ref. Ref. Ref. FAS_mid 1.12 0.98 1.28 1.18 1.02 1.36 1.18 1.03 1.35 0.9 0.79 1.02 FAS_high 1.27 1.07 1.51 1.52 1.28 1.81 1.67 1.4 1.98 0.93 0.78 1.1 Family supp. - high 4.21 3.77 4.7 2.39 2.11 2.71 4.13 3.64 4.69 0.29 0.26 0.33 Note: Logistic regression analyses. Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for sex and grade; Model 3: fully adjusted for sex, grade, family affluence, and family support. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; WHO-5 = World Health Organization Well-Being Index; SRH = self-rated health; LS = life satisfaction; HC = health complaints. Bold indicates significance at α = .01 DISCUSSION This study examined the associations between OLTA participation patterns and adolescent health and well-being. In particular, it explored how the diversity and frequency of participation in organized leisure-time activities relate to health outcomes. Overall, participation in OLTA was positively associated with multiple indicators of adolescent well-being, with particularly strong associations observed for team sports, individual sports, and all-rounder profiles. Both the type and frequency of participation were significantly linked to adolescent health and well-being. Participation in any form of OLTA was associated with better outcomes compared to non-participation, with the most consistent benefits found for team sports and all-rounder profiles. In contrast, artistic activities showed weaker yet still positive associations. Importantly, a clear dose–response relationship was observed: adolescents engaging more frequently in OLTA reported progressively higher levels of well-being. These findings align with previous evidence that extracurricular activities can act as protective factors for adolescent mental health (Badura et al., 2021 ; Cilar & Štiglic, 2023 ; Contreras-Osorio et al., 2021 ) while extending this knowledge by highlighting the relative strength of different activity profiles and the additional importance of participation frequency. Team-based activities demonstrated the most consistent associations, supporting social development theories that emphasize peer interaction and collective engagement (Larson, 2000 ; Poulin & Denault, 2013 ; Schaefer et al., 2011 ). Previous research similarly shows that adolescents engaged in team activities experience higher well-being and lower psychological distress (Contreras-Osorio et al., 2021 ; Guddal et al., 2019 ; Hoffmann et al., 2022 ; Zhang et al., 2024 ). However, self-selection must be considered: adolescents who join team sports may already possess greater social skills or popularity, which could partly explain their higher well-being (Eccles et al., 2003 ). Longitudinal studies are therefore needed to determine whether the observed benefits arise from participation itself or from pre-existing characteristics of adolescents who are more likely to engage in team-based activities. Individual activities, including artistic pursuits, were also positively associated with well-being, though with less consistency across measures. This is consistent with Guest and Schneider ( 2003 ), who argue that self-directed learning and personal achievement in individual activities can enhance self-esteem and life satisfaction. However, their effectiveness appears to depend on contextual factors such as the quality of instruction, institutional support, and accessibility. Well-structured and well-supported artistic programs tend to foster well-being, while less supportive contexts may limit their benefits (Backes et al., 2019; Hansen, Larson, & Dworkin, 2003 ). Moreover, creative engagement may attract adolescents with personality traits—such as higher neuroticism—linked to greater vulnerability to mental health difficulties (Kaufman, 2014). Some studies also suggest that participation in certain artistic or music subcultures is associated with higher risks of cannabis use and other health-risk behaviors (Bogt et al., 2012 ), which then might be reflected in overall health condition and well-being. A further important finding concerns participation frequency. A clear dose–response relationship emerged, with adolescents reporting progressively higher well-being when engaging in OLTA more frequently. While some scholars have raised concerns about the potential risks of “overscheduling” young people, empirical evidence generally does not support this view, instead pointing to overall positive developmental outcomes from frequent participation (Mahoney & Vest, 2012 ; Fredricks, 2012 ; Kusier et al., 2024 ). However, frequency is not the sole driver behind this association. The role of enjoyment is critical. When participation is intrinsically motivating and enjoyable, mental health benefits are most likely, whereas activities driven mainly by obligation provide little added value for well-being (Svacina et al., 2025; Badura et al., 2024 ) so further research should focus on combining these two indicators simultaneously. This study has several strengths and limitations. Its cross-sectional design restricts causal inferences, highlighting the need for longitudinal research (Guddal et al., 2019 ). The reliance on self-reported health measures may introduce reporting bias (Eime et al., 2013 ). Additionally, disparities in access to OLTA, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, suggest the need for further research into structural inequalities (Guest & Schneider, 2003 ). Cultural context also warrants consideration: because this study is based on Czech adolescents, the generalizability of findings to other countries where OLTA opportunities may be different, should be interpreted with caution. On the other hand, the study benefits from a large, nationally representative sample and from adherence to the well-established HBSC methodology, ensuring high data quality and international comparability of measures. Moreover, the analyses accounted for key sociodemographic predictors such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status, which strengthens the validity of the observed associations. In addition, the explanatory power of our models suggests that OLTA participation explains a substantial and meaningful proportion of variability in adolescent health. For instance, models predicting well-being improved from explaining only a negligible share of variance in the baseline to over one-fifth once OLTA variables were included. Such values, although moderate, are typical in social and behavioural sciences and reinforce the relevance of OLTA for public health and education policy. In conclusion, this study highlights the positive associations between participation in organized leisure-time activities and adolescent health and well-being, with particularly strong benefits for team-based and diverse (all-rounder) profiles. Both the type and frequency of participation mattered, with a clear dose–response relationship observed. To maximize these benefits, policies should prioritize providing accessible, diverse, and enjoyable opportunities for all adolescents. Future longitudinal research is needed to clarify causal mechanisms and explore how different forms of engagement influence long-term health trajectories. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc under registration number 14/2019). Participation was entirely voluntary and anonymous, with no incentives provided. Informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians, either directly or through schools’ general consent procedures signed at the beginning of the school year. In some cases, school principals confirmed participation based on this consent. Before data collection, adolescents were reminded that their participation was voluntary and that they could refuse to answer specific questions or withdraw at any point without any consequences. All procedures complied with the ethical standards of the institutional research committees and adhered to the principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to Marek Maracek; [email protected] Funding This work was supported by the Internal Grant Agency of Palacký University Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture (grant no. IGA_FTK_2022_012). Petr Badura was supported by the project ‘Research of Excellence on Digital Technologies and Wellbeing CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004583’ which is co-financed by the European Union. Author Contribution MaM and ZH conceived the study, oversaw its design and implementation, and contributed to data interpretation and manuscript revision. MaM prepared the first draft of the manuscript. MiM carried out the statistical analyses and contributed to data interpretation. MaM and MiM were responsible for data management and assisted with statistical analyses. JP, BP, and BH supported the interpretation of findings and provided critical feedback on manuscript revisions. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript and agreed on the order of authorship. Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the participating schools, students, and research staff for their valuable contributions to this study. Data Availability The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Backes EP, Bonnie RJ. & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Adolescent Development. In The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth . National Academies Press (US). The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth - PubMed. Badura P, Geckova AM, Sigmundova D, van Dijk JP, Reijneveld SA. 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11–15","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdolescence is a critical developmental phase during which behavioural patterns, social identities, and health trajectories are formed (Steinberg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Globally, growing concerns have been raised about deteriorating mental health in young people. Approximately 75% of all mental health disorders emerge before the age of 25 (Solmi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and many adolescents already experience anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic complaints that may persist into adulthood (Merikangas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Recent international evidence suggests particularly high levels of psychosomatic complaints among 15-year-old girls, accompanied by rising feelings of stress and loneliness across age groups (Cosma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Eriksson \u0026amp; Stattin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In Czechia, national data mirror these trends, with adolescents reporting increasing mental health challenges amplified by social pressures, academic demands, and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic (NUDZ, 2021; Cosma, Pavelka \u0026amp; Badura, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Identifying developmental factors that protect and promote adolescent mental health is therefore an urgent public health priority (Kessler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Otto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Windarwati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeisure is recognized as a child right and constitutes an important social context for promoting well-being (Hallingberg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Organized leisure-time activities (OLTA)\u0026mdash;such as sport, arts, youth organizations, after-school clubs, and religious groups\u0026mdash;have long been considered protective factors for adolescent development (Badura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Boelens et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). They offer structured environments that support autonomy, competence, and relatedness, needs which are central to self-determination theory and strongly linked to life satisfaction and motivation (Ryan \u0026amp; Deci, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Leversen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Empirical research shows that adolescents engaged in OLTA report lower stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms (Biddle et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Vella et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, not all young people have equal access to such opportunities. Adolescents from higher socioeconomic backgrounds typically participate in a wider variety of activities (Hobza et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), whereas those from less affluent families may face financial or logistical barriers that limit participation. Consequently they are not able to take the advantage of potential mental health benefits or only to a limited extent (Badura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Schools and community organizations have been identified as key settings for reducing such inequalities by providing accessible opportunities (Bennett et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Garcia-Carrion et al., 2019; Holloway \u0026amp; Pimlott-Wilson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Zeldin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeyond access, the level of engagement and enjoyment also plays a crucial role. Adolescents often experience both obligation and enjoyment when participating in OLTA, but evidence suggests that enjoyment is the decisive factor linking participation with mental health benefits, while obligation alone has much weaker associations (Svacina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Badura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Some scholars have discussed the \u0026ldquo;overscheduling hypothesis,\u0026rdquo; suggesting that high-frequency involvement may be harmful (Mahoney et al., 2012; Rosenfeld \u0026amp; Wise, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Yet most empirical studies provide little support for this notion and instead report that more frequent participation is associated with positive developmental outcomes (Fredricks, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Mahoney \u0026amp; Vest, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Caetano et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite these insights, important gaps remain. Much of the literature has compared non-participants with simple categories such as sport-only or non-sport-only involvement. Less attention has been paid to more complex participation profiles that capture how adolescents combine multiple types of activities. Evidence is also limited to the role of participation frequency when considered alongside activity type. This is particularly relevant in Czechia, where adolescent engagement in OLTA is among the highest in Europe: around 86% reported participation in at least one activity in 2018 (Badura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Gaba et al., 2022). Applying clustering approaches can therefore provide new insights into how diverse combinations of activities are associated with adolescent well-being (Badura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kusier, Ubbesen \u0026amp; Folker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study aims to analyse the relationship between OLTA and adolescent health and mental well-being, with an emphasis on the diversity and frequency of participation with regards to sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES) and other demographic variables. To achieve this, the study explores the following research questions: (i) What role does participation in a wider diversity of OLTAs play in adolescent health and well-being? and (ii) How does the frequency of engagement across activities contribute to overall well-being?\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSTUDY DESIGN\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe methodology for data collection in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in the Czechia in 2022 follows a structured and internationally standardized protocol aimed at ensuring the reliability, validity, and cross-national comparability of the data collected (Inchley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe HBSC is a cross-sectional study, conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), involving 50 countries across Europe and North America. In the Czechia, data collection was conducted using a self-administered, standardized questionnaire that was distributed in schools. The questionnaire was designed to capture a wide range of health-related behaviors, psychosocial factors, and demographic information. The data collection process involved a two-stage cluster sampling method, where schools were selected as primary sampling units, and then one class per grade (5th, 7th, and 9th) was chosen to participate. All students in the selected classes completed the questionnaire under the supervision of trained researchers, ensuring a controlled environment for data collection. To maintain the quality and comparability of the data, the HBSC study utilizes a validated protocol that includes rigorous translation and back-translation procedures for the questionnaire (Inchley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the data collection process is designed to be anonymous, which encourages honest responses from adolescents regarding sensitive topics such as mental health and substance use (Cerqueira et al., 2024). The respondents did not receive any incentives for their participation. Parental or school principal consent was obtained, with the latter being sufficient where parents had previously signed a general consent form for school-related research participation. Before the survey, students were informed about their right to skip questions or withdraw at any time. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u0026yacute; University Olomouc (registration number 14/2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study utilized data from a nationally representative sample of 14,588 Czech adolescents in the 5th, 7th, and 9th grades, with an almost equal gender distribution (49.3% girls). Data collection took place between May and June 2022 in 246 schools (86.1% response rate on school level) across all 14 administrative regions of Czechia. The research was conducted during school hours under the supervision of trained research staff, yielding an overall response rate at the individual level of 83.1%. The most common reason for non-participation was illness, while 77 students actively declined to take part. After excluding cases with missing responses, the final dataset comprised 12,069 students. In the analysis, weights were used according to region and grade.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMEASURES\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOrganized leisure-time activities:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipation in OLTA was assessed through a question asking how often adolescents engaged in six types of organized activities: (a) team sports (e.g., football/soccer, volleyball, floorball), (b) individual sports (e.g., tennis, gymnastics, karate), (c) arts (e.g., attendance at school of arts, playing a musical instrument, singing, dancing, theatre), (d) youth organizations (e.g., Scouting, Sokol, YMCA), (e) after-school or leisure club\u0026rsquo;s activities (e.g. e.g., board games, model building, language club, debate club) and (f) religious activities (e.g., attending church meetings, singing in a church choir). Each category included specific examples and was accompanied by an explanatory note clarifying that these activities take place within structured settings, such as sports clubs or community organizations, under the supervision of coaches, leaders, or instructors (Bosakova et al., 2016). This distinction ensured that only organized forms of leisure-time activities, rather than casual or unstructured pastimes, were considered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor each activity type, participants selected from four response options: \"0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;I don\u0026rsquo;t do this activity,\" \"1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;once or twice a month,\" \"2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;once a week,\" and \"3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;twice a week or more often.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo ensure that only those with regular involvement were analysed, the study focused on adolescents who participated in at least one OLTA on a weekly basis. This threshold was chosen based on previous research indicating that regular engagement is necessary for meaningful developmental benefits (Hansen \u0026amp; Larson, 2007) and aligns with common methodological standards for measuring extracurricular participation (Bohnert et al., 2010; Vandell et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMental Health and Well-Being:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLife satisfaction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction was measured using the Cantril Ladder, an 11-point visual scale ranging from 0 (worst possible life) to 10 (best possible life). This widely used measure is considered a reliable tool for assessing adolescents' overall life satisfaction (Levin \u0026amp; Currie, 2014) and has been shown to produce results comparable to the multi-item Satisfaction with life scale questionnaire, which is designed to measure subjective well-being (Jovanović, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMultiple health complaints\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePsychological and somatic complaints were assessed using the HBSC symptom checklist (Haugland et al., 2001; Heinz et al., 2022). In this study, psychological symptoms included nervousness, irritability/bad temper, feeling low, and difficulties falling asleep, while somatic symptoms covered headaches, backaches, stomachaches, and dizziness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach symptom was rated on a five-point scale (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;rarely or never to 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;about every day), with subscale scores ranging from 0 to 16. Following the HBSC protocol (2022), a binary cut-off was applied, defining multiple health complaints as experiencing two or more symptoms more than once a week. The internal consistency of the subscales was acceptable (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.68\u0026ndash;.74).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWHO5\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe emotional component of well-being was evaluated using the 5-item World Health Organization (WHO-5) Well-Being Index (Topp et al., 2015). Respondents rated how they had felt over the past two weeks (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I have felt cheerful and in good spirits,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;I have felt active and vigorous\u0026rdquo;) on a six-point scale from 0 (at no time) to 5 (all of the time). The summed scores were multiplied by four, yielding a range of 0 to 100, with higher scores reflecting better well-being. A score of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;50 indicated poor well-being (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.who-5.org\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ewww.who-5.org\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.who-5.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Internal consistency for this scale was high (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.84) (Sischka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSelf-rated health\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-rated health (SRH) was measured using the question, \"Would you say your health is\u0026hellip;?\" with response options of poor, fair, good, and excellent. Following recommended classification (Schnohr et al., 2016), responses were dichotomized into excellent health versus all other categories.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFamily Affluence Scale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Family Affluence Scale (FAS) is a tool designed to assess the socioeconomic status of children and adolescents, particularly in European and North American contexts. The FAS includes items related to family possessions, access to resources, and living conditions, allowing researchers to stratify populations based on affluence levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe FAS categorizes adolescents into low (0\u0026ndash;6 points), medium (7\u0026ndash;10 points), and high (11\u0026ndash;13 points) affluence groups. This categorization supports a nuanced analysis of socioeconomic differences in adolescent health and well-being in the Czechia as well (Hobza et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFamily Support\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily support is a critical component of psychological well-being, as evidenced by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) developed by Zimet et al. (1988). This scale includes items that assess the perceived support from family, such as emotional help, decision-making assistance, and open communication about problems. A mean score of 5.5 or above on this scale indicates high family support, which is linked to positive mental health outcomes (Badura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalyses were conducted using IBM SPSS v.28 and Python 3.12. A significance threshold of α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.01 was applied given the large sample size.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst, cluster analysis was used to identify distinct patterns of OLTA participation. The optimal number of clusters was determined based on silhouette width (Kaufman \u0026amp; Rousseeuw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor analyses of participation frequency, responses were coded as: 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no participation, 0.5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u0026ndash;2 times/month, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;once per week, and 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;twice per week or more. These were summed across activity types and categorized into four groups: none, 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5, 2\u0026ndash;3.5, and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4 sessions per week.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup differences by sex, age, socioeconomic status, and family support were assessed using χ\u0026sup2; tests to account for clustering of students within schools. Logistic regression models were then conducted to examine associations between OLTA clusters (reference: non-participation) and well-being outcomes. Separate models examined the role of frequency of participation. All models were estimated in three steps: (i) model 1: unadjusted, (ii) model 2: adjusted for sex and grade and (iii) model 3: fully adjusted for sex, grade, family affluence (FAS), and family support. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 99% confidence intervals (CI). Nagelkerke R\u0026sup2; values are presented in tables to indicate the explanatory power of each model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eCluster analysis identified five distinct profiles of OLTA participation: inactive (21.4%), team sports (16.9%), individual sports (21.1%), artistic activities (15.0%), and all-rounders (25.6%). Approximately one in five adolescents reported no engagement in organized activities. Participation differed significantly by sex and age (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Boys were more likely to be in the team sports cluster (25.8% vs. 8.3% among girls; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), whereas girls more often engaged in individual sports (23.8% vs. 18.3%) and artistic activities (21.0% vs. 8.7%). With increasing age, non-participation rose sharply (13.1% among 5th graders vs. 31.1% among 9th graders), while the proportion of all-rounders decreased markedly (35.4% in grade 5 vs. 16.4% in grade 9). Girls reported consistently lower well-being than boys across all indicators, and well-being also tended to decline with age, with the exception of self-rated health, which remained relatively stable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinary logistic regressions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that participation in OLTA was positively associated with adolescent health and well-being across multiple indicators in the fully adjusted models. Compared with non-participants, adolescents in the team sports cluster were more likely to report excellent self-rated health (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.66, 99% CI: 1.38\u0026ndash;1.99), high well-being (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.66, 1.39\u0026ndash;1.98), and life satisfaction (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.24, 1.04\u0026ndash;1.48), and they had lower odds of experiencing multiple health complaints (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.73, 0.61\u0026ndash;0.87). The individual sports cluster showed similarly favourable outcomes, with particularly strong associations for excellent self-rated health (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.84, 1.55\u0026ndash;2.18) and well-being (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.59, 1.35\u0026ndash;1.87). Adolescents in the all-rounder cluster displayed the most consistent positive profile, with increased odds across all three well-being indicators (ORs ranging from 1.24 to 1.57) and reduced likelihood of health complaints (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82, 0.71\u0026ndash;0.96). The artistic cluster showed more modest benefits, limited mainly to well-being (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.20, 1.01\u0026ndash;1.44).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of participation frequency (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) revealed a clear dose\u0026ndash;response relationship. Adolescents engaging in fewer than two sessions per week did not consistently report better outcomes compared with non-participants when all covariates were considered. In contrast, those who took part in 2\u0026ndash;3.5 sessions per week already showed significantly higher odds of well-being (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.56, 99% CI: 1.33\u0026ndash;1.83), excellent self-rated health (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.63, 1.37\u0026ndash;1.94), and high life satisfaction (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.22, 1.03\u0026ndash;1.44), together with lower odds of multiple health complaints (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.80, 0.69\u0026ndash;0.94). Adolescents participating in four or more sessions per week demonstrated the strongest associations across all outcomes, with OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.97 (1.64\u0026ndash;2.36) for well-being, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.90 (1.56\u0026ndash;2.31) for excellent self-rated health, and OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.49 (1.24\u0026ndash;1.80) for life satisfaction, alongside reduced likelihood of health complaints (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.81, 0.68\u0026ndash;0.97).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe explanatory power of the models was moderate but meaningful. For WHO-5 well-being, Nagelkerke R\u0026sup2; increased from 0.025 in the baseline model including only covariates to 0.235 in the fully adjusted model. Similar improvements were observed for self-rated health (0.032 to 0.233), life satisfaction (0.018 to 0.182), and health complaints (0.021 to 0.148). These values highlight that OLTA participation, particularly frequent and diverse engagement, contributes substantially to explaining variability in adolescent well-being beyond demographic and socioeconomic factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e Distribution of OLTA participation, socioeconomic status, family support, and health outcomes by sex and grade.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11961\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoys N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5887\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGirls N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th grade N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3596\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7th grade N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4253\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9th grade N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInactive cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2560 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1275 (21.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1285 (21.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e470 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e809 (19.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1281 (31.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeam sports cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2027 (16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1520 (25.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e507 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e585 (16.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e737 (17.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e705 (17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual sports cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2524 (21.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1080 (18.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1444 (23.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e754 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e929 (21.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e840 (20.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll-rounders cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3062 (25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1502 (25.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1560 (25.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1274 (35.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1114 (26.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e674 (16.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtists cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1789 (15.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e510 (8.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1279 (21.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e512 (14.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e664 (15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e612 (14.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 0h per week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1772 (14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e908 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e865 (14.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e297 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e547 (12.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e928 (22.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5h per week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2217 (18.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1053 (17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1164 (19.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e582 (16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e784 (18.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e851 (20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 2-3.5h per week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5297 (44.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2727 (46.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2569 (42.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1667 (46.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1905 (44.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1724 (41.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h per week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2676 (22.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1199 (20.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1477 (24.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1050 (29.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1016 (23.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e609 (14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAS low\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2543 (21.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1209 (20.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1335 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e872 (24.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e890 (20.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e782 (19.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAS middle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7327 (61.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3577 (60.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3750 (61.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2124 (59.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2605 (61.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2598 (63.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAS high\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2091 (17.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1101 (18.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e990 (16.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e601 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e758 (17.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e732 (17.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh Family support\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7693 (64.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4107 (69.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3586 (59.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2713 (75.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2662 (62.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2318 (56.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh life satisfaction (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4216 (35.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2402 (40.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1814 (29.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1680 (46.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1407 (33.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1129 (27.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood well-being (WHO-5\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7108 (59.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4182 (71.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2926 (48.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2487 (69.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2405 (56.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2216 (53.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcellent self-rated health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3423 (28.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2038 (34.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1385 (22.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1045 (29.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1218 (28.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1160 (28.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth complaints (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2/week)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5298 (44.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1901 (32.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3397 (55.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1301 (36.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1960 (46.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2037 (49.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNote: WHO-5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;World Health Organization Well-Being Index;. ns\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;not significant.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLogistic regression by cluster of OLTA involvement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWHO5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSRH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth Complaints\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (99% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (99% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (99% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (99% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel (i)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInactive cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeam sports cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.73\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual sports cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.77\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.98\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.74\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtistic activities cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll-rounders cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.71\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel (ii)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInactive cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeam sports cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.82\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual sports cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.84\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.73\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtistic activities cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll-rounders cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.73\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.74\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex_Girl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.61\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.61\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade_5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade_7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.54\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade_9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.54\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.72\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel (iii)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInactive cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeam sports cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.73\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual sports cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.59\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.84\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtistic activities cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll-rounders cluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.82\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex_Girl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade_5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade_7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade_9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAS_low\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAS_mid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAS_high\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.73\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily support_high\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003eNote: Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for sex and grade; Model 3: fully adjusted for sex, grade, family affluence, and family support. OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;odds ratio; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence interval; WHO-5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;World Health Organization Well-Being Index; SRH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;self-rated health; LS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;life satisfaction; HC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;health complaints. Bold indicates significance at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.01.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLogistic regression according to frequency of participation in OLTA per week.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWHO5 (good well-being)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSRH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth Complaints\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (99% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (99% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (99% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExp(B)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (99% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 0h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 2-3.5h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.82\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.76\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.58\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 2-3.5h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLTA 4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.97\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.49\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex_Girl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.59\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade_5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade_7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade_9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.69\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAS_low\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAS_mid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFAS_high\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily supp. - high\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003eNote: Logistic regression analyses. Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for sex and grade; Model 3: fully adjusted for sex, grade, family affluence, and family support. OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;odds ratio; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence interval; WHO-5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;World Health Organization Well-Being Index; SRH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;self-rated health; LS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;life satisfaction; HC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;health complaints. Bold indicates significance at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the associations between OLTA participation patterns and adolescent health and well-being. In particular, it explored how the diversity and frequency of participation in organized leisure-time activities relate to health outcomes. Overall, participation in OLTA was positively associated with multiple indicators of adolescent well-being, with particularly strong associations observed for team sports, individual sports, and all-rounder profiles. Both the type and frequency of participation were significantly linked to adolescent health and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipation in any form of OLTA was associated with better outcomes compared to non-participation, with the most consistent benefits found for team sports and all-rounder profiles. In contrast, artistic activities showed weaker yet still positive associations. Importantly, a clear dose\u0026ndash;response relationship was observed: adolescents engaging more frequently in OLTA reported progressively higher levels of well-being. These findings align with previous evidence that extracurricular activities can act as protective factors for adolescent mental health (Badura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Cilar \u0026amp; Štiglic, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Contreras-Osorio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) while extending this knowledge by highlighting the relative strength of different activity profiles and the additional importance of participation frequency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeam-based activities demonstrated the most consistent associations, supporting social development theories that emphasize peer interaction and collective engagement (Larson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Poulin \u0026amp; Denault, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Schaefer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Previous research similarly shows that adolescents engaged in team activities experience higher well-being and lower psychological distress (Contreras-Osorio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Guddal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Hoffmann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, self-selection must be considered: adolescents who join team sports may already possess greater social skills or popularity, which could partly explain their higher well-being (Eccles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Longitudinal studies are therefore needed to determine whether the observed benefits arise from participation itself or from pre-existing characteristics of adolescents who are more likely to engage in team-based activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual activities, including artistic pursuits, were also positively associated with well-being, though with less consistency across measures. This is consistent with Guest and Schneider (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), who argue that self-directed learning and personal achievement in individual activities can enhance self-esteem and life satisfaction. However, their effectiveness appears to depend on contextual factors such as the quality of instruction, institutional support, and accessibility. Well-structured and well-supported artistic programs tend to foster well-being, while less supportive contexts may limit their benefits (Backes et al., 2019; Hansen, Larson, \u0026amp; Dworkin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, creative engagement may attract adolescents with personality traits\u0026mdash;such as higher neuroticism\u0026mdash;linked to greater vulnerability to mental health difficulties (Kaufman, 2014). Some studies also suggest that participation in certain artistic or music subcultures is associated with higher risks of cannabis use and other health-risk behaviors (Bogt et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), which then might be reflected in overall health condition and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA further important finding concerns participation frequency. A clear dose\u0026ndash;response relationship emerged, with adolescents reporting progressively higher well-being when engaging in OLTA more frequently. While some scholars have raised concerns about the potential risks of \u0026ldquo;overscheduling\u0026rdquo; young people, empirical evidence generally does not support this view, instead pointing to overall positive developmental outcomes from frequent participation (Mahoney \u0026amp; Vest, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Fredricks, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Kusier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, frequency is not the sole driver behind this association. The role of enjoyment is critical.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen participation is intrinsically motivating and enjoyable, mental health benefits are most likely, whereas activities driven mainly by obligation provide little added value for well-being (Svacina et al., 2025; Badura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) so further research should focus on combining these two indicators simultaneously.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has several strengths and limitations. Its cross-sectional design restricts causal inferences, highlighting the need for longitudinal research (Guddal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The reliance on self-reported health measures may introduce reporting bias (Eime et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, disparities in access to OLTA, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, suggest the need for further research into structural inequalities (Guest \u0026amp; Schneider, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Cultural context also warrants consideration: because this study is based on Czech adolescents, the generalizability of findings to other countries where OLTA opportunities may be different, should be interpreted with caution. On the other hand, the study benefits from a large, nationally representative sample and from adherence to the well-established HBSC methodology, ensuring high data quality and international comparability of measures. Moreover, the analyses accounted for key sociodemographic predictors such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status, which strengthens the validity of the observed associations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the explanatory power of our models suggests that OLTA participation explains a substantial and meaningful proportion of variability in adolescent health. For instance, models predicting well-being improved from explaining only a negligible share of variance in the baseline to over one-fifth once OLTA variables were included. Such values, although moderate, are typical in social and behavioural sciences and reinforce the relevance of OLTA for public health and education policy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study highlights the positive associations between participation in organized leisure-time activities and adolescent health and well-being, with particularly strong benefits for team-based and diverse (all-rounder) profiles. Both the type and frequency of participation mattered, with a clear dose\u0026ndash;response relationship observed. To maximize these benefits, policies should prioritize providing accessible, diverse, and enjoyable opportunities for all adolescents. Future longitudinal research is needed to clarify causal mechanisms and explore how different forms of engagement influence long-term health trajectories.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u0026yacute; University Olomouc under registration number 14/2019). Participation was entirely voluntary and anonymous, with no incentives provided. Informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians, either directly or through schools\u0026rsquo; general consent procedures signed at the beginning of the school year. In some cases, school principals confirmed participation based on this consent. Before data collection, adolescents were reminded that their participation was voluntary and that they could refuse to answer specific questions or withdraw at any point without any consequences. All procedures complied with the ethical standards of the institutional research committees and adhered to the principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCorresponding author\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence to Marek Maracek; [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Internal Grant Agency of Palack\u0026yacute; University Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture (grant no. IGA_FTK_2022_012).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePetr Badura was supported by the project \u0026lsquo;Research of Excellence on Digital Technologies and Wellbeing CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004583\u0026rsquo; which is co-financed by the European Union.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaM and ZH conceived the study, oversaw its design and implementation, and contributed to data interpretation and manuscript revision. MaM prepared the first draft of the manuscript. MiM carried out the statistical analyses and contributed to data interpretation. MaM and MiM were responsible for data management and assisted with statistical analyses. JP, BP, and BH supported the interpretation of findings and provided critical feedback on manuscript revisions. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript and agreed on the order of authorship.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge the participating schools, students, and research staff for their valuable contributions to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBackes EP, Bonnie RJ. \u0026amp; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Adolescent Development. In \u003cem\u003eThe Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth\u003c/em\u003e. National Academies Press (US). 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Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):5488. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56149-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41598-024-56149-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7480001/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7480001/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipation in organized leisure-time activities (OLTA) is widely recognized as a important determinant of adolescent development, but questions remain about the relative importance of different activity types and the role of participation frequency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were drawn from the nationally representative Czech sample of the 2022 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. A total of 14,588 adolescents aged 11\u0026ndash;15 years completed standardized questionnaires. Latent class analysis was applied to identify clusters of OLTA participation, and logistic regression models examined associations between cluster membership, participation frequency, and multiple indicators of health and well-being, controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFindings demonstrated that adolescents engaged in OLTA reported higher levels of well-being across several outcomes compared to non-participants. Team-based and all-rounder clusters of OLTA participation showed the strongest and most consistent positive associations, while the artist cluster revealed weaker but still significant benefits. A dose\u0026ndash;response relationship was observed, indicating that higher frequency of participation was linked to better health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study underscores the importance of both type and frequency of OLTA participation in supporting adolescent health and well-being and supports previous findings of the positive relationship between varied OLTA participation and psychological outcomes. These findings highlight the need for policies and programs that ensure accessible, diverse, and enjoyable leisure opportunities for all adolescents. Longitudinal research is required to clarify causal mechanisms and inform evidence-based interventions promoting adolescent development.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Frequency, type, and diversity of Organized Leisure-Time Activities in the Context of Mental Health and Well-Being of Czech Adolescents Aged 11–15","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-30 10:20:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7480001/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-12T08:47:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T11:09:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T16:38:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"91871940416148277762163571922972312556","date":"2025-11-05T12:24:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"127323951066746368430572431272959269783","date":"2025-11-05T09:31:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"74179283418711312803886096385754826088","date":"2025-11-05T09:04:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-16T07:38:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-23T15:01:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-01T13:01:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-01T13:00:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-08-28T11:42:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"96c01926-c928-4d27-b317-804a123153f2","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-30T22:38:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-30 10:20:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7480001","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7480001","identity":"rs-7480001","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}