Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior

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This study aims to examine the impact of the reduction in resource use, the greening of processes and products on environmental strategy and the mediating role of green employee behaviour. Methods Primary data gathered with the help of questionnaires from employees of SMEs manufacturing in developing countries, Pakistan. The research gathered data from 211 participants by applying a pre-tested instrumental questionnaire and structural equation modelling (SEM) SmartPLS version 3 was used for data analysis. Results The results confirmed all direct effects, including a reduction in resource use, the greening of processes and products and green employee behaviour of environmental strategies in small and medium manufacturing firms. Also, confirmed partial mediation effect of green employee behavior between greening of processes and products and environmental strategy. Conclusion The current study clearly showed the need for programs and infrastructures that support resource reduction and greening businesses in SMEs. Companies’ implementation of green processes and technologies allows SMEs to take an environmentally responsible stand and become part of the movement toward sustainability. The research stresses the importance of green employee conduct as a mediator, the central point being the individual employee being engaged and aware of the subject and willing to participate in environmentally friendly practices. Therefore, small and medium enterprises should enlighten their staff to practice green behaviour, give them what they need and empower them to be change drivers that will trigger sustainability throughout the organisations. 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F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152351.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] Ikramuddin Junejo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6151-9813 1,2 , Ummi Naiemah Saraih https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8364-0649 3,4 , Jorge Alberto Esponda Perez https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-5361 5 , Sarmad Ejaz 6 , Faisal Ejaz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-3186 7 , Md Billal Hossain 8 Ikramuddin Junejo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6151-9813 1,2 , Ummi Naiemah Saraih https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8364-0649 3,4 , [...] Jorge Alberto Esponda Perez https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-5361 5 , Sarmad Ejaz 6 , Faisal Ejaz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-3186 7 , Md Billal Hossain 8 PUBLISHED 07 Jul 2025 Author details Author details 1 Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2 Department of Managment Sciences, SZABIST University, Hyderabad, Pakistan 3 Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Dhaka Division, Bangladesh 4 Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 5 Department of Management Sciences, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico 6 Department of Management Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan 7 School of international Relations, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan 8 Faculty of Economics, Széchenyi Istvàn University, Győr, Egyetem tér 1, 9026, Hungary Ikramuddin Junejo Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Resources, Supervision Ummi Naiemah Saraih Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Jorge Alberto Esponda Perez Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Validation Sarmad Ejaz Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Faisal Ejaz Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Md Billal Hossain Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Sustainability in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) which engage heavily in manufacturing provides them with an essential platform for implementing environmental strategy, which is aimed at reducing environmental damage and promoting environmental protection. This study aims to examine the impact of the reduction in resource use, the greening of processes and products on environmental strategy and the mediating role of green employee behaviour. Methods Primary data gathered with the help of questionnaires from employees of SMEs manufacturing in developing countries, Pakistan. The research gathered data from 211 participants by applying a pre-tested instrumental questionnaire and structural equation modelling (SEM) SmartPLS version 3 was used for data analysis. Results The results confirmed all direct effects, including a reduction in resource use, the greening of processes and products and green employee behaviour of environmental strategies in small and medium manufacturing firms. Also, confirmed partial mediation effect of green employee behavior between greening of processes and products and environmental strategy. Conclusion The current study clearly showed the need for programs and infrastructures that support resource reduction and greening businesses in SMEs. Companies’ implementation of green processes and technologies allows SMEs to take an environmentally responsible stand and become part of the movement toward sustainability. The research stresses the importance of green employee conduct as a mediator, the central point being the individual employee being engaged and aware of the subject and willing to participate in environmentally friendly practices. Therefore, small and medium enterprises should enlighten their staff to practice green behaviour, give them what they need and empower them to be change drivers that will trigger sustainability throughout the organisations. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Reduction in resource use; Greening of processes and products; Green employee behavior; Environmental strategy Corresponding Author(s) Ikramuddin Junejo ( [email protected] ) Faisal Ejaz ( [email protected] ) Md Billal Hossain ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding authors: Ikramuddin Junejo, Faisal Ejaz, Md Billal Hossain Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Junejo I et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Junejo I, Saraih UN, Perez JAE et al. Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152351.2 ) First published: 18 Jun 2024, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152351.1 ) Latest published: 07 Jul 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152351.2 ) Revised Amendments from Version 1 To enhance the reader's understanding of how green employee behavior influences the relationship in question, we have incorporated a more detailed exploration of the mechanisms at play. This included discussing how such behaviors can lead to increased organizational commitment and fostering a culture of sustainability and innovation. We also examined the role of employee engagement in promoting environmentally friendly practices, as well as the potential for green behavior to enhance overall organizational performance and reputation. This deeper analysis provides a richer theoretical foundation for the study. To enhance the reader's understanding of how green employee behavior influences the relationship in question, we have incorporated a more detailed exploration of the mechanisms at play. This included discussing how such behaviors can lead to increased organizational commitment and fostering a culture of sustainability and innovation. We also examined the role of employee engagement in promoting environmentally friendly practices, as well as the potential for green behavior to enhance overall organizational performance and reputation. This deeper analysis provides a richer theoretical foundation for the study. To read any peer review reports and author responses for this article, follow the "read" links in the Open Peer Review table. READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Introduction All around the world, climate change, water pollution, air pollution and many other environmental issues are progressively becoming more serious, and they are already causing a great deal of anxiety concerning sustainability ( Manisalidis et al., 2020 ). They are so multifaceted that they create or sometimes extend the impacts on the ecosystem for human health and the balance of planet Earth. Calling for immediate, joint action from a person, a local community, and on governmental and business levels is necessary to address such environmental problems. Sustainable measures, which entail shifting to renewables, embracing eco-friendly technology, promoting recycling and waste reduction, adopting more stringent environmental regulation systems and promoting awareness about environmental conservation among people and other stakeholders, should be the focus of environmental sustainability. Governments, as well as regulatory bodies, also make contributions to the issue by encouraging social responsibility and environmental protection ( Camilleri, 2022 ). Several nations have enacted laws which compel companies to disclose their performance under particular sustainability criteria and have implemented financial incentives and tax rebates for businesses that subscribe to eco-friendly practices. Nevertheless, it must be stated that deploying CSR and sustainability has diverse results among companies ( Sanchez-Planelles et al., 2022 ). There are instances when companies show so much greenwashing, meaning they claim to be eco-friendly or responsible in the social context without tangible modifications. Hence, all stakeholders ought to remain vigilant and employ the principle of critical thinking in evaluating whether or not the company has demonstrated its commitment to CRS and sustainability. The rise of CSR and the development of sustainability applications by enterprises is becoming the reflection of a quickly increasing attention towards safeguarding the natural environment while also keeping the economy growing ( Le et al., 2024 ). Through sustainability, businesses accrue the benefits of a chance to be part of structuring a sustainable world. Sustainability in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) which engage heavily in manufacturing provides them with an essential platform for implementing environmental strategy, which is aimed at reducing environmental damage and promoting environmental protection. Undertaking an environmental appraisal enables SMEs to recognize the high environmental impacts and areas of improvement ( Johnstone, 2021 ). This assessment can go into selecting power usage, waste creation, water utilization, and pollution. It makes the base for installing environmental targets and goals. Include employees in environmental business ideas and train them about sustainable methods. Make an environment for staff members to recommend developing our environmental activities and reward their efforts. Develop an environmental consciousness culture that is embedded within the organisations. Small- and medium-sized enterprises should consider the obstacles and limits they may face while developing environmental strategies, like small budgets or lack of experience ( Chien et al., 2021 ). Partnering with green manufacturing specialists, implementing applicable incentives by the government, and connecting the industry with the same brand are the keys to overcoming environmental sustainability challenges in the manufacturing industry. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in Pakistan’s developing country confront multiple obstacles that obstruct their development and extended operation. The main hurdle for SMEs is their difficulty securing finance because they cannot meet the rigid banking standards and have no assets to serve as collateral. Toilet availability, unreliable power supply, and poor transportation networks create substantial operational difficulties for businesses. Business-enabling policies and bureaucratic processes pose regulatory hurdles for SMEs to operate within the business environment successfully. Most companies struggle to fill their workforce needs because their employees lack the desired qualifications and practical skills for contemporary market requirements. SMEs encounter market entry problems that prevent them from confronting larger firms alongside impediments when attempting to break into foreign markets. Multiple obstacles within the business environment create difficulties for SMEs in their innovation efforts and their ability to advance economic development. A green way of life is any manner or activity that is advantageous to the environment or minimizes the impact on the environment ( D’Angelo et al., 2023 ). It means to be mindful of our actions, to make choices, and to take actions that assist in sustaining the environment and protecting natural resources. Green behaviour empowers individuals, social groups, public organisations and governments to adopt various practices from every point of life to make it environmentally friendly. Participating in activities that make people understand environmental problems, lending support to environment conservation organisations and advocating policies and ways of doing things that will sustain our environment (( Junejo et al., 2020 ; Shah et al., 2021 ; Zikargae et al., 2022 ). The constant accumulation of information about environmental issues, the constant access to the current best practices and innovations, and a constant urge to share the discovered information with others ensure the substantial progress of environmental awareness and green behaviour. The availability of practices for using materials, including paper, plastic, glass, and metal, would otherwise be destined for landfills. It saved waste generation by green consumption, upcycling pieces, composting organic waste and buying stuff in zero packaging packers. Therefore, the following five key research objectives are for the present study: RO1: To examine the impact of reduction of resource use on environmental performance. RO2: To study the impact of greening of processes and products on to environmental performance. RO3: To identify greening of processes and products on green employee behavior. RO4: To verify the impact of green employee behavior on green employee behavior. RO5: To study the role of green employee behavior as a mediator between reduction of resource use and environmental performance. Most earlier studies only focused on the factors of an individual’s either internal aspects or external influences, not combine to know how these elements interact with each other in context of environmental strategy ( Bertassini et al., 2021 ; Manninen & Huiskonen, 2022 ; Junejo et al., 2022 ). Nevertheless, some firms do not think just about the environment. However, they also see it as a social responsibility and do the best they can by cutting down on resource use and emissions. At the same time, they are aware that their actions may affect other people in society. Therefore, in this study, economic factors, such as resource savings and emissions, to operationalize environmental policy are taken as the context within the study. Until now, only the studies examining the impact of renewable energy have been carried out in the developed countries ( Eisenmenger et al., 2020 ; Ding et al., 2021 ; Naveed et al., 2023 ; Sohu et al., 2023 ). Hence, to narrow down the geographical area and because of the limitations of the period and the cost, this cross-sectional research will be conducted in developing country Pakistan and manufacturing companies. Literature review Theoretical foundation According to the RBV, the resource-based view recommends that a company's performance and effectiveness stem from its unique resources and abilities ( Dionysus & Arifin, 2020 ). By this study, RBV is appropriate to explain that reducing natural resource use and making processes and products greener (independent variables) can help develop a sustainable competitive advantage through environmental strategy among (dependent variable), through environmental behaviour of employees acting as a mediating variable. It is circulated that RBV resources are subdivided into tangible and intangible resources according to the viewpoint of the resources-based view theory. This means that in this given case, the reduction of resource use would entail shrinking resource use by the factor of the primary tangible resources comprising energy, water, and raw materials. Development and implementation of eco-friendly technologies and procedures during all the other activities of the concern, which are featured as non-material assets of a company. From the viewpoint of the RBV, eco-friendly firms have a golden chance to capture a more significant market share by using their resources in a manner that would communicate their green efforts both internally and to the outside world, leading to various benefits like reputation, efficiency, and satisfaction of the customers’ demand for sustainable goods and services. Those factors can be a basis for customer centricity, cost efficiency and financial success. While the RBV insists that it implies more than just being a rich brand, it should be a rich brand where the resources are managed well and leveraged. Mediation plays a role in green employee actions here. The organization-friendly behaviour of green individuals implies that employees’ internal personal activities and attitudes will be positively connected to the company’s environmental sustainability initiatives ( Yang & Liu, 2022 ). This behaviour can include saving energy, decreasing waste, and becoming proactive in activities that promote sustainability. Hypothesis development Reduction of resource use Organizations could secure resources by saving them. As a result, companies will be able to apply their resources most efficiently ( Shkarlet et al., 2020 ). Such contribution will ensure emissions decline, reduced waste generation, and reduced pollution rates, all prerequisites for excellent environmental performance. Most reduction strategies in the resource field have places where the company wages are decreased ( Azizi et al., 2021 ; Bilal et al., 2024 ). For instance, installing energy-saving devices results in lower energy expenses, using waste-preventive measures reduces dumping expenses, and saving aluminum leads to input savings. Organizations that reduce their resource consumption simultaneously minimize their operational expenses and develop superior resource efficiency capabilities for today’s environmentally sensitive marketplace. The operation’s efficiency improves when resources diminish because waste minimization and emission reduction put the firm in a leadership role regarding sustainability. According to the RBV, strategic resource management contributes to regulatory compliance while building the firm’s environmental standing to draw concerned customers and stakeholders. Through these capital savings, the solidification of the business case for resource management is strengthened alongside environmental management improvement ( Afum et al., 2021 ; Sohu et al., 2024 ; Kherazi et al., 2024 ). These efforts can be the impetus for innovative technologies, new styles of work, and resource-efficient products. This benefit is that businesses can distinguish themselves from their competitors by being an environmentally conscious company that meets the evolving market needs for green products and services and positions itself as an esteemed environmental steward ( Kumari, 2024 ; Akhtar et al., 2023 ). Thus, the following alternative hypothesis is suggested. H1: Reduction of resource use is positively related to environmental performance. Greening of processes and products There is a name known as eco-efficiency, which is the capacity that organizations have to provide goods and business processes that meet customer needs but generate a small amount of environmental impact ( Güngör et al., 2023 ; Hongyun et al., 2023 ). Furthermore, it highlights the alignment of environmental appraisal to the planning of production, design, and supply to balance sustainable economic development and environmental protection. A phase of reducing hazardous substances or pollutants always accompanies the phase where processes and products are greened. In addition to this, businesses can achieve this by applying cleaner production techniques, replacing harmful materials with safer alternatives, and adding pollution prevention techniques to minimize their impact on air, water, and soil quality ( de Mello Santos et al., 2022 ; Sohu, Hongyun, et al., 2020 ; Sohu et al., 2019 ). It originates from the Resource-Based View (RBV), which postulates organizational competitive advantages resulting from the proper use of internal resources. Firms gain two notable benefits through greener processes and products: They establish sustainable practices and workplaces where employees become more active in ecological actions. Employees will adopt sustainable practices in their organization because they become part of the company identity, which leads them to align their behaviors. The unified approach between the strategic mission and firm goals automatically creates an environmentally responsible culture, boosting results for sustainability initiatives. As a result, companies will benefit from improved environmental performance. Eco-designing goods means creating products with some green characteristics and making them efficient in their energy consumption, recycling, or overall environmental footprint. The hypothesis is compatible with the RBV because innovative practices are critical strategic elements for creating robust environmental results. By adding sustainable processing systems and green product design, an organization can reach its resource optimization goals and decrease ecological footprints. Such innovations deliver operational improvements and positively affect the firm’s reputation and market standing. RBV indicates that organizations strengthen environmental performance. By providing eco-friendly alternatives to the market, corporations can cater to consumers' demand for environmentally friendly goods, build their sustainable brand reputations, and contribute to attaining optimum environmental performance ( Reddy et al., 2023 ; Mirani et al., 2021 ; Dakhan et al., 2021 ). Thus, the following alternative hypothesis is suggested. H2: Greening of processes and products is positively related to environmental performance. H3: Greening of processes and products is positively related to green employee behavior. Mediating role green employee behavior The Social Cognitive Theory states that these are not the only ones that affect an individual's behaviour, but also personal factors, environment and cognitions ( Schunk & DiBenedetto, 2020 ; Sohu et al., 2022 ). Thus, according to the green self-crafting theory, employees' attitude, beliefs, and confidence in environmental sustainability issues might influence their organisational behaviour. The environmental performance of organizations depends heavily on green employee behavior, which acts as a key linking factor between resource reduction strategies. Through their active commitment to eco-friendly actions such as waste minimization, energy conservation, and sustainable initiative promotion, employees boost the effectiveness of resource reduction strategies already adopted by their organization. Proactive employee practices strengthen the effect of resource reduction efforts and create sustainable workplace cultures. Employees’ understanding of their significant role in environmental protection drives them to adopt green practices that enhance their organization’s ecological results. Organizations must develop green employee behavior since it allows them to maximize resource reduction initiatives while advancing sustainability targets. When employees become involved or act actively on the green side, such as saving some resources, reducing waste, and promoting environmental sustainability, such acts' contributions help improve environmental performance ( Dakhan et al., 2020 ; Malik et al., 2021 ; Iqbal et al., 2023 ). The green behaviour of the employee is formed by the societal standards in the company, which define what is considered correct and acceptable. When peers watch other employees at work implementing resource reduction and environmentally friendly practices, a normative expectation develops that people should behave the same way to be part of this group ( Zacher et al., 2023 ; Sohu et al., 2020 ). Based on the Resource-Based View. Eco-friendly employee conduct, which involves recycling activities alongside energy conservation and sustainability program promotion, creates a systematic awareness of environmental stewardship throughout the organization. Collected organizational involvement increases individual dedication and the organization’s ability to successfully conduct and support environmentally friendly procedures. Enabling everyone to see the good results caused by being sustainability-oriented and peer support among employees can create a work environment where most employees will start to adopt green behaviour. In most cases, an employee's environmental sustainability behaviour reflects on dual aspects, which are willingness to learn and improve ( Ababneh, 2021 ). Using the systems of feedback, performance evaluation, and reward for sustainability there, worldwide establishments may prompt workers to improve their behaviour towards nature by looking for better ways to preserve the environment. Human capital is an essential strategic resource element within the Resource-Based View theory. Organizations that establish resource reduction programs heavily rely on employee behavior for the success of their initiatives. Green employee behavior is a mediating element that turns resource reduction efforts into specific environmental performance results. By joining sustainability initiatives, employees increase the effectiveness of managerial plans, which results in better environmental outcomes. This never-ending goal to produce endless improvements may also play an essential part in environmental performance by discovering new ways of reducing the consumption of natural resources or maintaining sustainability ( Chien et al., 2023 ). Thus, following alternative hypothesis is suggested. H4: Green employee behavior is positively related to green employee behavior. H5: Green employee behavior mediates between reduction of resource use and environmental performance. Methods Population, sample size and procedure The data collection was done through cross-sectional research. This design allowed us to investigate relationships between employee behaviour in pursuing environmentally friendly strategies and reducing the use of resources and waste. The role of the researcher in primary data collection entails designing the data collection process, for example, by defining the template for a questionnaire as well as choosing the sample size and number of samples. Next, the researcher is directly involved in data gathering from the participants or sources. The current research analysis is based on primary data, which involves the top management employees of manufacturing companies in Sindh, Pakistan. The sample size of 211 participants was selected using a non-probability, convenience, and snowball sampling approach. Initial appointments were set up over phone calls, and the participants were instructed to be available for the print out questionnaire during the time frame. Our research procedure was as ethical as possible and carried out according to the principles and guidelines. The participants were informed before and provided with the opportunity to give consent. Moreover, their private information was secure and anonymous. The study results were reported as a group, with the addition that no identifying information exists on individual participants. The structured questionnaire was framed and approved to retrieve information from the participants. The survey consisted of components designed to measure reduction in resource use, greening of processes and products, green employee behavior and environmental strategy. Ethics and consent This study “ Factors Affecting on Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior” was approved by the Ethics Committee of The University of Okara constitutes the departmental Ethics Approval Committee (REBSSH/2024/4-9) in January 03, 2024. All of the informants gave written and oral informed consent to participate in the study. Under the Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) 2010, the researchers assure that all information collected is kept confidential and merely for the academic purposes. Therefore, they were assured that their responses would be kept in strict anonymity and reported as aggregate results. Measurements Independent variable reduction in resources use four research items were adopted from the research of ( Čater et al., 2023 ). Another independent variable greening of processes and products also four items were taken from the study of ( Čater et al., 2023 ). In addition to this, mediating variable green employee behavior four items were taken from the study of ( Mi et al., 2020 ). Lastly, dependent variable Environmental strategy’s four research items adopted from the research of ( Čater et al., 2023 ). Statistical tool SEM was used to test the hypotheses based on the data that we obtained from the survey. For the analysis of the data, version SEM 3 was leveraged. Structural equation modelling (SEM), a statistical method for studying highly complicated connections between multiple variables, allows for the analysis of such relationships ( Hair et al., 2021 ). SEM covers testing via confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis and employs path analysis to run tests of hypotheses that deal with a correlation of variables. According to SEM, researchers develop a model of latent and observed variables, which is compared with how the data behaves in the real world. Results and Discussion Reliability and validity (questionnaire) Data integrity and validity are essential when they are known to be accurate and used as a tool for testing hypotheses ( Orsini et al., 2020 ). As it is observed that with excellent and decisive data, it is possible to obtain valid and authentic results of hypothesis testing, which can lead to some false conclusions. Hence, researchers should, as a matter of priority, begin with identifying and establishing credibility and authenticity in a study methodology before conducting a hypothesis ( Hancock et al., 2021 ). The research procedure is the foundation that determines the credibility of the study. This is why reliability and validity are considerations that need to be implemented before any hypothesis testing is done ( Sürücü & Maslakci, 2020 ). The reliability deals with the continualness and stability of the data collection tool or method used at the time. Reliability represents the degree to which the measurement tool or method used to collect data correctly portrays reality. There are two ways to appraise a study's reliability, one of which is the measurement of Cronbach's alpha, and the other is the utilization of Composite Reliability ( Hayes & Coutts, 2020 ). The researchers favor reporting both of these indices if they are available. Nonetheless, it substantiates the point that reliability is the fundamental part of data quality apart from establishing the validity and accuracy of the instrument or method before the researchers start to make a hypothesis. A Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability of 0.70 and above is usually considered acceptable, although higher values are to be advocated for more excellent reliability. Moreover, all the values for the current are more than 0.70. Cronbach's alpha and Composite Reliability values are given in Table 1 and Figure 1 . Table 1. Reliability and validity (questionnaire). Factors Item SPSS coding Items loading Cronbach alpha value Composite reliability Average Variance Extraction (AVE) Reduction in resources use RSU1 0.792 0.846 0.896 0.684 RSU2 0.802 RSU3 0.856 RSU4 0.857 Greening of processes and products GPP1 0.854 0.883 0.919 0.740 GPP2 0.831 GPP3 0.850 GPP4 0.904 Green employee behavior GEB1 0.922 0.876 0.915 0.730 GEB2 0.776 GEB3 0.836 GEB4 0.877 Environmental strategy ES1 0.889 0.877 0.916 0.731 ES2 0.858 ES3 0.854 ES4 0.816 Figure 1. Measurement model. Source: Authors’ own estimations. Converged A average variance extracted (AVE) is a widely used validity measure of construct validity in SEM models. A CFI value greater than 0.50 is usually deemed acceptable for the construct validity, though this will vary based on the type of research being conducted and the number of items on a scale. They have a positive value for the present day, with all current values being more significant than 0.50. Average Variance Extracted values are given in Table 1 and Figure 1 . Figure 2. Structural model. Source: Authors’ own estimations. Hypotheses testing and discussion H1: The hypothesis of reduction in resource use and environmental strategy. This beta value of 0.502 reflects a positive and significant association on environmental strategy. The t-value of 7.429 is also significant. Hence, hypothesis is accepted and null is rejected (see Table 2 & Figure 2 ). Many researchers have indicated that saving some resources is now a primary catalyst or momentum as most organizations adopt environmental programs ( Sarja et al., 2021 ). By their dedication to controlling resource consumption, their actions signify the pledge to protect the environment and sustainability. This dedication is illustrated by several implementation strategies, including energy-saving technologies, the optimization of production to eliminate waste and sustainable purchase methods ( Hegab et al., 2023 ). Organizations that minimize resource exportation will have a lower impact on the environment and help them cut costs and become more efficient and effective in the long term. Research evidence suggests that companies keen on the conservation of resources might embed a complete sustainability strategy in that category. H2: This hypothesis states that green processes and products and environmental strategy. Accordingly, to beta value 0.169, there is a positive association with H1. In addition to this, the value of t = 2.834 is a statistically significant which means green processes and products has positive and significant impact on environmental strategy (see Table 2 & Figure 2 ). The study result showed that the pro-environment strategy derived from the decision-makers who choose green processes and products is consistent with the earlier conclusion on how organizations can practice sustainability ( Xin et al., 2023 ). In pursuing green processes and products, companies seek to decrease their environmental footprint, cut emissions, and become more environmentally friendly. Such could be through embracing clean technologies, using renewable energy sources, and implementing eco-conscious design ( Sengupta & Hussain, 2024 ). H3: impact of green employee behavior on environmental strategy. The estimation of the beta value as 0.717 means that there is a significant positive correlation between these variables. The t-value of 22.325 strongly shows a significant relationship with these variables (see Table 2 & Figure 2 ). The research results back up the arguments that a robust and direct link exists between the greening of processes and products and workplace activity. Organizations that sustain and integrate sustainability will discover environmentally positive employee engagement ( Raza et al., 2021 ). This is a similar result to the previous research that points out the organizational practices and policies that serve how employees conceive and act towards sustainability issues. Promoting an environmental-responsibility culture among organizations could improve their environmental performance and achieve sustainable societal objectives ( Channa et al., 2021 ). H4: The hypothesis proposes that green employee behavior on an environmental strategy. Beta 0.198 encourages a positive relationship. The t statistic of 3.055 is also suggested a significant role of green employee behavior and environmental strategy (see Table 2 & Figure 2 ). It could imply a meaningful relationship. The discovery of a positive association between eco-friendly employee activities and the consideration of the green strategy within business contexts complements the assumption that the employee's participation is one of the leading factors that foster the implementation of meaningful sustainability programs in companies. This result is proof of the fact that the previous studies have brought out the role of employee conduct in the organizing of sustainability activities and the development of sustainability policies ( Al-Swidi et al., 2021 ). Organizations can step up to the challenge of environmental awareness by creating an “eco-friendly employee” culture. This will make their contribution to protecting the environment and broader sustainability goals more significant. H5: This study's hypothesis concerns the mediating role of green employee behavior between green of processes and products 0.142, the beta value and t-value=2.991, indicates a positive and significant relation (see Table 2 & Figure 2 ). The positive connection between greener products and employee behaviour with adopting an environmental strategy, which aligns with the approach to sustainable actions that should use all means from organizational practices and individual behaviours, supports the assumption that combining the positive inputs gives the best result. Organizations attempting to do both develop green processes and products while encouraging green employee behaviour, create a ripple effect which can, in turn, be used to drive holistic environmental policies ( Fernandes et al., 2021 ). The studies that were conducted agree with the previous research; they affirm that both organizational mechanisms and employee activities have a role to play in the sustainability objectives ( Lu et al., 2023 ; Ren et al., 2022 ). By incorporating green activities and eco-awareness for employees, organizations' environmental actions can strengthen, improving their sustainability achievements. Table 2. Path directions. Paths Value of beta Standard Deviation T-Value Remarks Reduction in resources use -> Environmental strategy 0.502 0.068 7.429 Accepted Greening of processes and products -> Environmental strategy 0.169 0.060 2.834 Accepted Greening of processes and products -> Green employee behavior 0.717 0.032 22.325 Accepted Green employee behavior -> Environmental strategy 0.198 0.065 3.055 Accepted Greening of processes and products -> Green employee behavior -> Environmental strategy 0.142 0.047 2.991 Accepted Concluding remarks The outcomes showed that organizations can perform the best in the environment by putting green products, processes, technologies, and environment-focused action plans into tactics. Resource minimization is a determinant of successful environmental performance since it encourages improved resource efficiency, decreased emissions, and reduced volume of waste. Adopting eco-friendly practices not only helps optimize the performance of ecological processes and products but also entails employing environmentally friendly materials and technologies throughout the product’s life cycle. Green employee behaviour represents an essential mediator on both ends of the equation, giving life to methodologies applied in resource-saving and implementation of green practices, which might result in saving the planet from environmental degradation. This contributes to a culture where the desired change to sustainability, innovation, and continuous improvement occurs. Also, environmental improvement has quite reasonable chances to be accomplished by organizations whose environmental schemes have been well-designed and implemented in all departments. An environmental strategy is a critical point of how the organization makes promises to be environment friendly and sets the objectives, integrating environmental factors into the business activities. Practical implication Organizations should give forests the top value in the durability of resources during their operations. It may encompass using energy-saving technologies, taking an in-depth look into production processes, reducing water consumption, and reducing waste production. Emphasizing the streamlining approach in these institutions can improve cost-efficiency, lower costs, and minimize environmental influence. Therefore, businesses should not wait but rather play leading roles by embracing eco-friendly practices and technologies to green their processes and products. This comprises, among others, the adoption of renewable energy, green production processes, recycling, waste reduction, and sustainable materials. By being environmentally friendly and adopting green technologies, businesses can minimize risks to the ecosystem, profile sustainability, and meet the eco-conscious consumer's requirement for green products and services. Organizations should develop an all-inclusive environmental policy with specific goals and an outline of the achieved aims, measures, and policies. This activity stream should fully agree with the company's general strategic map and should align with the functional areas. Moreover, for the company to have a clearly defined environmental policy, it provides a pathway for sustainable actions, communicating accurately, and designing a system that helps to develop the organization's environmental performance. Theoretical contribution The study brings substantial theoretical value to environmental management research and organizational behavior by analyzing Pakistani developing country SMEs. The Resource-Based View (RBV) approach provides enhanced knowledge about internal assets that firms can use to improve their environmental results. The study reveals concrete data that proves decreasing resource utilization transforms into more than mere economic savings since it produces sustainable competitive benefits. The findings support RBV principles because effective resource management at firms enables better environmental results. The analysis confirms how green employee behavior autonomously affects operations while connecting resource reduction to environmental performance, thus providing detailed knowledge about these relationships. Organizational environmental outcomes receive dual influence through employee behavioral resources that operate directly and indirectly. This study contributes essential findings regarding SME operations in emerging markets whose organizations experience limited resources alongside environmental concerns. The research contribution strengthens RBV literature by using specifics from the Pakistani SME context to present measurable data representing the realities of such businesses operating in comparable settings. The study adds essential theoretical value by revealing the complete, interconnected relationship between resource management and employee conduct with small and medium enterprises’ environmental performance through the resource-based perspective. Limitations and future research directions One possible limitation of such research is that it is one where manufacturing companies are the key players, potentially limiting the approachability of its outcomes to other categories or sectors. Further, it does not give details on how these environmental practices' side effects or price balancing could work together to identify the best cases to achieve sustainability in manufacturing companies. The role of mediation can be observed in the times to come via measures like environmental education and environmental approval, etc., in a developing country like Pakistan. Eventually, this research should be confirmed and expanded to verify the more precise causes and to explore the broader contextual factors that play a role in environmentally friendly practices in different industries and sectors. Availability of data and material : is available with the manuscript. Author contribution Authors equally contributed to the analysis and writing of this publication. Ethics and consent This study “Factors Affecting on Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior” was approved by the Ethics Committee of The University of Okara constitutes the departmental Ethics Approval Committee (REBSSH/2024/4-9) in January 03, 2024. All of the informants gave written and oral informed consent to participate in the study. Under the Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) 2010, the researchers assure that all information collected is kept confidential and merely for the academic purposes. Therefore, they were assured that their responses would be kept in strict anonymity and reported as aggregate results. Data availability Underlying data Figshare: Dataset & Questionnaire: DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25975462.v1 This project contains the following underlying data: • Data set: Data set.csv • Questionnaire: Environmental Strategy Questionnaire.xlsx Extended data This project contains the following underlying data: Figshare: Figure 1_Measurment model.docx Figshare: Figure 2_Stutrual model.docx DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25975387.v1 This project contains the following underlying data: Figshare: Table 1_Measurment model Figshare: Table 2_Structural model DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25975438.v1 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Acknowledgments We would like to thank all the participants in this research for their voluntary participation. References Ababneh OMA: How do green HRM practices affect employees’ green behaviors? 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 18 Jun 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2 Department of Managment Sciences, SZABIST University, Hyderabad, Pakistan 3 Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Dhaka Division, Bangladesh 4 Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 5 Department of Management Sciences, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico 6 Department of Management Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan 7 School of international Relations, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan 8 Faculty of Economics, Széchenyi Istvàn University, Győr, Egyetem tér 1, 9026, Hungary Ikramuddin Junejo Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Resources, Supervision Ummi Naiemah Saraih Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Jorge Alberto Esponda Perez Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Validation Sarmad Ejaz Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Faisal Ejaz Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Md Billal Hossain Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 07 Jul 2025, 13:654 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152351.2 version 1 Published: 18 Jun 2024, 13:654 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152351.1 Copyright © 2025 Junejo I et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Junejo I, Saraih UN, Perez JAE et al. Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152351.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 07 Jul 2025 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Cheng CH. Reviewer Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.180705.r397257 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v2#referee-response-397257 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 20 Aug 2025 Chun-Hung Cheng , National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan Province, Taiwan Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.180705.r397257 The references cited in this paper are all from the past five years and are of high credibility. The proposed conceptual framework is clearly structured. The overall research design is sound and well-executed. ... Continue reading READ ALL The references cited in this paper are all from the past five years and are of high credibility. The proposed conceptual framework is clearly structured. The overall research design is sound and well-executed. It is recommended that the conclusion include more practical implications to serve as a reference for industry, thereby further highlighting the value of the research. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: My research field focuses on the study of green operations and the implementation of green production-related tools in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Cheng CH. Reviewer Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.180705.r397257 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v2#referee-response-397257 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Jun 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Cheng CH. Reviewer Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r315835 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v1#referee-response-315835 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 03 Sep 2024 Chun-Hung Cheng , National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan Province, Taiwan Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r315835 The literature review in this theoretical foundation can support the structure of the entire article's investigation. It is recommended that this article should supplement the research objectives. If the article only explains through hypotheses, it merely verifies the theory ... Continue reading READ ALL The literature review in this theoretical foundation can support the structure of the entire article's investigation. It is recommended that this article should supplement the research objectives. If the article only explains through hypotheses, it merely verifies the theory of the article. It would be better to clearly state the research objectives of this article and whether the conclusions drawn from the investigation align with these research objectives. Additionally, it is suggested that the article should supplement the background by explaining the current situation of the surveyed populations' country. This will further highlight the contribution of the article's conclusions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: My research field focuses on the study of green operations and the implementation of green production-related tools in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Cheng CH. Reviewer Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r315835 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v1#referee-response-315835 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Sohu JM. Reviewer Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r315831 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v1#referee-response-315831 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 30 Aug 2024 Jan Muhammad Sohu , Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r315831 Thank you for the opportunity to review the paper titled "Factors affecting on environmental strategy in SMEs manufacturing firms of a developing country: mediating role of green employee behavior". Overall, the paper is well-written and the topic is interesting and ... Continue reading READ ALL Thank you for the opportunity to review the paper titled "Factors affecting on environmental strategy in SMEs manufacturing firms of a developing country: mediating role of green employee behavior". Overall, the paper is well-written and the topic is interesting and well-justified. Minor revisions are suggested as follows: In the Abstract, the method section should mention the software tool(s) used, such as the SmartPLS version. In the keywords, "SMEs" and "developing country" should be added to the list of keywords. In the Introduction section, the research objectives should be clearly stated before the research contribution of the present study. In the Conclusion section, the theoretical contribution of the study is missing and should be added. Overall, the paper is of good quality, and with the minor revisions suggested, it should be ready for indexing. I wish the authors all the best. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: e.g. Digital Marketing, Business Performance, and development, Big Data Analytics Capability, Digital Trasformation, Digital Innovation, Value Co-creation, and Green Supply Chain Management Practices. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Sohu JM. Reviewer Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r315831 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v1#referee-response-315831 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Conduah AK. Reviewer Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r302073 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v1#referee-response-302073 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 Aug 2024 Andrew Kweku Conduah , University of Professional Studies, Madina, Ghana; University of Professional Studies, Legon, Legon, Ghana Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r302073 The paper thoroughly examines environmental strategies within SMEs in a developing country, utilizing the Resource-Based View (RBV) to frame its analysis. The introduction effectively sets the stage by highlighting global environmental challenges and the urgency of addressing these issues. It ... Continue reading READ ALL The paper thoroughly examines environmental strategies within SMEs in a developing country, utilizing the Resource-Based View (RBV) to frame its analysis. The introduction effectively sets the stage by highlighting global environmental challenges and the urgency of addressing these issues. It situates the discussion within a broader international context, referencing trends in sustainability such as renewable energy, eco-friendly technology, and recycling. However, the introduction could be enhanced by including specific global case studies, offering a richer context and illustrating the broader application of the study’s findings. Additionally, while the problem statement is relevant, it lacks specificity concerning the unique challenges SMEs face in developing countries like Pakistan. Clearly defining the problem statement and articulating the study’s objectives more explicitly would strengthen the research foundation and provide clearer direction for the study. In the literature review, the paper offers a comprehensive overview of the theoretical foundation, effectively utilizing the RBV to explain how reduced resource use and green processes contribute to a competitive advantage through environmental strategies mediated by green employee behaviour. This integration of theoretical perspectives with practical implications is a notable strength, emphasizing the role of both tangible and intangible resources in achieving ecological sustainability. Nonetheless, discussing how green employee behaviour mediates the relationship between resource use and environmental performance requires more depth. A more detailed exploration of the mechanisms by which green employee behaviour influences this relationship would enhance the reader's understanding. Additionally, each hypothesis should be more explicitly connected to the RBV and supported by empirical evidence. The study's strengths lie in its effective highlighting of global environmental issues and its connection of local contexts to global sustainability efforts through discussions on renewable energy, eco-friendly technology, and recycling. The application of the RBV is appropriate and well-articulated, integrating theoretical perspectives with practical implications. However, the paper would benefit from addressing certain weaknesses. For example, it lacks explicit comparisons to specific global case studies and needs a more detailed problem statement addressing SMEs' unique challenges in developing countries. The study’s objectives are implied but not clearly articulated, and the explanation of the mediation role of green employee behaviour needs further elaboration. Furthermore, the hypotheses could be more clearly linked to the theoretical framework. To improve the paper, it is recommended that the unique challenges faced by SMEs in developing countries such as Pakistan be specified and the problem statement be defined clearly. This should include a focus on specific environmental strategy challenges for SMEs. The study’s objectives should be articulated more distinctly, encompassing economic factors and the mediating role of green employee behaviour. A more detailed explanation of how green employee behaviour acts as a mediator is needed, including a discussion of specific actions and attitudes contributing to improved environmental performance. Additionally, the connection between the hypotheses and the theoretical foundation should be clarified and strengthened, ensuring that each hypothesis is explicitly grounded in the RBV and supported by relevant literature. The study's methodological approach is sound. It includes a cross-sectional design, ethical data collection procedures, validated measurement tools, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to address the research questions. This methodology is appropriate and effectively supports the study’s objectives. In terms of analysis, the study demonstrates high reliability and validity. The measurement tools show strong Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability values, indicating consistent and stable data collection methods. Convergent validity is confirmed by Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values that exceed the threshold of 0.50. The hypotheses tested reveal significant findings: reducing resource use (H1) is positively associated with robust environmental strategies; greening of processes and products (H2) enhances environmental strategies; and green employee behaviour (H3) significantly boosts environmental strategy. Additionally, green employee behaviour contributes positively to environmental strategies (H4) and mediates the effect of green processes/products on environmental strategy (H5). The study highlights that effective environmental performance in organizations is achieved through the strategic implementation of green products, processes, and technologies. Resource minimisation is crucial for enhancing efficiency, reducing emissions, and minimising waste. Integrating eco-friendly practices and materials throughout the product lifecycle is essential for optimizing environmental performance. Green employee behaviour is a significant mediator, facilitating the adoption of green practices and contributing to sustainability and innovation within organizations. A well-designed environmental strategy, embedded across all departments, ensures commitment to sustainability and integrates environmental considerations into business activities. Practically, organisations should prioritize resource durability by adopting energy-saving technologies, optimizing production processes, reducing water consumption, and minimizing waste. Embracing eco-friendly practices such as renewable energy use, green production, recycling, and sustainable materials enhances cost-efficiency and minimises environmental impact. Companies should develop comprehensive environmental policies with specific goals and measures aligned with their strategic plans. This approach fosters sustainability, meets eco-conscious consumer demands, and strengthens the company’s environmental profile. The study’s limitations include its focus on manufacturing companies, which may restrict the applicability of its findings to other sectors. It also does not address potential side effects or cost implications of implementing environmental practices. Future research should explore the role of mediation through environmental education and approval, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. Expanding the research to encompass diverse industries and sectors will help verify findings and identify broader contextual factors influencing environmentally friendly practices. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: § Population Estimates and Projections.§ Population Health and Mortality- Health Emergencies & Preparedness, Ageing & Intergeneration Relations, and Non-Communicable Disease & Health Projection (Physical Activity, Obesity, Tobacco Control, etc.)§ Business Demography§ Business Policy and Strategy§ Business Management§ Public Administration§ Entrepreneurial Innovation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Conduah AK. Reviewer Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r302073 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v1#referee-response-302073 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 18 Jun 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 2 (revision) 07 Jul 25 read Version 1 18 Jun 24 read read read Andrew Kweku Conduah , University of Professional Studies, Madina, Ghana; University of Professional Studies, Legon, Ghana Jan Muhammad Sohu , Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China Chun-Hung Cheng , National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Cheng C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 20 Aug 2025 | for Version 2 Chun-Hung Cheng , National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan Province, Taiwan 0 Views copyright © 2025 Cheng C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The references cited in this paper are all from the past five years and are of high credibility. The proposed conceptual framework is clearly structured. The overall research design is sound and well-executed. It is recommended that the conclusion include more practical implications to serve as a reference for industry, thereby further highlighting the value of the research. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My research field focuses on the study of green operations and the implementation of green production-related tools in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Cheng CH. Peer Review Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.180705.r397257) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v2#referee-response-397257 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Cheng C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 03 Sep 2024 | for Version 1 Chun-Hung Cheng , National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan Province, Taiwan 0 Views copyright © 2024 Cheng C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The literature review in this theoretical foundation can support the structure of the entire article's investigation. It is recommended that this article should supplement the research objectives. If the article only explains through hypotheses, it merely verifies the theory of the article. It would be better to clearly state the research objectives of this article and whether the conclusions drawn from the investigation align with these research objectives. Additionally, it is suggested that the article should supplement the background by explaining the current situation of the surveyed populations' country. This will further highlight the contribution of the article's conclusions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My research field focuses on the study of green operations and the implementation of green production-related tools in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Cheng CH. Peer Review Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r315835) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v1#referee-response-315835 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Sohu J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Aug 2024 | for Version 1 Jan Muhammad Sohu , Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China 0 Views copyright © 2024 Sohu J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Thank you for the opportunity to review the paper titled "Factors affecting on environmental strategy in SMEs manufacturing firms of a developing country: mediating role of green employee behavior". Overall, the paper is well-written and the topic is interesting and well-justified. Minor revisions are suggested as follows: In the Abstract, the method section should mention the software tool(s) used, such as the SmartPLS version. In the keywords, "SMEs" and "developing country" should be added to the list of keywords. In the Introduction section, the research objectives should be clearly stated before the research contribution of the present study. In the Conclusion section, the theoretical contribution of the study is missing and should be added. Overall, the paper is of good quality, and with the minor revisions suggested, it should be ready for indexing. I wish the authors all the best. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise e.g. Digital Marketing, Business Performance, and development, Big Data Analytics Capability, Digital Trasformation, Digital Innovation, Value Co-creation, and Green Supply Chain Management Practices. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Sohu JM. Peer Review Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r315831) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-654/v1#referee-response-315831 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Conduah A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Aug 2024 | for Version 1 Andrew Kweku Conduah , University of Professional Studies, Madina, Ghana; University of Professional Studies, Legon, Legon, Ghana 0 Views copyright © 2024 Conduah A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The paper thoroughly examines environmental strategies within SMEs in a developing country, utilizing the Resource-Based View (RBV) to frame its analysis. The introduction effectively sets the stage by highlighting global environmental challenges and the urgency of addressing these issues. It situates the discussion within a broader international context, referencing trends in sustainability such as renewable energy, eco-friendly technology, and recycling. However, the introduction could be enhanced by including specific global case studies, offering a richer context and illustrating the broader application of the study’s findings. Additionally, while the problem statement is relevant, it lacks specificity concerning the unique challenges SMEs face in developing countries like Pakistan. Clearly defining the problem statement and articulating the study’s objectives more explicitly would strengthen the research foundation and provide clearer direction for the study. In the literature review, the paper offers a comprehensive overview of the theoretical foundation, effectively utilizing the RBV to explain how reduced resource use and green processes contribute to a competitive advantage through environmental strategies mediated by green employee behaviour. This integration of theoretical perspectives with practical implications is a notable strength, emphasizing the role of both tangible and intangible resources in achieving ecological sustainability. Nonetheless, discussing how green employee behaviour mediates the relationship between resource use and environmental performance requires more depth. A more detailed exploration of the mechanisms by which green employee behaviour influences this relationship would enhance the reader's understanding. Additionally, each hypothesis should be more explicitly connected to the RBV and supported by empirical evidence. The study's strengths lie in its effective highlighting of global environmental issues and its connection of local contexts to global sustainability efforts through discussions on renewable energy, eco-friendly technology, and recycling. The application of the RBV is appropriate and well-articulated, integrating theoretical perspectives with practical implications. However, the paper would benefit from addressing certain weaknesses. For example, it lacks explicit comparisons to specific global case studies and needs a more detailed problem statement addressing SMEs' unique challenges in developing countries. The study’s objectives are implied but not clearly articulated, and the explanation of the mediation role of green employee behaviour needs further elaboration. Furthermore, the hypotheses could be more clearly linked to the theoretical framework. To improve the paper, it is recommended that the unique challenges faced by SMEs in developing countries such as Pakistan be specified and the problem statement be defined clearly. This should include a focus on specific environmental strategy challenges for SMEs. The study’s objectives should be articulated more distinctly, encompassing economic factors and the mediating role of green employee behaviour. A more detailed explanation of how green employee behaviour acts as a mediator is needed, including a discussion of specific actions and attitudes contributing to improved environmental performance. Additionally, the connection between the hypotheses and the theoretical foundation should be clarified and strengthened, ensuring that each hypothesis is explicitly grounded in the RBV and supported by relevant literature. The study's methodological approach is sound. It includes a cross-sectional design, ethical data collection procedures, validated measurement tools, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to address the research questions. This methodology is appropriate and effectively supports the study’s objectives. In terms of analysis, the study demonstrates high reliability and validity. The measurement tools show strong Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability values, indicating consistent and stable data collection methods. Convergent validity is confirmed by Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values that exceed the threshold of 0.50. The hypotheses tested reveal significant findings: reducing resource use (H1) is positively associated with robust environmental strategies; greening of processes and products (H2) enhances environmental strategies; and green employee behaviour (H3) significantly boosts environmental strategy. Additionally, green employee behaviour contributes positively to environmental strategies (H4) and mediates the effect of green processes/products on environmental strategy (H5). The study highlights that effective environmental performance in organizations is achieved through the strategic implementation of green products, processes, and technologies. Resource minimisation is crucial for enhancing efficiency, reducing emissions, and minimising waste. Integrating eco-friendly practices and materials throughout the product lifecycle is essential for optimizing environmental performance. Green employee behaviour is a significant mediator, facilitating the adoption of green practices and contributing to sustainability and innovation within organizations. A well-designed environmental strategy, embedded across all departments, ensures commitment to sustainability and integrates environmental considerations into business activities. Practically, organisations should prioritize resource durability by adopting energy-saving technologies, optimizing production processes, reducing water consumption, and minimizing waste. Embracing eco-friendly practices such as renewable energy use, green production, recycling, and sustainable materials enhances cost-efficiency and minimises environmental impact. Companies should develop comprehensive environmental policies with specific goals and measures aligned with their strategic plans. This approach fosters sustainability, meets eco-conscious consumer demands, and strengthens the company’s environmental profile. The study’s limitations include its focus on manufacturing companies, which may restrict the applicability of its findings to other sectors. It also does not address potential side effects or cost implications of implementing environmental practices. Future research should explore the role of mediation through environmental education and approval, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. Expanding the research to encompass diverse industries and sectors will help verify findings and identify broader contextual factors influencing environmentally friendly practices. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise § Population Estimates and Projections.§ Population Health and Mortality- Health Emergencies & Preparedness, Ageing & Intergeneration Relations, and Non-Communicable Disease & Health Projection (Physical Activity, Obesity, Tobacco Control, etc.)§ Business Demography§ Business Policy and Strategy§ Business Management§ Public Administration§ Entrepreneurial Innovation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Conduah AK. Peer Review Report For: Factors Affecting Environmental Strategy in SME Manufacturing Firms of a Developing Country: Mediating Role of Green Employee Behavior [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :654 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167100.r302073) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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