Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering

Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program... | F1000Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827" }, "headline": "Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of...", "datePublished": "2025-08-26T16:42:33", "dateModified": "2025-12-31T12:53:56", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Fuminobu Mizutani" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Yuko Uehara" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background The context of this study is the ethical dilemma faced by not-for-profit organizations’ (NFPs’) executives. This study examines the ways in which regulators determine the degree to which expense allocations should be limited or prohibited, whereas there is a lack of consensus in the literature. California has moderate regulations on the expense allocation of NFP programs. These regulations can influence those of other states and foreign countries. Methods Actual data can provide clues on how to resolve disagreements. Through the adoption of a combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering, this study explains how regulators can optimize regulations on NFP program expense allocations. Results The k-means clustering results were calculated. There were 966 cases in the first cluster and 37 in the second cluster. The cluster center of the first cluster was 9,343, and the cluster center of the second cluster was 160,581. The required number of repeats was 12.34%, which is]the breakpoint ratio for sanctions to be imposed. Conclusions One method to achieve this goal is to intentionally limit the scale of imposed sanctions on expense allocations while maintaining some necessary sanctions to maintain mutual trust within the donation market. While the findings here contradict the views of some rating organizations, they are consistent with prior academic literature. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v1", "name": "Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations:..." } } ] } Home Browse Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations:... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Mizutani F and Uehara Y. Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :827 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167325.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] Fuminobu Mizutani https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1306-8891 1 , Yuko Uehara https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8204-2339 2 Fuminobu Mizutani https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1306-8891 1 , Yuko Uehara https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8204-2339 2 PUBLISHED 26 Aug 2025 Author details Author details 1 Department of Business Administration, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, 2310016, Japan 2 College of Sustainability and Tourism, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Beppu, 8748577, Japan Fuminobu Mizutani Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Yuko Uehara Roles: Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background The context of this study is the ethical dilemma faced by not-for-profit organizations’ (NFPs’) executives. This study examines the ways in which regulators determine the degree to which expense allocations should be limited or prohibited, whereas there is a lack of consensus in the literature. California has moderate regulations on the expense allocation of NFP programs. These regulations can influence those of other states and foreign countries. Methods Actual data can provide clues on how to resolve disagreements. Through the adoption of a combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering, this study explains how regulators can optimize regulations on NFP program expense allocations. Results The k-means clustering results were calculated. There were 966 cases in the first cluster and 37 in the second cluster. The cluster center of the first cluster was 9,343, and the cluster center of the second cluster was 160,581. The required number of repeats was 12.34%, which is]the breakpoint ratio for sanctions to be imposed. Conclusions One method to achieve this goal is to intentionally limit the scale of imposed sanctions on expense allocations while maintaining some necessary sanctions to maintain mutual trust within the donation market. While the findings here contradict the views of some rating organizations, they are consistent with prior academic literature. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Game Theory, Program Expense Allocation, K-Means Clustering, California, NFP (Not-for-Profit Organization) Corresponding Author(s) Fuminobu Mizutani ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Fuminobu Mizutani Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under award number FA2386-23-1-4008. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Mizutani F and Uehara Y. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Mizutani F and Uehara Y. Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :827 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167325.1 ) First published: 26 Aug 2025, 14 :827 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167325.1 ) Latest published: 31 Dec 2025, 14 :827 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167325.2 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. Introduction As a case in the educational collection of the University of Texas at Austin, not-for-profit organizations (NFPs) often confront ethical dilemmas in terms of fundraising ( Drumwright, 2022 ). Program expense allocations by executives of NFPs tend to be inflated and are prone to manipulation. Of course, mutual trust between executives and contributors is an element of governance for NFPs ( Pilon and Brouard, 2025 ). Program expense allocations may violate this trust, similar to financial misconduct in profit-oriented entities ( Honigsberg, 2020 ). However, there may be another reason NFP executives are considering even though expense allocation may harm mutual trust. For example, some NFPs aim to secure greater contributions by overstating their programme expense ratios. Accounting standards allow for some discrepancies between executives, and under certain circumstances, they are able to legally report inaccurate expense allocations. The context of this study is the ethical dilemmas faced by NFP executives. This study examines the ways in which regulators determine the extent to which expense allocations should be limited or prohibited, whereas there is a lack of consensus in the literature. Prior literature mainly focuses on how regulators can prevent inflated expense allocation outright. Actual data can provide clues on how to resolve disagreements. The paper also aims to illustrate how to combine mechanism design and classical computer science problems, ex. K-means clustering can be useful for research accounting for NFPs. Its focus is to interpret the public sector’s decisions, such as that of California’s governor and attorney, through game theory. Rating organizations such as CharityWatch have criticized the expense allocations of NFPs, and the public sector has periodically tried to regulate them. Notably, California Assembly Bill 1181 aimed to regulate allocation broadly. In a detailed explanation, CharityWatch expressed regret that this bill was vetoed by the governor ( CharityWatch, 2023 ). The governor indicated that the bill could “pose burdensome implementation challenges for the charities impacted by its provisions” ( Senate Judiciary Committee, 26:2021 ). Similarly, the attorney generally halted sanctions on NFPs in California ( Bonta, 2019 ). Subsequently, he became a federal health secretary. The Department of Health and Human Services had the tightest relationship with NFPs in all federal agencies ( WSJ, Jan. 13, 2021 ). It can be assumed that he rescued NFPs from burdensome implementation challenges, which is consistent with the governor’s actions. It is doubtful that complete prevention of inflated expense allocations is the best economic policy. For example, all three NFPs with expense allocations listed in the first paragraph of Bonta (2019) are humanitarian organizations. These organizations may have beneficiaries whose lives are in danger or have special fundraising needs. This study adopts game theory as a framework. The contributors are principals and executives are agents. Game theory provides a convenient framework for the analysis of this problem, as it is necessary for executives to gauge how contributors react to their actions. The presumption is that states and countries have similar regulations as in California. According to the ABA (American Bar Association), California is the leading state for the MNCA (Model Nonprofit Corporation Act) ( Nonprofit Organizations Committee, 2022 ). All U.S. states have Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) accounting standards for NFPs. Contemporary Japan has similar regulations for NFPs to California, although it has different regulations elsewhere. Notably, Japan has Specified Non-Profit Judicial Person (NPO) accounting standards, which are based on FASB’s accounting standards. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the prior literature. Section 3 builds on this theory. Section 4 explains the methodology of this study. Section 5 presents the results of the study. Section 6 extends the discussion. Finally, Section 7 concludes the study. Prior literature Prosocial activities are a common topic in finance. For example, Walker et al. (2023) wrote about finance for these types of activity. There is also an extensive literature on expense allocation. Dang and Owens (2020) indicated that approximately 25% of British NFPs are financially misreported. Cyr et al. (2022) indicate that regulations influence how executives of Canadian NFPs recognize expense allocations. Ling and Roberts (2023 and 2025 ) and Allen et al. (2024) explain expense allocations in the U.S. and ways to prevent inflated expense allocations. There is prior literature on the limitations of the contributors. Caviola et al. (2020) revealed that contributors have limited ability to understand the effectiveness of NFPs. According to Yang and Northcott (2021) , one method for regulators to build public trust is to investigate public concerns about “wrongdoing” at NFPs. Chan and Zhang (2021) focused on sanctions for misreporting NFPs. Some prior studies cast doubt on the current accounting norms of NFPs. Burkart et al. (2018) argue that financial transparency does not always increase the utility of stakeholders surrounding NFPs, indicating that rating organizations sometimes lead the push for transparency. Mitchell (2017) insists that some financial norms paradoxically hamper NFPs, although his focus is slightly different from that of this study. A reduction in the flexibility of NFPs reduces their efficiency. Burkart et al. (2018) and Mitchell (2017) are consistent with Muller (2018) in criticizing not only program expense ratios, but also various metrics. Goncharenko and Khadaroo (2020) warned that accounting regulations may restrict NFP activities based on Russian law. The financing of humanitarian organizations is a significant factor when examining NFPs. Tariq et al. (2023) assert that the funding of humanitarian organizations is not only insufficient but also volatile. Bénassy-Quéré et al. (2019) explain the shapes of economic policy and describe it as a succession of trade-offs. Regulators were also included in the public sector. Fowler (2023) depicted the ambiguity of the public sector as a double-edged sword and showed practical trade-offs. The concept of trade-offs is discussed in Section 6 of this paper. Rasmusen (2007) uses textbook game theory, which includes explanations of agency theory. The players’ utility is frequently considered. Financial reporting is also within the scope of this study. In addition, the labor market is discussed by dividing the supply side into “serious” and other applicants. K-means clustering is a classic statistical method. For example, Kopec (2019) explained k-means clustering in a recent study. Hsu et al. (2021) adopted k-means to analyze the finances of NFPs but did not combine k-means with game theory. There is ambiguity as to whether inflated expense allocations are deliberate falsification, and these distorted expenses are often lawful and may even be justifiable in some circumstances. Sandel (2010) separated lies from other kinds of misinformation and suggested that certain falsehoods are more justifiable than lies. Finlayson (2005) describes psychologist Kohlberg’s theory as influenced by philosopher Habermas, which posits that even though laws must usually be complied with, sometimes they ought to be disobeyed. Theory Decisions by executives at NFPs rely on expected decisions by contributors to NFPs; therefore, game theory is a suitable framework for analysis. NFPs’ expense allocations can be regarded as an issue in the mechanism design for messages. Regulators can influence financial reporting as messages from NFPs through mechanism design. NFP executives want to be trusted by contributors through their messages (financial reporting), even though their financial reporting has sometimes been manipulated. The NFPs mentioned here have program expense ratios, both in actual terms and in terms of fundraising needs. Program expense allocations are unnecessary for NFPs with good program expense ratios and NFPs without fundraising requirements. Notably, if an NFP is a humanitarian organization and the utility of its executives reflects the utility of its beneficiaries whose lives are at risk, fundraising success strongly influences the utility of executives. The von Neumann–Morgenstern utility is often adopted in game theory. Thus, this study adopted this utility. Symbols mean here: p: population of contributors r c : ratio of serious contributors r s : ratio to be imposed sanctions a: dummy variable if serious contributors contribute b: dummy variable if non-serious contributors contribute d i : average contribution amount by a serious contributor d j : average contribution amount by a non-serious contributor Under conditions in which there are no sanctions by regulators, donation revenue can be formulated as follows: (1) pr c d i a + p ( 1 − r c ) d j b = donation revenue a = { 1 if True , 0 if False . b = { 1 if True , 0 if False . If an NFP’s financial reporting is honest, a simple formula is: (2) pr c d i 1 ・ 1 + p ( 1 − r c ) d j ・ 0 = donation revenue Generally, contributors want financial transparency from the NFPs. As such, even serious contributors who are eager to see an NFP reach their goals will not approve of inflated expense allocation. If serious contributors do not allow these types of expense allocations and there are no sanctions by regulators, the manipulated financial report that brings donation revenue is as follows: (3) pr c d i ・ 0 + p ( 1 − r c ) d j ・ 1 = donation revenue Under the assumption that the funding of humanitarian organizations is volatile, after sanctions by regulators are introduced: (4) r s ・ { pr c d i ・ 1 + p ( 1 − r c ) d j ・ 1 } + ( 1 − r s ) { pr c d i ・ 0 + p ( 1 − r c ) d j ・ 1 } = donation revenue If the actual data show (5) as a positive value, there is a negative incentive to allocate expenses. Thus, there is no space for expense allocation and no regulations are necessary. (5) ( 2 ) – ( 3 ) = r c d i − d j + r c d j If (5) is not a positive value, an NFP decides whether to manipulate following (6). (6) ( 2 ) – ( 4 ) = p ・ { r c ・ d i − ( 1 − r s ) ・ ( 1 − r c ) ・ d j } . A NF P ′ s decision making = { manipulate if ( 2 ) ( 4 ) It is useful to calculate how (7) is achieved using the actual data. Of course, there may be differences between an individual NFP and a third sector as a whole. However, even a simplified analysis will bring a blueprint to the third sector. (7) r c d i − ( 1 − r s ) ( 1 − r c ) d j = 0 If r s is sufficiently low, regulators can easily prevent all inflated expense allocations. Since there are frequently these types of expense allocations by NFPs all over the U.S., including California, it can be assumed that regulators intentionally keep regulations on NFPs moderate. However, if r s is high, there is a different presumption concerning regulators. However, if they decided to impose these sorts of sanctions on all inflated expense allocations, the cost for regulators would be prohibitive, and they simply could not prevent all misstatements. Methods It is well known that the total amount of contribution in the U.S. and the U.K. is large. While ample statistical data exist concerning the financial statements of NFPs in both countries, raw data for contributors are rare. However, there are raw data for contributors with large sample sizes in Japan, which have been paying attention to the legal system for NFPs in California since the last part of the 20th century. The Japan Fundraising Association provides a dataset of Japanese contributors for each fee. The dataset was used as the data source for this study. The association collected statistical data through the Nationwide Survey on the Reality of Donations (Zenkoku Kifu Jittai Chosa). Because only anonymized datasets are provided by the association, IRB review is unnecessary for this study. How processed by summing up various categories of contributions, consistency with Giving USA was brought to each sample of this dataset ( IUPUI Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, 2023 ). This is the sum of NQ2_1_8 and NQ2_1_19 for the numbering of the dataset. Because the annual income of each respondent is recorded only as a range and not as a precise figure, the annual income of each respondent is substituted by the midpoint of each respondent’s annual income category. Samples that did not make any contribution can be assumed to be not or only slightly influenced by the culture of the U.S. donation market. Then, the setting up of k-clustering was completed by removing samples that did not make any contributions. Next, Equation (5) was calculated. Finally, if (5) is not a positive value, (6) is calculated. Computer applications Setting up the above steps are preceded by a spreadsheet. IBM SPSS, which is popular in the social sciences, is a statistical application used for counting and k-means clustering. The input for the number of clusters was two. The mathematical application used for calculations and building a figure from the formula is Wolfram|One, which is reliable. Results The descriptive statistics of the processed dataset are shown in Table 1 (n = 1,003). Table 1. Descriptive statistics. Variable Mean SD Min Max Annual income (in 10,000 JPY) 500.15 353.4370 0 1,400 Contribution (in JPY) 14,921.90 35,329.72 5 500,000 The results of the k-means clustering were calculated. There were 966 cases in the first cluster and 37 in the second cluster. The cluster center of the first cluster was 9,343, and the cluster center of the second cluster was 160,581. The number of repeats required was 12. r c = 37 / 1,003 r c d i − d j + r c d j = 37 / 1,003 ・ 160 , 581 − 9,343 + 37 / 1,003 ・ 9,343 The above result was negative. Thus, manipulation is a dominant strategy for an NFP when there are no sanctions. Decremental donation revenue was calculated using the formula below, as shown in Figure 1 . The x-axis represents r s and the y-axis represents the decreasing amount. r c d i − ( 1 − r s ) ( 1 − r c ) d j = 37 / 1,003 ・ 160,581 − ( 1 − r s ) ( 1 − 37 / 1 , 003 ) 9,343 Figure 1. Relationship between expense allocations and sanctions. When r s = 1,027,947/3,008,446, (7) is achieved. Discussion The scarcity of serious contributors is consistent with the findings of Caviola et al. (2020) . In addition, consistent with Cyr et al. (2022) , there is space for mechanism design by regulators. Regulators could hypothetically use sanctions to prevent all inflated expense allocations, an amount that is less than approximately 34% of all expense allocations, which appears to be an achievable goal (7). In the real world, there are frequent expense allocations by NFPs across the U.S., including California. Thus, regulators who recognize the goals of NFPs intentionally adopt moderate regulations. This is not because of potential costs for regulators, but because of the burdensome implementation challenges for NFPs. This result is consistent with the decisions made by California’s governor and the attorney general, as described in the Introduction. Regulatory decisions can be interpreted from the perspective of mechanism design. Some sanctions are necessary to maintain mutual trust within the donation market, and maintaining the market is the point of decision. However, regulators do not want to impose sanctions on all inflated expense allocation. To achieve the objectives of NFPs, fundraising through inflated expense allocation is sometimes required. As Burkart et al. (2018) and Mitchell (2017) warned about some normative goals, complete prevention would harm the beneficiaries of some NFPs. Bénassy-Quéré et al. (2019) also explained that regulators are confronted with trade-offs. Allowing inflated expense allocations is a possible option. Through imperfect sanctions, regulators make NFPs navigate through a series of obstacles. In terms of obstacles for NFPs, humanitarian organizations are particularly volatile and have imminent fundraising needs, as Tariq et al. (2023) state. According to Sandel (2010) and Finlayson (2005) , it can be assumed that there is a space where these types of imperfect sanctions are permitted. The California governor’s and attorney general’s decisions seem less than optimal for preventing all inflated expense allocations, but optimal in terms of maximizing the utility of NFPs stakeholders, including beneficiaries. Conclusions By theorizing mechanism design and k-means clustering, it is indicated that regulators choose moderate regulations on the expense allocations of NFPs. Such regulations appear to force NFPs to navigate obstacles and optimize the utility of NFP stakeholders, including beneficiaries. For example, California’s governor and attorney general appear to have done so. The findings here contradict some rating organizations but are consistent with prior academic literature. Because there is debate among regulators on how to tailor the obstacles for NFPs in the prior literature, this finding for actual data can contribute to the literature. Other studies adopting classic computer science problems may provide further insights into accounting for NFPs. The limitation of this study is the extent to which the findings fit. It is somewhat unclear whether the findings apply sufficiently to cases other than California, or in states or countries influenced by California. Ethical approval This paper did not involve in any human subject experiments and did not need ethical approval of the institutional review board (IRB). Data availability Data were collected from a spreadsheet file of a third party, “the Japan Fundraising Association.” We do not have the right to share this spreadsheet file. The contract between the association and the authors legally prohibits sharing of raw data. The IRB of the first author’s affiliated university does not say anything about sharing of this spreadsheet. This association’s URL is https://jfra.jp/en/for 2025. Entering a contract with this association through its email address [email protected] and purchasing is required to access the full data. The cost of purchasing a pass is 110,000 in JPY. The latest data for Jun. 2025 are available for 2020. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank b-cause Inc. for their English proofreading service. References Allen A, Corradino L, McAllister B: Financially supported nonprofits and IRS Form 990 expense reporting, Journal of Public Budgeting. Accounting and Financial Management. 2024; 36 (2): 146–176. Publisher Full Text Bénassy-Quéré A, Cœuré B, Jacquet P, et al. : Economic Policy. New York: Oxford University Press; 2nd ed. 2019. Bonta R: Attorney General Becerra secures cease and desist orders and over one million dollars in penalties against three charities for deceptive solicitations. State-of-California-Department of Justice-Office of the Attorney General; 2019. Reference Source Burkart C, Wakolbinger T, Toyasaki F: Funds allocation in NPOs: The role of administrative cost ratios. CEJOR. 2018; 26 : 307–330. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Caviola L, Schubert S, Teperman E, et al. : Donors vastly underestimate differences in charities’ effectiveness. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 2020; 15 (4): 509–516. Publisher Full Text Chan EW, Zhang X: Understanding and deterring misreporting in nonprofits: The joint effects of pay level and penalty type. Account. Rev. 2021; 96 (4): 157–177. Publisher Full Text CharityWatch: You cannot rely on the government to protect you from bad charities. CharityWatch; 2023. Reference Source Cyr D, Landry S, Fortin A: Management of charitable program expense ratios in the charity sector. Aust. Account. Rev. 2022; 32 (1): 106–123. Publisher Full Text Dang CT, Owens T: Does transparency come at the cost of charitable services? Evidence from investigating British charities. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 2020; 172 : 314–343. Publisher Full Text Drumwright ME: Full disclosure: Manipulating donors, The Science of Everyday Ethics: Make Easy, Useful, and Fun. University of Texas at Austin; 2022. Reference Source Finlayson JG: Habermas: A Very Short Introduction. Oxon: Oxford University Press; 2005. Fowler L: Is ambiguity good or bad for democratic governance? Perspect. Public Manag. Gov. 2023; 6 (2-3): 94–105. Publisher Full Text Goncharenko G, Khadaroo I: Disciplining human rights organizations through an accounting regulation: A case of the ‘foreign agents’ law in Russia. Crit. Perspect. Account. 2020; 72 : 102129. Publisher Full Text Honigsberg C: Forensic accounting. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 2020; 16 : 147–164. Publisher Full Text Hsu C, Chang Y, Chen T, et al. : Who donates online? Segmentation analysis and marketing strategies based on machine learning for online charitable donations in Taiwan. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 : 52728–52740. Publisher Full Text IUPUI Lilly Family School of Philanthropy: Giving USA: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2022. Chicago: Giving USA Foundation; 2023. Japan Fundraising Association: Nationwide Survey on the Reality of Donations for the 2021 White Book of Donations (A dataset for clustering) (In Japanese).2022. Kopec D: Classic Computer Science Problems in Python. Shelter Island: Manning Publications; 2019. Ling QQ, Roberts AA: Identical ratios: A red flag of ratio management. Rev. Acc. Stud. 2025; 30 (1): 119–155. Publisher Full Text Ling QQ, Roberts AA: Misleading financial reporting in nonprofit organizations. Research Handbook on Nonprofit Accounting. Tinkelman D, Parsons LM, editors. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2023; 80–96. Mitchell GE: Fiscal leanness and fiscal responsiveness: Exploring the normative limits of strategic nonprofit financial management. Adm. Soc. 2017; 49 (9): 1272–1296. Publisher Full Text Muller JZ: The Tyranny of Metrics. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2018. Nonprofit Organizations Committee: Model Nonprofit Corporation Act. Chicago: American Bar Association; 4th ed. 2022. Piereson J, Riley NS: Xavier Becerra’s nonprofit problem. Wall Street J. Jan. 13, 2021. Pilon M, Brouard F: From traditional to collaborative governance: A stakeholder environment framework. Non-Profit Governance: Twelve Frameworks for Organisations and Research. Plaisance G, Belghit AG, editors. London: Routledge; 2025; 13–28. Rasmusen E: Games and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory. Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 4th ed. 2007. Sandel MJ: Justice. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; Paperback ed. 2010. Senate Judiciary Committee: 2019-2020 Legislative Bill Summaries.2021. Reference Source Tariq S, Zaffar MA, Riaz Y, et al. : Revenue composition and financial health of nonprofit humanitarian and emergency health services. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences. Advance online publication. 2023; 41 : 806–824. Publisher Full Text Walker T, Goubran S, Karami M, et al. : Mainstream social impact bonds: A critical analysis. Financ. Res. Lett. 2023; 53 : 103546. Publisher Full Text Yang C, Northcott D: How do charity regulators build public trust? Financ. Account. Manag. 2021; 37 (4): 367–384. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 26 Aug 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Business Administration, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, 2310016, Japan 2 College of Sustainability and Tourism, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Beppu, 8748577, Japan Fuminobu Mizutani Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Yuko Uehara Roles: Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under award number FA2386-23-1-4008. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 31 Dec 2025, 14:827 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167325.2 version 1 Published: 26 Aug 2025, 14:827 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167325.1 Copyright © 2025 Mizutani F and Uehara Y. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Mizutani F and Uehara Y. Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :827 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167325.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 26 Aug 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Mohd Noor NH. Reviewer Report For: Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :827 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184431.r409635 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v1#referee-response-409635 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 10 Sep 2025 Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor , Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184431.r409635 The title does not reflect the content in the manuscript. Why moderate regulations? Why not strong or comprehensive regulations? Abstract: “California has moderate regulations on the expense allocation of NFP programs.” – I don’t understand the purpose ... Continue reading READ ALL The title does not reflect the content in the manuscript. Why moderate regulations? Why not strong or comprehensive regulations? Abstract: “California has moderate regulations on the expense allocation of NFP programs.” – I don’t understand the purpose of this statement in your study. Why refer to California and not other countries/states? The statement is irrelevant. The findings statement is difficult to understand for a layperson. Please paraphrase the sentence. Make sure the findings are understandable. Introduction section: “As a case in the educational collection of the University of Texas at Austin, not-for-profit organizations (NFPs) often confront ethical dilemmas in terms of fundraising (Drumwright, 2022).” Why open your sentence with these statements? The authors do not elaborate on cases that happen at the University of Texas at Austin. You cannot expect all readers to be aware of this case. The readers come from diverse backgrounds and countries. Please define NPOs and elaborate on their nature, challenges faced by NPOs, and their governing bodies. Since the study is among NPOs in Japan. Please discuss NPOs from the Japanese context. This is important since the NPO nature varies between each country. Please discuss the identified research gaps. Please highlight the significance of the study. Please list your research objectives or research questions. The authors made a presumption about California; however, the empirical evidence and facts are not strongly justified. Literature review The accountability of the NPO concept needs to be discussed. The use of game theory is not critically justified. Regulations used in Japan are not stated and explained. The LR section is poorly constructed and needs more explanation. Please avoid referring to obsolete empirical studies. Methodology The methodology section is poorly constructed and academically written. Please explain population and sample selection, research methodology used (either quantitative or qualitative), sampling techniques, database reference, validity, and reliability of data collection. Findings Please explain your table and figure briefly. The findings are too narrow; please include more significant findings. Discussion – needs more explanation, please support your findings with past studies. Please include a discussion of theoretical and practical implications. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: nonprofit and organisational management, entreprenuership, social work, and youth studies I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Mohd Noor NH. Reviewer Report For: Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :827 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184431.r409635 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v1#referee-response-409635 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 12 Jan 2026 Fuminobu Mizutani , Department of Business Administration, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, 2310016, Japan 12 Jan 2026 Author Response Thank you very much for reading our first version and commenting. Your comments are helpful for us. The preface in the review report Point 1: Response: The title was ... Continue reading Thank you very much for reading our first version and commenting. Your comments are helpful for us. The preface in the review report Point 1: Response: The title was changed to focus on HOs. Besides, we added explanations that HOs are not only for contributors but also for beneficiaries. Point 2: Response: We added explanations on the relationship between California and Japan from the past to present. Point 3: Response: We revised the section 6, especially 6.1 of the main text. “Introduction section” in the review report 1: Response: Drumwright (2022) is cited only to fascinate readers including university students as described in the section 1, though both of the authors had travel experiences to Texas. 2: Response: We added explanations based on Gee et al. (2023). 3: Response: We added explanations as the mention related to Point 2. Japanese regulations on NFPs have been influenced from California since 1990s. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​We wrote the research gap in 3.1 of the main text, based on the section 2. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We highlighted the significance in the first paragraph of the section 7 and make the second paragraph of that section supplemental. 6: Response: ​​​​​​​We directly wrote the research objective in 3.1 of the main text. 7: Response: ​​​​​​​The response is same with 3. “Literature review” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We discussed the accountability in 2.3 of the main text, citing prior literature. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We justified based mainly on Viljoen et al. (2021) and Koster et al. (2022). 3: Response: ​​​​​​​We added explanations in the section 1. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 3 is revised by adding sentences and correcting a typo in a formula. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We eliminated two research articles from the references. “Methodology” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 4 is revised. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We added descriptions in 4.2. Related to the database reference, we inserted another table. “Findings” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We added brief explanations. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​Sentences on findings increased. Please view 6.1 of the main text. “Discussion” in the review report Response: We cited past studies and practical documents in 6.2 and 6.3 of the main text. Thank you very much for reading our first version and commenting. Your comments are helpful for us. The preface in the review report Point 1: Response: The title was changed to focus on HOs. Besides, we added explanations that HOs are not only for contributors but also for beneficiaries. Point 2: Response: We added explanations on the relationship between California and Japan from the past to present. Point 3: Response: We revised the section 6, especially 6.1 of the main text. “Introduction section” in the review report 1: Response: Drumwright (2022) is cited only to fascinate readers including university students as described in the section 1, though both of the authors had travel experiences to Texas. 2: Response: We added explanations based on Gee et al. (2023). 3: Response: We added explanations as the mention related to Point 2. Japanese regulations on NFPs have been influenced from California since 1990s. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​We wrote the research gap in 3.1 of the main text, based on the section 2. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We highlighted the significance in the first paragraph of the section 7 and make the second paragraph of that section supplemental. 6: Response: ​​​​​​​We directly wrote the research objective in 3.1 of the main text. 7: Response: ​​​​​​​The response is same with 3. “Literature review” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We discussed the accountability in 2.3 of the main text, citing prior literature. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We justified based mainly on Viljoen et al. (2021) and Koster et al. (2022). 3: Response: ​​​​​​​We added explanations in the section 1. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 3 is revised by adding sentences and correcting a typo in a formula. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We eliminated two research articles from the references. “Methodology” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 4 is revised. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We added descriptions in 4.2. Related to the database reference, we inserted another table. “Findings” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We added brief explanations. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​Sentences on findings increased. Please view 6.1 of the main text. “Discussion” in the review report Response: We cited past studies and practical documents in 6.2 and 6.3 of the main text. Competing Interests: N/A Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 12 Jan 2026 Fuminobu Mizutani , Department of Business Administration, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, 2310016, Japan 12 Jan 2026 Author Response Thank you very much for reading our first version and commenting. Your comments are helpful for us. The preface in the review report Point 1: Response: The title was ... Continue reading Thank you very much for reading our first version and commenting. Your comments are helpful for us. The preface in the review report Point 1: Response: The title was changed to focus on HOs. Besides, we added explanations that HOs are not only for contributors but also for beneficiaries. Point 2: Response: We added explanations on the relationship between California and Japan from the past to present. Point 3: Response: We revised the section 6, especially 6.1 of the main text. “Introduction section” in the review report 1: Response: Drumwright (2022) is cited only to fascinate readers including university students as described in the section 1, though both of the authors had travel experiences to Texas. 2: Response: We added explanations based on Gee et al. (2023). 3: Response: We added explanations as the mention related to Point 2. Japanese regulations on NFPs have been influenced from California since 1990s. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​We wrote the research gap in 3.1 of the main text, based on the section 2. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We highlighted the significance in the first paragraph of the section 7 and make the second paragraph of that section supplemental. 6: Response: ​​​​​​​We directly wrote the research objective in 3.1 of the main text. 7: Response: ​​​​​​​The response is same with 3. “Literature review” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We discussed the accountability in 2.3 of the main text, citing prior literature. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We justified based mainly on Viljoen et al. (2021) and Koster et al. (2022). 3: Response: ​​​​​​​We added explanations in the section 1. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 3 is revised by adding sentences and correcting a typo in a formula. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We eliminated two research articles from the references. “Methodology” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 4 is revised. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We added descriptions in 4.2. Related to the database reference, we inserted another table. “Findings” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We added brief explanations. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​Sentences on findings increased. Please view 6.1 of the main text. “Discussion” in the review report Response: We cited past studies and practical documents in 6.2 and 6.3 of the main text. Thank you very much for reading our first version and commenting. Your comments are helpful for us. The preface in the review report Point 1: Response: The title was changed to focus on HOs. Besides, we added explanations that HOs are not only for contributors but also for beneficiaries. Point 2: Response: We added explanations on the relationship between California and Japan from the past to present. Point 3: Response: We revised the section 6, especially 6.1 of the main text. “Introduction section” in the review report 1: Response: Drumwright (2022) is cited only to fascinate readers including university students as described in the section 1, though both of the authors had travel experiences to Texas. 2: Response: We added explanations based on Gee et al. (2023). 3: Response: We added explanations as the mention related to Point 2. Japanese regulations on NFPs have been influenced from California since 1990s. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​We wrote the research gap in 3.1 of the main text, based on the section 2. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We highlighted the significance in the first paragraph of the section 7 and make the second paragraph of that section supplemental. 6: Response: ​​​​​​​We directly wrote the research objective in 3.1 of the main text. 7: Response: ​​​​​​​The response is same with 3. “Literature review” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We discussed the accountability in 2.3 of the main text, citing prior literature. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We justified based mainly on Viljoen et al. (2021) and Koster et al. (2022). 3: Response: ​​​​​​​We added explanations in the section 1. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 3 is revised by adding sentences and correcting a typo in a formula. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We eliminated two research articles from the references. “Methodology” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 4 is revised. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We added descriptions in 4.2. Related to the database reference, we inserted another table. “Findings” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We added brief explanations. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​Sentences on findings increased. Please view 6.1 of the main text. “Discussion” in the review report Response: We cited past studies and practical documents in 6.2 and 6.3 of the main text. Competing Interests: N/A Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 26 Aug 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 2 (revision) 31 Dec 25 read Version 1 26 Aug 25 read Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor , Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seremban, Malaysia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mohd Noor N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 20 Jan 2026 | for Version 2 Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor , Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mohd Noor N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The authors have revised the manuscript accordingly and made all necessary amendments. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Mohd Noor NH. Peer Review Report For: Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :827 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194233.r446549) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v2#referee-response-446549 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Mohd Noor N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Sep 2025 | for Version 1 Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor , Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Mohd Noor N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The title does not reflect the content in the manuscript. Why moderate regulations? Why not strong or comprehensive regulations? Abstract: “California has moderate regulations on the expense allocation of NFP programs.” – I don’t understand the purpose of this statement in your study. Why refer to California and not other countries/states? The statement is irrelevant. The findings statement is difficult to understand for a layperson. Please paraphrase the sentence. Make sure the findings are understandable. Introduction section: “As a case in the educational collection of the University of Texas at Austin, not-for-profit organizations (NFPs) often confront ethical dilemmas in terms of fundraising (Drumwright, 2022).” Why open your sentence with these statements? The authors do not elaborate on cases that happen at the University of Texas at Austin. You cannot expect all readers to be aware of this case. The readers come from diverse backgrounds and countries. Please define NPOs and elaborate on their nature, challenges faced by NPOs, and their governing bodies. Since the study is among NPOs in Japan. Please discuss NPOs from the Japanese context. This is important since the NPO nature varies between each country. Please discuss the identified research gaps. Please highlight the significance of the study. Please list your research objectives or research questions. The authors made a presumption about California; however, the empirical evidence and facts are not strongly justified. Literature review The accountability of the NPO concept needs to be discussed. The use of game theory is not critically justified. Regulations used in Japan are not stated and explained. The LR section is poorly constructed and needs more explanation. Please avoid referring to obsolete empirical studies. Methodology The methodology section is poorly constructed and academically written. Please explain population and sample selection, research methodology used (either quantitative or qualitative), sampling techniques, database reference, validity, and reliability of data collection. Findings Please explain your table and figure briefly. The findings are too narrow; please include more significant findings. Discussion – needs more explanation, please support your findings with past studies. Please include a discussion of theoretical and practical implications. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise nonprofit and organisational management, entreprenuership, social work, and youth studies I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 12 Jan 2026 Fuminobu Mizutani, Department of Business Administration, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, 2310016, Japan Thank you very much for reading our first version and commenting. Your comments are helpful for us. The preface in the review report Point 1: Response: The title was changed to focus on HOs. Besides, we added explanations that HOs are not only for contributors but also for beneficiaries. Point 2: Response: We added explanations on the relationship between California and Japan from the past to present. Point 3: Response: We revised the section 6, especially 6.1 of the main text. “Introduction section” in the review report 1: Response: Drumwright (2022) is cited only to fascinate readers including university students as described in the section 1, though both of the authors had travel experiences to Texas. 2: Response: We added explanations based on Gee et al. (2023). 3: Response: We added explanations as the mention related to Point 2. Japanese regulations on NFPs have been influenced from California since 1990s. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​We wrote the research gap in 3.1 of the main text, based on the section 2. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We highlighted the significance in the first paragraph of the section 7 and make the second paragraph of that section supplemental. 6: Response: ​​​​​​​We directly wrote the research objective in 3.1 of the main text. 7: Response: ​​​​​​​The response is same with 3. “Literature review” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We discussed the accountability in 2.3 of the main text, citing prior literature. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We justified based mainly on Viljoen et al. (2021) and Koster et al. (2022). 3: Response: ​​​​​​​We added explanations in the section 1. 4: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 3 is revised by adding sentences and correcting a typo in a formula. 5: Response: ​​​​​​​We eliminated two research articles from the references. “Methodology” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​The section 4 is revised. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​We added descriptions in 4.2. Related to the database reference, we inserted another table. “Findings” in the review report 1: Response: ​​​​​​​We added brief explanations. 2: Response: ​​​​​​​Sentences on findings increased. Please view 6.1 of the main text. “Discussion” in the review report Response: We cited past studies and practical documents in 6.2 and 6.3 of the main text. View more View less Competing Interests N/A reply Respond Report a concern Mohd Noor NH. Peer Review Report For: Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations: Findings from the combination of mechanism design and k-means clustering [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :827 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184431.r409635) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v1#referee-response-409635 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v1&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('Mizutani F and Uehara Y'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v1/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827", templates : { twitter : "Moderate regulations are optimal for NFP program expense allocations:.... Mizutani F and Uehara Y, published by " + "@F1000Research" + ", https://f1000research.com/articles/14-827/v1" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/167325/184431") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "184431"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "416000": 0, "452878": 0, "458270": 0, "458271": 0, "409631": 0, "458268": 0, "458269": 0, "458266": 0, "472615": 0, "409638": 0, "472614": 0, "409639": 0, "458276": 0, "472613": 0, "409636": 0, "472612": 0, "409637": 0, "458274": 0, "409634": 0, "458275": 0, "409635": 13, "458272": 0, "409632": 0, "458273": 0, "409633": 0, "409640": 0, "434227": 0, "429134": 0, "429135": 0, "429132": 0, "429133": 0, "429130": 0, "429131": 0, "446549": 2, "429138": 0, "429139": 0, "429136": 0, "429137": 0, "451166": 0, "451167": 0, "451164": 0, "451165": 0, "451163": 0, "451172": 0, "451170": 0, "451171": 0, "451168": 0, "451169": 0, "447134": 0, "412318": 0, "447135": 0, "412319": 0, "447132": 0, "412316": 0, "447133": 0, "412317": 0, "447130": 0, "447131": 0, "412324": 0, "412325": 0, "447138": 0, "412322": 0, "447139": 0, "412323": 0, "447136": 0, "412320": 0, "447137": 0, "412321": 0, "422862": 0, "422863": 0, "422870": 0, "431062": 0, "422871": 0, "431063": 0, "422868": 0, "431060": 0, "422869": 0, "431061": 0, "422866": 0, "431058": 0, "422867": 0, "431059": 0, "422864": 0, "431056": 0, "422865": 0, "431057": 0, "431064": 0, "431065": 0, "449766": 0, "449767": 0, "449774": 0, "449775": 0, "449772": 0, "449773": 0, "449770": 0, "449771": 0, "449768": 0, "449769": 0, "419574": 0, "415991": 0, "419575": 0, "415998": 0, "419582": 0, "415999": 0, "419583": 0, "415996": 0, "419580": 0, "415997": 0, "419581": 0, "415994": 0, "419578": 0, "415995": 0, "419579": 0, "415992": 0, "419576": 0, "415993": 0, "419577": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "b04af21b-f3c1-4386-982a-50122911169e"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "f1000research", displayName: "F1000Research", hostName: "f1000research.com", id: "1", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(".cookie-warning").is(":visible")) { $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "35px"); $(".devices").addClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); } $(".cookie-warning .close-button").click(function (e) { $(".devices").removeClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "0"); }); $("#tweeter-feed .tweet-message").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(".partner").on("mouseenter mouseleave", function() { $(this).find(".gray-scale, .colour").toggleClass("is-hidden"); }); }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });