Differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms: A possible new role for coagulation and fibrinolysis indicators

Differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms: A possible new role for coagulation and fibrinolysis indicators | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms: A possible new role for coagulation and fibrinolysis indicators Xuan Zhou，Na Tang，Lu Zeng, Shuangfeng Liu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3434892/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background: Abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis are often observed in malignant tumors, which are closely related to the invasiveness of tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of coagulation and fibrinolysis markers for differentiating between benign and malignant tumors. Methods: The levels of PT, APTT, TT, FIB, FDP, and D-dimer were analyzed in primary tumors (208 benign and 243 malignant) prior to biopsy or treatment. Additionally, a control group consisting of 400 healthy volunteers was included. Results: Significantly higher levels of PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer were found in the malignant tumor group compared with both the benign tumor group and control group (P＜0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that FIB was an important predictor of malignancy.The AUCs for FIB and D-dimer in differential diagnosing malignant tumors were 0.757（95% CI:0.692~0.821)and 0.790(95% CI:0.727~0.853), respectively. - both exceeding 0.75; their specificities for detecting malignancy were also high at 88.33% and 81.67%, respectively; while their positive predictive values reached up to 92.93% and 90.68%, respectively. The thresholds for the identification of malignant patients using the Youden index and were determined to be 3.185, and 0.335, respectively. The multivariate analysis indicated that FIB (≥3.185) (OR: 6.021, 95% CI: 2.290-15.828, P<0.001) and DD (≥0.335) (OR: 4.139, 95% CI: 1.420-12.060, P<0.01) demonstrated significant differences with the lower group.Furthermore, the combined detection of PT,FIB,D-dimer,and FDP could achieve an even higher diagnostic accuracy with AUCs was 0.834;specificities for detecting malignancy were 88.33%,while their positive predictive values were 93.58%. Finally, a combination factor involving these markers could provide valuable assistance in distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors. Conclusion: FIB(≥3.185) and D-dimer (≥0.355) alone and PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer in combination are more suitable for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors. Malignant tumour Benign tumour Coagulation Fibrinolysis Differential diagnosis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background As we all know, early detection of cancer greatly improves survival rates. Unfortunately, 50% of patients are not diagnosed until the cancer has progressed to an advanced stage. While there are promising biomarkers like circulating tumor DNA，circulating tumor cells, proteins, exosomes, and cancer metabolites that could aid in early detection, it is still a costly and time-consuming process to make them clinically useful. This issue is particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries where 70% of cancer deaths occur due to late diagnosis [1] . Late detection of cancer is a global problem, and it is exacerbated in low-resource Settings [2] . Coagulation and fibrinolytic indexes are widely used in hospitals of all grades. In this article, we will try to use coagulation and fibrinolytic indexes to distinguish benign and malignant tumors, so as to provide a cheaper and more convenient basis for differential diagnosis for people in resource-poor environments. The development of cancer involves dysregulation of molecular and cellular phenotypes, malignant transformation, abnormal features defining cancer, potentially fatal invasion and metastasis, as well as continued cell evolution and diversification [3] . Invasiveness is crucial for early detection of aggressive tumor evolution [2] . Matrix metalloproteinases are recognized as enzymes closely related to cancer metastasis, and their activation and up-regulation directly reflect the aggressiveness of cancer cells [4-5] . A large number of studies have found that plasmin can be used as an activator of matrix metalloproteinases such as MMP-1 [6] , MMP-9 [7] and MMP-3 [8] , and activated MMP-3 becomes an effective activator of 92-KDA pro-MMP-9 [8] . The expression of uPAR is high in various cancer tissues, including breast [9] , lung [10] , bladder [11] , ovary [12] , prostate [13] , liver [14] , colon [15] , pancreatic [16] and gastric cancer [17] . It is also highly expressed on stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as vascular endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, and tumor-associated macrophages [18] . The level of uPAR expression is closely associated with tumor aggressiveness and patient survival rates [19-21] . Numerous studies have demonstrated that high expression of UPAR-plasmin in cancer tissues can activate stromal metalloenzyme and synergistically promote tumor invasion [22-23] . Additionally, the elevated expressions of uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 are strongly correlated with the progression from benign to malignant ovarian tumors [24] . A large number of studies have confirmed that malignant tumors commonly exist abnormal coagulation, and the disorder of coagulation is considered to be one of the characteristics of malignant tumors [25] . Studies have found that fibrin formation and fibrinolysis are often parallel to the progression of various malignant tumors [26] . Fibrinolysis in various cancers implies the widespread presence of plasmin. A large number of studies have confirmed that Tissue factor (TF) is significantly expressed on the cell surface of various malignant tumors [27-31] , and TF is highly expressed in cancer tissues and tumor cells (CTCS) invaded into the blood circulation to activate factor VIIa (FVIIa). It increases tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) activity. Tumor cells use clots to induce reduced fluid shear stress (FSS), loss of nest apoptotic resistance, immune escape, adhesion, extravasation, and colonization [32] .and TF overexpression is often closely related to activation of proto-oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes, such as the appearance of mutated oncogenes K-ras and loss of p53 [33-34] . Thus, we can see that the activation of the coagulation system and fibrinolytic system are closely related to the acquisition of invasive malignancy. Introducing TF into the blood activated the exogenous thrombin pathway, which led to changes in laboratory thrombin time (PT)Based on the waterfall theory, the coagulation system can be activated not only by TF, but also by the activation of endogenous coagulation system [35] . Classically, when factor XII (FXII) touches negatively charged substances such as collagen on the surface, it transforms into FXIIa, which also activates FXI and then activates the endogenous coagulation system [36] . Recent studies have shown that FXII can be activated by extracellular vesicles(EVs) released by various malignant tumors [37] , suggesting that various malignant tumors may also activate the clotting system by activating endogenous clotting pathways. In laboratory tests, whether the endogenous thromboplastin system is activated can be detected by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test.Regardless of which coagulation system is activated, an increase in levels of fibrin degradation product (FDP) and D-dimer can be observed due to microthrombus formation. These products are generated during microthrombi lysis [38] . Therefore, we propose a hypothesis suggesting that coagulation and fibrinolytic indicators may be effective tools for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors，And so far has not retrieved a malignant tumor does not exist any of blood coagulation system disorder, We think that this feature is proved that the coagulation and fibrinolytic indexes can be used to distinguish of benign and malignant tumor, without having to consider malignancy potential species. APTT, PT, thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (FIB), FDP, and D-dimer are routinely measured indices of coagulation function in hospitals at all levels. If their association with benign and malignant tumors can be confirmed, it will provide a basis for early differential diagnosis. This research could potentially uncover new roles for coagulation test. Methods Patients and samples This cross-sectional study included a total of 208 patients with benign tumors and 243 patients with malignant tumors who were initially diagnosed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College in Sichuan Province between October 2018 and April 2021. Additionally, We collected blood clotting results from 400 healthy volunteers, 166 men and 234 women, with an average age of 43, as a control group. Exclusion criteria for this study included thrombosis or hemorrhagic diseases, trauma, surgical treatment, infection or tumor metastasis. Blood samples were obtained prior to biopsy or treatment. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, and informed consent was waived Coagulation system function test: We utilized an automatic coagulation instrument (Sysmex Model CA7000, Japan Hisimori Mikan Company) to measure various coagulation indexes (APTT, PT, TT, FIB, and FDP) using coagulation methods. D-dimer levels were measured using the turbidimetric method. Quality control tests were performed before sample analysis to ensure accuracy. Statistical analysis Data collected in this study were processed and analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21.0. Normality tests were conducted on all groups' data prior to analysis. Normally distributed data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (M±SD), and differences between groups were assessed using t-tests or one-way ANOVA. Non-normally distributed data are expressed as median (quartile). The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons between two groups while the Kruskal-Wallis H test was employed for comparisons among multiple groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of coagulation and hemostasis indexes in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors. The test level was α=0.05, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Patient and tumour characteristics In the newly diagnosed 243 malignant tumour group, 152 patients were male, and 91 patients were female, ranging in age from 27 to 93 years, with an average age of 63 years. The histopathological diagnoses of the 243 malignant tumours were as follows: 20 stomach cancer cases, 62 colon cancer cases, 40 lung cancer cases, 15 oesophageal cancer cases, 14 kidney cancer cases, 14 prostate cancer cases, 13 pancreatic cancer cases, 13 cervical cancer cases, 11 bladder cancer cases, 11 ovarian cancer cases, 10 breast cancer cases, 10 liver cancer cases and 10 bile duct cancer cases. In the newly diagnosed 208 benign tumour group, there were 42 males and 166 females, aged 22-79 years, with an average age of 48 years. The histopathological diagnoses of the benign tumours were as follows: 29 gastric tumours, 5 colon tumours, 1 benign tumour of the lung, 2 oesophageal tumours,4 adrenal tumours, 4 lipomas, 2 back soft tissue tumours, 2 multiple nerve tumours, 2 auricle tumours, 2 liver tumours, 2 ileocecal tumours, 2 muscle tumours, 2 intracranial tumours, 2 tumours of the breast, 2 soft tissue tumours, 2 scalp tumours, 1 hip tumour, and 1 thymoma,104 uterine fibroids, 31 cervical intraepithelial tumours,. Pairwise comparison of the control group and benign and malignant tumour groups There were no significant differences in the levels of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, FDP or D-dimer between the newly diagnosed benign tumor group and the control group (P>0.01) (Table 1, Figure 1). However, compared to the control group, PT was prolonged (P<0.01), TT was shortened (P<0.05), and there was an increase in levels of FIB, FDP and D-dimer (P<0.01) in the malignant tumor group (Table 2, Figure 1). Additionally, when comparing with the benign tumor group, PT was prolonged (P <0.01;Figure 1),TT was shortened(P <0.01),and elevated levels of FIB,FDP and D -dimer were observed in the malignant tumor group(P <0 .01)(Table3，Figure1). Table 1 Comparison of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, D-D, and FDP between the control group and benign tumour group [M(P 25 , P 75 )] Group N PT APTT FIB TT D-D FDP Control 400 11.5 (11.1, 11.9) 26.4 (24.2, 28.3) 2.41 (2.22, 2.76) 17.6 (17.0, 18.3) 0.17 (0.12, 0.25) 2.1 (1.1, 2.4) Benign 208 11.5 (11.0, 12.0) 25.7 (23.5, 28.1) 2.41 (2.19, 2.76) 17.6 (17.0, 18.3) 0.19 (0.13, 0.31) 2.3 (0.9, 2.6) Table 2 Comparison of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, D-D, and FDP between the control group and malignant tumour group [M(P 25 ， P 75 )] Group N PT APTT FIB TT D-D FDP Control 400 11.5 (11.1, 11.9) 26.4 (24.2, 28.3) 2.41 (2.22, 2.76) 17.6 (17.0, 18.3) 0.17 (0.12, 0.25) 2.1 (1.1, 2.4) Malignant 243 11.8 (11.1, 12.7) * 25.6 (23.4, 28.2) 3.56 (2.65, 4.52) * 17.3 (16.5, 18.3) * 0.52 (0.25, 0.92) * 2.5 (1.6, 3.8) * * indicates a significant difference by the Kruskal‒Wallis H test (P<0.05) Table 3 Comparison of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, D-D, and FDP between the benign tumour group and malignant tumour group [M(P 25 ， P 75 )] Group N PT APTT FIB TT D-D FDP Benign 208 11.5 (11, 12) 25.7 (23.5, 28.1) 2.41 (2.19, 2.76) 17.6 (17.0, 18.3) 0.19 (0.13, 0.31) 2.3 (0.9, 2.6) Malignant 243 11.8 (11.1, 12.7) * 25.6 (23.4, 28.2) 3.56 (2.65, 4.52) * 17.3 (16.5, 18.3) * 0.52 (0.25, 0.92) * 2.5 (1.6, 3.8) * * indicates a significant difference by the Kruskal‒Wallis H test (P<0.05) Comparison of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, D-D, and FDP between different types of malignant tumours and the control group Compared with the control group, the PT of newly diagnosed patients was relatively prolonged in lung cancer, oesophageal cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, liver cancer and bile duct cancer (P<0.05). APTT was relatively shortened in bowel cancer and cervical cancer, whereas it was prolonged in liver cancer (P<0.05). FIB levels were significantly elevated in all types of malignancies (P<0.05). TT was shortened in bowel cancer, gastric cancer, oesophageal cancer, ovarian cancer and breast cancer and prolonged in hepatocellular carcinoma (P<0.05). D-dimer levels were elevated in patients with all types of malignancies except pancreatic cancer and breast cancer (P<0.05). However, the FDP level was increased in patients with other types of malignant tumours except oesophageal cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer and bile duct cancer (P<0.05) (Table 4, Figure 2). Table 4 Comparison of coagulation function indexes between different types of malignant tumours and the control group [M(P 25 ， P 75 )] Group N PT APTT FIB TT D-D FDP Control 400 11.5(11.1, 11.9) 26.4(24.2, 28.3) 2.41(2.22, 2.76) 17.6(17.0, 18.3) 0.17(0.12, 0.25) 2.1(1.1, 2.4) Colon cancer 62 11.7(11.0 , 12.5) 24.9(22.9 , 27.6) * 3.24(2.58 , 4.18) * 17.3(16.5 , 17.8) * 0.41(0.22 , 0.74) * 2.4(1.2 , 3.1) * Lung cancer 40 11.9(10.9 , 12.8 ) * 27.1(24.6 , 30.4 ) 4.12(2.66 , 5.43 ) * 17.5(16.7 , 18.3 ) 0.57(0.30 , 1.91 ) * 2.5(1.3 , 5.9 ) * Stomach cancer 20 11.6(11.2 , 12.3 ) 25.7(23.5 , 27.9 ) 4.02(3.32 , 4.62 ) * 16.8(16.0 , 17.8 ) * 0.59(0.26 , 0.69 ) * 2.4(1.6 , 3.2 ) * Oesophageal cancer 15 12.0(11.6 , 13.0 ) * 27.2(25.8 , 28.2 ) 3.89(3.20 , 5.18 ) * 17.0(16.2 , 17.6 ) * 0.35(0.23 , 0.47 ) * 2.3(1.0 , 3.1 ) Kidney cancer 14 11.6(11.3 , 12.0 ) 25.6(22.4 , 27.2 ) 2.96(2.37 , 4.43 ) * 18.1(16.9 , 19.0 ) 0.38(0.17 , 1.02 ) * 2.6(1.5 , 4.2 ) * Prostate cancer 14 12.0(11.6 , 12.2 ) * 24.7(23.2 , 27.3 ) 3.16(2.37 , 4.36 ) * 17.3(16.2 , 18.3 ) 0.62(0.39 , 0.79 ) * 2.6(1.5 , 3.5 ) * Pancreatic cancer 13 12.3(10.8 , 12.9 ) 25.6(23.3 , 30.7 ) 4.02(3.73 , 4.53 ) * 17.8(16.6 , 19.3 ) 0.29(0.15 , 1.16 ) 2.6(1.8 , 11.2 ) * Cervical cancer 13 11.5(11.3 , 12.5 ) 23.5(22.1 , 26.0 ) * 2.76(2.46 , 3.79 ) * 17.9(17.1 , 18.6 ) 0.68(0.30 , 1.61 ) * 2.4(1.4 , 5.6 ) Bladder cancer 11 12.0(11.4 , 12.7 ) * 24.5(22.4 , 28.2 ) 2.95(2.44 , 3.49 ) * 17.4(17.1 , 18.4 ) 0.62(0.27 , 1.44 ) * 2.6(1.2 , 4.3 ) * Ovarian cancer 11 11.5(10.9 , 12.3 ) 24.8(22.8 , 29.8 ) 4.16(3.32 , 4.51 ) * 16.5(15.5 , 17.1 ) * 1.25(0.71 , 2.03 ) * 5.7(2.4 , 14.1 ) * Breast cancer 10 11.2(10.6 , 11.9 ) 25.2(22.2 , 27.5 ) 2.60(2.45 , 3.25 ) * 16.8(16.4 , 17.5 ) * 0.76(0.26 , 3.38 ) 3.1(2.1 , 6.8 ) Liver cancer 10 13.7(12.5 , 14.5 ) * 29.0(26.9 , 34.4 ) * 3.42(2.31 , 4.80 ) * 18.9(17.2 , 19.8 ) * 3.90(0.75 , 15.83 ) * 6.4(4.0 , 28.8 ) * Bile duct cancer 10 12.7(11.8 , 13.5 ) * 28.0(24.9 , 30.6 ) 4.16(3.88 , 4.96 ) * 18.1(17.2 , 18.8 ) 0.39(0.32) * 2.0(1.6) * indicates a significant difference by the Mann‒Whitney test (P<0.05) Establishment of the differential diagnosis thresholds of benign and malignant tumors and assessment of the diagnostic accuracy and value of joint diagnosis The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the indicators in distinguishing between benign and malignant tumours. According to the established ROC curves and related results, the AUC values of FIB (0.757) and D-dimer (0.790) were significantly higher than those of PT (0.599) and FDP (0.645) (Table 5). The thresholds for the identification of malignant patients using PT, FIB, D-dimer, and FDP were obtained from the AUC analysis using the Youden index and were determined to be 11.65, 3.185, 0.335 and 2.85, respectively (Table 6, Figure 3). The FIB,D-dimer and FDP thresholds had high specificity (88.33%,81.67% and 88.33%, respectively) and high positive predictive value (92.93%, 90.68% and 90.54%, respectively). In addition, a high diagnostic accuracy of FIB (66.51%) and D-dimer (71.56%) for malignant tumours was also observed (Figure 3, Table 5, and Table 6). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to establish a model based on the combined detection of indicators for the diagnosis of malignant tumours. Model, which was the combined detection of PT, FIB, D-dimer and FDP, had the following formula: Combined factor =PT+32.679×FIB+110.179×DD-3.464×FDP. For combination of PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer, the AUC values of the model for the diagnosis of malignant tumour patients (Model : 0.834) was higher than those of PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer alone (AUC: PT 0.599, FIB 0.757, D-dimer 0.790, and FDP 0.645) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the accuracy and positive predictive value of the combined diagnosis was significantly improved (Model : 71.10%,93.58%).It’s conducive to reducing the rate of missed diagnosis (Figure 3, Table 5, and Table 6). Table 5 Accuracy evaluation of PT, FIB, DD, FDP and joint indexes Index AUC Standard error 95% CI P Cut-off Accuracy (%) PT 0.599 0.041 0.519~0.678 0.025 11.65 58.26%(127/218) FIB 0.757 0.033 0.692~0.821 0.000 3.185 66.51%(145/218) D-dimer 0.790 0.032 0.727~0.853 0.000 0.335 71.56%(156/218) FDP 0.645 0.038 0.570~0.720 0.001 2.85 55.05%(120/218) Joint index 0.834 0.029 0.778~0.890 0.000 153.298 71.10%(155/218) Joint index —PT, FIB, D-dimer and FDP. Table 6 Accuracy evaluation of PT, FIB, D-dimer, FDP and joint indexes Index Specificity (%) Sensitivity (%) PPV (%) NPV (%) PT 61.67%(37/60) 56.96%(90/158) 79.65%(90/113) 35.24%(37/105) FIB 88.33%(53/60) 58.23%(92/158) 92.93%(92/99) 44.54%(53/119) D-dimer 81.67%(49/60) 67.72%(107/158) 90.68%(107/118) 49.00%(49/100) FDP 88.33%(53/60) 42.41%(67/158) 90.54%(67/74) 36.81%(53/144) Joint index 88.33%(53/60) 64.56%(102/158) 93.58%(102/109) 48.62%(53/109) Joint index —PT, FIB, D-dimer and FDP. Binary variable logistic regression analysis of DD, PIC, SF and TAT Threshold values for PT, FIB, DD and FDP were used as binary variables in a univariate analysis. The analysis revealed significant differences in PT(≥11.65)(OR: 2.129, 95% CI: 1.159-3.912, P＜0.01), FIB(≥ 3.185)(OR: 10.554, 95% CI: 4.514-24.674, P＜0.001), DD(≥0.355)(OR: 9.346, 95% CI: 4.486-19.472, P＜0.001) and FDP(≥2.85)(OR: 5.575, 95% CI: 2.385-13.030, P＜0.001). These variables were utilized in further multivariate analysis with sex and age (Table 7). The multivariate analysis indicated that FIB (≥3.185) (OR: 6.021, 95% CI: 2.290-15.828, P<0.001) and DD (≥0.355) (OR: 4.139, 95% CI: 1.420-12.060, P<0.01) demonstrated significant differences. The FIB (over 3.185)) and DD (over 0.355) values indicated that they represent suitable markers for detecting malignancy (Table 7). Table 7 Logistic analysis of binary variables Univariate logistic analysis Multiple logistic analysis Factor OR 95%CI p-value Factor OR 95%CI p-value PT ( ≥ 11.65) 2.129 1.159-3.912 0.015 Sex(male) 0.608 0.288-1.282 0.191 FIB ( ≥ 3.185) 10.554 4.514-24.674 ＜ 0.001 Age( ≥ 60) 3.899 1.831-8.305 ＜ 0.001 DD ( ≥ 0.335) 9.346 4.486-19.472 ＜ 0.001 PT( ≥ 11.65) 1.258 0.587-2.698 0.555 FDP ( ≥ 2.85) 5.575 2.385-13.030 ＜ 0.001 FIB( ≥ 3.185 ) 6.021 2.290-15.828 ＜ 0.001 DD( ≥ 0.335) 4.139 1.420-12.060 0.009 FDP( ≥ 2.85) 0.832 0.239-2.900 0.773 Discussion A large number of literatures have shown that abnormal coagulation system is common in various malignant tumors [9 ， 39] ，The activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis systems is closely related to the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumor cells [40] , which are completely different from those of benign tumors.In this preliminary study, the potential of various coagulation and fibrinolysis markers markers in distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors was tentatively validated. Our findings indicated a significant elevation in PT, FIB, and D-dimer levels among individuals with newly diagnosed malignant tumors compared to those with benign tumors and the control group (Table 2, Table 3). In the classification of malignant tumours, we can see that at least two or more indexes of PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer would appear abnormal in all types of malignancies (table 4), indicating the activation of the coagulation system in all kinds of malignancies. However, there was no significant difference in these measures between the newly diagnosed benign tumour group and the control group (table 1). TF or FXII can further activate the coagulation system to form microthrombus, which is degraded by plasmin to form FDP and D-dimer.The TF-mediated activation of the exogenous thrombin pathway could be tested by PT, and the activation of the endogenous thrombin pathway by activated factor XII could be tested by APTT [35-38] . In the analysis of classifying malignant tumors, we observed that PT prolongation was predominantly associated with malignant tumors, indicating the activation of exogenous coagulation pathway. The results further confirmed the role of TF and exogenous coagulation pathway in triggering coagulation in most malignant tumors. Conversely, cervical cancer patients with APTT prolongation exhibited activation of the endogenous coagulation pathway. In liver cancer patients, both internal and external coagulation pathways were activated due to the production of multiple clotting factors in the liver. ROC curves were used to evaluate the auxiliary diagnostic value of these four indicators in malignant tumours, and the results showed that the AUCs of PT, FIB, D-dimer and FDP in the diagnosis of malignant tumours were 0.599, 0.757, 0.790 and 0.645, respectively. It is clear that FIB and D-dimer have higher diagnostic efficacy for malignant tumours. Thresholds for the identification of malignant patients using PT, FIB, D-D, and FDP were obtained from the AUC analysis and were determined to be 11.65, 3.185, 0.335 and 2.85, respectively. It can be seen from the ROC curves of single indexes that FIB and D-dimer have relatively strong specificity (FIB: 88.33%, D-dimer: 81.67%) and positive predictive value (FIB: 92.93%, D-dimer: 90.68%). Binary variable logistic regression analysis shows that FIB>3.185 and D-D>0.335 are better indicators for the differentiation of benign and malignant tumours. In addition, logistic regression analysis was used to establish the ROC curves of PT, FIB, D-dimer, and FDP combined. The AUCs of the combined detection of Joint indexes in the diagnosis of malignant tumours were 0.834，The diagnostic efficacy of combination indexes was higher than that of single indexes. FDP, D-dimer, and FIB have been found to be elevated in various types of cancer including ovarian, lung, breast, and colon cancer [41,42] . Studies have shown that serum levels of D-dimer and FIB are closely linked to tumor staging in multiple cancers [43] . FIB and FDP play an important role in the pathophysiology of tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis [44,45] Plasma fibrinogen regulates the migration and invasion of tumor cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by regulating the expression of Slug and ZEB1 [46] . FIB deficiency affects tumor metastasis in mouse models [47] . D-dimer and FDP are the evidence that plasminogen is activated. Some studies have attempted to use coagulation and fibrinolysis markers in the differential diagnosis of more than 9 soft tissue sarcomas and more than 7 benign tumors without regard to stage or type [48] . We have shown that coagulation and fibrinolytic functions are universally activated in various malignant tumors, which is completely different from benign tumors.We further tried to use coagulation and fibrinolysis markers in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors. and in this study, we preliminary confirmed that FIB>3.185 and D-D>0.335 are suitable indicators for the differentiation of benign and malignant tumours. And PT, FIB, D - dimer, and FDP combined can further improve the diagnostic efficiency. Conclusion Our results fully showed that the coagulation and fibrinolysis indexes of malignant tumors were significantly different from those of benign tumors and normal controls. In the classification analysis of more than 20 different types malignant tumors, we clearly saw that each malignant tumor had at least one abnormal coagulation or fibrinolysis index. In addition, our research results and statistical analysis fully confirmed FIB>3.185 and D-D>0.335 are suitable indicators for the differentiation of benign and malignant tumours，Moreover, the combination of PT, FIB, D-dimer, and FDP can further improve the diagnostic efficiency of differential diagnosis. Based on our results, we believe that coagulation and fibrinolysis markers are likely to be useful in differentiating malignant from benign tumors regardless of the type of tumor, since they are closely related to the acquisition of tumor invasiveness. The results of our study can provide help for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors in patients with mass or tumor-related symptoms and signs, or during follow-up observation. Moreover, they can also be used as one of the auxiliary diagnostic indicators of malignant tumors combined with existing tumor markers to play a good differential diagnosis role. The study's limitations encompassed its retrospective nature and the inclusion of a limited number of patients. In addition, due to the large number of benign and malignant tumour types, some types of benign and malignant tumours were not included in this study. In addition, various malignant tumor and blood coagulation and fibrinolytic indexes in different stages may have different threshold, we will in the future study in verify one by one. Declarations Acknowledgements This work was supported by Sichuan Provincial Health Commission No.17PJ577; Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Sichuan Province, No.15ZB0237; Natural Science Project of Chengdu Medical college, No. CYZ17-18; Sichuan University Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program, No. S201913705100; Natural Science Project of Laboratory Medicine of Chengdu Medical College, No. JyZK202208. 成都医学院调研类大创，2023dy206，2023dy168. Thanks to statistics expert Professor Weizhong Chen for statistical guidance and suggestions. Conflict of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest. Shuangfeng Liu contributed to the study concept and design. Xuan Zhou , Shuangfeng Liu designed the data collection. Xuan Zhou performed the data collection and statistical analyses, and all authors (Xuan Zhou, Na Tang, Lu Zeng, Shuangfeng Liu) contributed to the interpretation of data, provided substantial scientific contributions to the revisions of the manuscript, and approved the final version of the manuscript. Ethical approval All research procedures involving human subjects meet the ethical standards of the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Chengdu Medical University, as well as the ethical guidelines of the China National Food and Drug Administration and the National Health Commission "Quality Management Practice for Drug Clinical Trials (2020)", WMA "Declaration of Helsinki (2013)" and CIOMS "International Ethical Guidelines for Human Biology Research Renewal (2016)"The project met the Chengdu Medical College Biomedical Ethics Committee's exemption from informed consent requirements. References [1]World Health Organization, Fact sheet: Cancer; www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer . [2] DAVID CROSBY , SANGEETA BHATIA , KEVIN M. BRINDLE , etal. Early detection of cancer .Science.18 Mar 2022.Vol 375, Issue 6586. [3]D. Hanahan, R. A. Weinberg, Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell .144, 646–674 (2011). [4]Cui N, Hu M, Khalil RA. 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[48]Kunihiro Asanuma, Tomoki Nakamura, Tomohito Hagi, Takayuki Okamoto, Kouji Kita, Koichi Nakamura, Yumi Matsuyama, Keisuke Yoshida, Yumiko Asanuma, Akihiro Sudo Significance of coagulation and fibrinolysis markers for benign and malignant soft tissue tumors .BMC Cancer. 2021; 21: 364. Published online 2021 Apr 7. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08091-1. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Conflictofinterest.docx The authors report no conflicts of interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3434892","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":241421795,"identity":"79a1cc93-cf79-46e9-8269-622d7cd2f8fa","order_by":0,"name":"Xuan Zhou，Na Tang，Lu Zeng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chengdu Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xuan","middleName":"Zhou，Na Tang，Lu","lastName":"Zeng","suffix":""},{"id":241421797,"identity":"1ad1380b-49a1-4d5c-80a6-7b34b38b6c66","order_by":1,"name":"Shuangfeng Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxmbmgw8+VNTI2bc3EKmFub0t2XDGmWPGBjwHiNTC3nPGTJq3jTlxg0QCkVp4ZySYSfCcYWPcLvl44w2GGptoglokZyQkW0hUyDBbzk4rtmA4lpbbQEiL4YyEgzcMzrCxMdzOMZNgbDhMWIv9jcQGicQ2Zh6Gm2eI1MLYc5hJ4mAbs4TBDR5itbS3MRs2nDlmINkD9EsCMX5hbOb/+PhPRU19P/vhjTc+1NgQ1oIMDIiOGiQtpOoYBaNgFIyCkQEAAOJDIJ5g9AgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Chengdu Medical College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuangfeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-12 03:14:20","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3434892/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3434892/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49434234,"identity":"1aee0cc9-1194-45e7-a01d-750d1b8761e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 19:28:43","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvaluation of PT, FIB, TT, DD, and FDP in the control group, benign tumour group and malignant tumour group. Compared with those of the control and benign tumour groups, PT was prolonged, TT was shortened, and FIB, FDP and D-dimer levels were increased in the malignant tumour group. **** indicates a statistically significant difference with P\u0026lt;0.0001. *, indicates a statistically significant difference with P\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3434892/v2/28b422ff2cdc4e4ce096d65a.png"},{"id":49434231,"identity":"7a75eb93-1bda-4bd9-b96b-9c069dfd5f85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 19:28:43","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46920,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of the average values of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, DD, and FDP in patients with various malignant tumours and control group participants. *, indicates a statistically significant difference with P\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3434892/v2/8063052ce784fc590c60c71c.png"},{"id":49434233,"identity":"61638c4d-fe7d-49c3-b6d0-5e16f0a26c45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 19:28:43","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109365,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eROC curves for PT, FIB, DD, FDP and their combinations in the diagnosis of malignant tumours\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3434892/v2/2bfd42e05d5b03af6eaa90ab.png"},{"id":49434669,"identity":"7f2d3c13-04c7-4341-ae1f-76095c4d26e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 19:44:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":596379,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3434892/v2/e2051366-3b63-4a78-a1cc-f7d9e0789376.pdf"},{"id":49434569,"identity":"2dfc0dfa-0a93-455d-b25a-5a3ea3bbe87e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 19:36:43","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":14916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors report no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Conflictofinterest.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3434892/v2/a9a9c1ee337b4bac82a4cdc7.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifferentiating benign and malignant neoplasms: A possible new role for coagulation and fibrinolysis indicators\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs we all know, early detection of cancer greatly improves survival rates. Unfortunately, 50% of patients are not diagnosed until the cancer has progressed to an advanced stage. While there are promising biomarkers like circulating tumor DNA，circulating tumor cells, proteins, exosomes, and cancer metabolites that could aid in early detection, it is still a costly and time-consuming process to make them clinically useful. This issue is particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries where 70% of cancer deaths occur due to late diagnosis\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e. Late detection of cancer is a global problem, and it is exacerbated in low-resource Settings\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoagulation and fibrinolytic indexes are widely used in hospitals of all grades. In this article, we will try to use coagulation and fibrinolytic indexes to distinguish benign and malignant tumors, so as to provide a cheaper and more convenient basis for differential diagnosis for people in resource-poor environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe development of cancer involves dysregulation of molecular and cellular phenotypes, malignant transformation, abnormal features defining cancer, potentially fatal invasion and metastasis, as well as continued cell evolution and diversification \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e. Invasiveness is crucial for early detection of aggressive tumor evolution\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMatrix metalloproteinases are recognized as enzymes closely related to cancer metastasis, and their activation and up-regulation directly reflect the aggressiveness of cancer cells\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[4-5]\u003c/sup\u003e. A large number of studies have found that plasmin can be used as an activator of matrix metalloproteinases such as MMP-1\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c/sup\u003e, MMP-9\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c/sup\u003e and MMP-3\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c/sup\u003e, and activated MMP-3 becomes an effective activator of 92-KDA pro-MMP-9 \u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe expression of uPAR is high in various cancer tissues, including breast \u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c/sup\u003e, lung\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[10]\u003c/sup\u003e, bladder\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[11]\u003c/sup\u003e, ovary \u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c/sup\u003e, prostate\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[13]\u003c/sup\u003e, liver\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[14]\u003c/sup\u003e, colon\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[15]\u003c/sup\u003e, pancreatic\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[16]\u003c/sup\u003e and gastric cancer\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[17]\u003c/sup\u003e. It is also highly expressed on stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as vascular endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, and tumor-associated macrophages\u003csup\u003e[18]\u003c/sup\u003e. The level of uPAR expression is closely associated with tumor aggressiveness and patient survival rates\u003csup\u003e[19-21]\u003c/sup\u003e. Numerous studies have demonstrated that high expression of UPAR-plasmin in cancer tissues can activate stromal metalloenzyme and synergistically promote tumor invasion\u003csup\u003e[22-23]\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, the elevated expressions of uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 are strongly correlated with the progression from benign to malignant ovarian tumors\u003csup\u003e[24]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA large number of studies have confirmed that malignant tumors commonly exist abnormal coagulation, and the disorder of coagulation is considered to be one of the characteristics of malignant tumors\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[25]\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies have found that fibrin formation and fibrinolysis are often parallel to\u0026nbsp;the progression of various malignant tumors \u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e. Fibrinolysis in various cancers implies the widespread presence of plasmin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA large number of studies have confirmed that Tissue factor (TF) is significantly expressed on the cell surface of various malignant tumors \u003csup\u003e[27-31]\u003c/sup\u003e, and TF is highly expressed in cancer tissues and tumor cells (CTCS) invaded into the blood circulation to activate factor VIIa (FVIIa). It increases tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) activity. Tumor cells use clots to induce reduced fluid shear stress (FSS), loss of nest apoptotic resistance, immune escape, adhesion, extravasation, and colonization \u003csup\u003e[32]\u003c/sup\u003e.and TF overexpression is often closely related to activation of proto-oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes, such as the appearance of mutated oncogenes K-ras and loss of p53\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[33-34]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, we can see that the activation of the coagulation system and fibrinolytic system are closely related to the acquisition of invasive malignancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroducing TF into the blood activated the exogenous thrombin\u0026nbsp;pathway, which led to changes in laboratory thrombin time (PT)Based on the waterfall theory, the coagulation system can be activated not only by TF, but also by the activation of endogenous coagulation system \u003csup\u003e[35]\u003c/sup\u003e. Classically, when factor XII (FXII) touches negatively charged substances such as collagen on the surface, it transforms into FXIIa, which also activates FXI and then activates the endogenous coagulation system \u003csup\u003e[36]\u003c/sup\u003e. Recent studies have shown that FXII can be activated by extracellular vesicles(EVs) released by various malignant tumors \u003csup\u003e[37]\u003c/sup\u003e, suggesting that various malignant tumors may also activate the clotting system by activating endogenous clotting pathways. In laboratory tests, whether the endogenous thromboplastin system is activated can be detected by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test.Regardless of which coagulation system is activated, an increase in levels of fibrin degradation product (FDP) and D-dimer can be observed due to microthrombus formation. These products are generated during microthrombi lysis \u003csup\u003e[38]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, we propose a hypothesis suggesting that coagulation and\u0026nbsp;fibrinolytic\u0026nbsp;indicators may be effective tools for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors，And so far has not retrieved a malignant tumor does not exist any of blood coagulation system disorder, We think that this feature is proved that the coagulation and fibrinolytic indexes can be used to distinguish of benign and malignant tumor, without having to consider malignancy potential species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAPTT, PT, thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (FIB), FDP, and D-dimer are routinely measured indices of coagulation function in hospitals at all levels. If their association with benign and malignant tumors can be confirmed, it will provide a basis for early differential diagnosis. This research could potentially uncover new roles for coagulation test.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatients and samples\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study included a total of 208 patients with benign tumors and 243 patients with malignant tumors who were initially diagnosed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College in Sichuan Province between October 2018 and April 2021. Additionally, We collected blood clotting results from 400 healthy volunteers, 166 men and 234 women, with an average age of 43, as a control group. Exclusion criteria for this study included thrombosis or hemorrhagic diseases, trauma, surgical treatment, infection or tumor metastasis. Blood samples were obtained prior to biopsy or treatment. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, and informed consent was waived Coagulation system function test: We utilized an automatic coagulation instrument (Sysmex Model CA7000, Japan Hisimori Mikan Company) to measure various coagulation indexes (APTT, PT, TT, FIB, and FDP) using coagulation methods. D-dimer levels were measured using the turbidimetric method. Quality control tests were performed before sample analysis to ensure accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collected in this study were processed and analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21.0. Normality tests were conducted on all groups\u0026apos; data prior to analysis. Normally distributed data are presented as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation (M\u0026plusmn;SD), and differences between groups were assessed using t-tests or one-way ANOVA. Non-normally distributed data are expressed as median (quartile).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons between two groups while the Kruskal-Wallis H test was employed for comparisons among multiple groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of coagulation and hemostasis indexes in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors. The test level was \u0026alpha;=0.05, and P\u0026lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient and tumour characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the newly diagnosed 243 malignant tumour group, 152 patients were male, and 91 patients were female, ranging in age from 27 to 93 years, with an average age of 63 years. The histopathological diagnoses of the 243 malignant tumours were as follows: 20 stomach cancer cases, \u0026nbsp;62 colon cancer cases, 40 lung cancer cases, 15 oesophageal cancer cases, 14 kidney cancer cases, 14 prostate cancer cases, 13 pancreatic cancer cases, 13 cervical cancer cases, 11 bladder cancer cases, 11 ovarian cancer cases, 10 breast cancer cases, 10 liver cancer cases and 10 bile duct cancer cases. In the newly diagnosed 208 benign tumour group, there were 42 males and 166 females, aged 22-79 years, with an average age of 48 years. The histopathological diagnoses of the benign tumours were as follows: 29 gastric tumours, 5 colon tumours, 1 benign tumour of the lung, 2 oesophageal tumours,4 adrenal tumours, 4 lipomas, 2 back soft tissue tumours, 2 multiple nerve tumours, 2 auricle tumours, 2 liver tumours, 2 ileocecal tumours, 2 muscle tumours, 2 intracranial tumours, 2 tumours of the breast, 2 soft tissue tumours, 2 scalp tumours, 1 hip tumour, and 1 thymoma,104 uterine fibroids, 31 cervical intraepithelial tumours,.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePairwise comparison of the control group and benign and malignant tumour groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were no significant differences in the levels of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, FDP or D-dimer between the newly diagnosed benign tumor group and the control group (P\u0026gt;0.01) (Table 1, Figure 1). However, compared to the control group, PT was prolonged (P\u0026lt;0.01), TT was shortened (P\u0026lt;0.05), and there was an increase in levels of FIB, FDP and D-dimer (P\u0026lt;0.01) in the malignant tumor group (Table 2, Figure 1). Additionally, when comparing with the benign tumor group, PT was prolonged (P \u0026lt;0.01;Figure 1),TT was shortened(P \u0026lt;0.01),and elevated levels of FIB,FDP and D -dimer were observed in the malignant tumor group(P \u0026lt;0 .01)(Table3，Figure1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 4.5e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 449pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eComparison of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, D-D, and FDP between the\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003econtrol group and benign tumour group [M(P\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e, P\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e)]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.35pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAPTT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.95pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFIB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New 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solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 29.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0.13, 0.31)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.8pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 29.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0.9, 2.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 4.6e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 455.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eComparison of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, D-D, and FDP between the\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;control group and malignant tumour group [M(P\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e，\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eP\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e)]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65.2pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAPTT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFIB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eD-D\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFDP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.55pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65.2pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(11.1, 11.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e26.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(24.2, 28.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(2.22, 2.76)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(17.0, 18.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0.12, 0.25)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.7pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1.1, 2.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMalignant\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e243\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65.2pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(11.1, 12.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(23.4, 28.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(2.65, 4.52)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(16.5, 18.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0.25, 0.92)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1.6, 3.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;text-indent:42.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e* indicates a significant difference by\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ethe Kruskal‒Wallis H test\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;(P\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 4.5e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 447.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eComparison of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, D-D, and FDP between the\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; benign tumour group and malignant tumour group [M(P\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e，\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eP\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e)]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60.45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.65pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.05pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAPTT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFIB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eD-D\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFDP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 32pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBenign\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.65pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 32pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e208\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 32pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(11, 12)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.05pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 32pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(23.5, 28.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.7pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 32pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(2.19, 2.76)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 32pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(17.0, 18.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.5pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 32pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0.13, 0.31)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.5pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 32pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0.9, 2.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60.45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMalignant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.65pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e243\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(11.1, 12.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.05pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(23.4, 28.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(2.65, 4.52)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(16.5, 18.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0.25, 0.92)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1.6, 3.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;text-indent:42.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e* indicates a significant difference by the Kruskal‒Wallis H test (P\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of PT, APTT, FIB, TT, D-D, and FDP between different types of malignant tumours and the control group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with the control group, the PT of newly diagnosed patients was relatively prolonged in lung cancer, oesophageal cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, liver cancer and bile duct cancer (P\u0026lt;0.05). APTT was relatively shortened in bowel cancer and cervical cancer, whereas it was prolonged in liver cancer (P\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFIB levels were significantly elevated in all types of malignancies (P\u0026lt;0.05). TT was shortened in bowel cancer, gastric cancer, oesophageal cancer, ovarian cancer and breast cancer and prolonged in hepatocellular carcinoma (P\u0026lt;0.05). D-dimer levels were elevated in patients with all types of malignancies except pancreatic cancer and breast cancer (P\u0026lt;0.05). However, the FDP level was increased in patients with other types of malignant tumours except oesophageal cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer and bile duct cancer (P\u0026lt;0.05) (Table 4, Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 4.9e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 491.15pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eComparison of coagulation function indexes between\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003edifferent types of malignant tumours and the control group [M(P\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e，\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eP\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e)]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAPTT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFIB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border-width: medium 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style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e27.1(24.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 30.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.12(2.66\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 5.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: 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26.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.6(11.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 12.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25.7(23.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 27.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.02(3.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 4.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.8(16.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 17.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.59(0.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 0.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.4(1.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 3.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#2E3033;background:white;'\u003eOesophageal cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.0(11.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 13.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e27.2(25.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 28.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.89(3.20\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 5.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.0(16.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 17.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.35(0.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 0.47\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.3(1.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 3.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eKidney cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.6(11.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 12.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25.6(22.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 27.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.96(2.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 4.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e18.1(16.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 19.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.38(0.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 1.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.6(1.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 4.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#2E3033;background:white;'\u003eProstate cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.0(11.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 12.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24.7(23.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 27.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.16(2.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 4.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.3(16.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 18.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.62(0.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 0.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.6(1.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 3.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#2E3033;background:white;'\u003ePancreatic cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New 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30.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.02(3.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 4.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New 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style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.6(1.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 11.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#2E3033;background:white;'\u003eCervical cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.5(11.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e23.5(22.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 26.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.76(2.46\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 3.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.9(17.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 18.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.68(0.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 1.61\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.4(1.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 5.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#2E3033;background:white;'\u003eBladder 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63.85pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24.5(22.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 28.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.95(2.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 3.49\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.4(17.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 18.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.62(0.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 1.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.6(1.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 4.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#2E3033;background:white;'\u003eOvarian cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.5(10.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 12.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24.8(22.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 29.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.16(3.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 4.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.5(15.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 17.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.25(0.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 2.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.7(2.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 14.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#2E3033;background:white;'\u003eBreast cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.2(10.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 11.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25.2(22.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 27.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.60(2.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 3.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.8(16.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 17.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.76(0.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 3.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.1(2.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 6.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#2E3033;background:white;'\u003eLiver cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13.7(12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 14.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e29.0(26.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 34.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.42(2.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 4.80\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e18.9(17.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 19.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.90(0.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 15.83\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.4(4.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 28.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.95pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBile duct cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.95pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.7(11.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 13.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.85pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e28.0(24.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 30.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.16(3.88\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 4.96\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e18.1(17.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e, 18.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71.1pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.39(0.32)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.0(1.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;text-indent:42.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e* indicates a significant difference by the Mann‒Whitney test (P\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstablishment of the differential diagnosis thresholds of benign and malignant tumors and assessment of the diagnostic accuracy and value of joint diagnosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe area\u0026nbsp;under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the indicators in distinguishing between benign and malignant tumours. According to the established ROC curves and related results, the AUC values of FIB (0.757) and D-dimer (0.790) were significantly higher than those of PT (0.599) and FDP (0.645)\u0026nbsp;(Table 5). The thresholds for the identification of malignant patients using PT, FIB, D-dimer, and FDP were obtained from the AUC analysis using the Youden index and were determined to be\u0026nbsp;11.65,\u0026nbsp;3.185, 0.335 and 2.85,\u0026nbsp;respectively (Table 6, Figure 3). The FIB,D-dimer and\u0026nbsp;FDP\u0026nbsp;thresholds had high specificity (88.33%,81.67% and\u0026nbsp;88.33%, respectively) and high positive predictive value (92.93%,\u0026nbsp;90.68% and\u0026nbsp;90.54%, respectively). In addition, a high diagnostic accuracy of FIB (66.51%) and D-dimer\u0026nbsp;(71.56%) for malignant tumours was also observed\u0026nbsp;(Figure 3, Table 5, and Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBinary logistic regression analysis was used to establish a model based on the combined detection of indicators for the diagnosis of malignant tumours. Model, which was the combined detection of PT, FIB, D-dimer and FDP, had the following formula: Combined factor =PT+32.679\u0026times;FIB+110.179\u0026times;DD-3.464\u0026times;FDP. For combination of PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer, the AUC values of the model for the diagnosis of malignant tumour patients (Model : 0.834) was higher than those of PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer alone (AUC: PT 0.599, FIB 0.757, D-dimer 0.790, and FDP 0.645) (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the accuracy and positive predictive value of the combined diagnosis was significantly improved (Model : 71.10%,93.58%).It\u0026rsquo;s conducive to reducing the rate of missed diagnosis (Figure 3, Table 5, and Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 4.1e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 413.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:16.4pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAccuracy evaluation of PT, FIB, DD, FDP and joint indexes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.05pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIndex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.2pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAUC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.8pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStandard error\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e95% CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCut-off\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.2pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAccuracy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.05pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.2pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.599\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.8pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.041\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.519~0.678\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.025\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.7pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:16.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e11.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:88.2pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:16.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e58.26%(127/218)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.05pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFIB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.2pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.757\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.8pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.033\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.692~0.821\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.7pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.6pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e3.185\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:88.2pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.6pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e66.51%(145/218)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.05pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eD-dimer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.2pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.790\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.8pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.032\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.727~0.853\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.7pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.335\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:88.2pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e71.56%(156/218)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.05pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFDP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.2pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.645\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.8pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.038\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.570~0.720\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.7pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e2.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:88.2pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e55.05%(120/218)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.05pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eJoint index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.2pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.834\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.8pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.029\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.778~0.890\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.2pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e153.298\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:88.2pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.2pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e71.10%(155/218)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:10.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eJoint index \u0026mdash;PT, FIB, D-dimer and FDP.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 4.2e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 417.85pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAccuracy evaluation of PT, FIB, D-dimer, FDP and joint indexes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIndex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSpecificity\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.15pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSensitivity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.1pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePPV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.3pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNPV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e61.67%(37/60)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.15pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e56.96%(90/158)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e79.65%(90/113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.3pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e35.24%(37/105)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFIB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e88.33%(53/60)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.15pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e58.23%(92/158)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e92.93%(92/99)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.3pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e44.54%(53/119)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eD-dimer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e81.67%(49/60)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.15pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e67.72%(107/158)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e90.68%(107/118)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.3pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e49.00%(49/100)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFDP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e88.33%(53/60)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.15pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e42.41%(67/158)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.1pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e90.54%(67/74)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.3pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e36.81%(53/144)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eJoint index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e88.33%(53/60)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.15pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e64.56%(102/158)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88.1pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e93.58%(102/109)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.3pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e48.62%(53/109)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;margin:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:10.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eJoint index \u0026mdash;PT, FIB, D-dimer and FDP.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinary variable logistic regression analysis of DD, PIC, SF and TAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThreshold values for PT, FIB, DD and FDP were used as binary variables in a univariate analysis. The analysis revealed significant differences in PT(\u0026ge;11.65)(OR: 2.129, 95% CI: 1.159-3.912, P＜0.01), FIB(\u0026ge; 3.185)(OR: 10.554, 95% CI: 4.514-24.674, P＜0.001), DD(\u0026ge;0.355)(OR: 9.346, 95% CI: 4.486-19.472, P＜0.001) and FDP(\u0026ge;2.85)(OR: 5.575, 95% CI: 2.385-13.030, P＜0.001). These variables were utilized in further multivariate analysis with sex and age (Table 7). The multivariate analysis indicated that FIB (\u0026ge;3.185) (OR: 6.021, 95% CI: 2.290-15.828, P\u0026lt;0.001) and DD (\u0026ge;0.355) (OR: 4.139, 95% CI: 1.420-12.060, P\u0026lt;0.01) demonstrated significant differences. The FIB (over 3.185)) and DD (over 0.355) values indicated that they represent suitable markers for detecting malignancy (Table 7). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLogistic analysis of binary variables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.4e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 212.65pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUnivariate logistic analysis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 225.5pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMultiple logistic analysis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67.2pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFactor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.15pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e95%CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New 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style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:SimSun;color:red;\"\u003e＜\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67.2pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.15pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 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style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:SimSun;color:red;\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.335)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.45pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.139\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73.55pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.420-12.060\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.05pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67.2pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.15pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFDP(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.85)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.832\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.239-2.900\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.05pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:DengXian;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.773\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA large number of literatures have shown that abnormal coagulation system is common in various malignant tumors\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e，\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e39]\u003c/sup\u003e，The activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis systems is closely related to the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumor cells \u003csup\u003e[40]\u003c/sup\u003e, which are completely different from those of benign tumors.In this preliminary study, the potential of various coagulation and fibrinolysis markers markers in distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors was tentatively validated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings indicated a significant elevation in PT, FIB, and D-dimer levels among individuals with newly diagnosed malignant tumors compared to those with benign tumors and the control group (Table 2, Table 3).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the classification of malignant tumours, we can see that at least two or more indexes of PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer would appear abnormal in all types of malignancies (table 4), indicating the activation of the coagulation system in all kinds of malignancies. However,\u0026nbsp;there was no significant difference in these measures between the newly diagnosed benign tumour group and the control group (table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTF or FXII can further activate the coagulation system to form microthrombus, which is degraded by plasmin to form FDP and D-dimer.The TF-mediated activation of the exogenous thrombin pathway could be tested by PT, and the activation of the endogenous thrombin pathway by activated factor XII could be tested by APTT\u003csup\u003e[35-38]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;In the analysis of classifying malignant tumors, we observed that PT prolongation was predominantly associated with malignant tumors, indicating the activation of exogenous coagulation pathway. The results further confirmed the role of TF and exogenous coagulation pathway in triggering coagulation in most malignant tumors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConversely, cervical cancer patients with APTT prolongation exhibited activation of the endogenous coagulation pathway. In liver cancer patients, both internal and external coagulation pathways were activated due to the production of multiple clotting factors in the liver.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eROC curves were used to evaluate the auxiliary diagnostic value of these four indicators in malignant tumours, and the results showed that the AUCs of PT, FIB, D-dimer and FDP in the diagnosis of malignant tumours were 0.599, 0.757, 0.790\u0026nbsp;and 0.645, respectively. It is clear that FIB and D-dimer have higher diagnostic efficacy for malignant tumours.\u0026nbsp;Thresholds for the identification of malignant patients using PT,\u0026nbsp;FIB, D-D, and FDP were obtained from the AUC analysis\u0026nbsp;and were determined to be\u0026nbsp;11.65,\u0026nbsp;3.185, 0.335 and 2.85,\u0026nbsp;respectively.\u0026nbsp;It can be seen from the ROC curves of single indexes that FIB and D-dimer have relatively strong specificity (FIB:\u0026nbsp;88.33%, D-dimer:\u0026nbsp;81.67%) and\u0026nbsp;positive predictive value (FIB:\u0026nbsp;92.93%, D-dimer:\u0026nbsp;90.68%). Binary\u0026nbsp;variable logistic regression analysis shows that\u0026nbsp;FIB\u0026gt;3.185 and D-D\u0026gt;0.335 are better indicators for the differentiation of benign and malignant tumours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, logistic regression analysis was used to establish the ROC curves of PT, FIB, D-dimer, and FDP combined. The AUCs of the combined detection of Joint indexes in the diagnosis of malignant tumours were 0.834，The diagnostic efficacy of combination indexes was higher than that of single indexes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFDP, D-dimer, and FIB have been found to be elevated in various types of cancer including ovarian, lung, breast, and colon cancer\u003csup\u003e[41,42]\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies have shown that serum levels of D-dimer and FIB are closely linked to tumor staging in multiple cancers\u003csup\u003e[43]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;FIB and FDP play an important role in the pathophysiology of tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[44,45]\u003c/sup\u003e Plasma fibrinogen regulates the migration and invasion of tumor cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by regulating the expression of Slug and ZEB1\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[46]\u003c/sup\u003e. FIB deficiency affects tumor metastasis in mouse models\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[47]\u003c/sup\u003e. D-dimer and FDP are the evidence that plasminogen is activated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome studies have attempted to use coagulation and fibrinolysis markers in the differential diagnosis of more than 9 soft tissue sarcomas and more than 7 benign tumors without regard to stage or type\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[48]\u003c/sup\u003e. We have shown that coagulation and fibrinolytic functions are universally activated in various malignant tumors, which is completely different from benign tumors.We further tried to use coagulation and fibrinolysis markers in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors. and in this study, we preliminary confirmed that FIB\u0026gt;3.185 and D-D\u0026gt;0.335 are suitable indicators for the differentiation of benign and malignant tumours. And PT, FIB, D - dimer, and FDP combined can further improve the diagnostic efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur results fully showed that the coagulation and fibrinolysis indexes of malignant tumors were significantly different from those of benign tumors and normal controls. In the classification analysis of more than 20 different types malignant tumors, we clearly saw that each malignant tumor had at least one abnormal coagulation or fibrinolysis index. In addition, our research results and statistical analysis fully confirmed\u0026nbsp;FIB\u0026gt;3.185\u0026nbsp;and D-D\u0026gt;0.335 are suitable indicators for the differentiation of benign and malignant tumours，Moreover, the combination of PT, FIB, D-dimer, and FDP can further improve the diagnostic efficiency of differential diagnosis.\u0026nbsp;Based on our results, we believe that coagulation and fibrinolysis markers are likely to be useful in differentiating malignant from benign tumors regardless of the type of tumor, since they are closely related to the acquisition of tumor invasiveness. The results of our study can provide help for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors in patients with mass or tumor-related symptoms and signs, or during follow-up observation. Moreover, they can also be used as one of the auxiliary diagnostic indicators of malignant tumors combined with existing tumor markers to play a good differential diagnosis role.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026apos;s limitations encompassed its retrospective nature and the inclusion of a limited number of patients. In addition, due to the large number of benign and malignant tumour types, some types of benign and malignant tumours were not included in this study. In addition, various malignant tumor and blood coagulation and fibrinolytic indexes in different stages may have different threshold, we will in the future study in verify one by one.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by Sichuan Provincial Health Commission\u0026nbsp;No.17PJ577; Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Sichuan Province, No.15ZB0237; Natural Science Project of Chengdu Medical college, No.\u0026nbsp;CYZ17-18; Sichuan University Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program, No. S201913705100; Natural Science Project of Laboratory Medicine of Chengdu Medical\u0026nbsp;College, No.\u0026nbsp;JyZK202208.\u0026nbsp;成都医学院调研类大创，2023dy206，2023dy168.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks to statistics expert Professor Weizhong Chen for statistical guidance and suggestions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors report no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShuangfeng Liu contributed to the study concept and design. Xuan\u0026nbsp;Zhou , Shuangfeng\u0026nbsp;Liu designed the\u0026nbsp;data\u0026nbsp;collection. Xuan Zhou performed the data\u0026nbsp;collection and statistical analyses,\u0026nbsp;and all authors (Xuan Zhou, Na Tang, Lu Zeng, Shuangfeng Liu) contributed to the interpretation of data, provided substantial scientific contributions to the revisions of the manuscript, and approved the final\u0026nbsp;version\u0026nbsp;of the\u0026nbsp;manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eEthical\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eapproval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll research procedures involving human subjects meet the ethical standards of the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Chengdu Medical University, as well as the ethical guidelines of the China National Food and Drug Administration and the National Health Commission \u0026quot;Quality Management Practice for Drug Clinical Trials (2020)\u0026quot;, WMA \u0026quot;Declaration of Helsinki (2013)\u0026quot; and CIOMS \u0026quot;International Ethical Guidelines for Human Biology Research Renewal (2016)\u0026quot;The project met the Chengdu Medical College Biomedical Ethics Committee\u0026apos;s exemption from informed consent requirements.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e[1]World Health Organization, Fact sheet: Cancer;\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer\"\u003ewww.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2] DAVID CROSBY ,\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9040?url_ver=Z39.88-2003\u0026rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org\u0026rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed#con2\"\u003eSANGEETA\u0026nbsp;BHATIA\u003c/a\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay9040?url_ver=Z39.88-2003\u0026rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org\u0026rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed#con3\"\u003eKEVIN M.\u0026nbsp;BRINDLE\u003c/a\u003e,\u0026nbsp;etal. 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Published online 2021 Apr 7. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08091-1.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Malignant tumour, Benign tumour, Coagulation, Fibrinolysis, Differential diagnosis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3434892/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3434892/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026nbsp;Abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis are often observed in malignant tumors, which are closely related to the invasiveness of tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of coagulation and fibrinolysis markers for differentiating between benign and malignant tumors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eThe levels of PT, APTT, TT, FIB, FDP, and D-dimer were analyzed in primary tumors (208 benign and 243 malignant) prior to biopsy or treatment. Additionally, a control group consisting of 400 healthy volunteers was included.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003eSignificantly higher levels of PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer were found in the malignant tumor group compared with both the benign tumor group and control group (P＜0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that FIB was an important predictor of malignancy.The AUCs for FIB and D-dimer in differential diagnosing malignant tumors were 0.757（95% CI:0.692~0.821)and 0.790(95% CI:0.727~0.853), respectively. - both exceeding 0.75; their specificities for detecting malignancy were also high at 88.33% and 81.67%, respectively; while their positive predictive values reached up to 92.93% and 90.68%, respectively. The thresholds for the identification of malignant patients using the Youden index and were determined to be 3.185, and 0.335, respectively. The multivariate analysis indicated that FIB (≥3.185) (OR: 6.021, 95% CI: 2.290-15.828, P\u0026lt;0.001) and DD (≥0.335) (OR: 4.139, 95% CI: 1.420-12.060, P\u0026lt;0.01) demonstrated significant differences with the lower group.Furthermore, the combined detection of PT,FIB,D-dimer,and FDP could achieve an even higher diagnostic accuracy with AUCs was 0.834;specificities for detecting malignancy were 88.33%,while their positive predictive values were 93.58%. Finally, a combination factor involving these markers could provide valuable assistance in distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e FIB(≥3.185) and D-dimer (≥0.355) alone and PT, FIB, FDP and D-dimer in combination are more suitable for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms: A possible new role for coagulation and fibrinolysis indicators","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2024-01-10 19:28:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3434892/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2023-10-19 16:52:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3434892/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3c19ed86-c06a-4e97-abd2-3c348fe8c74e","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 10th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-19T16:52:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-10 19:28:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-3434892","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3434892","identity":"rs-3434892","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}