Deficit Irrigation practices on Broccoli Growth in a Natural Ventilated Net-cum-Polyhouse

Deficit Irrigation practices on Broccoli Growth in a Natural Ventilated Net-cum-Polyhouse | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Deficit Irrigation practices on Broccoli Growth in a Natural Ventilated Net-cum-Polyhouse M.A Sojitra, R.M Satasiya, K.N Vadaria, H.D Rank, P.M Chauhan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005599/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of irrigation stress on yield and yield attribute at various growth stages of broccoli under natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse system. The research experiment was carried out at Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India, for two years, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The irrigation stress was imposed on 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of the ET c at the initial, middle and end stages of the crop, respectively. The ET o was calculated by the standard and well-accepted FAO-56 method. The yield attributeparameters, such as stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves per plant and plant canopy were measured at the respective growth stages. However, the days taken to harvest, curd diameter, curd weight and yield were measured at the time of harvesting. The effects of irrigation stress level on crop growth stage were significant for stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves per plant, plant canopy, curd diameter, curd weight and yield. The interaction effect of stress imposed on crop growth stage and irrigation stress level on stem diameter, plant height, plant canopy, curd weight and yield was significant. However, the number of leaves per plant, days taken to harvest and curd diameter were not significantly different. Under irrigation stress, the application of 20% ETC at the initial and end stages promoted a greater yield in broccoli cultivation. Moreover, the yield was on par with that under irrigation stress which reached 60% at the initial stage and 40% at the end stage of the crop. It is advisable to impose irrigation stress at the initial stage and end stage of the broccoli crop when water resources are scarce under natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse. However, irrigation stress imposed at the middle stage significantly affects broccoli yield. Broccoli Irrigation stress Growth stages Yield attribute parameters Natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION The global population was 3 billion in 1960, and the per capita land availability was 0.5 ha. However, amidst the current population of 6 billion people, this allocation has diminished to a mere 0.25 hectares, with projections foreseeing a further decline to 0.16 hectares by 2050. The feasibility of sustaining the entire populace exclusively through open field agricultural production appears increasingly untenable (Mamta and Shraddha, 2013; Sengupta and Banerjee, 2012). The cultivation of vegetables, fruits and flowers faces formidable challenges owing to the vagaries of climatic conditions. Variables such as intense precipitation, thunderstorms, heightened solar radiation, temperature fluctuations and varying humidity levels significantly constrain vegetable production in open fields (Max et al., 2009). Uncontrollable external elements often result in complete crop losses within open field systems. Nevertheless, the implementation of protected cultivation techniques holds promise for optimizing crop yield and resilience. Controlled environment agriculture is often referred to as protected cultivation (Jensen, 2002), which offers a highly productive and resource-conserving alternative that also safeguards the environment by effectively managing water and land use. Nguyen et al . (2009) highlighted the impact of high insect pest infestation on crop yields in open field systems. Within protected cultivation environments, there is the potential to optimize climatic conditions within polyhouses, which offers a sustainable approach for vegetable production even under adverse climates. Studies such as those by Korawan et al. (2013) demonstrate that vegetables can thrive within these controlled environments, showcasing superior attributes such as optimal size, shape, color, and high-quality yield achieved consistently and expediently despite challenging climatic conditions. The yield and yield attribute parameters of broccoli grown under natural ventilated greenhouse conditions are significantly higher than those of broccoli grown in open fields (Thakur et al., 2016). Microclimatic parameters are altered in protected structures (Sojitra et al., 2023). The alteration of microclimate parameters manipulates crop water requirements and improves crop quality compared to open field cultivation (Santosh, 2021). Hasam et al . (2011) estimated the potential evapotranspiration for various covering materials in greenhouses and determined the crop water requirements for cucumber plants. Several studies have investigated the impact of different factors on broccoli growth and yield under various conditions. Díaz (2009) studied the microclimatic parameters, plant growth, and yield of broccoli in different plastic mulches. Demir and Polat (2011) assessed the impact of intercropping broccoli with crispy salad compared to sole cultivation under greenhouse conditions during autumn. Thakur et al . (2016) compared the growth and yield of sprouting broccoli under open field and naturally ventilated polyhouse conditions. Nooprom et al . (2014) examined the effects of various rain protectors on growth and yield during the rainy season. Karistsapol et al . (2013) investigated the impact of shadings on the growth and yield of broccoli during the dry season in southern Thailand. Ayas et al . (2011) assessed the impact of deficit irrigation on broccoli yield under unheated greenhouse conditions. Santosh et al . (2017) investigated the impact of various protected cultivation methods on the temperature, humidity, and water requirements of vegetable crops. Chand et al . (2017) studied the effect of different irrigation levels on the growth and yield attributes of sprouting broccoli plants. Yildirim and Durak (2017) and Hashem and Abd-Elrahman (2016) separately evaluated the impact of various irrigation water levels on the growth of broccoli and cauliflower, respectively. Hussain et al . (2016) evaluated the performance of broccoli under various irrigation regimes. However, very few studies have focused on specifying irrigation scheduling for broccoli at different crop growth stages. Therefore, the results of this experiment significantly contribute to understanding the impact of irrigation stress imposed on the growth stages of broccoli in a natural ventilated net-cum-poly house. Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. var. italica ) originates from the Mediterranean region and was recently introduced to India and is gaining popularity due to its nutritional benefits, as it is low in fat and calories (Srichandan et al., 2015). Broccoli is among the richest sources of minerals and vitamins in the brassica family. The content of vitamin A is 130 times and 22 times higher than that of cauliflower and cabbage, respectively, making it a good source of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, and minerals such as Ca, P, K, and Fe (Kumar et al., 2013). The Saurashtra region is a semiarid region where rainfall is scarce and uncertain. The farmers in this region are beginning to use protected cultivation. However, farmers lack certain knowledge about protected cultivation. Therefore, the yield of the produce could not increase substantially compared to that under open field cultivation. The objectives of this study were to determine the response of broccoli plants to irrigation stress at various growth stages in natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse media in semiarid regions where rainfall is scarce and erratic. The results of this experiment could help farmers optimize water management practices for broccoli cultivation under protected cultivation. MATERIAL AND METHOD The field experiment was carried out under natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse at Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, which is located on the foot hill of the Girnar (21.52°N latitude and 70.47°E longitude with an altitude of 107 m above mean sea level). The net-cum-poly house was constructed with a size of 12 m × 5 m in the eastwest direction. The ridge height and eave height were kept at 5.30 m and 4.0 m, respectively. The ridge space was kept at 20% of the floor space area for adequate ventilation. The structures are modified by using two types of covering material (i.e., 200 µ of UV stabilized plastic and 50% white shade). The top and sides of the structure were covered with 200 µ UV stabilized plastic and 50% white shade net, respectively. The climate of the study area is typically subtropical and semiarid, characterized by fairly cold and dry winters, hot and dry summers and warm and moderately humid climates during monsoons. The mean variations in the weekly daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and relative humidity over the last 35 years ranged from 29.5°C to 39.4°C, 10°C to 26.7°C, and 51% to 81%, respectively. The annual mean rainfall and evaporation in the study area are 950 mm and 2482 mm, respectively. The broccoli seedlings of the NS 50F1 hybrid (Namdhari Seeds) were prepared in a protected structure in a plug tray for better germination (Sojitra et al., 2022). The soilless media were prepared at a 2:1 ratio of cocopeat to vermicompost in grow bag. The grow bags were 20 cm × 20 cm × 25 cm in length, width and height, respectively. The drip irrigation system was installed, followed by the laying of a bag at a spacing of 0.30 m by 0.30 m. Thereafter, healthy 45-day-old broccoli plants were transplanted in the second week of the month of October for both years in grow bag. The experiment was replicated three times, and 6 plants were sown in each replicate. The experiment was conducted in a large plot technique, and the analysis was carried out in a two-factor completely randomized design. The irrigation water requirement schedule was calculated via the FAO 56 method (Allen et al., 1988). The climatic parameter sensors, viz., temperature, relative humidity, solar insolation and light intensity, were configured for the data logging system to record the data. The minimum and maximum temperatures, relative humidity and solar insolation were retrieved to calculate ET 0 by FAO-56 method. Irrigation stress (0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of ET c ) was imposed at the initial stage, middle stage and end stage of growth of broccoli to evaluate the effect of irrigation stress on various growth stages of broccoli in soilless media under natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse system. Fertigation is the key point of soilless cultivation. Therefore, plants need proper macro nutrients and micro nutrients at each stage of crop growth. The broccoli crop is moderately sensitive to salt. Therefore, the EC was maintained below 2.5 ds/m, and the pH ranged from 5.5 to 6.5 during fertigation, as described by Trejo-Tellez and Gomez-Merino (2012). The recommended fertilizer dose at a rate of 150:60:60 N 2 O, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O kg/ha was applied in 11 splits during the different growth stages (each split per week) to reduce the EC of the fertigation solution. The average crop duration of the broccoli for both years was 77 days, which might be due to the shorter cold period compared to the temperate climate. The initial mid and end stage plants were observed four, five and two weeks after sowing. NPK fertilizer was applied 7%, 12% and 6% of the recommended dose of fertilizer each week during the initial, mid and end stage, respectively. Micronutrients such as B, Mo, Mn and Zn were also applied at a rate of 3:0.5:2:2.5 kg/ha. B, Mo, Mn and Zn were applied through boric acid, sodium molybdate, manganese sulfate and ZnEDTA, respectively, in three seasons: the initial stage, middle stage and the end stage of crop growth. The yield attribute parameters were analyzed to study the effect of irrigation stress imposed on various growth stages of broccoli. The stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves per plant and plant canopy were measured at the respective growth stages. However, the number of days to harvest, curd diameter, curd weight and yield were measured for each treatment at the time of harvest. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Irrigation water requirement: The irrigation water was applied 5 mm before sowing for root settlement. The average water requirements of the two years were 34 mm, 65 mm and 36 mm for the initial, middle and end stags of the crop, respectively, under natural ventilated net-cum-poly house This might be due to the short crop base period, lower solar insolation and higher relative humidity observed inside the structure than in the open field. The wind velocity inside the structure is also very low due to the complete isolation of the structure. Therefore, the irrigation water requirement was lower than that in the open field . Effect of irrigation stress applied at various crop growth stages on yield and yield attributes : The effects of irrigation stress applied during the crop growth stage on yield and yield attributes were significant except for the number of days taken to harvest, as shown in Table 1. It is obvious that the stem diameter (34.17 mm), plant height (54.98 cm), and plant canopy (0.41 m 2 ) were higher under irrigation stress applied at the end stage of crop. Whereas the number of leaves per plant (15.06) was higher under irrigation stress applied at mid stage of crop. Moreover, the curd diameter (14. 41 cm), curd weight (362.75 g) and yield (39.72 t/ha) were significantly higher under irrigation stress applied at the initial stage of the crop than under irrigation stress applied at the end stage of the crop, which indicates that irrigation stress applied at the curd initiation stage (i.e., mid stage) significantly influences crop yield. Effect of stress level on yield and yield attribute The effects of irrigation stress applied on yield and yield attributes were found to be significant except for the number of days taken to harvest, similar to the effects of irrigation stress applied at various crop growth stages, as shown in Table 1. The stem diameter (29.93 cm) and plant canopy (0.33 m 2 ) were found to be significantly greater under 20% irrigation stress and no irrigation stress, respectively. Moreover, the plant height (49.31 cm), number of leaves per plant (13.70), curd diameter (15.45 cm), curd weight (379.42 g) and yield (41.69) were significantly higher at zero irrigation stress and on par with the 20% irrigation stress applied, which shows that the broccoli crop was significantly influenced by irrigation stress. Interaction effect of i rrigation stress applied at various crop growth stages and irrigation stress levels The interaction effect of irrigation stress applied at various crop growth stages and irrigation stress levels was significant for stem diameter, plant height, plant canopy, curd weight and yield; however, the other parameters were not significant, as shown in Table 1 and graphically illustrated in Fig. 1. The interaction effect of stem diameter (37.67 mm) and plant height (60.00 cm) was significantly higher in the treatment M 2 S 1 and at par with M 2 S 2 , M 2 S 3 , M 3 S 1 , M 3 S 2 , M 3 S 3 and M 3 S 4 . However, there were no significant differences in the number of leaves per plant, days taken to harvest or curd diameter. The interaction effect of the plant canopy was significantly higher in the M 3 S 2 treatment combination (0.50 m 2 ) and at par with M 3 S 1 (0.40 m 2 ). The interaction effect of curd weight and yield was significantly higher in the treatment combination of M 1 S 2 (387.83 g, 42.63 t/ha) and on par with those of M 3 S 2 (387.43 g, 42.58 t/ha), M 2 S 1 (379.77 g, 42.25 t/ha), M 1 S 1 (379.00 g, 41.65 t/ha), M 3 S 1 (374.83 g, 41.18 t/ha), M 1 S 3 (356.83 g, 38.68 t/ha), M 3 S 3 (355.39, 39.02 t/ha) and M 1 S 4 (327.33 g, 35.91 t/ha). It is recommended to apply irrigation stress up to 60% of ET c at the initial stage and 40% of ET c at the end stage during water scarcity without significantly reducing the yield. The current findings align with previous research conducted by Ayas et al. (2011) under unheated greenhouse conditions for broccoli cultivation. Additionally, Yildirim and Durak (2017) demonstrated that optimal broccoli yield and quality were achieved under full irrigation, suggesting that under water scarcity, maintaining an economically viable yield and quality is possible by conserving 30% of water, yet a significant yield reduction occurred when irrigation stress surpassed 30%, which is consistent with the findings of this study. Ayas et al. (2011) reported that irrigating at 0.75 times the evaporation rate of Class A Pan optimally improved water use efficiency and recommended this approach for water-scarce environments in both unheated greenhouse conditions for broccoli cultivation. Hussain et al. (2016) suggested irrigating broccoli at field capacity every 10 rather than at 5-day intervals for the optimal schedule for maximizing gross returns. Chand et al. (2017) demonstrated that applying the 0.8 irrigation regime led to notable improvements in various growth and yield attributes, which is in line with the results of the present study. Table 1: Influence of irrigation stress on broccoli crops under natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse Treatment Stem diameter, mm Plant height, cm No of leaves per plant Plant canopy, m 2 Days taken to harvest Curd diameter, cm Curd weight, g Yield, t/ha Growth stage (M) Initial 17.04 27.48 9.73 0.13 71.75 14.41 362.75 39.72 Mid 32.86 52.37 15.06 0.30 72.29 13.12 317.05 33.64 End 34.17 54.98 14.26 0.41 72.79 14.36 357.71 38.44 S.Em.± 0.46 0.72 0.18 0.01 0.65 0.26 3.26 0.41 C.D. at 5% 1.31 2.05 0.51 0.02 NS 0.75 9.29 1.18 Stress level (S) 0% 29.93 49.31 13.70 0.30 71.67 15.45 379.42 41.69 20% 28.27 48.50 13.22 0.33 72.39 15.38 377.57 41.49 40% 28.17 42.58 12.68 0.26 72.78 13.28 340.43 35.53 60% 25.74 39.37 12.46 0.24 72.28 11.74 287.48 30.36 S.Em.± 0.53 0.83 0.21 0.01 0.75 0.31 3.84 0.48 C.D. at 5% 1.51 2.37 0.59 0.02 NS 0.87 10.92 1.36 Interaction effect - M x S S.Em.± 2.51 4.29 0.53 0.04 0.66 0.75 25.55 3.25 C.D. at 5% 7.15 12.21 NS 0.10 NS NS 72.74 9.26 Interaction effect - Y x M x S S.Em.± 1.30 2.04 0.50 0.02 1.84 0.75 9.40 1.08 C.D. at 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS CV % 8.04 7.86 6.71 12.9 4.42 9.28 4.70 4.97 CONCLUSION The impact of irrigation stress imposed on various crop growth stages significantly influenced various parameters, including curd weight and yield. Irrigation imposed at the initial stage and at the middle stage at 20% of the irrigation water requirement significantly promoted yields of 42.63 t/ha and 42.58 t/ha, respectively. The broccoli yield was on par with that in the irrigation stress treatment, reaching 60% of the ET c at the initial stage and 40% of the ET c at the end stage. This suggests that imposing irrigation stress at the initial and middle stages is beneficial for broccoli cultivation under water-scarce conditions. However, irrigation stress imposed at the middle stage notably reduced the yield. References Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D.and Smith, M. (1998). FAO Irrigation and drainage paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome Ayas, S., Orta, H. and Yazgan, S. (2011) Deficit irrigation effects on broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L.var. Monet) yield in unheated greenhouse condition. Bulgarian journal of Agricultre Science,, 17: 551-559. Chand, P., Mukherjee, S. and Kumar, V. (2017) Effect of Various Levels of Drip Irrigation on Growth and Yield Attributes of Sprouting Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. italica) Cultivar Fiesta. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (4): 139-143. Demir, H., and Polat, E. (2011). Effects of broccoli-crispy salad intercropping on yield and quality under greenhouse conditions. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(17), 4116-4121. Díaz-Pérez, J. C. (2009). Root zone temperature, plant growth and yield of broccoli ( Brassica oleracea (Plenck) var. italica] as affected by plastic film mulches. Scientia Horticulturae, 123(2), 156-163. Hashem, F. A., & Abd-Elrahman, S. H. (2016). Soil chemical characteristics and growth of broccoli and cauliflower plants as affected by liquid organic fertilizers and irrigation water levels. Global Journal of Advanced Research. 3(10); 881-895. Hussain, M. J., Rannu, R. P., Razzak, M. A., Ahmed, R., & Sheikh, M. H. R. (2016). Response of Broccoli (Brassica oleracia L.) to different irrigation regimes. The Agriculturists, 14(1), 98-106. Jensen M H. (2002). Controlled environment agriculture in deserts tropics and temperate regions – A world review. Acta Horiculture, 578: 19–25. Karistsapol, N., Quanchit, S., & Sompong, T. C. (2013). Effect of shading and variety on the growth and yield of broccoli during the dry season in Southern Thailand. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 3(2), 111-115. Klar, A. E., & Da Silva Fontes, E. W. (2003). Water use by broccoli plants ( Brassica oleracea F, var. Italica). Irriga, 8(1): 37-43. Korawan S., Johannes F.J. Max, Suchart S., Wolfram S., Siriya K. and Joachim M. (2013). Protected cultivation of tomato to enhance plant productivity and reduce pesticide use. Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development. University of Hohenheim Tropentag Stuttgart. Germany. pp 17-19. Kumar, M., Das, B., Prasad, K. K. and Kumar, P. (2013). Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. italica) under Jharkhand conditions. Vegetable Science , 40(1) :117-120. Mamta, D.S. and Shraddha, V.A. (2013). A review on plant without soil – hydroponics. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(3) : 299-304. Max, J.F.J., Horst, W.J., Mutwiwa, U.N.and Tantau, H.J. (2009). Effects of greenhouse cooling method on growth, fruit yield and quality of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) in a tropical climate. Scientific Horticulture, 122(2) : 179-186. Nguyen, T.H.N., Borgemeister, C., Max, J. and Poehling, H.M. (2009). Manipulation of ultraviolet light affects immigration behaviour of Ceratothripoidesclaratris (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(4) : 1559-1566. Nikolaou, G., Neocleous, D., Katsoulas, N., & Kittas, C. (2017). Effect of irrigation frequency on growth and production of a cucumber crop under soilless culture. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 863-871. Nooprom, K., Santipracha, Q., & Te-chato, S. (2014). Growth and yield of broccoli under different rain protectors during the rainy season in Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 48(1), 1-8. Santosh, D. T. (2021). Response of horticultural crops under variable microclimatic conditions of different protected cultivation structures. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 17(2), 515-521. Santosh, D. T., Reddy, R. G., & Tiwari, K. N. (2017). Effect of drip irrigation levels on yield of lettuce under polyhouse and open field condition. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 6(7), 1210-1220. Santosh, D. T., Tiwari, K. N., & Singh, V. K. (2017). Influence of different protected cultivation structures on water requirements of winter vegetables. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 10(1), 93-103. Sengupta, A.and Banerjee, H. (2012). Soil-less culture in modern agriculture. World Journal of Science and Technology, 2(7) : 103-108. Sojitra, M. A., Satasiya, R. M., Rank, H. D., Chauhan, P. M., Parmar, H. V., & Patel, D. V. (2023). Study the Micro Climatic Parameter in Protected Structure. Environment and Ecology, 41(2A), 953-960. ) Srichandan, S., Mangaraj, A. K., Behera, K. K., Panda, D., Das, A. K., & Rout, M. (2015). Growth, Yield and Economics of Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. Italica ) as Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Nutrients. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 8(4): 965-70. Thakur, R., Kushwah, S., Sharma, R., and Singh, O. (2016). Growth and yield of sprouting broccoli ( Brassica Oleracea L. VAR. Italica ) varieties under open field and naturally ventilated polyhouse condition, The Bio Scan 11(4): 2323-2326. Trejo-Tellez, L. I. and Gomez-Merino, F. C. (2012). Nutrient solutions for hydroponicsystems. Hydroponics-a standard methodology for plant biological researches. pp:1-22. Yildirim, M., and Durak, E. (2017). Yield and quality compounds of broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. cv. Beaumont) as affected by different irrigation levels. COMU Journal of agriculture faculty, 5(1), 13-20. Yildirim, M., and Durak, E. (2017). Yield and quality compounds of broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. cv. Beaumont) as affected by different irrigation levels. COMU Journal of agriculture faculty, 5(1), 13-20. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4005599","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":276711734,"identity":"3df6c4e4-cdde-44f5-8544-ac6b27987686","order_by":0,"name":"M.A Sojitra","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIie2PsQrCQAxAIwfXJeoaUPwD4aRQCoL+ilBwujo7SEddxG9x6lwpdqp07SgUHMRBEBzFO93bGwXvEUgCeSQBsFh+FQJgKhJd9s0VBD7TJZpvQkDxzU0MN6fD2YfImfbyx7Vc+QhOetzXKV6+CARByrATxmOZqcNwPi9rlUR6RJAwxHbsSq4UQq9eKW5aiZSCF1e+TJTys4VphVXh2ki5uYKE+iXnHgt3hLzxl0KOKlpGgbNl1UM+o0HXSbNaRcNIQKAyJ93xpnFN6w4w0erdZNpisVj+jzdsmTrBe22fwwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Junagadh Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.A","middleName":"","lastName":"Sojitra","suffix":""},{"id":276711735,"identity":"b1842f3b-9c04-4c12-b463-2c4824472dcb","order_by":1,"name":"R.M Satasiya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Junagadh Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"R.M","middleName":"","lastName":"Satasiya","suffix":""},{"id":276711736,"identity":"686445da-bfaa-46f5-aeb1-7dc0cf32984b","order_by":2,"name":"K.N Vadaria","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Junagadh Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"K.N","middleName":"","lastName":"Vadaria","suffix":""},{"id":276711737,"identity":"bc6216e1-ec13-4b15-853f-07bf00531293","order_by":3,"name":"H.D Rank","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Junagadh Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"H.D","middleName":"","lastName":"Rank","suffix":""},{"id":276711738,"identity":"1bdbbb3a-ca0b-4888-90e8-c87ca70c3670","order_by":4,"name":"P.M Chauhan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Junagadh Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"P.M","middleName":"","lastName":"Chauhan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-02 05:46:16","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"coiExplicitlySet":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005599/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005599/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52930315,"identity":"c3c2b88f-c9cb-42be-829f-676a0162972d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 20:05:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43723,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteraction effect of irrigation stress on the growth stages of broccoli crops in natural ventilatednet-cum-polyhouse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005599/v2/9d7a686033284f4c9c73b5ac.png"},{"id":52930560,"identity":"99dd635d-2e72-45ca-9ad2-d723bb68c257","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 20:13:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":294577,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005599/v2/c02f974d-7df1-4fcf-9df7-2dd50624625b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeficit Irrigation practices on Broccoli Growth in a Natural Ventilated Net-cum-Polyhouse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe global population was 3 billion in 1960,\u0026nbsp;and the per capita land availability was 0.5 ha. However, amidst the current\u0026nbsp;population of\u0026nbsp;6 billion\u0026nbsp;people, this allocation has diminished to a mere 0.25 hectares, with projections foreseeing a further decline to 0.16 hectares by 2050. The feasibility of sustaining the entire populace exclusively through open field agricultural production appears increasingly untenable (Mamta and Shraddha, 2013; Sengupta and Banerjee, 2012).\u0026nbsp;The cultivation\u0026nbsp;of vegetables, fruits and flowers faces formidable challenges owing to the vagaries of climatic conditions.\u0026nbsp;Variables\u0026nbsp;such as intense precipitation, thunderstorms, heightened solar radiation, temperature fluctuations and varying humidity levels significantly constrain vegetable production in open\u0026nbsp;fields\u0026nbsp;(Max \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2009). Uncontrollable external elements often result in complete crop losses within open field systems. Nevertheless, the implementation of protected cultivation techniques holds promise for optimizing crop yield and resilience. Controlled environment agriculture is often referred to as protected cultivation (Jensen, 2002), which\u0026nbsp;offers a highly productive and resource-conserving alternative that also safeguards the environment by effectively managing water and land use. Nguyen \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2009)\u0026nbsp;highlighted\u0026nbsp;the impact of high insect pest infestation on crop yields in open field systems. Within protected cultivation environments, there\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;the potential to optimize climatic conditions within\u0026nbsp;polyhouses, which offers\u0026nbsp;a sustainable approach for vegetable production even under adverse climates. Studies such as those by Korawan \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2013) demonstrate that vegetables can thrive within these controlled environments, showcasing superior attributes such as optimal size, shape, color, and high-quality yield achieved consistently and expediently despite challenging climatic conditions. The yield and yield attribute\u0026nbsp;parameters\u0026nbsp;of broccoli grown under natural ventilated greenhouse conditions\u0026nbsp;are\u0026nbsp;significantly higher\u0026nbsp;than those of broccoli grown in open fields\u0026nbsp;(Thakur \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicroclimatic parameters are altered\u0026nbsp;in protected structures\u0026nbsp;(Sojitra \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2023). The alteration of microclimate parameters\u0026nbsp;manipulates\u0026nbsp;crop water requirements and\u0026nbsp;improves\u0026nbsp;crop quality compared to open field cultivation (Santosh, 2021). Hasam \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2011) estimated the potential evapotranspiration for various covering\u0026nbsp;materials in greenhouses and determined the crop water requirements for cucumber plants.\u0026nbsp;Several studies have investigated the impact of different factors on broccoli growth and yield\u0026nbsp;under\u0026nbsp;various conditions. D\u0026iacute;az (2009) studied\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;microclimatic parameters, plant growth, and yield of broccoli in different plastic mulches. Demir and Polat (2011) assessed the impact of intercropping broccoli with crispy salad compared to sole cultivation\u0026nbsp;under\u0026nbsp;greenhouse conditions during autumn. Thakur \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2016) compared the growth and yield of sprouting broccoli under open field and naturally ventilated polyhouse conditions. Nooprom \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2014) examined the effects of various rain protectors on growth and yield during the rainy season. Karistsapol \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2013) investigated the impact of shadings on the growth and yield of broccoli during the dry season in\u0026nbsp;southern\u0026nbsp;Thailand. Ayas \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2011) assessed\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;impact\u0026nbsp;of deficit irrigation\u0026nbsp;on broccoli yield\u0026nbsp;under\u0026nbsp;unheated greenhouse conditions. Santosh \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2017) investigated the impact of various protected cultivation methods on\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;temperature, humidity, and water requirements\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;vegetable crops. Chand \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2017) studied the effect of different irrigation levels on\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;growth and yield attributes of sprouting broccoli plants. Yildirim and Durak (2017) and Hashem and Abd-Elrahman (2016) separately evaluated the impact of various irrigation water levels on the growth of broccoli and cauliflower, respectively. Hussain \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2016) evaluated the performance of broccoli under various irrigation regimes. However, very few studies have focused on specifying irrigation scheduling for broccoli at different crop growth stages. Therefore, the results of this experiment significantly contribute to understanding the impact of irrigation stress imposed on the growth stages of broccoli in a\u0026nbsp;natural\u0026nbsp;ventilated net-cum-poly house.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBroccoli (\u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L. var.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eitalica\u003c/em\u003e) originates from the Mediterranean region and\u0026nbsp;was recently introduced\u0026nbsp;to India and\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;gaining popularity due to its nutritional benefits,\u0026nbsp;as it is\u0026nbsp;low in fat and calories (Srichandan \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2015). Broccoli\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;among the richest\u0026nbsp;sources\u0026nbsp;of minerals and vitamins in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;brassica family.\u0026nbsp;The content of\u0026nbsp;vitamin A\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;130 times and 22 times higher than\u0026nbsp;that of\u0026nbsp;cauliflower and cabbage,\u0026nbsp;respectively, making it a good source of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, and minerals\u0026nbsp;such as\u0026nbsp;Ca, P, K, and Fe (Kumar \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2013). The Saurashtra region is a semiarid region where rainfall is scarce and uncertain. The farmers in this region are beginning to use protected cultivation. However, farmers lack certain knowledge about protected cultivation. Therefore, the yield of the produce could not increase substantially compared to that under open field cultivation. The objectives of this study were to determine the response of broccoli plants to irrigation stress at various growth stages in natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse media in semiarid regions where rainfall is scarce and erratic. The results of this experiment could help farmers optimize water management practices for broccoli cultivation under protected cultivation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHOD","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe field\u0026nbsp;experiment was carried out under\u0026nbsp;natural\u0026nbsp;ventilated net-cum-polyhouse at Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, which is\u0026nbsp;located\u0026nbsp;on the\u0026nbsp;foot hill of the Girnar (21.52\u0026deg;N\u0026nbsp;latitude and 70.47\u0026deg;E\u0026nbsp;longitude with an altitude of 107 m above mean sea level). The net-cum-poly house was constructed\u0026nbsp;with a\u0026nbsp;size of 12 m\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;5 m in\u0026nbsp;the eastwest direction. The ridge height and eave height were kept\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;5.30 m and 4.0 m,\u0026nbsp;respectively. The ridge space\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;kept\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;20% of the floor space area for adequate ventilation. The\u0026nbsp;structures\u0026nbsp;are modified by using two types of covering material (i.e.,\u0026nbsp;200 \u0026micro;\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;UV\u0026nbsp;stabilized\u0026nbsp;plastic and 50% white shade). The top and sides of the structure\u0026nbsp;were\u0026nbsp;covered with 200 \u0026micro; UV\u0026nbsp;stabilized\u0026nbsp;plastic and 50% white shade net,\u0026nbsp;respectively. The climate of the study area\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;typically subtropical and\u0026nbsp;semiarid, characterized by fairly cold and dry\u0026nbsp;winters, hot and dry\u0026nbsp;summers\u0026nbsp;and warm and moderately humid\u0026nbsp;climates\u0026nbsp;during monsoons. The mean\u0026nbsp;variations in the\u0026nbsp;weekly daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and relative humidity\u0026nbsp;over the last 35 years ranged\u0026nbsp;from 29.5\u0026deg;C\u0026nbsp;to 39.4\u0026deg;C,\u0026nbsp;10\u0026deg;C\u0026nbsp;to 26.7\u0026deg;C,\u0026nbsp;and 51%\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;81%, respectively. The annual mean rainfall and evaporation\u0026nbsp;in the study area are\u0026nbsp;950 mm and 2482 mm,\u0026nbsp;respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe broccoli\u0026nbsp;seedlings\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;NS 50F1 hybrid (Namdhari Seeds) were prepared in\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;protected structure in\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;plug tray for better germination (Sojitra \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022). The soilless media\u0026nbsp;were\u0026nbsp;prepared\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;2:1\u0026nbsp;ratio\u0026nbsp;of cocopeat\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;vermicompost in\u0026nbsp;grow\u0026nbsp;bag. The\u0026nbsp;grow bags were\u0026nbsp;20 cm \u0026times; 20 cm \u0026times; 25 cm in length, width and height,\u0026nbsp;respectively. The drip irrigation system was installed,\u0026nbsp;followed by\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;laying of\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;bag at\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;spacing of 0.30 m by 0.30 m. Thereafter, healthy\u0026nbsp;45-day-old\u0026nbsp;broccoli\u0026nbsp;plants\u0026nbsp;were transplanted in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;second week of the month\u0026nbsp;of October\u0026nbsp;for both years in\u0026nbsp;grow\u0026nbsp;bag. The experiment was replicated three times,\u0026nbsp;and 6\u0026nbsp;plants\u0026nbsp;were sown in each\u0026nbsp;replicate. The experiment was\u0026nbsp;conducted\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;large plot\u0026nbsp;technique,\u0026nbsp;and the analysis was carried out in\u0026nbsp;a two-factor completely\u0026nbsp;randomized\u0026nbsp;design. The irrigation water requirement\u0026nbsp;schedule\u0026nbsp;was calculated\u0026nbsp;via the\u0026nbsp;FAO 56 method (Allen \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e1988). The climatic parameter\u0026nbsp;sensors,\u0026nbsp;viz.,\u0026nbsp;temperature, relative humidity, solar insolation and light intensity,\u0026nbsp;were configured\u0026nbsp;for the\u0026nbsp;data logging system to record the data. The minimum\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;maximum temperatures,\u0026nbsp;relative humidity and solar insolation were retrieved to calculate ET\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e by\u0026nbsp;FAO-56 method. Irrigation stress (0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of ET\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e) was imposed at\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;initial stage,\u0026nbsp;middle\u0026nbsp;stage and end stage of growth of broccoli to evaluate the effect\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;irrigation stress on various growth\u0026nbsp;stages\u0026nbsp;of broccoli in soilless media under\u0026nbsp;natural\u0026nbsp;ventilated net-cum-polyhouse\u0026nbsp;system. Fertigation is the key point of soilless cultivation. Therefore,\u0026nbsp;plants need\u0026nbsp;proper \u0026nbsp;macro nutrients and micro nutrients at each stage\u0026nbsp;of crop growth.\u0026nbsp;The broccoli\u0026nbsp;crop is moderately sensitive to salt. Therefore,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;EC was maintained below 2.5 ds/m,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;pH\u0026nbsp;ranged from\u0026nbsp;5.5 to 6.5\u0026nbsp;during\u0026nbsp;fertigation,\u0026nbsp;as\u0026nbsp;described\u0026nbsp;by Trejo-Tellez and Gomez-Merino (2012). The recommended fertilizer dose at\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;rate of 150:60:60 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e and K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO kg/ha was applied in 11 splits during the different growth stages (each split per week) to reduce the EC of\u0026nbsp;the fertigation\u0026nbsp;solution. The average crop duration of the broccoli for both\u0026nbsp;years\u0026nbsp;was 77 days, which\u0026nbsp;might be due to\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;shorter cold period compared to\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;temperate climate. The initial mid and end stage\u0026nbsp;plants\u0026nbsp;were observed four, five and two\u0026nbsp;weeks after\u0026nbsp;sowing. NPK\u0026nbsp;fertilizer was\u0026nbsp;applied 7%, 12% and 6% of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;recommended dose of fertilizer each week during the\u0026nbsp;initial, mid and end\u0026nbsp;stage,\u0026nbsp;respectively.\u0026nbsp;Micronutrients such as\u0026nbsp;B, Mo, Mn and Zn\u0026nbsp;were\u0026nbsp;also applied at\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;rate of 3:0.5:2:2.5 kg/ha. B, Mo, Mn and Zn were applied through boric acid, sodium molybdate, manganese\u0026nbsp;sulfate\u0026nbsp;and ZnEDTA,\u0026nbsp;respectively,\u0026nbsp;in three\u0026nbsp;seasons:\u0026nbsp;the initial stage,\u0026nbsp;middle\u0026nbsp;stage and\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;end stage of crop growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe yield attribute parameters were analyzed to study the effect of irrigation stress imposed on various growth stages of broccoli. The stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves per plant and plant canopy were measured at the respective growth stages. However, the number of days to harvest, curd diameter, curd weight and yield were measured for each treatment at the time of harvest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULT AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIrrigation water requirement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe irrigation water was applied 5 mm before sowing\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;root settlement. The average water\u0026nbsp;requirements\u0026nbsp;of the two\u0026nbsp;years were\u0026nbsp;34 mm, 65 mm and 36 mm for\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;initial,\u0026nbsp;middle\u0026nbsp;and end\u0026nbsp;stags\u0026nbsp;of the crop, respectively,\u0026nbsp;under\u0026nbsp;natural\u0026nbsp;ventilated net-cum-poly house\u0026nbsp;This\u0026nbsp;might be due\u0026nbsp;to the\u0026nbsp;short crop base period,\u0026nbsp;lower\u0026nbsp;solar insolation and\u0026nbsp;higher\u0026nbsp;relative humidity observed inside the structure\u0026nbsp;than in the\u0026nbsp;open field. The wind velocity inside the structure is also very\u0026nbsp;low\u0026nbsp;due to\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;complete isolation of the structure. Therefore,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;irrigation water requirement was lower than that in the\u0026nbsp;open field\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eirrigation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;stress applied at various\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecrop growth stages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;on yield and yield\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eattributes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;effects\u0026nbsp;of irrigation stress applied\u0026nbsp;during the\u0026nbsp;crop growth stage on yield and yield attributes were significant except\u0026nbsp;for the number of\u0026nbsp;days taken to harvest,\u0026nbsp;as shown in Table 1. It is obvious that the stem diameter (34.17 mm), plant height (54.98 cm),\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;plant canopy (0.41 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) were higher\u0026nbsp;under\u0026nbsp;irrigation stress applied\u0026nbsp;at the\u0026nbsp;end stage of crop. Whereas the number\u0026nbsp;of leaves per plant (15.06) was higher\u0026nbsp;under\u0026nbsp;irrigation stress applied at\u0026nbsp;mid\u0026nbsp;stage of crop.\u0026nbsp;Moreover,\u0026nbsp;the curd diameter (14. 41 cm), curd weight (362.75 g)\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;yield (39.72 t/ha) were significantly higher\u0026nbsp;under\u0026nbsp;irrigation stress applied at\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;initial stage of the crop\u0026nbsp;than under\u0026nbsp;irrigation stress applied at\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;end stage of the crop,\u0026nbsp;which\u0026nbsp;indicates\u0026nbsp;that irrigation stress applied at\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;curd initiation stage (i.e.,\u0026nbsp;mid\u0026nbsp;stage) significantly\u0026nbsp;influences\u0026nbsp;crop yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;level on yield and yield attribute\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;effects\u0026nbsp;of irrigation stress applied on yield and yield attributes were found\u0026nbsp;to be\u0026nbsp;significant except\u0026nbsp;for the number of\u0026nbsp;days taken to harvest, similar to the effects of\u0026nbsp;irrigation stress applied at various\u0026nbsp;crop growth stages,\u0026nbsp;as shown in Table 1. The stem diameter (29.93 cm) and plant canopy (0.33 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026nbsp;were\u0026nbsp;found\u0026nbsp;to be significantly greater under 20% irrigation stress and no\u0026nbsp;irrigation stress, respectively. Moreover, the plant height (49.31 cm),\u0026nbsp;number\u0026nbsp;of leaves per plant (13.70), curd diameter (15.45 cm), curd weight (379.42 g) and yield (41.69) were significantly higher at zero irrigation stress and\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;par with\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;20% irrigation stress applied,\u0026nbsp;which shows\u0026nbsp;that the\u0026nbsp;broccoli crop\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;significantly influenced\u0026nbsp;by irrigation stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteraction effect of i\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003errigation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;stress applied at various crop growth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and irrigation stress\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elevels\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe interaction effect of\u0026nbsp;irrigation\u0026nbsp;stress applied at various crop growth\u0026nbsp;stages\u0026nbsp;and irrigation stress\u0026nbsp;levels\u0026nbsp;was significant\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;stem diameter, plant height, plant canopy, curd weight and yield;\u0026nbsp;however,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;other\u0026nbsp;parameters\u0026nbsp;were not\u0026nbsp;significant,\u0026nbsp;as shown in Table 1 and graphically illustrated in\u0026nbsp;Fig. 1. The interaction effect of stem diameter (37.67 mm) and plant height (60.00 cm) was significantly higher\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;the treatment M\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and at par with\u0026nbsp;M\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, M\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. However,\u0026nbsp;there were no significant\u0026nbsp;differences in the number\u0026nbsp;of leaves per plant,\u0026nbsp;days\u0026nbsp;taken to harvest\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;curd diameter. The interaction effect of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;plant canopy was significantly higher in\u0026nbsp;the M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e treatment combination (0.50 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and at par with M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (0.40 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). The interaction effect of curd weight and yield was significantly higher in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;treatment combination of M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (387.83 g, 42.63 t/ha) and\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;par with\u0026nbsp;those of\u0026nbsp;M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (387.43 g, 42.58 t/ha), M\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (379.77 g, 42.25 t/ha),\u0026nbsp;M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (379.00 g, 41.65 t/ha), M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (374.83 g, 41.18 t/ha), M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (356.83 g, 38.68 t/ha), M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (355.39, 39.02 t/ha) and M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (327.33 g, 35.91 t/ha). It is recommended to apply irrigation stress up to 60% of ET\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e at the initial stage and 40% of ET\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e at the end stage during water scarcity without significantly reducing the yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current findings align with previous research conducted by Ayas \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2011) under unheated greenhouse conditions for broccoli cultivation. Additionally, Yildirim and Durak (2017) demonstrated that optimal broccoli yield and quality were achieved under full irrigation, suggesting that under water scarcity, maintaining an economically viable yield and quality is possible by conserving 30% of water, yet a significant yield reduction occurred when irrigation stress surpassed 30%, which is consistent with the findings of this study. Ayas \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2011) reported that irrigating at 0.75 times the evaporation rate of Class A Pan optimally improved water use efficiency and recommended this approach for water-scarce environments in both unheated greenhouse conditions for broccoli cultivation. Hussain \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2016) suggested irrigating broccoli at field capacity every 10 rather than at 5-day intervals for the optimal schedule for maximizing gross returns. Chand \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2017) demonstrated that applying the 0.8 irrigation regime led to notable improvements in various growth and yield attributes, which is in line with the results of the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:49.65pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:-49.65pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 1: Influence of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eirrigation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;stress on broccoli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ecrops\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;under\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003enatural ventilated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;net-cum-polyhouse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.85pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:-6.15pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTreatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.85pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:-6.15pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStem diameter, mm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.85pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:-6.15pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePlant height, cm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.85pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:-6.15pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo of leaves per plant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.85pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:-6.15pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePlant canopy, m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.85pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:-6.15pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDays taken to harvest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.85pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:-6.15pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCurd diameter, cm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.85pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:-6.15pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCurd weight, g\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.85pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:-6.15pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYield, t/ha\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 100%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGrowth stage (M)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eInitial\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e27.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e71.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:11.02%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.15pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e362.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e39.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e32.86\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e52.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.06\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e72.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:11.02%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.15pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e317.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e33.64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eEnd\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e34.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e54.98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e72.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:11.02%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.15pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e357.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e38.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eS.Em.\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:11.02%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.15pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.35pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eC.D. at 5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:11.02%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.15pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 100%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStress level (S)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e29.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e49.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13.70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e71.67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e379.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e41.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e28.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e48.50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e72.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e377.57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e41.49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e40%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e28.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e42.58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e72.78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13.28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e340.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e35.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e60%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25.74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e39.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e72.28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e287.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e30.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eS.Em.\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.35pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eC.D. at 5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10.92\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 100%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eInteraction effect - M x S\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eS.Em.\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25.55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.35pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eC.D. at 5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e72.74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 100%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eInteraction effect - Y x M x S\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eS.Em.\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-5.35pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eC.D. at 5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCV %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.44%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.42%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.86\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.58%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.04%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.02%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.82%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe impact of irrigation stress imposed on various crop growth stages significantly influenced various parameters,\u0026nbsp;including curd weight and yield. Irrigation imposed at\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;initial stage and\u0026nbsp;at the middle\u0026nbsp;stage\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;20% of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;irrigation water requirement significantly\u0026nbsp;promoted yields of\u0026nbsp;42.63 t/ha and 42.58 t/ha,\u0026nbsp;respectively. The broccoli yield was\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;par\u0026nbsp;with that\u0026nbsp;in the\u0026nbsp;irrigation stress\u0026nbsp;treatment, reaching\u0026nbsp;60% of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;ET\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e at the initial stage and 40% of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;ET\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e at the end stage. This suggests that imposing irrigation stress at the initial and middle stages is beneficial for broccoli cultivation under water-scarce conditions. However, irrigation stress imposed at the middle stage notably reduced the yield.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAllen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D.and Smith, M. (1998). FAO Irrigation and drainage paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAyas, S., Orta, H. and Yazgan, S. (2011) Deficit irrigation effects on broccoli (\u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L.var. Monet) yield in unheated greenhouse condition. Bulgarian journal of Agricultre Science,, 17: 551-559.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChand, P.,\u0026nbsp;Mukherjee,\u0026nbsp;S. and Kumar, V. (2017) Effect of Various Levels of Drip Irrigation on Growth and Yield Attributes of Sprouting Broccoli (\u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u003c/em\u003e var. italica) Cultivar Fiesta.\u0026nbsp;Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (4): 139-143.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemir, H., and Polat, E. (2011). Effects of broccoli-crispy salad intercropping on yield and quality under greenhouse conditions.\u0026nbsp;African Journal of Agricultural Research,\u0026nbsp;6(17), 4116-4121.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD\u0026iacute;az-P\u0026eacute;rez, J. C. (2009). Root zone temperature, plant growth and yield of broccoli (\u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Plenck) var. italica] as affected by plastic film mulches.\u0026nbsp;Scientia Horticulturae,\u0026nbsp;123(2), 156-163.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHashem, F. A., \u0026amp; Abd-Elrahman, S. H. (2016). Soil chemical characteristics and growth of broccoli and cauliflower plants as affected by liquid organic fertilizers and irrigation water levels.\u0026nbsp;Global Journal of Advanced Research.\u0026nbsp;3(10); 881-895.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHussain, M. J., Rannu, R. P., Razzak, M. A., Ahmed, R., \u0026amp; Sheikh, M. H. R. (2016). Response of Broccoli (Brassica oleracia L.) to different irrigation regimes.\u0026nbsp;The Agriculturists,\u0026nbsp;14(1), 98-106.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJensen M H. (2002). Controlled environment agriculture in deserts tropics and temperate regions \u0026ndash; A world review. Acta Horiculture, 578: 19\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKaristsapol, N., Quanchit, S., \u0026amp; Sompong, T. C. (2013). Effect of shading and variety on the growth and yield of broccoli during the dry season in Southern Thailand.\u0026nbsp;International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences,\u0026nbsp;3(2), 111-115.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKlar, A. E., \u0026amp; Da Silva Fontes, E. W. (2003). Water use by broccoli plants (\u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u003c/em\u003e F, var. Italica). Irriga, 8(1): 37-43.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKorawan S., Johannes F.J. Max, Suchart S., Wolfram S., Siriya K. and Joachim M. (2013). Protected cultivation of tomato to enhance plant productivity and reduce pesticide use. Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development. University of Hohenheim Tropentag Stuttgart. Germany. pp 17-19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKumar, M., Das, B., Prasad, K. K. and Kumar, P. (2013). Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of broccoli (\u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u003c/em\u003e var. italica) under Jharkhand conditions. \u003cem\u003eVegetable Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e40(1)\u003c/strong\u003e:117-120.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMamta, D.S. and Shraddha, V.A. (2013). A review on plant without soil \u0026ndash; hydroponics. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;2(3)\u003c/strong\u003e: 299-304.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMax, J.F.J., Horst, W.J., Mutwiwa, U.N.and Tantau, H.J. (2009). Effects of greenhouse cooling method on growth, fruit yield and quality of tomato (\u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e L.) in a tropical climate. Scientific Horticulture, \u003cstrong\u003e122(2)\u003c/strong\u003e: 179-186.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNguyen, T.H.N., Borgemeister, C., Max, J. and Poehling, H.M. (2009). Manipulation of ultraviolet light affects immigration behaviour of Ceratothripoidesclaratris (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, \u003cstrong\u003e102(4)\u003c/strong\u003e: 1559-1566.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNikolaou, G., Neocleous, D., Katsoulas, N., \u0026amp; Kittas, C. (2017). Effect of irrigation frequency on growth and production of a cucumber crop under soilless culture.\u0026nbsp;Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 863-871.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNooprom, K., Santipracha, Q., \u0026amp; Te-chato, S. (2014). Growth and yield of broccoli under different rain protectors during the rainy season in Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand.\u0026nbsp;Agriculture and Natural Resources,\u0026nbsp;48(1), 1-8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSantosh, D. T. (2021). Response of horticultural crops under variable microclimatic conditions of different protected cultivation structures.\u0026nbsp;International Journal of Agricultural Sciences,\u0026nbsp;17(2), 515-521.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSantosh, D. T., Reddy, R. G., \u0026amp; Tiwari, K. N. (2017). Effect of drip irrigation levels on yield of lettuce under polyhouse and open field condition.\u0026nbsp;Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci,\u0026nbsp;6(7), 1210-1220.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSantosh, D. T., Tiwari, K. N., \u0026amp; Singh, V. K. (2017). Influence of different protected cultivation structures on water requirements of winter vegetables.\u0026nbsp;International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology,\u0026nbsp;10(1), 93-103.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSengupta, A.and Banerjee, H. (2012). Soil-less culture in modern agriculture. World Journal of Science and Technology, \u003cstrong\u003e2(7)\u003c/strong\u003e: 103-108.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSojitra, M. A., Satasiya, R. M., Rank, H. D., Chauhan, P. M., Parmar, H. V., \u0026amp; Patel, D. V. (2023). Study the Micro Climatic Parameter in Protected Structure.\u0026nbsp;Environment and Ecology,\u0026nbsp;41(2A), 953-960.\u0026nbsp;)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSrichandan, S., Mangaraj, A. K., Behera, K. K., Panda, D., Das, A. K., \u0026amp; Rout, M. (2015). Growth, Yield and Economics of Broccoli (\u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003eItalica\u003c/em\u003e) as Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Nutrients.\u0026nbsp;International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology,\u0026nbsp;8(4): 965-70.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThakur, R., Kushwah, S., Sharma, R., and Singh, O. (2016). Growth and yield of sprouting broccoli (\u003cem\u003eBrassica Oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L. VAR. \u003cem\u003eItalica\u003c/em\u003e) varieties under open field and naturally ventilated polyhouse condition, The Bio Scan 11(4): 2323-2326.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrejo-Tellez, L. I. and Gomez-Merino, F. C. (2012). Nutrient solutions for hydroponicsystems.\u0026nbsp;Hydroponics-a standard methodology for plant biological researches. pp:1-22.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYildirim, M., and Durak, E. (2017). Yield and quality compounds of broccoli (\u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L. cv. Beaumont) as affected by different irrigation levels. \u0026nbsp;COMU Journal of agriculture faculty, 5(1), 13-20.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYildirim, M., and Durak, E. (2017). Yield and quality compounds of broccoli (\u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L. cv. Beaumont) as affected by different irrigation levels. \u0026nbsp;COMU Journal of agriculture faculty, 5(1), 13-20.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Broccoli, Irrigation stress, Growth stages, Yield attribute parameters, Natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005599/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005599/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of irrigation stress on yield and yield attribute at various growth stages of broccoli under natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse system. The research experiment was carried out at Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India, for two years, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The irrigation stress was imposed on 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of the ET\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e at the initial, middle and end stages of the crop, respectively. The ET\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e was calculated by the standard and well-accepted FAO-56 method. The yield attributeparameters, such as stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves per plant and plant canopy were measured at the respective growth stages. However, the days taken to harvest, curd diameter, curd weight and yield were measured at the time of harvesting. The effects of irrigation stress level on crop growth stage were significant for stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves per plant, plant canopy, curd diameter, curd weight and yield. The interaction effect of stress imposed on crop growth stage and irrigation stress level on stem diameter, plant height, plant canopy, curd weight and yield was significant. However, the number of leaves per plant, days taken to harvest and curd diameter were not significantly different. Under irrigation stress, the application of 20% ETC at the initial and end stages promoted a greater yield in broccoli cultivation. Moreover, the yield was on par with that under irrigation stress which reached 60% at the initial stage and 40% at the end stage of the crop. It is advisable to impose irrigation stress at the initial stage and end stage of the broccoli crop when water resources are scarce under natural ventilated net-cum-polyhouse. However, irrigation stress imposed at the middle stage significantly affects broccoli yield.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Deficit Irrigation practices on Broccoli Growth in a Natural Ventilated Net-cum-Polyhouse","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2024-03-18 20:05:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005599/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-06 10:01:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005599/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b3d96fe9-5919-406e-a985-8a07251c2352","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-18T00:37:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-18 20:05:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-4005599","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4005599","identity":"rs-4005599","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}