Temperature Variation with Altitude Across Selected Buildings at Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria

Temperature Variation with Altitude Across Selected Buildings at Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Temperature Variation with Altitude Across Selected Buildings at Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria Kamal G This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8555265/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigated temperature variation with altitude across selected buildings at Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria, focusing on thermal comfort implications in a tropical savanna climate. Three multi-storey buildings (Social Science, Girls Hostel, Science) were monitored during February (dry season), June (early rainy), and September (late rainy). Vertical temperature profiles revealed significant thermal stratification, particularly during dry season. February data showed upper floors reaching 38.9°C versus ground floors (32-33°C), with vertical gradients reaching 1.1°C. Rainy season conditions moderated temperatures (maximum 31.5°C) and reduced stratification to 0.3°C due to cloud cover and reduced solar radiation. The findings demonstrate that building height significantly exacerbates heat stress on upper floors during dry periods. The study recommends passive cooling strategies—including roof insulation, reflective surfaces, and cross-ventilation for climate-responsive building design to improve occupant comfort and energy efficiency in educational structures. Atmospheric Sciences Thermal comfort altitude variation temperature stratification thermal gradient energy efficiency. Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8555265","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":571730100,"identity":"9d9e5a90-5430-4e47-96c0-7d4a09bd9c27","order_by":0,"name":"Kamal G","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2264-6112","institution":"Federal University of Lafia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamal","middleName":"","lastName":"G","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-08 22:26:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8555265/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8555265/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100360418,"identity":"48d5f002-958c-4630-96cf-bf9bd750f59b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:38:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":506910,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TemperatureVariationwithAltitudeAcrossSelectedBuildingsatFederalUnivers.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8555265/v1_covered_48a92c6b-1600-4020-b5ec-9bc2189579b1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eTemperature Variation with Altitude Across Selected Buildings at Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Federal University Lafia","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Thermal comfort, altitude variation, temperature stratification, thermal gradient, energy efficiency.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8555265/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8555265/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated temperature variation with altitude across selected buildings at Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria, focusing on thermal comfort implications in a tropical savanna climate. 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