Taxonomic identity of two rust fungi, Uromyces durus and Puccinia allii, parasitizing Allium spp.

Taxonomic identity of two rust fungi, Uromyces durus and Puccinia allii, parasitizing Allium spp. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Taxonomic identity of two rust fungi, Uromyces durus and Puccinia allii, parasitizing Allium spp. Shihomi Uzuhashi, Satoshi Kagiwada, Hiromichi Horie, Keisuke Tsukada, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223137/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of General Plant Pathology → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Uromyces durus was originally described as a pathogen of rust disease on Allium macrostemon collected in Kochi Prefecture, Japan in 1905. This fugus is similar to Puccinia allii in host range and morphology, although it has been reported that the ratios of 1-celled and 2- celled teliospores differ from each other. In addition, molecular phylogenetic analyses suggested that they are closely related. We collected specimens from both species in Japan and conducted morphological examinations and phylogenetic analyses. The results showed that the two species were taxonomically identical. Therefore, U. durus was treated as a synonym of P. allii . Onion disease Plant pathogen Pucciniales Rust fungus Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Full Text Many rust fungi have been reported to infect Allium species worldwide (McTaggart 2016) and cause serious diseases. Among them three rust species, Puccinia allii (DC.) F. Rudolphi, P. tuberosa Jing X. Ji &Kakish. and Uromyces durus Dietel, have been reported in Japan (Ito 1950; Hiratsuka 1960; Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka 1966; Hiratsuka and Hasebe 1978; Hiratsuka et al. 1992; Uzuhashi et al. 2023). Two of these species, P. allii and U. durus , have been known to have similar host ranges (Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka 1966; Hiratsuka et al. 1992). The P. allii has been reported on many species of Allium and distributed worldwide (McTaggart 2016), while the U. durus was first described based ona specimen collected on Allium macrostemon Bunge (= A. grayi Regel, A. nipponicum Franch. & Sav.) in Kochi Prefecture, Japan, in 1905 by Dietel (1907), and has only been reported in Japan (Ito 1950; Hiratsuka 1960; Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka 1966; Hiratsuka et al. 1992). These two species are morphologically similar in urediniospores and teliospores, but they are distinguished only by the ratio of 1-celled and 2-celled teliospores. Teliospores of P. allii are mostly 2-celled, while those of U. duru s are mostly 1-celled. Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka (1966) reported that the ratio of 2-celled teliosporesin U. durus was less than 6% and that of P. allii was more than 6%. The close taxonomic relationship between these two species was suggested by phylogenetic analyses (McTaggart et al. 2016; Tanaka and Ono 2018). Based on the similarities between the two species reported to date, we conducted this study to clarify the taxonomic relationships between P. allii and U. durus using specimens collected in Japan. Specimens of the two rust species on the seven Allium species were collected from various areas of Japan (Table 1, Figs.1-3). For comparative examination three specimens, including syntypes of U. durus , were borrowed from the Herbarium of the Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan (TNS). A total of 33 specimens were used for morphological and/or phylogenetic analyses. For morphological examination, urediniospores and/or teliospores were observed with light microscopy, and their sizes were measured using the same method described previously (Uzuhashi et al. 2022). All specimens used in this study were deposited in the TNS. The results of morphological observations are shown in Table 1 and Figs. 1-3. Of the 33 specimens observed, two produced only teliospores and five produced only urediniospores. Of the 28 specimens that produced teliospores, 23 specimens were identified as U. durus because the ratio of 2-celled teliospores was less than 6% (0-5 %), as reported by Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka (1966). The morphological characteristics of the urediniospores and teliospores of these specimens were identical to those of syntype specimens of U. durus (Fig. 1). Two specimens with a higher percentage of 2-celled teliospores (ca. 40 and 80 %) were identified as P. allii . The 5 specimens for which only urediniospores were observed were described simply as “Uredinial stage” because urediniospores of these species are morphologically similar each other and their identifications are impossible. The size of urediniospores and teliospores was variable among specimens, but no obvious difference was observed, except for the ratio of 2-celled teliospores. For phylogenetic analyses, specimens collected from Allium species and examined for morphology were used (Table 1). Specimens of U. durus borrowed from TNS, including syntypes, were also used for these analyses. Specimens of P. tuberosa on A. tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. collected in Japan were used for comparative analyses (Table 2). DNA was extracted from the urediniospores or teliospores using the method described by Izumitsu et al. (2012). The internal transcribed space regions, including the 5.8S ribosomal RAN gene (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) of the rRNA gene (ITS-LSU), were amplified using the universal primers V9G (Hoog and Gerrits van den Ende 2009) and LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990), as described previously (Uzuhashi et al. 2022). For sequencing, ITS5-u (Pfunder et al. 2001) and Rust2inv (Aime 2006) primers were used in addition to the V9G and LR5 primers. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (cox3) was amplified and sequenced using primers Cox3-F and Cox3-R (Sakamoto et al. 2023). All sequences from this study have been deposited in the GenBank database (Tables 1, 2). The ITS-LSU and cox3 sequences were aligned with those of P. allii and related species from the GenBank database according to a previous study (McTaggart et al. 2106 for ITS-LSU; Marin-Felix et al. 2017 for cox3) using the ClustalW program included in MEGA7 (Kumar et al. 2016; Marin Felix et al. 2017; Uzuhashi et al. 2023). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood methods, as shown in Fig. 4 and 5. In the ITS-LSU tree (Fig. 4), all specimens identified as U. durus and the Uredinial stage specimens in this study were grouped into a single clade with P. allii . Puccinia mixta , reportedon A. schoenoprasum from Europe, was also included in this clade, although a few sequence differences were recognized. This clade is closely related to the P. porri clade as a sister group but is clearly distinct from it. Puccinia tuberosa reported on A. tuberosum reported from Asia was plylogenetically distinct from P. allii, P. porri, P. mixtra and U. durus. In the cox3 tree (Fig. 5), the specimens of U. durus , P. allii , and the Uredinial stage, were identical and grouped into a single clade. Because there are no sequence data of cox3 for U. durus or P. allii in the database, it was not possible to compare the sequences of Japanese specimens with those from other countries. However, it was clear that there were no phylogenetic differences between U. durus and P. allii in cox3, because our data included a type specimen of U. durus . All specimens of P. tuberosa were included into a single clade and clearly distinct from P. allii and U. durus in this phylogenetic tree. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological observations, as well as the previously reported host range, there was no clear differentiation between U. durus and P. allii , although the ratio of 2-celled teliospores varied among specimens. Therefore, we concluded that the two species were taxonomically identical and treated U. durus as a synonym of P. allii because of the priority of publication.In the phylogenetic analyses in this study, P. mixta was closely related to P. allii , as shown in a previous study (McTaggart et al., 2016). This species has been reported to be differentiated from other rust species on Allium spp. by its restricted host range, which is known only on A. schoenoprasum (McTaggart et al. 2016). Further studies, including inoculation tests, are required to clarify the taxonomic relationship between P. allii and P. mixta . Puccinia allii (DC.) F. Rudolphi, Linneana 4: 392, 1829 (Figs. 1–3) = Uromyces durus Dietel, Ann. Mycol. 5: 70, 1907 Description revised in this study based on specimens collected in Japan: Uredinia amphigenous, scattered, at first covered by epidermis and then ruptured, yellow or reddish yellow. Urediniospores globose to ellipsoid, 22–35 × 13–30 μm in size; walls; walls echinulate, hyaline, 1–2 μm thick. Telia amphigenous, covered by epidermis, brown to black with paraphyses. Teliospores mixed with 1-celled and 2-celled spores, their ratio variable (2-celled spores: 0 to ca. 80 %). One-celled spores subglobose, 21–40 × 10–28 μm in size; walls smooth, brown, 1–2 μm thick at sides, thickened at the apices. Two-celled spores ellipsoid to long ellipsoid, slightly constricted at septa, 31–60 × 13–22 μm in size; walls smooth, brown, 1–2 μm thick at sides, thickened at the apices. Pedicels of both spores short, fragile, hyaline. Specimens collected in Japan and examined: See Table 1. Host plants in Japan: Allium aflatunense B.Fedtsch. cv. Purple sensation (New host), A. cepa L., A. chinense G. Don (= A. bakeri Regel), A. fistulosum L., A. giganteum Regel (New host), A. macrostemon Bunge (= A. grayi Regel, A. nipponicum Franch & Sav.), A. maximowiczii Regel (= A. schoenoprasum var. orientale Regel), A. sativum L. (= A. sativum var. japonicum Kitam., A. sativum var. pekinense (Prokh.) F. Maekawa), A. schoenoprasum var. foliosum Regel, A. schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman, A. shubertii Zucc. (New host), A. splendens Willd., A. stipitatum Regel cv. Mt. Everest (New host), A. thunbergii G. Don (= A. japonicum Steud., A. yamarakhyo Honda) (Dietel 1907, Hiratsuka 1960, Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka 1966, Hiratsuka and Hasebe 1973, Hiratsuka et al. 1992, Present study.) In this study, we found rust disease on several species of ornamental Allium spp., A. giganteum, A. aflatunense cv. Purple Sensation, and A. stipitatum cv. Mt Everest (Table 1, Fig. 2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of rust fungi on ornamental Allium species in Japan. Therefore, we propose adding this information to the common names of plant diseases in Japan (Phytopathological Society of Japan). Declarations Acknowledgements We express our thanks to Dr. T. Hosoya, the Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan for the loan of specimens . The rust specimens on Allium species used in this study were collected by many people. We appreciate their kind help. Disclosure The authors declare no conflicts of interest. All experiments undertaken in this study complied with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. All the authors contributed to the preparation and revision of the manuscript. References Aime MC. 2006. Toward resolving family-level relationships in rust fungi (Uredinales). Mycoscience 47:112–122 Dietel P (1907) Uredineen aus Japan. Annales Mycologici 5:70–77 Fuckel KWGL (1870) Symbolae mycologicae. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Rheinischen Pilze. Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins Für Naturkunde:23–24 Hiratsuka N (1960) A provisional list of Uredinales of Japan proper and the Ryukyu Islands. The Science Bulletin of the Division of Agriculture, Home Economics and Engineering, University of Ryukyus 7: 189–314. Hiratsuka N, Hasebe S (1978) A taxonomic revision of the species of Puccinia parasitic on the Liliales (Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Iridaceae) in the Japaneae Archipelago. Rept. Tottori Mycol. Inst. (Japan) 16:1–36 Hiratsuka N, Hiratsuka T (1966) Studies on Uromyces durus Dietel and its related species parasitic on Allium grayi in Japan (in Japanese). Trans Mycol Soc Japan 7:160–173 Hiratsuka N, Sato S, Katsuya K, Kakishima M, Hiratsuka Y, Kaneko S, Ono Y, Sato T, Harada Y, Hiratsuka T, Nakayama K (1992) The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba-shuppankai, Tsukuba, Japan. Hoog GS, Gerrits van den Endc AHG (1998) Molecular diagnostics of clinical strains of filamentous Basidiomycetes. Mycoses 41:183–189. Ito S (1950) Mycological flora of Japan, vol 2. Yokendo, Tokyo,Izumitsu K, Katoh K, Sumita T, Kitada Y, Morita A, Tanaka C, Gafur A, Ohta A, Kawai M, Yamanaka T, Neda H, Ota Y. 2012. Rapid and simple preparation of mushroom DNA directly from colonies and fruiting bodies for PCR. Mycoscience 53:396–401. doi.org/10.1007/S10267-012-0182-3 Jennings DM, Ford-Lloyd BV, Butler GM (1990) Morphological analysis of spores from different Allium rust populations. Mycol Res 94:83–93 Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33: 1870–1874. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msw054 Marin-Felix M, Groenewald JZ, Cai L, Chen Q, Marincowitz S, Barnes I, Bensch K, Braun U, Camporesi E, Damm U, de Beer ZW, Dissanayake A, Edwards J, Giraldo A, Hernández-RestrepoM, Hyde KD, Jayawardena RS, Lombard L, Luangsa-ard J, McTaggart AR, Rossman AY, Sandoval-Denis M, Shen M, Shivas RG, Tan YP, van der Linde EJ, Wingfield MJ, Wood AR, Zhang JQ, Zhang Y, Crous PW (2017) Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 1. Stud in Mycol 86: 99–216. http:// doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2017.04.002. McTaggart AR, Shivas RG, Doungsa-ard C, Weese TL, Beasley DR, Hall BH, Metcalf DA, Geering AD (2016) Identification of rust fungi (Pucciniales) on species of Allium in Australia. Australas Plant Pathol 45:581–592. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/s13313- 016- 0445-0 Pfunder M, Schürch S, Roy BA (2001) Sequence variation and geographic distribution of pseudoflower-forming rust fungi ( Uromyces pisi s. lat.) on Euphorbia cyparissias . Mycol Res 105:57–66. Sakamoto A, Uzuhashi S, Hoshi H, Kubota M, Horie H, Kakishima M (2023) First Report of Rust Caused by Puccinia paullula on Monstera deliciosa and M. adansonii in Japan. Plant Disease 107:570. Sowerby J (1809) Coloured figures of english fungi or mushrooms. J. Davis, London Tanaka E, Ono Y (2018) Whole-leaf fluorescence imaging to visualize in planta fungal structures of Victory onion leaf rust fungus, Uromyces japonicus , and its taxonomic evaluation. Mycoscience 59:137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.08.013 Uzuhashi S, Horie H, Kakishima M (2022) First report of rust disease on Potentilla indica caused by Phragmidium duchesneae in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol 88:278–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-022-01068-3 Uzuhashi S, Satou M, Jing XJ, Kakishima M (2023) Re-identification of rust pathogen on Allium tuberosum in Japan as Puccinia tuberosa . J Gen Plant Pathol 89:12–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-022-01102-4 Vilgalys R, Hester M. 1990. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol 172:4238–4246 Winter G (1884) Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz. Erster Band: Pilze, vol 1, pt. 1. Verlag von Eduard Kummer, Leipzig Tables Tables 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section Supplementary Files Table1.xlsx Table2.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of General Plant Pathology → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7223137","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":493095993,"identity":"397c9bd2-b069-4206-a850-d5668feb36a3","order_by":0,"name":"Shihomi Uzuhashi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA40lEQVRIie3PsQrCMBCA4StCXU67JqjvEBHiIvZVlEId3cTBIUVwUrrqizhHAnUJuDo4VAQnB0eHDhYRBIdoN5H8kOXIx3EANttv5uZPogdOen1Oet8RKkrNZSECTL6IObbTPL1lh3prq5zpeALdGOCcGonU7eZidkauAyfSCQQrAQNmJJs5JxWhkMvh9hgJCJiEkBhJ/plmmcJWfHKi70iCvIauQkaCB+l+JFS7o1pjppDs8y0iIT06/XBLdafW9JIp34vzLWLS8b3yPExN5D3SFyUMiwgAH6CcFCM2m832790BmttKgW6DEZsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-3131","institution":"National Agriculture and Food Research Organization","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shihomi","middleName":"","lastName":"Uzuhashi","suffix":""},{"id":493095994,"identity":"e500778e-9751-454b-b2c7-1c5bbc3c4e67","order_by":1,"name":"Satoshi Kagiwada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hosei University: Hosei Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Satoshi","middleName":"","lastName":"Kagiwada","suffix":""},{"id":493095995,"identity":"1746d7fc-d530-49bc-8b08-f34aa471d61d","order_by":2,"name":"Hiromichi Horie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hosei University: Hosei Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hiromichi","middleName":"","lastName":"Horie","suffix":""},{"id":493095996,"identity":"f734cade-7f3f-45f5-b68d-531508a81911","order_by":3,"name":"Keisuke Tsukada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hosei University: Hosei Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Keisuke","middleName":"","lastName":"Tsukada","suffix":""},{"id":493095997,"identity":"db6e4d04-2ee7-4285-a901-f21de8bcf61a","order_by":4,"name":"Taiga Kasuya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Keio University: Keio Gijuku Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taiga","middleName":"","lastName":"Kasuya","suffix":""},{"id":493095998,"identity":"05367963-9eb8-41c9-911a-821a6cafa2cc","order_by":5,"name":"Makoto Kakishima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tsukuba: Tsukuba Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Makoto","middleName":"","lastName":"Kakishima","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-26 20:35:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223137/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223137/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-025-01253-0","type":"published","date":"2025-09-29T15:58:15+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88266207,"identity":"3b27aab6-319c-4a2f-87ef-a6a18d655e75","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-04 16:21:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4082936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuccinia allii \u003c/em\u003eon \u003cem\u003eAllium macrostemon\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e Plant infected with the rust fungus. \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003eUredinia and telia produced on the surface of the plant. \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e Teliospores from syntype specimen (TNS-F239375).\u003cstrong\u003e D\u003c/strong\u003e Urediniospores from syntype specimen (TNS-F239375). \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e Vertical section of an uredinium. \u003cstrong\u003eF \u003c/strong\u003eVertical section of a telium. \u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e Urediniospores. \u003cstrong\u003eH\u003c/strong\u003e Teliospores including 2-celled teliospores. Bars: \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e D\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e H\u003c/strong\u003e 10 μm, \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e 20 μm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223137/v1/53a3680a96feab6db575a802.png"},{"id":88264617,"identity":"f72f3421-8fa7-40a0-83cb-ad2415c5970f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-04 16:05:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1922852,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuccinia allii\u003c/em\u003e on \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003especies. \u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eA. aflatunense\u003c/em\u003e cv. Purple Sensation infected with the rust fungus. \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e Uredinia produced on the surface of \u003cem\u003eA. aflatunense\u003c/em\u003ecv. Purple Sensation.\u003cstrong\u003e C\u003c/strong\u003e Uredinia and telia produced on \u003cem\u003eA. stipitatum\u003c/em\u003ecv. Mt Everest. \u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e Urediniospores (D)and teliospores (E) produced on \u003cem\u003eA. aflatunense\u003c/em\u003e cv. Purple Sensation. Bars: \u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e10 μm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223137/v1/f5636cacefcb10dcc8da308a.png"},{"id":88264623,"identity":"e47a323c-2621-4593-be29-c452e90de98e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-04 16:05:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2717042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuccinia alii\u003c/em\u003e on\u003cem\u003e Allium\u003c/em\u003especies. \u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e Uredinia produced on the surface of A. \u003cem\u003efistulosum\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003eUredinia produced on the surface of \u003cem\u003eA. sativum\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e Urediniospores produced on \u003cem\u003eA. fistulosum\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e Vertical section of an uredinium on \u003cem\u003eA. fistulosum\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e Teliospores produced on \u003cem\u003eA. fistulosum\u003c/em\u003e. Bars: \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e 10 μm, \u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e 20 μm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223137/v1/c7b182957e36879cc0962f6c.png"},{"id":88265729,"identity":"671d92c2-00aa-4e66-af6e-660f342b3f9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-04 16:13:04","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92964,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic tree based on the ITS and LSU sequences from \u003cem\u003eUromyces durus\u003c/em\u003e, Puccinia \u003cem\u003ealii\u003c/em\u003eand related species constructed using maximum-likelihood. Maximum likelihood/neighbor-joining bootstrap values above 60% are shown at the nodes. The species name is followed by the GenBank accession in parentheses; in square brackets is the host plant with location after the colon. Sequences generated in this study are in bold.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223137/v1/4a854d2436330a2f06d51a57.png"},{"id":88265730,"identity":"aa21d296-f2e5-469f-aaae-50acdbf5f007","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-04 16:13:04","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic tree based cox3 sequences from \u003cem\u003eUromyces durus\u003c/em\u003e, Puccinia \u003cem\u003ealii\u003c/em\u003e and related species constructed using maximum-likelihood. Maximum likelihood/neighbor-joining bootstrap values above 60% are shown at the nodes. The\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003especies name is followed by the GenBank accession in parentheses; in square brackets is the host plant with location after the colon. Sequences generated in this study are in bold.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223137/v1/ba95da414ad93ef01c6f40bc.png"},{"id":92884226,"identity":"817f3849-8511-46ef-89ab-37ee0a2c8461","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 16:12:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":13350200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223137/v1/369fa086-497a-4e91-b507-ad3044243a39.pdf"},{"id":88264613,"identity":"3e15b2aa-4197-47fe-9728-f83d7cd5c39b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-04 16:05:04","extension":"xlsx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table1.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223137/v1/ba37cbee65d23c4362d750fb.xlsx"},{"id":88264614,"identity":"fe241e8d-06e4-4acc-b5d7-d06fa1c943a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-04 16:05:04","extension":"xlsx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":10897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table2.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223137/v1/d0ba6f9a57ed12ad21773086.xlsx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Taxonomic identity of two rust fungi, Uromyces durus and Puccinia allii, parasitizing Allium spp.","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eMany rust fungi have been reported to infect\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Allium\u003c/em\u003e species worldwide (McTaggart 2016) and cause serious diseases. Among them three rust species, \u003cem\u003ePuccinia allii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(DC.) F. Rudolphi, \u003cem\u003eP. tuberosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJing X. Ji \u0026amp;Kakish. and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Uromyces durus\u003c/em\u003e Dietel, have been reported in Japan (Ito 1950; Hiratsuka 1960; Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka 1966; Hiratsuka and Hasebe 1978; Hiratsuka et al. 1992; Uzuhashi et al. 2023). Two of these species, \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;U. durus\u003c/em\u003e, have been known to have similar host ranges (Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka 1966; Hiratsuka et al. 1992). The \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e has been reported on many species of \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003e and distributed worldwide (McTaggart 2016), while the\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;U. durus\u003c/em\u003e was first described based ona specimen collected on \u003cem\u003eAllium macrostemon\u003c/em\u003e Bunge (= \u003cem\u003eA. grayi\u003c/em\u003e Regel, \u003cem\u003eA. nipponicum\u003c/em\u003e Franch. \u0026amp; Sav.) in Kochi Prefecture, Japan, in 1905 by Dietel (1907), and has only been reported in Japan (Ito 1950; Hiratsuka 1960; Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka 1966; Hiratsuka et al. 1992). These two species are morphologically similar in urediniospores and teliospores, but they are distinguished only by the ratio of 1-celled and 2-celled teliospores. Teliospores of \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e are mostly 2-celled, while those of \u003cem\u003eU. duru\u003c/em\u003es are mostly 1-celled. Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka (1966) reported that the ratio of 2-celled teliosporesin\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;U. durus\u003c/em\u003e was less than 6% and that of \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e was more than 6%. The close taxonomic relationship between these two species was suggested by phylogenetic analyses (McTaggart et al. 2016; Tanaka and Ono 2018). Based on the similarities between the two species reported to date, we conducted this study to clarify the taxonomic relationships between \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e using specimens collected in Japan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecimens of the two rust species on the seven \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003e species were collected from various areas of Japan (Table 1, Figs.1-3). For comparative examination three specimens, including syntypes of \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e, were borrowed from the Herbarium of the Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan (TNS). A total of 33 specimens were used for morphological and/or phylogenetic analyses. For morphological examination, urediniospores and/or teliospores were observed with light microscopy, and their sizes were measured using the same method described previously (Uzuhashi et al. 2022). All specimens used in this study were deposited in the TNS. The results of morphological observations are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;1 and Figs. 1-3. Of the 33 specimens observed, two produced only teliospores and five produced only urediniospores. Of the 28 specimens that produced teliospores, 23 specimens were identified as\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;U. durus\u003c/em\u003e because the ratio of 2-celled teliospores was less than 6% (0-5 %), as reported by Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka (1966). The morphological characteristics of the urediniospores and teliospores of these specimens were identical to those of syntype specimens of \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 1). Two specimens with a higher percentage of 2-celled teliospores (ca. 40 and 80 %) were identified as \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e. The 5 specimens for which only urediniospores were observed were described simply as “Uredinial stage” because urediniospores of these species are morphologically similar each other and their identifications are impossible. The size of urediniospores and teliospores was variable among specimens, but no obvious difference was observed, except for the ratio of 2-celled teliospores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;For phylogenetic analyses, specimens collected from \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003e species and examined for morphology were used (Table 1). Specimens of \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e borrowed from TNS, including syntypes, were also used for these analyses. Specimens of \u003cem\u003eP. tuberosa\u003c/em\u003e on \u003cem\u003eA. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e Rottler ex Spreng. collected in Japan were used for comparative analyses (Table 2). DNA was extracted from the urediniospores or teliospores using the method described by Izumitsu et al. (2012). The internal transcribed space regions, including the 5.8S ribosomal RAN gene (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) of the rRNA gene (ITS-LSU), were amplified using the universal primers V9G (Hoog and Gerrits van den Ende 2009) and LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990), as described previously (Uzuhashi et al. 2022). For sequencing, ITS5-u (Pfunder et al. 2001) and Rust2inv (Aime 2006) primers were used in addition to the V9G and LR5 primers. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (cox3) was amplified and sequenced using primers Cox3-F and Cox3-R (Sakamoto et al. 2023). All sequences from this study have been deposited in the GenBank database (Tables 1, 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ITS-LSU and cox3 sequences were aligned with those of \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e and related species from the GenBank database according to a previous study (McTaggart et al. 2106 for ITS-LSU; Marin-Felix et al. 2017 for cox3) using the ClustalW program included in MEGA7 (Kumar et al. 2016; Marin Felix et al. 2017; Uzuhashi et al. 2023). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood methods, as shown in Fig. 4 and 5. In the ITS-LSU tree (Fig. 4), all specimens identified as \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e and the Uredinial stage specimens in this study were grouped into a single clade with \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePuccinia mixta\u003c/em\u003e, reportedon\u003cem\u003eA. schoenoprasum\u003c/em\u003e from Europe, was also included in this clade, although a few sequence differences were recognized. This clade is closely related to the \u003cem\u003eP. porri\u003c/em\u003e clade as a sister group but is clearly distinct from it.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Puccinia tuberosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ereported on \u003cem\u003eA. tuberosum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ereported from Asia was plylogenetically distinct from\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;P. allii, P. porri, P. mixtra\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;U. durus.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;In the cox3 tree (Fig. 5), the specimens of \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e, and the Uredinial stage, were identical and grouped into a single clade. Because there are no sequence data of cox3 for\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;U. durus\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ein the database, it was not possible to compare the sequences of Japanese specimens with those from other countries. However, it was clear that there were no phylogenetic differences between \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ein cox3, because our data included a type specimen of \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e. All specimens of \u003cem\u003eP. tuberosa\u003c/em\u003e were included into a single clade and clearly distinct from \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e in this phylogenetic tree.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on phylogenetic analyses and morphological observations, as well as the previously reported host range, there was no clear differentiation between \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e, although the ratio of 2-celled teliospores varied among specimens. Therefore, we concluded that the two species were taxonomically identical and treated \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e as a synonym of \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e because of the priority of publication.In the phylogenetic analyses in this study, \u003cem\u003eP. mixta\u003c/em\u003e was closely related to \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e, as shown in a previous study (McTaggart et al., 2016). This species has been reported to be differentiated from other rust species on \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003e spp. by its restricted host range, which is known only on\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;A. schoenoprasum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(McTaggart et al. 2016). Further studies, including inoculation tests, are required to clarify the taxonomic relationship between\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;P. allii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eP. mixta\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuccinia allii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (DC.) F. Rudolphi, Linneana 4: 392, 1829 (Figs. 1–3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e= \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eUromyces durus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Dietel, Ann. Mycol. 5: 70, 1907\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription revised in this study based on specimens collected in Japan: Uredinia amphigenous, scattered, at first covered by epidermis and then ruptured, yellow or reddish yellow. Urediniospores globose to ellipsoid, 22–35 × 13–30 μm in size; walls; walls echinulate, hyaline, 1–2 μm thick. Telia amphigenous, covered by epidermis, brown to black with paraphyses. Teliospores mixed with 1-celled and 2-celled spores, their ratio variable (2-celled spores: 0 to ca. 80 %). One-celled spores subglobose, 21–40 × 10–28 μm in size; walls smooth, brown, 1–2 μm thick at sides, thickened at the apices. Two-celled spores ellipsoid to long ellipsoid, slightly constricted at septa, 31–60 × 13–22 μm in size; walls smooth, brown, 1–2 μm thick at sides, thickened at the apices. Pedicels of both spores short, fragile, hyaline.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecimens collected in Japan and examined: See Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHost plants in Japan: \u003cem\u003eAllium aflatunense\u003c/em\u003e B.Fedtsch. cv. Purple sensation (New host), \u003cem\u003eA. cepa\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eA. chinense\u003c/em\u003e G. Don (= \u003cem\u003eA. bakeri\u003c/em\u003e Regel), \u003cem\u003eA. fistulosum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eA. giganteum\u003c/em\u003e Regel (New host), \u003cem\u003eA. macrostemon\u003c/em\u003e Bunge (=\u003cem\u003eA. grayi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRegel,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;A. nipponicum\u003c/em\u003e Franch \u0026amp; Sav.), \u003cem\u003eA. maximowiczii\u003c/em\u003e Regel (= \u003cem\u003eA. schoenoprasum\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003eorientale\u003c/em\u003e Regel), \u003cem\u003eA. sativum\u003c/em\u003e L. (= \u003cem\u003eA. sativum\u003c/em\u003e var.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;japonicum\u003c/em\u003e Kitam., A. \u003cem\u003esativum\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003epekinense\u003c/em\u003e (Prokh.) F. Maekawa), \u003cem\u003eA.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eschoenoprasum\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003efoliosum\u003c/em\u003e Regel, \u003cem\u003eA. schoenoprasum\u003c/em\u003e var.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;sibiricum\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Hartman, \u003cem\u003eA. shubertii\u003c/em\u003e Zucc. (New host), \u003cem\u003eA. splendens\u003c/em\u003e Willd., \u003cem\u003eA. stipitatum\u003c/em\u003e Regel cv. Mt. Everest (New host), \u003cem\u003eA. thunbergii\u003c/em\u003e G. Don (= \u003cem\u003eA. japonicum\u003c/em\u003e Steud., \u003cem\u003eA. yamarakhyo\u003c/em\u003e Honda) (Dietel 1907, Hiratsuka 1960, Hiratsuka and Hiratsuka 1966, Hiratsuka and Hasebe 1973, Hiratsuka et al. 1992, Present study.)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we found rust disease on several species of ornamental \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003e spp., \u003cem\u003eA. giganteum, A. aflatunense\u003c/em\u003e cv. Purple Sensation, and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;A. stipitatum\u003c/em\u003e cv. Mt Everest (Table 1, Fig. 2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of rust fungi on ornamental \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003e species in Japan. Therefore, we propose adding this information to the common names of plant diseases in Japan (Phytopathological Society of Japan).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe express our thanks to Dr. T. Hosoya, the Department of\u0026nbsp;Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan for the loan of specimens\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe rust specimens on\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Allium\u003c/em\u003e species used in this study were collected by many people. We appreciate their kind help.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest. All experiments undertaken in this study complied with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. All the authors contributed to the preparation and revision of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAime MC. 2006. Toward resolving family-level relationships in rust fungi (Uredinales). Mycoscience 47:112\u0026ndash;122\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDietel P (1907) Uredineen aus Japan. Annales Mycologici 5:70\u0026ndash;77\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFuckel KWGL (1870) Symbolae mycologicae. Beitr\u0026auml;ge zur Kenntniss der Rheinischen Pilze. Jahrb\u0026uuml;cher des Nassauischen Vereins F\u0026uuml;r Naturkunde:23\u0026ndash;24\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHiratsuka N (1960) A provisional list of Uredinales of Japan proper and the Ryukyu Islands. The Science Bulletin of the Division of Agriculture, Home Economics and Engineering, University of Ryukyus 7: 189\u0026ndash;314.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHiratsuka N, Hasebe S (1978) A taxonomic revision of the species of \u003cem\u003ePuccinia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eparasitic on the Liliales (Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Iridaceae) in the Japaneae Archipelago. Rept. Tottori Mycol. Inst. (Japan) 16:1\u0026ndash;36\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHiratsuka N, Hiratsuka T (1966) Studies on Uromyces durus Dietel and its related species parasitic on Allium grayi in Japan (in Japanese). Trans Mycol Soc Japan 7:160\u0026ndash;173\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHiratsuka N, Sato S, Katsuya K, Kakishima M, Hiratsuka Y, Kaneko S, Ono Y, Sato T, Harada Y, Hiratsuka T, Nakayama K (1992) The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba-shuppankai, Tsukuba, Japan.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHoog GS, Gerrits van den Endc AHG (1998) Molecular diagnostics of clinical strains of filamentous Basidiomycetes. Mycoses 41:183\u0026ndash;189.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIto S (1950) Mycological flora of Japan, vol 2. Yokendo, Tokyo,Izumitsu K, Katoh K, Sumita T, Kitada Y, Morita A, Tanaka C, Gafur A, Ohta A, Kawai M, Yamanaka T, Neda H, Ota Y. 2012. Rapid and simple preparation of mushroom DNA directly from colonies and fruiting bodies for PCR. Mycoscience 53:396\u0026ndash;401. doi.org/10.1007/S10267-012-0182-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJennings DM, Ford-Lloyd BV, Butler GM (1990) Morphological analysis of spores from different \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003e rust populations. Mycol Res 94:83\u0026ndash;93\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33: 1870\u0026ndash;1874. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msw054\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarin-Felix M, Groenewald JZ, Cai L, Chen Q, Marincowitz S, Barnes I, Bensch K, Braun U, Camporesi E, Damm U, de Beer ZW, Dissanayake A, Edwards J, Giraldo A, Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-RestrepoM, Hyde KD, Jayawardena RS, Lombard L, Luangsa-ard J, McTaggart AR, Rossman AY, Sandoval-Denis M, Shen M, Shivas RG, Tan YP, van der Linde EJ, Wingfield MJ, Wood AR, Zhang JQ, Zhang Y, Crous PW (2017) Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 1. Stud in Mycol 86: 99\u0026ndash;216. http:// doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2017.04.002.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcTaggart AR, Shivas RG, Doungsa-ard C, Weese TL, Beasley DR, Hall BH, Metcalf DA, Geering AD (2016) Identification of rust fungi (Pucciniales) on species of Allium in Australia. Australas Plant Pathol 45:581\u0026ndash;592. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/s13313- 016- 0445-0\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePfunder M, Sch\u0026uuml;rch S, Roy BA (2001) Sequence variation and geographic distribution of pseudoflower-forming rust fungi (\u003cem\u003eUromyces pisi\u003c/em\u003e s. lat.) on \u003cem\u003eEuphorbia cyparissias\u003c/em\u003e. Mycol Res 105:57\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSakamoto A, Uzuhashi S, Hoshi H, Kubota M, Horie H, Kakishima M (2023) First Report of Rust Caused by \u003cem\u003ePuccinia paullula\u003c/em\u003e on \u003cem\u003eMonstera deliciosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. adansonii\u003c/em\u003e in Japan. Plant Disease 107:570.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSowerby J (1809) Coloured figures of english fungi or mushrooms. J. Davis, London\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTanaka E, Ono Y (2018) Whole-leaf fluorescence imaging to visualize \u003cem\u003ein planta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efungal structures of Victory onion leaf rust fungus, \u003cem\u003eUromyces japonicus\u003c/em\u003e, and its taxonomic evaluation. Mycoscience 59:137\u0026ndash;146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.08.013\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUzuhashi S, Horie H, Kakishima M (2022) First report of rust disease on \u003cem\u003ePotentilla indica\u003c/em\u003e caused by\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Phragmidium duchesneae\u003c/em\u003e in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol 88:278\u0026ndash;281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-022-01068-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUzuhashi S, Satou M, Jing XJ, Kakishima M (2023) Re-identification of rust pathogen on \u003cem\u003eAllium tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e in Japan as \u003cem\u003ePuccinia tuberosa\u003c/em\u003e. J Gen Plant Pathol 89:12\u0026ndash;15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-022-01102-4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVilgalys R, Hester M. 1990. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol 172:4238\u0026ndash;4246\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWinter G (1884) Dr. L. Rabenhorst\u0026apos;s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz. Erster Band: Pilze, vol 1, pt. 1. Verlag von Eduard Kummer, Leipzig\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-general-plant-pathology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jgpp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of General Plant Pathology](http://link.springer.com/journal/10327)","snPcode":"10327","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jgpp/default2.aspx","title":"Journal of General Plant Pathology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Onion disease, Plant pathogen, Pucciniales, Rust fungus","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223137/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223137/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUromyces durus\u003c/em\u003e was originally described as a pathogen of rust disease on \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003emacrostemon\u003c/em\u003e collected in Kochi Prefecture, Japan in 1905. This fugus is similar to \u003cem\u003ePuccinia allii\u003c/em\u003ein host range and morphology, although it has been reported that the ratios of 1-celled and 2- celled teliospores differ from each other. In addition, molecular phylogenetic analyses suggested that they are closely related. We collected specimens from both species in Japan and conducted morphological examinations and phylogenetic analyses. The results showed that the two species were taxonomically identical. Therefore, \u003cem\u003eU. durus\u003c/em\u003e was treated as a synonym of \u003cem\u003eP. allii\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Taxonomic identity of two rust fungi, Uromyces durus and Puccinia allii, parasitizing Allium spp.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-04 16:05:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223137/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-08-01T06:50:35+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-30T10:08:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-28T04:52:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of General Plant Pathology","date":"2025-07-26T16:35:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-general-plant-pathology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jgpp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of General Plant Pathology](http://link.springer.com/journal/10327)","snPcode":"10327","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jgpp/default2.aspx","title":"Journal of General Plant Pathology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ded2f2b9-1ceb-470a-aa2c-d7cb1127ca42","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-06T16:08:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7223137","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-025-01253-0","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-general-plant-pathology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of General Plant Pathology"},"publishedOn":"2025-09-29 15:58:15","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-04 16:05:00","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10327-025-01253-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-025-01253-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7223137","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7223137","identity":"rs-7223137","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}