Determinants of Self-Reported Correct Knowledge About Tuberculosis Transmission Among Men and Women in Malawi: Evidence from a Nationwide Household Survey.

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Peter Austin Morton Ntenda, Razak Mussa, Steve Gowelo, Alick Sixpence, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-72765/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Jan, 2021 Read the published version in BMC Infectious Diseases → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Correct knowledge about transmission of tuberculosis (TB) can influence better health-seeking behaviors, and in turn, it can aid TB prevention in society. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of self-reported correct knowledge about TB transmission among adults in Malawi. Methods : We conducted a secondary analysis of the data obtained from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, 2015/16 (MDHS 2015/16). Questions regarding self-reported TB transmission were computed to evaluate the correct knowledge about TB transmission. The factors associated with the correct knowledge about Tb were assessed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression. Results : Overall, the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission in the general population of Malawian adults was 61.5%. Specifically, the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission was 63.6% and 60.8% in men and women, respectively. Those aged 35–44 years, having secondary or high education, belonging to the richest household, being exposed to mass media, being in professional/technical/managerial, having knowledge that “TB can be cured’, and those living in urban areas were significantly associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission. Conclusions : The findings of this study show that if appropriate strategies for TB communication and education to address the rural masses, young individuals, poor individuals, and individuals in the agriculture sector are put it place, can enhance TB prevention in Malawi. Infectious Diseases Tuberculosis transmission TB knowledge Determinants Malawi Figures Figure 1 Background Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease which is caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), continues to be a major public health issue [ 1 ][ 2 ]. Globally, approximately 10 million people were infected with TB in 2018, of which 1.5 million cases (including 251 000 people with human immunodeficiency virus – HIV) resulted in deaths, thus making it the world’s top infectious killer [ 3 ]. Furthermore, 44% of new TB cases occurred in the South-East Asian region, followed by the African region, with 24% of new cases and the Western Pacific with 18% [ 2 ][ 4 ]. Unfortunately, over 90% of all TB cases and deaths occur in developing countries who have relatively fragile healthcare systems [ 5 ]. Additionally, like most African countries, TB remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Malawi [ 6 ]. In 2018, Malawi had a TB incidence of 181 per 100,000 people, with HIV coinfection a counting for about 54% of the total cases [ 7 ]. It is known that having the correct knowledge about the symptoms and transmission mode of a disease is essential for disease prevention, screening, early detection, and early treatment-seeking behaviors – thereby improving overall management of health conditions [ 8 ][ 9 ][ 10 ]. Early diagnosis of TB among suspected individuals can prevent its transmission and eventually, reduce TB deaths [ 2 ]. However, studies have shown that inadequate knowledge about cause, mode of transmission and symptoms associated with TB are major barriers to prompt diagnosis and treatment of the disease [ 11 ][ 12 ][ 13 ]. Studies on TB have demonstrated that correct knowledge regarding transmission, clinical manifestations, and preventive and control methods of TB result in the declining incidence of TB yearly [ 14 ]. Generally, TB is highly contagious and most often affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but can also affect other sites (extrapulmonary TB) [ 4 ]. The disease is transmitted from one person to another when people with pulmonary TB expel bacteria into the air (especially when coughing, sneezing or spitting) hence putting everybody in their immediate environment risk [ 2 ][ 15 ]. Thus, knowledge of TB transmission is a fundamental basis for individuals taking protective measures to avoid becoming infected, or transmitting it to others for those with active disease [ 16 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB as a global emergency in 1993 and later launched the Directly Observed Therapy short course (DOTs) strategy [ 17 ]. The DOTs therapeutic approach, adopted in many countries, including Malawi, depends on affected individual’s presenting at a health care facility rather than community case detection [ 18 ]. While Malawi’s National TB Control Program has been recognized internationally for its effective approach to TB control, the disease remains underdiagnosed in Malawi [ 19 ][ 20 ]. In a cohort study investigating the prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis in adults with chronic cough in Malawi, it was found that nearly a third of all TB case in the cohort were not diagnosed previously [ 20 ]. Inadequate awareness of the disease was one of the main contributors to delayed diagnosing and treatment seeking [ 20 ]. In addition, another study reported that inadequate knowledge about cause and transmission of TB coupled with low self-awareness of personal risk to TB, cultural and traditional beliefs about sources of TB influenced delayed treatment seeking among adults aged 18 years and older from rural communities in Malawi [ 21 ]. Further, evidence shows that knowledge is an important predictor of health care seeking behavior and adherence to treatment [ 22 ][ 23 ]. Hence developing effective strategies to improve knowledge about the disease is one approach of accelerating progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.3 that aims to end the tuberculosis epidemic by 2030 [ 24 ]. [ 25 ]. Studies from different settings have examined the predictors of self-reported correct knowledge about TB transmission and found that age [ 26 ][ 27 ], gender [ 11 ][ 26 ][ 27 ] [ 28 ], education levels [ 26 ][ 27 ][ 28 ][ 29 ], household wealth [ 28 ], occupation [ 29 ], religion [ 11 ], exposure to mass media [ 11 ][ 26 ] [ 30 ], geographical region [ 26 ][ 27 ][ 28 ], and perception that TB can be cured [ 11 ] were the most significant predictors. Understanding knowledge of TB in general and its determinants can inform policy developers and implementers of effective community based health promotion programs. Few studies have been conducted in Malawi to examine the knowledge about tuberculosis among different groups of the community [ 31 ][ 32 ][ 33 ]. However, none of these studies have estimated the predictors of TB related knowledge using nationally representative data. Therefore, using the population based data, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of self-reported correct knowledge about Tb transmission among adults in Malawi. Methods Data source, study design and sampling procedures The current study used data taken from the 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS). The 2015-16 MDHS sample was selected using a two-stage cluster sampling design and produced a nationally representative samples. The census sampling frame is considered as a complete list of all the census standard enumeration areas (SEAs). Thus, in the first stage, 850 SEAs (i.e. 173 SEAs in urban areas and 677 SEAs in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to the SEA size. In the course of the second stage, a fixed number of 30 and 33 households per urban rural cluster/SEA, respectively, were selected with an equal probability systematic selection criterion. All women and men of reproductive age 15–49 years and 15–54 years respectively, who were either permanent residence of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night prior to the data collection were eligible for the interviews. The MDHS selected a total of 27,516 households, of which 24,562 women and 7,478 men were successfully interviewed for the response rate of 97.7% and 94.6% respectively. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics and major health indicators, including knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to other health issues such as injections, smoking, fistula, tuberculosis HIV/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The datasets for women and men were explored and after excluding respondents with missing data, a total of 28,862 respondents (6,937 men and 21,925 women) were included in our analysis. Variables Dependent variable The dependent variable considered in this study was correct and adequate knowledge regarding the mode of TB transmission. This variable was created from the following 6 questions to evaluate the correct knowledge regarding mode of TB transmission among adult male and female. TB is spread from person to person through the air when coughing or sneezing? TB can be transmitted by sharing utensils? TB can be transmitted through food? Q4: TB can be transmitted by touching a person with TB? TB can be transmitted through sexual contact? TB can be transmitted through mosquito bites? For the purpose of this study, the response to Q1 “Through air when coughing or sneezing” was used to measure the knowledge about the mode of TB transmission. The responses from ‘Q2’ to ‘Q6’ were regarded as misconceptions. However, individuals who responded ‘yes’ to the Q1 and responded ‘no’ to the other questions were recorded to have correct knowledge. Independent variables The present study considered the following covariates as independent variables; sex of the respondents, age of the respondents, educational level, wealth index, religion, occupation, marital status, amount of media exposure, perception about TB cure, perception about keeping secret when family member gets TB, place of residence, geographical religion, and ethnicity. These variables were selected after a thoroughly review of literature [ 11 ][ 12 ][ 34 ][ 35 ]. The covariates were categorized as follows: sex of the respondents (male/ female), age of the respondents in years (< 25/ 25–34/ 35–44/≥45), educational level (no formal education/ primary/ secondary or high), wealth index (poorest/ poorer/ middle/ richer/ richest), religion (Roman catholic/ Church of Central African Presbyteria/ Anglican/ Seventh Day Adventist/ Baptist/ other Christian/ Muslim/ No religion/other), occupation (not working/ professional or technical or managerial/ clerical or sales or services/ agricultural employee/ skilled manual/ unskilled manual), marital status (never in union/ currently in union / formerly in union), amount of media exposure (0/ 1/ 2/ 3), Tuberculosis can be cured (no/ yes), keep secret when family member gets TB (no/ yes), place of residence (urban/ rural), geographical religion (northern/ central /southern), and ethnicity (Chewa/ Tumbuka/ Lomwe/ Tonga/ Yao/ Sena/ Nkhonde/ Ngoni/ Mang'anja/ Nyanja/ Other). In this study, the amount of media exposure was specifically composed from three domains namely watching television, frequency of reading a newspaper, and or listening to radio at least once a week. The MDHS asked respondents the following questions; (1) Do you read a newspaper or magazine at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all? (2) Do you listen to the radio at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all? And (3) Do you watch television at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all? [ 36 ]. Each mass media related variables was recoded to binary level such that the correct answer was coded 1 while incorrect answer was coded 0. Amount of media exposure was organized by summing up the reported frequency of each media if an activity was performed at least once a week with 0 recorded as the least possible score and 3 recorded as the highest possible score. Wealth index is defined as a composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard and was created using easy-to-collect data on a household’s ownership of selected assets. These assets included televisions, bicycles, materials used for constructing the house, access to safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, and other characteristics of a household. Through a statistical technique named principal component analysis (PCA), placed the household into quintiles [ 37 ]. Statistical analysis We conducted our analyses while taking into account the complex design of the survey (i.e. weighting, clustering, and stratification). First, the baseline statistics were presented as frequency and weighted percentage. Second, the bivariate analyses using Chi-Square test were performed to explore the distribution of the selected characteristics according to the correct knowledge about the mode of TB transmission among adult women and men. Third, using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression, the multivariable analyses were performed to investigate the strength of associations between the selected factors and correct knowledge about TB transmission. GEE models were used to account for the correlated responses within the DHS data. Both unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with their p -values were presented. p -values < 0.05 were considered as statistical significant. All analyses were performed using SAS software for Windows, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Ethical Considerations The 2015–2016 MDHS was implemented by the National Statistical Office (NSO) and the Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU). The protocols and procedures that were developed for data collection were reviewed and approved by the ICF Macro Institutional Review Board (ICF Macro IRB) and the Malawi National Health Science Research Committee. The MDHS 2015–2016 complied with all requirements of the US Department of Health and Human Services’ the 45 Code of Federal Regulations 46 (45 CFR 46), Protection of Human Subjects [ 38 ]. Before this study was conducted, the authors sought permission from the MEASURE DHS for use of the data beyond the primary purpose by which data were collected. At the beginning of each interview, informed consent (both written and oral consent) was obtained from all eligible participants. Furthermore, a parent or guardian provided consent prior to the participation by a child or anybody below the age of 18 years [ 38 ]. Results Baseline characteristics of the study participants by sex A total of 28862 adults (6937 males and 21925 females) were sampled and analyzed in this study. Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics of the study participants stratified by sex. The overall prevalence of correct about TB knowledge in the general population of Malawi was adequate (61.5%). A majority of respondents (40.6%) were distributed in the age group 15 to 24 years and near two-thirds (59.2%) of the respondents had primary school education. Nearly 30.0% of respondents were residing in the richest households while about two-thirds (64.3%) currently in union. Approximately 40% of the participants did not have any form of mass media and a similar proportion (38.6%) of respondents were employed in agriculture sectors. Furthermore, over three-fourth (77.4%) of participants were rural dwellers and 44.98% were southern region dwellers. Table 1 Descriptive statistics of Individual and community characteristics by sex, Malawi Demographic Health Survey, 2015-16 Variable Male n (%) Female n (%) Overall n (%) P -value 6937 (24.04) 21925 (75.96) 28862 (100.00) Individual-level factors Age (years) < .0001 < 25 2838 (40.91) 8891 (40.55) 11729 (40.64) 25–34 1896 (27.33) 7012 (31.98) 8908 (30.86) 35–44 1441 (20.77) 4626 (21.10) 6067 (21.02) ≥ 45 762 (10.98) 1396 (6.37) 2158 (7.48) Educational level < .0001 No education 366 (5.28) 2285 (10.42) 2651 (9.19) Primary 3834 (55.27) 13260 (60.48) 17094 (59.23) Secondary or high 2737 (39.46) 6380 (29.10) 9117 (31.59) Wealth index < .0001 Poorest 939 (13.54) 3631 (16.56) 4570 (15.83) Poorer 1204 (17.36) 3824 (17.44) 5028 (17.42) Middle 1328 (19.14) 3982 (18.16) 5310 (18.40) Richer 1467 (21.15) 4440 (20.25) 5907 (20.47) Richest 1999 (28.82) 6048 (27.58) 8047 (27.88) Religion < .0001 Roman catholic 1299 (18.73) 3916 (17.86) 5215 (18.07) CCAP 1180 (17.01) 3590 (16.37) 4770 (16.53) Anglican 361 (5.20) 1133 (5.17) 1494 (5.18) Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist 491 (7.08) 1679 (7.66) 2170 (7.52) Other Christian 2776 (40.02) 9215 (42.03) 11991 (41.55) Muslim 655 (9.44) 2273 (10.37) 2928 (10.14) No religion/other 175 (2.52) 119 (0.54) 294 (1.02) Marital status < .0001 Never in union 2575 (37.12) 4526 (20.64) 7101 (24.60) Currently in union 4108 (59.22) 14443 (65.87) 14443 (64.27) Formerly in union 254 (3.66) 2956 (13.48) 2956 (11.12) Amount of media exposure < .0001 0 1076 (15.51) 9046 (41.26) 10122 (35.07) 1 2101 (30.29) 6684 (30.49) 8785 (30.44) 2 2157 (31.09) 3988 (18.19) 6145 (21.29) 3 1603 (23.11) 2207 (10.07) 3810 (13.20) Occupation < .0001 Not working 960 (13.84) 7148 (32.60) 8108 (28.09) Professional/technical/managerial 490 (7.06) 1280 (5.84) 1770 (6.11) Clerical/sales/services 478 (6.89) 1537 (7.01) 2015 (6.98) Agricultural employee 2701 (38.94) 8448 (38.53) 11149 (38.63) Skilled manual 800 (11.53) 335 (1.53) 1135 (3.93) Unskilled manual 1508 (21.74) 3177 (14.49) 4685 (16.23) Community-level factors Place of residence 0.3626 Urban 1594 (22.98) 4923 (22.45) 6517 (22.58) Rural 5343 (77.02) 17002 (77.55) 22345 (77.42) Geographical region 0.0025 Northern 1447 (20.86) 4286 (19.55) 5733 (19.86) Central 2489 (35.88) 7657 (34.92) 10146 (35.15) Southern 3001 (43.26) 9982 (45.53) 12983 (44.98) Ethnicity < .0001 Chewa 2167 (31.24) 6556 (29.90) 8723 (30.22) Tumbuka 747 (10.77) 2326 (10.61) 3073 (10.65) Lomwe 1251 (18.03) 4128 (18.83) 5379 (18.64) Tonga 253 (3.65) 871 (3.97) 1124 (3.89) Yao 704 (10.15) 2337 (10.66) 3041 (10.54) Sena 299 (4.31) 949 (4.33) 1248 (4.32) Nkhonde 121 (1.74) 290 (1.32) 411 (1.42) Ngoni 878 (12.66) 2829 (12.90) 3707 (12.84) Mang'anja 178 (2.57) 499 (2.28) 677 (2.35) Nyanja 115 (1.66) 491 (2.24) 606 (2.10) Other 224 (3.23) 649 (2.96) 873 (3.02) Correct knowledge of TB transmission < .0001 No 2522 (36.36) 8602 (39.23) 11124 (38.54) Yes 4415 (63.64) 13323 (60.77) 17738 (61.46) TB, tuberculosis; OR, Odds Ratio; AOR, adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; ‡Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine, Frequency of listening to radio and frequency of watching television; †Composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard. Prevalence of Self-reported Tuberculosis Knowledge about TB Transmission Table 2 presents the domains that were used to measure correct knowledge about the mode of TB transmission among women and men of reproductive age. Ninety-seven percent of men and 94% of women had heard of TB. Overall, 8908 (71.83%) of the participants responded correctly that TB is spread from one person to another through air by coughing or sneezing. Furthermore, 81.34% of respondents believed that TB can be cured and 31.89% of participants would want a family member’s TB status kept secret. There were significant differences between men and women who reported having heard of TB, such that 69.64% of women and 78.77% of men reported that TB is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing ( P < .0001). Additionally, 85.44% of women and 80.05% of men believe that TB can be cured ( P < .0001) while 25.39% of men and 33.94% of women would want a family member’s TB status kept secret ( P < .0001). Table 2 Proportion of respondents with correct knowledge about tuberculosis transmission in Malawi, MDHS 2015-16 Variable Male n (%) Female n (%) Overall n (%) P -value 6937 (24.04) 21925 (75.96) 28862 (100.00) TB spread by air when coughing or sneezing (Yes) 5464 (78.77) 15268 (69.64) 8908 (71.83) < .0001 TB spread by sharing utensils (No) 6365 (91.75) 20664 (94.25) 27029 (93.65) < .0001 TB spread by touching a person with TB (No) 6556 (94.51) 21314 (97.21) 27870 (96.56) < .0001 TB spread by food (No) 6609 (95.27) 21485 (97.99) 28094 (97.34) < .0001 TB spread by sexual contact (No) 6670 (96.15) 20458 (93.31) 27128 (93.99) < .0001 TB spread by mosquito bites (No) 6917 (99.71) 21842 (99.62) 28759 (99.64) 0.2719 TB can be cured (Yes) 5927 (85.44) 17550 (80.05) 23477 (81.34) < .0001 TB; Tuberculosis Prevalence of Correct Knowledge about TB transmission by selected Characteristics. Table 3 shows the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission among men and women of reproductive age by sociodemographic characteristics. The prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission was significant different from those who had incorrect knowledge by sex of the respondents ( P < .0001), age of the respondents ( P < .0001), educational level ( P < .0001), household wealth ( P < .0001), religion ( P < .0001), amount of media exposure ( P < .0001), respondent’s occupation ( P < .0001), respondents with a belief that TB can be cured ( P < .0001), respondents would want a family member’s TB status kept secret ( P < .0001), place of residence ( P < .0001), geographical region ( P < .0001), and ethnicity ( P < .0001). Table 3 Prevalence of correct knowledge of TB transmission by individual and community characteristics MDHS 2015-16 Variable Over all n (%) No n (%) Yes n (%) P-value 28862 (100.00) 11124 (38.54) 17738 (61.46) Individual-level factors Sex < .0001 Male 6937 (24.46) 2522 (22.67) 4415 (24.89) Female 21925 (75.96) 8602 (77.33) 13323 (75.11) Age (years) < .0001 < 25 11729 (40.64) 4869 (43.77) 6860 (38.67) 25–34 8908 (30.86) 3202 (28.78) 5706 (32.17) 35–44 6067 (21.02) 2220 (19.96) 3847 (21.69) ≥ 45 2158 (7.48) 833 (7.49) 1325 (7.47) Educational level < .0001 No education 2651 (9.19) 1238 (11.13) 1413 (7.97) Primary 17094 (59.23) 7348 (66.06) 9746 (54.94) Secondary or high 9117 (31.59) 2538 (22.82) 6579 (37.09) Wealth index < .0001 Poorest 4570 (15.83) 2076 (18.66) 2494 (14.06) Poorer 5028 (17.42) 2140 (19.24) 2888 (16.28) Middle 5310 (18.40) 2154 (19.36) 3156 (17.79) Richer 5907 (20.47) 2308 (20.75) 3599 (20.29) Richest 8047 (27.88) 2446 (21.99) 5601 (31.58) Religion < .0001 Roman catholic 5215 (18.07) 2020 (18.16) 3195 (18.01) CCAP 4770 (16.53) 1680 (15.10) 3090 (17.42) Anglican 1494 (5.18) 564 (5.07) 930 (5.24) Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist 2170 (7.52) 716 (6.44) 1454 (8.20) Other Christian 11991 (41.55) 4946 (44.44) 7048 (39.73) Muslim 2928 (10.14) 1081 (9.72) 1874 (10.41) No religion/other 294 (1.02) 120 (1.08) 174 (0.98) Marital status 0.5732 Never in union 7101 (24.60) 2755 (24.77) 4346 (24.50) Currently in union 14443 (64.27) 7158 (64.35) 11393 (64.23) Formerly in union 2956 (11.12) 1211 (10.89) 1999 (11.27) Amount of media exposure < .0001 0 10122 (35.07) 4291 (38.57) 5831 (32.87) 1 8785 (30.44) 3563 (32.03) 5222 (29.44) 2 6145 (21.29) 2215 (19.91) 3930 (22.16) 3 3810 (13.20) 1055 (9.48) 2755 (15.53) Occupation < .0001 Not working 8108 (28.09) 3094 (27.81) 5014 (28.27) Professional/technical/managerial 1770 (6.11) 401 (3.60) 1369 (7.72) Clerical/sales/services 2015 (6.98) 720 (6.47) 1295 (7.30) Agricultural employee 11149 (38.63) 4799 (43.14) 6350 (35.80) Skilled manual 1135 (3.93) 384 (3.45) 751 (4.23) Unskilled manual 4685 (16.23) 1726 (15.52) 2959 (16.68) Tuberculosis can be cured < .0001 No 5385 (18.66) 2927 (26.31) 2458 (13.86) Yes 23477 (81.34) 8197 (73.69) 15280 (86.14) Community-level factors Place of residence < .0001 Urban 6517 (22.58) 1925 (17.30) 4592 (25.89) Rural 22345 (77.42) 9199 (82.70) 13146 (74.11) Geographical region < .0001 Northern 5733 (19.86) 2671 (24.01) 3062 (17.26) Central 10146 (35.15) 4031 (36.24) 6115 (34.47) Southern 12983 (44.98) 4422 (39.74) 8561 (48.26) Ethnicity < .0001 Chewa 8723 (30.22) 3558 (31.98) 5165 (29.12) Tumbuka 3073 (10.65) 1361 (12.23) 1712 (9.65) Lomwe 5379 (18.64) 1704 (15.32) 3675 (20.72) Tonga 1124 (3.89) 554 (4.98) 570 (3.21) Yao 3041 (10.54) 1080 (9.71) 1961 (11.06) Sena 1248 (4.32) 461 (9.71) 787 (4.44) Nkhonde 411 (1.42) 170 (1.53) 241 (1.36) Ngoni 3707 (12.84) 1353 (12.16) 2354 (13.27) Mang'anja 677 (2.35) 240 (2.16) 437 (2.46) Nyanja 606 (2.10) 243 (2.18) 363 (2.05) Other 873 (3.02) 400 (3.60) 473 (2.67) TB, tuberculosis; OR, Odds Ratio; AOR, adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; ‡Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine, Frequency of listening to radio and frequency of watching television; †Composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard. Factors Associated with Correct Knowledge about TB Transmission. Table 4 shows results of univariate and multivariate logistics regression that were used to test independent predictors of the given variables and assess their strength of associations between those predictors with correct knowledge about TB transmission. In univariate analysis characteristics that were significantly associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission included sex of the respondents, age of the respondents, educational level, household wealth, religion, amount of media exposure, occupation, tuberculosis can be cured, TB status kept secret, place of residence, geographical region, and ethnicity (all P- values less than 0.05). The results of multivariate logistics regression showed that respondents of age groups 25–34 years odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.219; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.145–1.297; P < .0001), 35–44 years (aOR: 1.275; 95% CI: 1.187–1.371; P < .0001), and 45 + years (aOR: 1.239; 95% CI: 1.116–1.375; P < .0001) had increased compared to those respondents of age group 15 to 24 years. The odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission was also high in respondents with primary education (aOR: 1.253; 95% CI: 1.144–1.371; P < .0001) and secondary and high education (aOR: 2.000; 95% CI: 1.793–2.232; P < .0001) compared to those with no formal education. Furthermore, respondents from middle household wealth (aOR: 1.106; 95% CI: 1.016–1.205; P-= 0.0205), richer households (aOR: 1.096; 95% CI: 1.005–1.196; P = 0.0387), and richest households (aOR: 1.166; 95% CI: 1.053–1.292; P = 0.032) had increased odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission compared to respondents from poorest households. Additionally, respondents who had exposure to 3 forms of mass media (aOR: 1.190; 95% CI: 1.076–1.315; P = 0.0007), respondents who believed that TB can be cured (aOR: 1.708; 95% CI: 1.600–1.823; P < .0001), respondents from urban (aOR: 1.165; 95% CI: 1.063–1.277; P = 0.0011), and respondents from Lomwe tribe (aOR: 1.286; 95% CI: 1.066–1.551; P = 0.0086) had also increased odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission. Conversely, agricultural employee (aOR: 0.909; 95% CI: 0.843–0.981; P = 0.0143), respondents who would want a family member’s TB status to be kept secret (aOR: 0.886; 95% CI: 0839–0.935; P < .0001) had reduced odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission. Furthermore, respondents from central region (aOR: 0.896; 95% CI: 0.819–0.980; P = 0.0161) and northern region (aOR: 0.581; 95% CI: 0.512–0.659; P < .0001), had also reduced odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission compared to those from the southern region. Table 4 Determinants of correct and adequate knowledge about tuberculosis transmission among adult men and women. Variable Univariate Multivariable CrOR 95% (CI) P-value AOR 95% (CI) P-value Individual-level factors Sex Male 1.150 (1.085–1.218) < .0001 1.012 (0.949–1.079) 0.7118 Female 1.000 1.000 Age (years) < 25 1.000 1.000 25–34 1.279 (1.206–1.357) < .0001 1.219 (1.145–1.297) < .0001 35–44 1.256 (1.175–1.342) < .0001 1.275 (1.187–1.371) < .0001 ≥ 45 1.173 (1.064–1.293) 0.0014 1.239 (1.116–1.375) < .0001 Educational level No education 1.000 1.000 Primary 1.181 (1.083–1.286) 0.0002 1.253 (1.144–1.371) < .0001 Secondary or high 2.225 (2.022–2.447) < .0001 2.000 (1.793–2.232) < .0001 Wealth index † Poorest 1.000 1.000 Poorer 1.140 (1.048–1.240) 0.0022 1.081 (0.993–1.176) 0.0734 Middle 1.238 (1.139–1.346) < .0001 1.106 (1.016–1.205) 0.0205 Richer 1.324 (1.218–1.439) < .0001 1.096 (1.005–1.196) 0.0387 Richest 1.822 (1.670–1.987) < .0001 1.166 (1.053–1.292) 0.0032 Religion Roman catholic 1.063 (0.828–1.364) 0.6319 0.957 (0.743–1.232) 0.7339 CCAP 1.212 (0.944–1.557) 0.1322 1.037 (0.804–1.338) 0.7768 Anglican 1.110 (0.845–1.459) 0.4523 1.145 (0.868–1.510) 0.3365 Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist 1.305 (1.006–1.693) 0.0452 1.073 (0.824–1.398) 0.6004 Other Christian 0.964 (0.754–1.231) 0.7675 0.951 (0.742–1.219) 0.6936 Muslim 1.042 (0.804–1.352) 0.7541 1.020 (0.777–1.339) 0.8855 No religion/other 1.000 1.000 Amount of media exposure ‡ 0 1.000 1.000 1 1.103 (1.038–1.172) 0.0015 1.010 (0.948–1.076) 0.7571 2 1.306 (1.218–1.399) < .0001 1.056 (0.978–1.140) 0.1621 3 1.787 (1.636–1.959) < .0001 1.190 (1.076–1.315) 0.0007 Occupation Not working 0.934 (0.864–1.010) 0.0885 1.011 (0.931–1.097) 0.7992 Professional/technical/managerial 1.911 (1.676–2.180) < .0001 1.336 (1.166–1.531) < .0001 Clerical/sales/services 1.028 (0.917–1.153) 0.6346 0.893 (0.795–1.004) 0.0588 Agricultural employee 0.841 (0.780–0.907) < .0001 0.909 (0.843–0.981) 0.0143 Skilled manual 1.125 (0.976–1.296) 0.1032 0.983 (0.850–1.137) 0.8176 Unskilled manual 1.000 1.000 Tuberculosis can be cured No 1.000 1.000 Yes 2.088 (1.960–2.223) < .0001 1.708 (1.600–1.823) < .0001 Community-level factors Place of residence Urban 1.674 (1.528–1.835) < .0001 1.165 (1.063–1.277) 0.0011 Rural 1.000 1.000 Geographical region Northern 0.588 (0.533–0.650) < .0001 0.581 (0.512–0.659) < .0001 Central 0.777 (0.715–0.845) < .0001 0.896 (0.819–0.980) 0.0161 Southern 1.000 1.000 Ethnicity Chewa 1.214 (1.025–1.439) 0.0249 1.052 (0.878–1.259) 0.5836 Tumbuka 1.125 (0.941–1.345) 0.1956 1.054 (0.886–1.253) 0.5553 Lomwe 1.709 (1.434–2.036) < .0001 1.286 (1.066–1.551) 0.0086 Tonga 0.919 (0.738–1.145) 0.4520 0.898 (0.727–1.108) 0.3158 Yao 1.423 (1.184–1.710) 0.0002 1.122 (0.911–1.382) 0.2769 Sena 1.387 (1.120–1.719) 0.0028 1.100 (0.881–1.373) 0.4018 Nkhonde 1.199 (0.914–1.572) 0.1900 1.146 (0.878–1.497) 0.3156 Ngoni 1.398 (1.168–1.673) 0.0003 1.063 (0.882–1.281) 0.5220 Mang'anja 1.484 (1.173–1.877) 0.0010 1.086 (0.850–1.386) 0.5110 Nyanja 1.251 (0.979–1.599) 0.0735 0.997 (0.780–1.274) 0.9807 Other 1.000 1.000 TB, tuberculosis; CrOR, Crude Odds Ratio; AOR, adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; ‡Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine, Frequency of listening to radio and frequency of watching television; †Composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard. Discussion The purpose of the current study was to examine the prevalence and factors associated with the correct knowledge concerning TB transmission among adults in Malawi. An understanding of such knowledge and its predictors is of great essence as it may help TB control programme managers and policymakers to develop effective community based health promotion programs [ 39 ]. Researchers have reported that individuals with lower levels of health knowledge are generally 1.5 to 3 times more likely to have poor health outcomes than their counterparts with higher literacy or health-related knowledge levels [ 40 ][ 41 ]. Specifically, inadequate and poor health knowledge has been consistently associated with overall (1) individual’s poor health status, (2) lack of engagement with health care providers, (3) decreased comprehension of medical information, (4) lack of knowledge about medical conditions and related care, (5) increased mortality, (6) poor use of preventive health services, (7) poor self-reported health, and (8) increased rate and longer stay of hospitalizations [ 41 ][ 42 ]. The present study showed that the majority of the participants had correct knowledge regarding TB transmission. Additionally, this study found that being in the age group 35–44 years, having secondary or high education, being in the richest household, exposure to all the three mode of mass media, being in professional/technical/managerial, having knowledge that TB can be cured and being urban dwellers were significantly associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission. As with previous research [ 43 ], this study found that an increase in age was significantly associated with self-reported correct knowledge about TB transmission among adults in Malawi. Specifically, individual of age ≥ 25 years and above had more correct knowledge about TB transmission. Similarly, another study reported that correct answers to questions concerning TB were associated with increasing age [ 44 ]. Generally, the reason behind the TB knowledge getting increased with advanced age, possibly may be that older individuals might have had developed more correct attitudes and behaviors regarding the disease [ 43 ][ 45 ]. We found also that respondents who had secondary or high education had higher likelihood of having correct knowledge about TB transmission. Our results are consistent with prior literature [ 46 ][ 47 ][ 48 ]. The explanation to this result might be that the highly educated people have great likelihood of having access to different sources of information and easily understand more complex messages [ 48 ][ 49 ][ 50 ]. Eventually, improved levels of education in the community can improve cognitive level and increase the general knowledge about infection control including TB and the general health of the people [ 51 ]. Furthermore, as with previous literature [ 26 ][ 35 ], the current study found that respondents from the richest households had high chances of having correct knowledge about TB transmission. Generally, the an explanation to this finding might be that, people from households with better income, usually tend to have higher probability of acquiring improved health knowledge and better health seeking behavior [ 52 ][ 53 ]. In agreement with previous studies [ 26 ][ 30 ][ 35 ], this study found that respondents who had exposed to television, radio and newspaper, being in professional/technical/managerial, having knowledge that TB can be cured and being urban dwellers were associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission. It is reported that, the media form a crucial role in patients’ knowledge about TB and, therefore, underscores the requisite for TB health education programmes among disadvantaged households [ 25 ][ 54 ]. Furthermore, these findings suggest that respondents from urban areas may be more exposed for messages or information such as mass media and other health-related messages (e.g. television, ratio, newspapers, posters or billboards, peer educators, etc.) than women from rural areas who usually come from low socioeconomic backgrounds [ 25 ][ 35 ]. Similarly, respondents with white collar jobs, might have easy access to health knowledge due to the nature of the education and work [ 55 ] and in turn may have the knowledge and they can develop positive attitude that TB can be cured. Strengths And Limitations This study in not without limitations. This study cannot determine the causation between the exposure variables and the outcome variable due to the cross-sectional nature of the study design. Additionally, this study did not look into the association between HIV/AIDS and TB since co-infection of these two conditions poses a significant challenge. However, despite these limitations, the findings presented in this study would contribute to our understanding of the determinants of TB transmission which may improve the quality of TB management in Malawi. These results can be generalized owing to the use of the large national survey with suitable sampling method and high response rate. Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that if appropriate strategies for TB communication and education to address the rural masses, young individuals, poor individuals, and individuals in the agriculture sector are put it place, can enhance TB prevention in Malawi. List Of Abbreviations AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome aORs, adjusted odds ratios CFR, Code of Federal Regulations CHSU, Community Health Sciences Unit Cis, confidence intervals DOTs, Directly Observed Therapy short course GEE, generalized estimating equation HIV, human immunodeficiency virus MDHS, Malawi Demographic and Health Survey MTB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis NCDs, non-communicable diseases NSO, National Statistical Office PCA, principal component analysis SDG, Sustainable Development Goal SEAs, standard enumeration areas TB, tuberculosis WHO, World Health Organization Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The 2015/16 MDHS was implemented by the NSO and the Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU). The protocols and procedures that were developed for data collection were reviewed and approved by the ICF Macro Institutional Review Board (ICF Macro IRB) and the Malawi National Health Science Research Committee. The MDHS 2015–2016 complied with all requirements of the US Department of Health and Human Services’ the 45 Code of Federal Regulations 46 (45 CFR 46), Protection of Human Subjects [38]. Before this study was conducted, the authors sought permission from the MEASURE DHS for use of the data beyond the primary purpose by which data were collected. At the beginning of each interview, informed consent (both written and oral consent) was obtained from all eligible participants. Furthermore, a parent or guardian provided consent prior to the participation by a child or anybody below the age of 18 years [38]. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the present study are available in The DHS Program repository, https://dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm Competing interests The author declares that he has no competing interests Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Authors’ contributions All authors conceived and led the study. PAMN extracted the dataset, CCS, SG, and OK prepared the analysis plan, PAMN, AB, AM, and performed the data analysis. PAMN, RM, SB and GB wrote the manuscript. AS, AS, EM, CCS, and ON reviewed the manuscript critically. All authors approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors want to sincerely thank the National Statistical Office (NSO) and the Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU) of Malawi for data collection. 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and Welfare","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Onkoka","middleName":"","lastName":"Nkoka","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-09-05 10:47:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-72765/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-72765/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05836-y","type":"published","date":"2021-01-30T15:00:44+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":2417524,"identity":"bae87e3b-4b63-4d90-9d6d-02ec7ce2da38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-15 16:24:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1133486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Domains used to measure correct knowledge about tuberculosis transmission in Malawi","description":"","filename":"Figure2A.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-72765/v1/Figure2A.jpg"},{"id":13593573,"identity":"a687d2f4-ae48-4735-9276-d5a3347a18c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 05:16:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":871249,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-72765/v1/2cc1c336-5e85-4d55-807e-448b33e7e4e2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eDeterminants of Self-Reported Correct Knowledge About Tuberculosis Transmission Among Men and Women in Malawi: Evidence from a Nationwide Household Survey.\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":" \u003cp\u003eTuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease which is caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), continues to be a major public health issue [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Globally, approximately 10\u0026nbsp;million people were infected with TB in 2018, of which 1.5\u0026nbsp;million cases (including 251 000 people with human immunodeficiency virus \u0026ndash; HIV) resulted in deaths, thus making it the world\u0026rsquo;s top infectious killer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, 44% of new TB cases occurred in the South-East Asian region, followed by the African region, with 24% of new cases and the Western Pacific with 18% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Unfortunately, over 90% of all TB cases and deaths occur in developing countries who have relatively fragile healthcare systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, like most African countries, TB remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Malawi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2018, Malawi had a TB incidence of 181 per 100,000 people, with HIV coinfection a counting for about 54% of the total cases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is known that having the correct knowledge about the symptoms and transmission mode of a disease is essential for disease prevention, screening, early detection, and early treatment-seeking behaviors \u0026ndash; thereby improving overall management of health conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Early diagnosis of TB among suspected individuals can prevent its transmission and eventually, reduce TB deaths [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. However, studies have shown that inadequate knowledge about cause, mode of transmission and symptoms associated with TB are major barriers to prompt diagnosis and treatment of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies on TB have demonstrated that correct knowledge regarding transmission, clinical manifestations, and preventive and control methods of TB result in the declining incidence of TB yearly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Generally, TB is highly contagious and most often affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but can also affect other sites (extrapulmonary TB) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The disease is transmitted from one person to another when people with pulmonary TB expel bacteria into the air (especially when coughing, sneezing or spitting) hence putting everybody in their immediate environment risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, knowledge of TB transmission is a fundamental basis for individuals taking protective measures to avoid becoming infected, or transmitting it to others for those with active disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB as a global emergency in 1993 and later launched the Directly Observed Therapy short course (DOTs) strategy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The DOTs therapeutic approach, adopted in many countries, including Malawi, depends on affected individual\u0026rsquo;s presenting at a health care facility rather than community case detection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. While Malawi\u0026rsquo;s National TB Control Program has been recognized internationally for its effective approach to TB control, the disease remains underdiagnosed in Malawi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In a cohort study investigating the prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis in adults with chronic cough in Malawi, it was found that nearly a third of all TB case in the cohort were not diagnosed previously [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Inadequate awareness of the disease was one of the main contributors to delayed diagnosing and treatment seeking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, another study reported that inadequate knowledge about cause and transmission of TB coupled with low self-awareness of personal risk to TB, cultural and traditional beliefs about sources of TB influenced delayed treatment seeking among adults aged 18\u0026nbsp;years and older from rural communities in Malawi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Further, evidence shows that knowledge is an important predictor of health care seeking behavior and adherence to treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Hence developing effective strategies to improve knowledge about the disease is one approach of accelerating progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.3 that aims to end the tuberculosis epidemic by 2030 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies from different settings have examined the predictors of self-reported correct knowledge about TB transmission and found that age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], gender [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], education levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], household wealth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], occupation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], religion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], exposure to mass media [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], geographical region [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], and perception that TB can be cured [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] were the most significant predictors. Understanding knowledge of TB in general and its determinants can inform policy developers and implementers of effective community based health promotion programs. Few studies have been conducted in Malawi to examine the knowledge about tuberculosis among different groups of the community [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. However, none of these studies have estimated the predictors of TB related knowledge using nationally representative data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, using the population based data, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of self-reported correct knowledge about Tb transmission among adults in Malawi.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData source, study design and sampling procedures\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study used data taken from the 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS). The 2015-16 MDHS sample was selected using a two-stage cluster sampling design and produced a nationally representative samples. The census sampling frame is considered as a complete list of all the census standard enumeration areas (SEAs). Thus, in the first stage, 850 SEAs (i.e. 173 SEAs in urban areas and 677 SEAs in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to the SEA size. In the course of the second stage, a fixed number of 30 and 33 households per urban rural cluster/SEA, respectively, were selected with an equal probability systematic selection criterion. All women and men of reproductive age 15\u0026ndash;49\u0026nbsp;years and 15\u0026ndash;54\u0026nbsp;years respectively, who were either permanent residence of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night prior to the data collection were eligible for the interviews. The MDHS selected a total of 27,516 households, of which 24,562 women and 7,478 men were successfully interviewed for the response rate of 97.7% and 94.6% respectively. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics and major health indicators, including knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to other health issues such as injections, smoking, fistula, tuberculosis HIV/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The datasets for women and men were explored and after excluding respondents with missing data, a total of 28,862 respondents (6,937 men and 21,925 women) were included in our analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eVariables\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDependent variable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable considered in this study was correct and adequate knowledge regarding the mode of TB transmission. This variable was created from the following 6 questions to evaluate the correct knowledge regarding mode of TB transmission among adult male and female.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB is spread from person to person through the air when coughing or sneezing?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB can be transmitted by sharing utensils?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB can be transmitted through food? Q4: TB can be transmitted by touching a person with TB?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB can be transmitted through sexual contact?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB can be transmitted through mosquito bites?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the purpose of this study, the response to Q1 \u0026ldquo;Through air when coughing or sneezing\u0026rdquo; was used to measure the knowledge about the mode of TB transmission. The responses from \u0026lsquo;Q2\u0026rsquo; to \u0026lsquo;Q6\u0026rsquo; were regarded as misconceptions. However, individuals who responded \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo; to the Q1 and responded \u0026lsquo;no\u0026rsquo; to the other questions were recorded to have correct knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study considered the following covariates as independent variables; sex of the respondents, age of the respondents, educational level, wealth index, religion, occupation, marital status, amount of media exposure, perception about TB cure, perception about keeping secret when family member gets TB, place of residence, geographical religion, and ethnicity. These variables were selected after a thoroughly review of literature [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The covariates were categorized as follows: sex of the respondents (male/ female), age of the respondents in years (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25/ 25\u0026ndash;34/ 35\u0026ndash;44/\u0026ge;45), educational level (no formal education/ primary/ secondary or high), wealth index (poorest/ poorer/ middle/ richer/ richest), religion (Roman catholic/ Church of Central African Presbyteria/ Anglican/ Seventh Day Adventist/ Baptist/ other Christian/ Muslim/ No religion/other), occupation (not working/ professional or technical or managerial/ clerical or sales or services/ agricultural employee/ skilled manual/ unskilled manual), marital status (never in union/ currently in union / formerly in union), amount of media exposure (0/ 1/ 2/ 3), Tuberculosis can be cured (no/ yes), keep secret when family member gets TB (no/ yes), place of residence (urban/ rural), geographical religion (northern/ central /southern), and ethnicity (Chewa/ Tumbuka/ Lomwe/ Tonga/ Yao/ Sena/ Nkhonde/ Ngoni/ Mang'anja/ Nyanja/ Other). In this study, the amount of media exposure was specifically composed from three domains namely watching television, frequency of reading a newspaper, and or listening to radio at least once a week. The MDHS asked respondents the following questions; (1) Do you read a newspaper or magazine at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all? (2) Do you listen to the radio at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all? And (3) Do you watch television at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all? [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Each mass media related variables was recoded to binary level such that the correct answer was coded 1 while incorrect answer was coded 0. Amount of media exposure was organized by summing up the reported frequency of each media if an activity was performed at least once a week with 0 recorded as the least possible score and 3 recorded as the highest possible score. Wealth index is defined as a composite measure of a household\u0026rsquo;s cumulative living standard and was created using easy-to-collect data on a household\u0026rsquo;s ownership of selected assets. These assets included televisions, bicycles, materials used for constructing the house, access to safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, and other characteristics of a household. Through a statistical technique named principal component analysis (PCA), placed the household into quintiles [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conducted our analyses while taking into account the complex design of the survey (i.e. weighting, clustering, and stratification). First, the baseline statistics were presented as frequency and weighted percentage. Second, the bivariate analyses using Chi-Square test were performed to explore the distribution of the selected characteristics according to the correct knowledge about the mode of TB transmission among adult women and men. Third, using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression, the multivariable analyses were performed to investigate the strength of associations between the selected factors and correct knowledge about TB transmission. GEE models were used to account for the correlated responses within the DHS data. Both unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with their \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-values were presented. \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were considered as statistical significant. All analyses were performed using SAS software for Windows, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2015\u0026ndash;2016 MDHS was implemented by the National Statistical Office (NSO) and the Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU). The protocols and procedures that were developed for data collection were reviewed and approved by the ICF Macro Institutional Review Board (ICF Macro IRB) and the Malawi National Health Science Research Committee. The MDHS 2015\u0026ndash;2016 complied with all requirements of the US Department of Health and Human Services\u0026rsquo; the 45 Code of Federal Regulations 46 (45 CFR 46), Protection of Human Subjects [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Before this study was conducted, the authors sought permission from the MEASURE DHS for use of the data beyond the primary purpose by which data were collected. At the beginning of each interview, informed consent (both written and oral consent) was obtained from all eligible participants. Furthermore, a parent or guardian provided consent prior to the participation by a child or anybody below the age of 18\u0026nbsp;years [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBaseline characteristics of the study participants by sex\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 28862 adults (6937 males and 21925 females) were sampled and analyzed in this study. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the baseline characteristics of the study participants stratified by sex. The overall prevalence of correct about TB knowledge in the general population of Malawi was adequate (61.5%). A majority of respondents (40.6%) were distributed in the age group 15 to 24\u0026nbsp;years and near two-thirds (59.2%) of the respondents had primary school education. Nearly 30.0% of respondents were residing in the richest households while about two-thirds (64.3%) currently in union. Approximately 40% of the participants did not have any form of mass media and a similar proportion (38.6%) of respondents were employed in agriculture sectors. Furthermore, over three-fourth (77.4%) of participants were rural dwellers and 44.98% were southern region dwellers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of Individual and community characteristics by sex, Malawi Demographic Health Survey, 2015-16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6937 (24.04)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21925 (75.96)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28862 (100.00)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual-level factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2838 (40.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8891 (40.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11729 (40.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1896 (27.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7012 (31.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8908 (30.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1441 (20.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4626 (21.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6067 (21.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e762 (10.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1396 (6.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2158 (7.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e366 (5.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2285 (10.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2651 (9.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3834 (55.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13260 (60.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17094 (59.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary or high\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2737 (39.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6380 (29.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9117 (31.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWealth index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e939 (13.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3631 (16.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4570 (15.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1204 (17.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3824 (17.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5028 (17.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1328 (19.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3982 (18.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5310 (18.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRicher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1467 (21.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4440 (20.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5907 (20.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1999 (28.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6048 (27.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8047 (27.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1299 (18.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3916 (17.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5215 (18.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCCAP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1180 (17.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3590 (16.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4770 (16.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnglican\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e361 (5.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1133 (5.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1494 (5.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeventh Day Adventist/Baptist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e491 (7.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1679 (7.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2170 (7.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther Christian\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2776 (40.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9215 (42.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11991 (41.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e655 (9.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2273 (10.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2928 (10.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo religion/other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e175 (2.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e119 (0.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e294 (1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever in union\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2575 (37.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4526 (20.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7101 (24.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently in union\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4108 (59.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14443 (65.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14443 (64.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormerly in union\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e254 (3.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2956 (13.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2956 (11.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmount of media exposure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1076 (15.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9046 (41.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10122 (35.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2101 (30.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6684 (30.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8785 (30.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2157 (31.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3988 (18.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6145 (21.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1603 (23.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2207 (10.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3810 (13.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e960 (13.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7148 (32.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8108 (28.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProfessional/technical/managerial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e490 (7.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1280 (5.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1770 (6.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClerical/sales/services\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e478 (6.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1537 (7.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2015 (6.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgricultural employee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2701 (38.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8448 (38.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11149 (38.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSkilled manual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e800 (11.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e335 (1.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1135 (3.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnskilled manual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1508 (21.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3177 (14.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4685 (16.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunity-level factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3626\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1594 (22.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4923 (22.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6517 (22.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5343 (77.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17002 (77.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22345 (77.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeographical region\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0025\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNorthern\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1447 (20.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4286 (19.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5733 (19.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2489 (35.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7657 (34.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10146 (35.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3001 (43.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9982 (45.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12983 (44.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChewa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2167 (31.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6556 (29.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8723 (30.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTumbuka\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e747 (10.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2326 (10.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3073 (10.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLomwe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1251 (18.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4128 (18.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5379 (18.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTonga\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e253 (3.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e871 (3.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1124 (3.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYao\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e704 (10.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2337 (10.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3041 (10.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSena\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e299 (4.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e949 (4.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1248 (4.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNkhonde\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e121 (1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e290 (1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e411 (1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNgoni\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e878 (12.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2829 (12.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3707 (12.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMang'anja\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e178 (2.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e499 (2.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e677 (2.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNyanja\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e115 (1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e491 (2.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e606 (2.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e224 (3.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e649 (2.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e873 (3.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrect knowledge of TB transmission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2522 (36.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8602 (39.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11124 (38.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4415 (63.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13323 (60.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17738 (61.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB, tuberculosis; OR, Odds Ratio; AOR, adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; \u0026Dagger;Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine, Frequency of listening to radio and frequency of watching television; \u0026dagger;Composite measure of a household\u0026rsquo;s cumulative living standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of Self-reported Tuberculosis Knowledge about TB Transmission\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the domains that were used to measure correct knowledge about the mode of TB transmission among women and men of reproductive age. Ninety-seven percent of men and 94% of women had heard of TB. Overall, 8908 (71.83%) of the participants responded correctly that TB is spread from one person to another through air by coughing or sneezing. Furthermore, 81.34% of respondents believed that TB can be cured and 31.89% of participants would want a family member\u0026rsquo;s TB status kept secret. There were significant differences between men and women who reported having heard of TB, such that 69.64% of women and 78.77% of men reported that TB is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001). Additionally, 85.44% of women and 80.05% of men believe that TB can be cured (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001) while 25.39% of men and 33.94% of women would want a family member\u0026rsquo;s TB status kept secret (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProportion of respondents with correct knowledge about tuberculosis transmission in Malawi, MDHS 2015-16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldItalic\"\u003e6937 (24.04)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldItalic\"\u003e21925 (75.96)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldItalic\"\u003e28862 (100.00)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB spread by air when coughing or sneezing (Yes)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5464 (78.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15268 (69.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8908 (71.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB spread by sharing utensils (No)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6365 (91.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20664 (94.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27029 (93.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB spread by touching a person with TB (No)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6556 (94.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21314 (97.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27870 (96.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB spread by food (No)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6609 (95.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21485 (97.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28094 (97.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB spread by sexual contact (No)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6670 (96.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20458 (93.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27128 (93.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB spread by mosquito bites (No)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6917 (99.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21842 (99.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28759 (99.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2719\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB can be cured (Yes)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5927 (85.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17550 (80.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23477 (81.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTB; Tuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of Correct Knowledge about TB transmission by selected Characteristics.\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission among men and women of reproductive age by sociodemographic characteristics. The prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission was significant different from those who had incorrect knowledge by sex of the respondents (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), age of the respondents (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), educational level (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), household wealth (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), religion (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), amount of media exposure (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), respondent\u0026rsquo;s occupation (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), respondents with a belief that TB can be cured (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), respondents would want a family member\u0026rsquo;s TB status kept secret (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), place of residence (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), geographical region (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), and ethnicity (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of correct knowledge of TB transmission by individual and community characteristics MDHS 2015-16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver all \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e28862 (100.00)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e11124 (38.54)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e17738 (61.46)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual-level factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6937 (24.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2522 (22.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4415 (24.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21925 (75.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8602 (77.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13323 (75.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11729 (40.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4869 (43.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6860 (38.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8908 (30.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3202 (28.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5706 (32.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6067 (21.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2220 (19.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3847 (21.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2158 (7.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e833 (7.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1325 (7.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2651 (9.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1238 (11.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1413 (7.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17094 (59.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7348 (66.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9746 (54.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary or high\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9117 (31.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2538 (22.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6579 (37.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWealth index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4570 (15.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2076 (18.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2494 (14.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5028 (17.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2140 (19.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2888 (16.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5310 (18.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2154 (19.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3156 (17.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRicher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5907 (20.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2308 (20.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3599 (20.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8047 (27.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2446 (21.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5601 (31.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5215 (18.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2020 (18.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3195 (18.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCCAP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4770 (16.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1680 (15.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3090 (17.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnglican\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1494 (5.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e564 (5.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e930 (5.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeventh Day Adventist/Baptist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2170 (7.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e716 (6.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1454 (8.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther Christian\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11991 (41.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4946 (44.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7048 (39.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2928 (10.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1081 (9.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1874 (10.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo religion/other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e294 (1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120 (1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e174 (0.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5732\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever in union\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7101 (24.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2755 (24.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4346 (24.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently in union\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14443 (64.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7158 (64.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11393 (64.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormerly in union\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2956 (11.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1211 (10.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1999 (11.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmount of media exposure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10122 (35.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4291 (38.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5831 (32.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8785 (30.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3563 (32.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5222 (29.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6145 (21.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2215 (19.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3930 (22.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3810 (13.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1055 (9.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2755 (15.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8108 (28.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3094 (27.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5014 (28.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProfessional/technical/managerial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1770 (6.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e401 (3.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1369 (7.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClerical/sales/services\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2015 (6.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e720 (6.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1295 (7.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgricultural employee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11149 (38.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4799 (43.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6350 (35.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSkilled manual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1135 (3.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e384 (3.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e751 (4.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnskilled manual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4685 (16.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1726 (15.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2959 (16.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis can be cured\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5385 (18.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2927 (26.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2458 (13.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23477 (81.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8197 (73.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15280 (86.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunity-level factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6517 (22.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1925 (17.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4592 (25.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22345 (77.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9199 (82.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13146 (74.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeographical region\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNorthern\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5733 (19.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2671 (24.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3062 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10146 (35.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4031 (36.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6115 (34.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12983 (44.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4422 (39.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8561 (48.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChewa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8723 (30.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3558 (31.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5165 (29.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTumbuka\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3073 (10.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1361 (12.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1712 (9.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLomwe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5379 (18.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1704 (15.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3675 (20.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTonga\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1124 (3.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e554 (4.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e570 (3.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYao\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3041 (10.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1080 (9.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1961 (11.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSena\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1248 (4.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e461 (9.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e787 (4.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNkhonde\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e411 (1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e170 (1.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e241 (1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNgoni\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3707 (12.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1353 (12.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2354 (13.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMang'anja\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e677 (2.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e240 (2.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e437 (2.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNyanja\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e606 (2.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e243 (2.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e363 (2.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e873 (3.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e400 (3.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e473 (2.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB, tuberculosis; OR, Odds Ratio; AOR, adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; \u0026Dagger;Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine, Frequency of listening to radio and frequency of watching television; \u0026dagger;Composite measure of a household\u0026rsquo;s cumulative living standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFactors Associated with Correct Knowledge about TB Transmission.\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows results of univariate and multivariate logistics regression that were used to test independent predictors of the given variables and assess their strength of associations between those predictors with correct knowledge about TB transmission. In univariate analysis characteristics that were significantly associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission included sex of the respondents, age of the respondents, educational level, household wealth, religion, amount of media exposure, occupation, tuberculosis can be cured, TB status kept secret, place of residence, geographical region, and ethnicity (all \u003cem\u003eP-\u003c/em\u003evalues less than 0.05). The results of multivariate logistics regression showed that respondents of age groups 25\u0026ndash;34\u0026nbsp;years odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.219; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.145\u0026ndash;1.297; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), 35\u0026ndash;44\u0026nbsp;years (aOR: 1.275; 95% CI: 1.187\u0026ndash;1.371; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), and 45\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;years (aOR: 1.239; 95% CI: 1.116\u0026ndash;1.375; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001) had increased compared to those respondents of age group 15 to 24\u0026nbsp;years. The odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission was also high in respondents with primary education (aOR: 1.253; 95% CI: 1.144\u0026ndash;1.371; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001) and secondary and high education (aOR: 2.000; 95% CI: 1.793\u0026ndash;2.232; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001) compared to those with no formal education. Furthermore, respondents from middle household wealth (aOR: 1.106; 95% CI: 1.016\u0026ndash;1.205; \u003cem\u003eP-=\u003c/em\u003e0.0205), richer households (aOR: 1.096; 95% CI: 1.005\u0026ndash;1.196; \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.0387), and richest households (aOR: 1.166; 95% CI: 1.053\u0026ndash;1.292; \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.032) had increased odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission compared to respondents from poorest households. Additionally, respondents who had exposure to 3 forms of mass media (aOR: 1.190; 95% CI: 1.076\u0026ndash;1.315; \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.0007), respondents who believed that TB can be cured (aOR: 1.708; 95% CI: 1.600\u0026ndash;1.823; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), respondents from urban (aOR: 1.165; 95% CI: 1.063\u0026ndash;1.277; \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.0011), and respondents from Lomwe tribe (aOR: 1.286; 95% CI: 1.066\u0026ndash;1.551; \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.0086) had also increased odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission. Conversely, agricultural employee (aOR: 0.909; 95% CI: 0.843\u0026ndash;0.981; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0143), respondents who would want a family member\u0026rsquo;s TB status to be kept secret (aOR: 0.886; 95% CI: 0839\u0026ndash;0.935; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001) had reduced odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission. Furthermore, respondents from central region (aOR: 0.896; 95% CI: 0.819\u0026ndash;0.980; \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.0161) and northern region (aOR: 0.581; 95% CI: 0.512\u0026ndash;0.659; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001), had also reduced odds of having correct knowledge about TB transmission compared to those from the southern region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeterminants of correct and adequate knowledge about tuberculosis transmission among adult men and women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnivariate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultivariable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrOR 95% (CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldItalic\"\u003eP-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR 95% (CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldItalic\"\u003eP-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual-level factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.150 (1.085\u0026ndash;1.218)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.012 (0.949\u0026ndash;1.079)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7118\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.279 (1.206\u0026ndash;1.357)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.219 (1.145\u0026ndash;1.297)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.256 (1.175\u0026ndash;1.342)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.275 (1.187\u0026ndash;1.371)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.173 (1.064\u0026ndash;1.293)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0014\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.239 (1.116\u0026ndash;1.375)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.181 (1.083\u0026ndash;1.286)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.253 (1.144\u0026ndash;1.371)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary or high\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.225 (2.022\u0026ndash;2.447)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.000 (1.793\u0026ndash;2.232)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWealth index\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.140 (1.048\u0026ndash;1.240)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.081 (0.993\u0026ndash;1.176)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0734\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.238 (1.139\u0026ndash;1.346)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.106 (1.016\u0026ndash;1.205)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0205\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRicher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.324 (1.218\u0026ndash;1.439)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.096 (1.005\u0026ndash;1.196)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0387\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.822 (1.670\u0026ndash;1.987)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.166 (1.053\u0026ndash;1.292)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.063 (0.828\u0026ndash;1.364)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6319\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.957 (0.743\u0026ndash;1.232)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7339\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCCAP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.212 (0.944\u0026ndash;1.557)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1322\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.037 (0.804\u0026ndash;1.338)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7768\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnglican\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.110 (0.845\u0026ndash;1.459)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4523\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.145 (0.868\u0026ndash;1.510)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3365\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeventh Day Adventist/Baptist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.305 (1.006\u0026ndash;1.693)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0452\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.073 (0.824\u0026ndash;1.398)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6004\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther Christian\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.964 (0.754\u0026ndash;1.231)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7675\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.951 (0.742\u0026ndash;1.219)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6936\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.042 (0.804\u0026ndash;1.352)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7541\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.020 (0.777\u0026ndash;1.339)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8855\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo religion/other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmount of media exposure\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.103 (1.038\u0026ndash;1.172)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0015\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.010 (0.948\u0026ndash;1.076)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7571\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.306 (1.218\u0026ndash;1.399)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.056 (0.978\u0026ndash;1.140)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1621\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.787 (1.636\u0026ndash;1.959)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.190 (1.076\u0026ndash;1.315)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.934 (0.864\u0026ndash;1.010)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0885\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.011 (0.931\u0026ndash;1.097)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7992\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProfessional/technical/managerial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.911 (1.676\u0026ndash;2.180)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.336 (1.166\u0026ndash;1.531)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClerical/sales/services\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.028 (0.917\u0026ndash;1.153)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6346\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.893 (0.795\u0026ndash;1.004)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0588\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgricultural employee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.841 (0.780\u0026ndash;0.907)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.909 (0.843\u0026ndash;0.981)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0143\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSkilled manual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.125 (0.976\u0026ndash;1.296)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1032\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.983 (0.850\u0026ndash;1.137)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8176\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnskilled manual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis can be cured\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.088 (1.960\u0026ndash;2.223)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.708 (1.600\u0026ndash;1.823)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunity-level factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.674 (1.528\u0026ndash;1.835)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.165 (1.063\u0026ndash;1.277)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0011\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeographical region\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNorthern\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.588 (0.533\u0026ndash;0.650)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.581 (0.512\u0026ndash;0.659)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.777 (0.715\u0026ndash;0.845)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.896 (0.819\u0026ndash;0.980)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0161\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChewa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.214 (1.025\u0026ndash;1.439)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0249\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.052 (0.878\u0026ndash;1.259)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5836\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTumbuka\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.125 (0.941\u0026ndash;1.345)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1956\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.054 (0.886\u0026ndash;1.253)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5553\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLomwe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.709 (1.434\u0026ndash;2.036)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.286 (1.066\u0026ndash;1.551)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0086\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTonga\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.919 (0.738\u0026ndash;1.145)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4520\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.898 (0.727\u0026ndash;1.108)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3158\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYao\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.423 (1.184\u0026ndash;1.710)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.122 (0.911\u0026ndash;1.382)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2769\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSena\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.387 (1.120\u0026ndash;1.719)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0028\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.100 (0.881\u0026ndash;1.373)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4018\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNkhonde\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.199 (0.914\u0026ndash;1.572)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1900\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.146 (0.878\u0026ndash;1.497)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3156\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNgoni\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.398 (1.168\u0026ndash;1.673)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.063 (0.882\u0026ndash;1.281)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5220\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMang'anja\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.484 (1.173\u0026ndash;1.877)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0010\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.086 (0.850\u0026ndash;1.386)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5110\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNyanja\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.251 (0.979\u0026ndash;1.599)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0735\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.997 (0.780\u0026ndash;1.274)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9807\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB, tuberculosis; CrOR, Crude Odds Ratio; AOR, adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; \u0026Dagger;Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine, Frequency of listening to radio and frequency of watching television; \u0026dagger;Composite measure of a household\u0026rsquo;s cumulative living standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of the current study was to examine the prevalence and factors associated with the correct knowledge concerning TB transmission among adults in Malawi. An understanding of such knowledge and its predictors is of great essence as it may help TB control programme managers and policymakers to develop effective community based health promotion programs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Researchers have reported that individuals with lower levels of health knowledge are generally 1.5 to 3 times more likely to have poor health outcomes than their counterparts with higher literacy or health-related knowledge levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Specifically, inadequate and poor health knowledge has been consistently associated with overall (1) individual\u0026rsquo;s poor health status, (2) lack of engagement with health care providers, (3) decreased comprehension of medical information, (4) lack of knowledge about medical conditions and related care, (5) increased mortality, (6) poor use of preventive health services, (7) poor self-reported health, and (8) increased rate and longer stay of hospitalizations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The present study showed that the majority of the participants had correct knowledge regarding TB transmission. Additionally, this study found that being in the age group 35\u0026ndash;44 years, having secondary or high education, being in the richest household, exposure to all the three mode of mass media, being in professional/technical/managerial, having knowledge that TB can be cured and being urban dwellers were significantly associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs with previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], this study found that an increase in age was significantly associated with self-reported correct knowledge about TB transmission among adults in Malawi. Specifically, individual of age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25\u0026nbsp;years and above had more correct knowledge about TB transmission. Similarly, another study reported that correct answers to questions concerning TB were associated with increasing age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Generally, the reason behind the TB knowledge getting increased with advanced age, possibly may be that older individuals might have had developed more correct attitudes and behaviors regarding the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found also that respondents who had secondary or high education had higher likelihood of having correct knowledge about TB transmission. Our results are consistent with prior literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. The explanation to this result might be that the highly educated people have great likelihood of having access to different sources of information and easily understand more complex messages [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Eventually, improved levels of education in the community can improve cognitive level and increase the general knowledge about infection control including TB and the general health of the people [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, as with previous literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], the current study found that respondents from the richest households had high chances of having correct knowledge about TB transmission. Generally, the an explanation to this finding might be that, people from households with better income, usually tend to have higher probability of acquiring improved health knowledge and better health seeking behavior [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn agreement with previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], this study found that respondents who had exposed to television, radio and newspaper, being in professional/technical/managerial, having knowledge that TB can be cured and being urban dwellers were associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission. It is reported that, the media form a crucial role in patients\u0026rsquo; knowledge about TB and, therefore, underscores the requisite for TB health education programmes among disadvantaged households [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, these findings suggest that respondents from urban areas may be more exposed for messages or information such as mass media and other health-related messages (e.g. television, ratio, newspapers, posters or billboards, peer educators, etc.) than women from rural areas who usually come from low socioeconomic backgrounds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, respondents with white collar jobs, might have easy access to health knowledge due to the nature of the education and work [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e] and in turn may have the knowledge and they can develop positive attitude that TB can be cured.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Strengths And Limitations","content":" \u003cp\u003eThis study in not without limitations. This study cannot determine the causation between the exposure variables and the outcome variable due to the cross-sectional nature of the study design. Additionally, this study did not look into the association between HIV/AIDS and TB since co-infection of these two conditions poses a significant challenge. However, despite these limitations, the findings presented in this study would contribute to our understanding of the determinants of TB transmission which may improve the quality of TB management in Malawi. These results can be generalized owing to the use of the large national survey with suitable sampling method and high response rate.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study revealed that if appropriate strategies for TB communication and education to address the rural masses, young individuals, poor individuals, and individuals in the agriculture sector are put it place, can enhance TB prevention in Malawi.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"List Of Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eaORs, adjusted odds ratios\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFR, Code of Federal Regulations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCHSU, Community Health Sciences Unit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCis, confidence intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDOTs, Directly Observed Therapy short course\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGEE, generalized estimating equation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHIV, human immunodeficiency virus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMDHS, Malawi Demographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMTB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNCDs, non-communicable diseases\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNSO, National Statistical Office\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCA, principal component analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSDG, Sustainable Development Goal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEAs, standard enumeration areas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB, tuberculosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO, World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2015/16 MDHS was implemented by the NSO and the Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU). The protocols and procedures that were developed for data collection were reviewed and approved by the ICF Macro Institutional Review Board (ICF Macro IRB) and the Malawi National Health Science Research Committee. The MDHS 2015\u0026ndash;2016 complied with all requirements of the US Department of Health and Human Services\u0026rsquo; the 45 Code of Federal Regulations 46 (45 CFR 46), Protection of Human Subjects [38]. Before this study was conducted, the authors sought permission from the MEASURE DHS for use of the data beyond the primary purpose by which data were collected. At the beginning of each interview, informed consent (both written and oral consent) was obtained from all eligible participants. Furthermore, a parent or guardian provided consent prior to the participation by a child or anybody below the age of 18 years [38].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the present study are available in The DHS Program repository, https://dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares that he has no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors conceived and led the study. PAMN extracted the dataset, CCS, SG, and OK prepared the analysis plan, PAMN, AB, AM, and performed the data analysis. PAMN, RM, SB and GB wrote the manuscript. AS, AS, EM, CCS, and ON reviewed the manuscript critically. All authors approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors want to sincerely thank the National Statistical Office (NSO) and the Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU) of Malawi for data collection. The authors would like also give thanks to The DHS Program for providing him with the population-based dataset through their archives.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). Tuberculosis. Geneva, Switzl 2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/tuberculosis#tab=tab_1 (accessed June 5, 2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). Global tuberculosis report 2019. 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Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2016;20:202\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNyasulu P, Phiri F, Sikwese S, Chirwa T, Singini I, Banda HT, et al. Factors influencing delayed health care seeking among pulmonary tuberculosis suspects in rural communities in Ntcheu District, Malawi. Qual Health Res 2016;26:1275\u0026ndash;88.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFinnie RKC, Khoza LB, van den Borne B, Mabunda T, Abotchie P, Mullen PD. Factors associated with patient and health care system delay in diagnosis and treatment for TB in sub‐Saharan African countries with high burdens of TB and HIV. Trop Med Int Heal 2011;16:394\u0026ndash;411.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWarsi SMA, Danish SH, Ahmad F, Khan AI, Khan MP, Bano S, et al. Tuberculosis knowledge and health seeking behaviour: A tale of two districts of Sindh, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2016;66:1120\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFloyd K, Glaziou P, Houben R, Sumner T, White RG, Raviglione M. Global tuberculosis targets and milestones set for 2016\u0026ndash;2035: definition and rationale. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018;22:723\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMushtaq MU, Majrooh MA, Ahmad W, Rizwan M, Luqman MQ, Aslam MJ, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding tuberculosis in two districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010;14:303.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePengpid S, Peltzer K. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Tuberculosis in Timor-Leste: Results From the Demographic and Health Survey 2016. J Prev Med Public Heal 2019;52:115.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMondal MNI, Nazrul HM, Chowdhury MRK, Howard J. Socio-demographic factors affecting knowledge level of Tuberculosis patients in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Afr Health Sci 2014;14:855\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDatiko DG, Habte D, Jerene D, Suarez P. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to TB among the general population of Ethiopia: Findings from a national cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2019;14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHossain S, Zaman K, Quaiyum A, Banu S, Husain A, Islam A, et al. Factors associated with poor knowledge among adults on tuberculosis in Bangladesh: results from a nationwide survey. J Heal Popul Nutr 2015;34:2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreitas IM de, Popolin MP, Touso MM, Yamamura M, Rodrigues LBB, Santos Neto M, et al. Factors associated with knowledge about tuberculosis and attitudes of relatives of patients with the disease in Ribeir\u0026atilde;o Preto, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, Brazil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2015;18:326\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChizimba R, Christofides N, Chirwa T, Singini I, Ozumba C, Sikwese S, et al. The association between multiple sources of information and risk perceptions of tuberculosis, Ntcheu District, Malawi. PLoS One 2015;10:e0122998.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNyasulu P, Kambale S, Chirwa T, Umanah T, Singini I, Sikwese S, et al. Knowledge and perception about tuberculosis among children attending primary school in Ntcheu District, Malawi. J Multidiscip Healthc 2016;9:121.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNyasulu P, Sikwese S, Chirwa T, Makanjee C, Mmanga M, Babalola JO, et al. Knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions of tuberculosis among community members in Ntcheu district, Malawi. J Multidiscip Healthc 2018;11:375.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePortero Navio J L, Rubio Yuste M, Pasicatan M. Socio-economic determinants of knowledge and attitudes about tuberculosis among the general population of Metro Manila, Philippines. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6:301\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgho KE, Hall J, Ewald B. Determinants of the knowledge of and attitude towards tuberculosis in Nigeria. J Health Popul Nutr 2014;32:520.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Statistical Office, Community Health Sciences (CHSU), Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\u0026nbsp; and EU. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16. Antlanta, GA, USA, NSO, CHISU, CDC Emory Univ 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRutstein SO, Johnson K. The DHS wealth index. DHS comparative reports no. 6. Calvert ORC Macro 2004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe DHS Program. What-We-Do \u0026gt; Protecting the Privacy of DHS Survey Respondents. Meas DHS+, ORC Macro n.d. https://dhsprogram.com/What-We-Do/Protecting-the-Privacy-of-DHS-Survey-Respondents.cfm (accessed March 30, 2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKigozi NG, Heunis JC, Engelbrecht MC, Janse van Rensburg AP, van Rensburg HCJD. Tuberculosis knowledge, attitudes and practices of patients at primary health care facilities in a South African metropolitan: research towards improved health education. BMC Public Health 2017;17:795. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4825-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeWalt DA, Berkman ND, Sheridan S, Lohr KN, Pignone MP. Literacy and health outcomes. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19:1228\u0026ndash;39.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProtheroe J, Nutbeam D, Rowlands G. Health literacy: a necessity for increasing participation in health care 2009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJayasinghe UW, Harris MF, Parker SM, Litt J, van Driel M, Mazza D, et al. The impact of health literacy and life style risk factors on health-related quality of life of Australian patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2016;14:68.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOu Y, Luo Z, Mou J, Ming H, Wang X, Yan S, et al. Knowledge and determinants regarding tuberculosis among medical students in Hunan, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2018;18:730.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMontagna MT, Napoli C, Tafuri S, Agodi A, Auxilia F, Casini B, et al. Knowledge about tuberculosis among undergraduate health care students in 15 Italian universities: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2014;14:970.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eButler M, Talley KMC, Burns R, Ripley A, Rothman A, Johnson P, et al. Values of older adults related to primary and secondary prevention 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHassan AO, Olukolade R, Ogbuji QC, Afolabi S, Okwuonye LC, Kusimo OC, et al. Knowledge about tuberculosis: a precursor to effective TB control\u0026mdash;findings from a follow-up national KAP study on tuberculosis among Nigerians. Tuberc Res Treat 2017;2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuddart S, Bossuroy T, Pons V, Baral S, Pai M, Delavallade C. Knowledge about tuberculosis and infection prevention behavior: A nine city longitudinal study from India. PLoS One 2018;13:e0206245.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKusheno FT, Nguse TM, Gebretekle GB. Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude of Tuberculosis Patients in Direct Observation Therapy Program towards Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Tuberc Res Treat 2020;2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGill HK, Gill N, Young SD. Online technologies for health information and education: a literature review. J Consum Health Internet 2013;17:139\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNtenda PAM, Chuang K-Y, Tiruneh FN, Chuang Y-C. Analysis of the effects of individual and community level factors on childhood immunization in Malawi. Vaccine 2017;35:1907\u0026ndash;17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang M, Han X, Fang H, Xu C, Lin X, Xia S, et al. Impact of health education on knowledge and behaviors toward infectious diseases among students in Gansu Province, China. Biomed Res Int 2018;2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbadura SA, Lerebo WT, Kulkarni U, Mekonnen ZA. Individual and community level determinants of childhood full immunization in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health 2015;15:972.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCase A, Lubotsky D, Paxson C. Economic status and health in childhood: The origins of the gradient. Am Econ Rev 2002;92:1308\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHashim DS, Al Kubaisy W, Al Dulayme A. Knowledge, attitudes and practices survey among health care workers and tuberculosis patients in Iraq. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterr Heal Journal, 9 (4), 718-731, 2003 2003.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVandenplas Y, Basrowi RW, Sulistomo AW, Adi NP, Widyahening IS. Breastfeeding Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among White-Collar and Blue-Collar Workers in Indonesia 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-infectious-diseases","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"infd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Infectious Diseases](http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/infd","title":"BMC Infectious Diseases","twitterHandle":"#bmcinfectdis","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tuberculosis transmission, TB knowledge, Determinants, Malawi","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-72765/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-72765/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Correct knowledge about transmission of tuberculosis (TB) can influence better health-seeking behaviors, and in turn, it can aid TB prevention in society. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of self-reported correct knowledge about TB transmission among adults in Malawi.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: We conducted a secondary analysis of the data obtained from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, 2015/16 (MDHS 2015/16). Questions regarding self-reported TB transmission were computed to evaluate the correct knowledge about TB transmission. The factors associated with the correct knowledge about Tb were assessed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: Overall, the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission in the general population of Malawian adults was 61.5%. Specifically, the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission was 63.6% and 60.8% in men and women, respectively. Those aged 35–44 years, having secondary or high education, belonging to the richest household, being exposed to mass media, being in professional/technical/managerial, having knowledge\u0026nbsp;that “TB can be cured’, and those living in urban areas were significantly associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e: The findings of this study show that if appropriate strategies for TB communication and education to address the rural masses, young individuals, poor individuals, and individuals in the agriculture sector are put it place, can enhance TB prevention in Malawi.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Determinants of Self-Reported Correct Knowledge About Tuberculosis Transmission Among Men and Women in Malawi: Evidence from a Nationwide Household Survey.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-09-15 16:18:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-72765/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-09-22T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable pending editorial decision\n"},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-09-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-09-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-09-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-09-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-09-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2020-09-09T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-infectious-diseases","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"infd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Infectious Diseases](http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/infd","title":"BMC Infectious Diseases","twitterHandle":"#bmcinfectdis","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"68627d99-9500-43e6-a389-ee6dbcd885fe","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 15th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":516248,"name":"Infectious Diseases"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-01-31T15:02:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-72765","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05836-y","journal":{"identity":"bmc-infectious-diseases","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},"publishedOn":"2021-01-30 15:00:44","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 30th, 2021"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-09-15 16:18:20","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12879-021-05836-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05836-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-72765","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-72765","identity":"rs-72765","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}