Clay larvae do not accurately measure biogeographic patterns in predation

Aim Spatial variation in predation can shape geographic patterns in ecology and evolution, but testing how predation varies across ecosystems is challenging as differing species compositions and defensive adaptations can mask underlying patterns. Recently, biogeography has borrowed a tool from ecology –clay prey models. But clay models have not been adequately tested for geographic comparisons, and a well-known problem –that clay prey only appeal to a subset of potential predators– could lead to inaccurate detection of geographic patterns whenever the relative importance of predator guilds varies among sites. Here, we test whether clay larvae accurately capture geographic differences in predation on real larvae. Location 90° of latitude and >2000 m elevation across the Americas Taxon vertebrate and invertebrate predation on ‘superworms’ ( Zophobas larve) Methods Across six sites that vary dramatically in latitude, elevation, and biome, we quantified predation on live, dead, and clay larvae. We physically excluded vertebrate predators from some larvae to distinguish total predation and invertebrate-only predation. Results Predation on live superworms almost doubled from our high-elevation high-latitude site to out low-elevation tropical site. Geographic patterns were highly consistent among live and dead larvae, but clay larvae missed extremely high predation at some sites and therefore mismeasured true geographic patterns. Clay larvae did a particularly bad job at capturing geographic patterns in predation by invertebrates. Main conclusions Clay larvae are inappropriate for large-scale tests of predation, and should be abandoned for biogeographic studies. Biogeographic experiments should instead employ realistic baits, and clay prey should be reserved for comparisons within, rather than across, predator communities.