Drugs Acting on Sex Hormones

Muralinath E., Pooja Devi, Prasanta Chbukdhara, Sanjib Borah, Kalyan C., Archana Jain, Guruprasad M.
2024 · doi:10.5281/zenodo.10553922 · W6967890425
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⚙ AI-generated summary by gemini-2.5-flash-lite, 2026-08-11 ⓘ

This paper reviews drugs that modulate sex hormone activity for conditions including breast cancer, PCOS, endometriosis, prostate cancer, contraception, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and menopause symptoms.

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This paper provides a broad overview of drugs acting on sex hormones and their roles in reproductive health, cancer treatment, menopause, bone health, and androgen-related disorders. It describes selective estrogen receptor modulators such as tamoxifen, androgen blockers including spironolactone and cyproterone acetate, GnRH agonists such as leuprolide, oral contraceptives, and selective androgen receptor modulators, outlining their principal mechanisms and applications. The paper is descriptive rather than a clinical or experimental study, and it does not report a defined patient population, comparative outcomes, or specific limitations. Relevance to endometriosis: GnRH agonists such as leuprolide are identified as useful for managing endometriosis, though the paper’s main focus is the broader pharmacology and clinical applications of sex-hormone drugs.

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Abstract

Sex hormones play a role in controlling many physiological processes. An estrogen, a female sex hormone, plays a critical role in the bone health, maintaining the reproduction and role in the menstrual cycle. Drugs such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) can modulate estrogen activity. Tamoxifen, used in breast cancer treatment, acts as an estrogen antagonist in breast tissue, obstructing the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors. Androgen blockers, such as spiranolactone, are useful in treating poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women and hirsuitism (excessive hair growth) in both genders. GnRH agonists such as leuprolide are helpful in managing conditions namely endometriosis as well as prostatic cancer. Oral contraceptives are helpful in controlling hormonal fluctuations and stop unwanted pregnancies. These drugs specifically consist of a combination of estrogen and progestin, which stop ovulation and alter cervical mucus that causes a hostile environment particularly for sperm. Contraceptives are available in various forms namely injections, pills and patches. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) show useful impact in treating conditions specifically muscle squandering sicknesses and osteoporosis. Anti-androgens like cyproterone acetate are useful in contracting the effects of elevated androgen levels. Menopause can result in various symptoms namely hot flashes and bone density loss. It is finally concluded that the drugs acting on sex hormones is diverse and continually evolving, offering innovative solutions to address hormonal substances, reproduction health issues also.
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Drugs Acting on Sex Hormones Authors/Creators Description Sex hormones play a role in controlling many physiological processes. An estrogen, a female sex hormone, plays a critical role in the bone health, maintaining the reproduction and role in the menstrual cycle. Drugs such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) can modulate estrogen activity. Tamoxifen, used in breast cancer treatment, acts as an estrogen antagonist in breast tissue, obstructing the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors. Androgen blockers, such as spiranolactone, are useful in treating poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women and hirsuitism (excessive hair growth) in both genders. GnRH agonists such as leuprolide are helpful in managing conditions namely endometriosis as well as prostatic cancer. Oral contraceptives are helpful in controlling hormonal fluctuations and stop unwanted pregnancies. These drugs specifically consist of a combination of estrogen and progestin, which stop ovulation and alter cervical mucus that causes a hostile environment particularly for sperm. Contraceptives are available in various forms namely injections, pills and patches. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) show useful impact in treating conditions specifically muscle squandering sicknesses and osteoporosis. Anti-androgens like cyproterone acetate are useful in contracting the effects of elevated androgen levels. Menopause can result in various symptoms namely hot flashes and bone density loss. It is finally concluded that the drugs acting on sex hormones is diverse and continually evolving, offering innovative solutions to address hormonal substances, reproduction health issues also. Files DRUGS ACTING ON SEX HORMONES -Formatted Paper.pdf Files (249.4 kB) | Name | Size | Download all | |---|---|---| | md5:080fc2ff1255a9ac93e62c94451bddbc | 249.4 kB | Preview Download | Additional details References - 1. Lusetti, M., Licata, M., Silingardi, E., Bonsignore, A., & Palmiere, C. (2018). Appearance/image-and performance-enhancing drug users: A forensic approach. The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology, 39(4), 325-329. - 2. Jones, I. A., Togashi, R., Hatch III, G. F. R., Weber, A. E., & Vangsness Jr, C. T. (2018). Anabolic steroids and tendons: A review of their mechanical, structural, and biologic effects. Journal of Orthopaedic Research®, 36(11), 2830-2841. - 3. Armstrong, J. M., Avant, R. A., Charchenko, C. M., Westerman, M. E., Ziegelmann, M. J., Miest, T. S., & Trost, L. W. (2018). Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on sexual function. Translational andrology and urology, 7(3), 483. - 4. Junior, A. F. M., Dalpiaz, P. L., Sousa, G. J., Oliveira, P. W. C., Birocale, A. M., Andrade, T. U., ... & Bissoli, N. S. (2018). Nandrolone alter left ventricular contractility and promotes remodelling involving calcium-handling proteins and renin-angiotensin system in male SHR. Life sciences, 208, 239-245. - 5. Zhou, S., & Glowacki, J. (2018). Dehydroepiandrosterone and bone. In Vitamins and hormones (Vol. 108, pp. 251-271). Academic Press. - 6. Garner, O., Iardino, A., Ramirez, A., & Yakoby, M. (2018). Cardiomyopathy induced by anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. Case Reports, 2018, bcr-2017. - 7. Costanzo, P. R., Pacenza, N. A., Aszpis, S. M., Suárez, S. M., Pragier, U. M., Usher, J. G. S., ... & Knoblovits, P. (2018). Clinical and etiological aspects of gynecomastia in adult males: a multicenter study. BioMed Research International, 2018. - 8. Moretti, S., Lega, F., Rigoni, L., Saluti, G., Giusepponi, D., Gioiello, A., ... & Galarini, R. (2018). Multiclass screening method to detect more than fifty banned substances in bovine bile and urine. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1032, 56-67. - 9. Dahmani, H., Louati, K., Hajri, A., Bahri, S., & Safta, F. (2018). Development of an extraction method for anabolic androgenic steroids in dietary supplements and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: application for doping-control. Steroids, 138, 134-160. - 10. Smit, D. L., & de Ronde, W. (2018). Outpatient clinic for users of anabolic androgenic steroids: an overview. Neth J Med, 76(4), 167.

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