Numerical investigation of turbulent natural convection in a round bottom flask using a hybrid nanofluid

Numerical investigation of turbulent natural convection in a round bottom flask using a hybrid nanofluid | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Numerical investigation of turbulent natural convection in a round bottom flask using a hybrid nanofluid Adel Baiti, Hicham Salhi, Nadjib Chafai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2893667/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, we conducted a numerical investigation of the turbulent natural convection of a hybrid nanofluid (HNF) in a flask equipped with an agitator, which is commonly used in organic chemistry synthesis. The bottom wall and the middle section of the flask were maintained at a constant high temperature T h , while the upper, left, and right walls up to the middle of the flask were kept at a low temperature T c . The HNF consisted of Graphene (Gr) and Carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoparticles (NP) dispersed in pure water. The governing equations were solved numerically using the finite size approach and formulated using the Boussinesq approximation. The effects of the NP volume fraction 𝜑 (ranging from 0–6%), the Rayleigh number Ra (ranging from 10 4 to 10 6 ), and the Nusselt number were investigated in this simulation. The results indicated that the heat transfer is noticeably influenced by the Ra number and the increase in the 𝜑 ratio. Additionally, the agitator rotation speed had a slight effect on the heat transfer. Turbulent natural convection Hybrid nanofluids Numerical simulation Graphene Carbon nanotube. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2893667","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":197668398,"identity":"d6cddc83-6a42-43e1-a592-65c4f430ad93","order_by":0,"name":"Adel Baiti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mustapha Ben Boulaid-Batna 2","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adel","middleName":"","lastName":"Baiti","suffix":""},{"id":197668400,"identity":"1109159d-7473-4f97-b6f6-5f845ebcf113","order_by":1,"name":"Hicham Salhi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mustapha Ben","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hicham","middleName":"","lastName":"Salhi","suffix":""},{"id":197668401,"identity":"7ed2899c-5b60-4199-b109-6a1811108f2c","order_by":2,"name":"Nadjib Chafai","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIie3QMYrCQBTG8S88iM1b0iYo7hVGAoogepUnglV2L7AQBQubgK2Ch5kwhY0HsExllcLSQsRZsdwdLS3mX80b+PGGAXy+9ywEBuDInvR9pqACPyVTcDJ/ECZSLxEo/RgZT0gPdKzOMmylh6/SMPL2qEFAffmf9Odhr1PIhLuHb7HEpPZhCLaONUpzGH+cyZJMlZurHhcUaeLYTZKLzDhdW7JGPivsFmLlJk22T1JxpvQJJHwn4iAm7DZbsuN4X/8S0ykModxqB9ktjkktP6NomaUnQf7ZWJmgcv0Y6K9Lxw6fz+fzvdING4hDoZcjBhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ferhat ABBAS","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nadjib","middleName":"","lastName":"Chafai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-05-04 10:59:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2893667/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2893667/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":36799457,"identity":"073a8d67-04eb-449f-87a4-8105e37e4985","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-11 04:59:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":626804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2893667/v1_covered_0edf4c60-b2a4-48b8-bae2-877a7ed821a5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Numerical investigation of turbulent natural convection in a round bottom flask using a hybrid nanofluid","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Turbulent natural convection, Hybrid nanofluids, Numerical simulation, Graphene, Carbon nanotube.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2893667/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2893667/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we conducted a numerical investigation of the turbulent natural convection of a hybrid nanofluid (HNF) in a flask equipped with an agitator, which is commonly used in organic chemistry synthesis. The bottom wall and the middle section of the flask were maintained at a constant high temperature T\u003csub\u003eh\u003c/sub\u003e, while the upper, left, and right walls up to the middle of the flask were kept at a low temperature T\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e. The HNF consisted of Graphene (Gr) and Carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoparticles (NP) dispersed in pure water. The governing equations were solved numerically using the finite size approach and formulated using the Boussinesq approximation. The effects of the NP volume fraction \u003cem\u003e\u0026#120593;\u003c/em\u003e (ranging from 0\u0026ndash;6%), the Rayleigh number \u003cem\u003eRa\u003c/em\u003e (ranging from 10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e to 10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e), and the Nusselt number were investigated in this simulation. The results indicated that the heat transfer is noticeably influenced by the \u003cem\u003eRa\u003c/em\u003e number and the increase in the \u003cem\u003e\u0026#120593;\u003c/em\u003e ratio. Additionally, the agitator rotation speed had a slight effect on the heat transfer.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Numerical investigation of turbulent natural convection in a round bottom flask using a hybrid nanofluid","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-05-09 10:15:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2893667/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"adaa4257-22e4-4ec9-aee7-25643df64b00","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 9th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-05-11T04:59:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-05-09 10:15:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2893667","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2893667","identity":"rs-2893667","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}