Day versus night and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in Lepidoptera

Day versus night and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in Lepidoptera | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Biological Sciences - Article Day versus night and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in Lepidoptera Richard Rabideau Childers, Wei-Ping Chan, Blake Dickson, Sorcha Ashe, and 35 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7603116/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Many species exhibit consistent morphological differences between males and females. This sexual dimorphism sparked debate between Charles Darwin, who attributed it to sexual selection favoring male traits that appeal to females, and Alfred Russell Wallace, who suggested that natural selection favored cryptic traits in females to evade predators. Here, using multispectral imaging of wing reflectance and patterning across 274 butterfly and moth species sampled from recent phylogenetic frameworks, we demonstrate that Darwinian and Wallacean models both describe aspects of the evolution of lepidopteran coloration, with Darwinian sexual selection largely acting on visible male traits in diurnal species, while Wallacean natural selection tends to act on female traits of nocturnal species: In butterflies, wing reflectance and color pattern traits exhibit the strongest dimorphism in dorsal and forewing areas, areas predicted to experience strong sexual selection, with male traits evolving more quickly and exhibiting greater between-species disparity than those of females (indicators of sexual selection), but only in wavelengths perceptible to butterflies. In contrast, in nocturnal moths, evolutionary rate and disparity are strongly female biased. Ancestrally nocturnal geometrid moths, where diurnal behavior has evolved repeatedly, confirm this trend of male-biased rates and disparity in diurnal species, especially on dorsal and forewing surfaces. Biological sciences/Evolution/Sexual selection Biological sciences/Zoology/Entomology Biological sciences/Computational biology and bioinformatics/Statistical methods Biological sciences/Biological techniques/High-throughput screening Biological sciences/Computational biology and bioinformatics/Image processing Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformationcombined.docx Supplementary info for Day versus night and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in Lepidoptera SIGuide.docx Required SIGuide document describing supplementary informatrion Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7603116","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Biological Sciences - Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":522968021,"identity":"e67d8217-9384-473b-9b03-28c536153b48","order_by":0,"name":"Richard Rabideau Childers","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHoYDD9iANHsDAzNUyICBgY2AlgSQAp4DJGhhAGuRSCBSi3n72YMHEsps8uVnPr/AXFBzL7F/9uENDB/KDuPUInMmL+FAwrk0yw23cwqYZxwrTpxxLq2AccY53FokJHgMDiS2HTYwkM5JYOZhSzBmOMNjwMzbRlDLfwP5mWeAWv4lGMuDtPwlrOWAAcMN9gNAwxPkDEBaGPFp4ckxAPol2cDgTA7DYd6+BDnDM2wFB3vOpePWwn7G+MOHMjsD+fbjDx/zfEvgkTvDvPHBjzJrnFqQANCFMOYB3KpQAPsDIhWOglEwCkbBSAMAsGRUXqZhnuwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7137-3192","institution":"Harvard University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Richard","middleName":"Rabideau","lastName":"Childers","suffix":""},{"id":522968022,"identity":"692599a1-9cd3-41e6-98f1-f007570f4012","order_by":1,"name":"Wei-Ping Chan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Harvard University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei-Ping","middleName":"","lastName":"Chan","suffix":""},{"id":522968029,"identity":"f9d03e8c-ca9f-43e9-91fc-faa7584dc18e","order_by":2,"name":"Blake Dickson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Anatomy, University of New South Wales","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Blake","middleName":"","lastName":"Dickson","suffix":""},{"id":522968030,"identity":"1528d1c6-ac27-476d-bf0a-aa084ac6ec37","order_by":3,"name":"Sorcha Ashe","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1757-0582","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sorcha","middleName":"","lastName":"Ashe","suffix":""},{"id":522968032,"identity":"04bb2bf1-b9d3-49df-9edd-b3f1d6254165","order_by":4,"name":"Liming Cai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liming","middleName":"","lastName":"Cai","suffix":""},{"id":522968034,"identity":"766b5539-4029-4559-9084-1c249a5302ec","order_by":5,"name":"James Crall","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8981-3782","institution":"Harvard University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"James","middleName":"","lastName":"Crall","suffix":""},{"id":522968035,"identity":"ec22a92d-aba5-4095-baaf-3e00d8a6ef07","order_by":6,"name":"Mark Cornwall","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Harvard University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mark","middleName":"","lastName":"Cornwall","suffix":""},{"id":522968036,"identity":"d3fe0cc9-ccb4-40c2-a944-4f0541354b24","order_by":7,"name":"Even Dankowicz","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-8502","institution":"Harvard University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Even","middleName":"","lastName":"Dankowicz","suffix":""},{"id":522968037,"identity":"a8b86f63-877d-488d-99b9-4745cb9c60a5","order_by":8,"name":"Jomar Hinolan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Museum of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jomar","middleName":"","lastName":"Hinolan","suffix":""},{"id":522968038,"identity":"852e0edf-a8fa-401d-ab33-f2a5e24add7c","order_by":9,"name":"Micael Itliong","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9222-6984","institution":"City University of New York","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Micael","middleName":"","lastName":"Itliong","suffix":""},{"id":522968039,"identity":"f3bec767-86ae-4b94-8b6a-33f532ef443a","order_by":10,"name":"Crystal Maier","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Harvard University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Crystal","middleName":"","lastName":"Maier","suffix":""},{"id":522968040,"identity":"5290ec98-245b-421e-b225-88a5d5e851ea","order_by":11,"name":"Sarah Maunsell","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Harvard University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sarah","middleName":"","lastName":"Maunsell","suffix":""},{"id":522968041,"identity":"b7f3bdad-7911-46c8-8b3b-2ba6ce79d592","order_by":12,"name":"Wendy A. 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