Fabrication of Multifunctional Nano Composite Fiber Extracted From Sambucus Nigra: Anti-Nociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, Self-cleaning and UV-Blocking

Fabrication of Multifunctional Nano Composite Fiber Extracted From Sambucus Nigra: Anti-Nociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, Self-cleaning and UV-Blocking | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Fabrication of Multifunctional Nano Composite Fiber Extracted From Sambucus Nigra: Anti-Nociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, Self-cleaning and UV-Blocking Abolfazl Davodiroknabadi, Salar Zohoori, Reyhaneh Talebikatieklahijany, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3891738/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper introduces the extraction of Sambucus Nigra chemical compounds and fabrication of multifunctional nano fabric with/without nano zinc oxide particles made by electrospinning method. Field emission scanning electron microscope of the produced sample shows that the diameter of the produced fibers is about 35nm and elemental mapping analysis proved the excellent distribution of nano material on the surface of nano composite. Anti-nociceptive efficiency of samples were investigated and the results indicate that the existence methanol of Sambucus Nigra caused the prevention of pain and this effect illustrated anti-nociceptive consequence in specimens which were investigated through tail flick experiment. Moreover, anti-inflammatory property of samples was investigated which show good data results. On the other hand, self-cleaning of produced nano composite was studied. The results show that doping nano zinc oxide has direct effect on increasing the self-cleaning property. Also, ultraviolet transmission analysis of specimens indicates the produced nano composite has great UV blocking property. Sambucus Nigra Anti-nociceptive Anti-inflammatory Nano composite UV blocking Self-cleaning Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction In the last decade scientists are focusing on new and clean materials which has no environmental pollutions. Hence, plants and cellulosic fibers (bio-degradable fibers) have gained much attention[ 1 – 4 ]. In textile industry less attention is given to plants and vegetal fibers. One of these plants is Sambucus Nigra which was used in ancient medicine such as respiratory infections[ 5 ], diaphoretic, diuretic and hemostatic[ 6 , 7 ] nettle and bee bites and contact dermatitis[ 8 ]. Sambucus Nigra has large number of bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols, sterols etc.[ 9 , 10 ]. Existence of proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, polyphenols and flavonols, caused to enhance the Sambucus Nigra properties like disease treatment and/or prevention disease [ 5 , 11 ]. Its antioxidant property is due to its chemical constituents like anthocyanins, organic acids and other polyphenolic compounds [ 12 , 13 ]. Sambucus Nigra also has other chemical compounds such as ursolic acid quercetin, chlorogenic acid, tannin, fatty acids and other amino acids. Based on these properties, many researches were done on extracting the Sambucus Nigra chemical compounds. Kaltsa et al. researched on green extraction method in order to obtain polyphenolic substances from Sambucus Nigra. They finally succeeded to gain high extraction under optimized conditions [ 14 ]. The work done by Ahmadianiet al. shows the positive effect of Sambucus Nigra as anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive used as drug [ 15 ]. Also, Sambucus Nigra was used as dyeing agent in textile industry. Dayioglu et al. reported that natural dyeing of silk fabric was done by plasma treatment of Sambucus Nigra [ 16 ]. On the other hand, some researches was done on preparation of nano materials by extracting Sambucus Nigra. For instance, Alamdari et al. investigate and reported a novel way to produced nano material from Sambucus Nigra. Their results show that the produced nano particles was less than 50nm [ 17 ]. All of the above researches was done on Sambucus Nigra and its properties and the use of it in drugs and food, but not using as textile and band aid. This research aim is to produce nano fabric of Sambucus Nigra. One of the best methods of producing nano fiber/fabric is by electrospinning. In this method, the polymer solution is prepared and charged and ejected from the nozzle on the surface of an aluminum sheet, and nano web of fiber/fabric will be created by prevailing the area tension [ 18 – 25 ]. Fabricating nano fabric through this method has many applications such as wound dressing in medicine[ 26 ], filtration in engineering, etc.[ 18 , 27 – 29 ] Also, using nano particles in polymer solution leads to the creation of nano composite which can give special properties to the final product. For example, self-cleaning, anti-inflammatory and anti-UV properties can be achieved by these materials via electrospinning [ 30 – 34 ]. In this paper, due to the wonderful properties of Sambucus Nigra, the nano fabric of Sambucus Nigra was produced and doped with nano zinc oxide and its final properties such as anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory efficiency, self-cleaning and UV-blocking, investigated and introduced as a novel method for producing a multifunctional properties of nano fabric. Experimental Materials and devices The Sambucus Nigra leaf was prepared from north jungles of Iran. The 100% cotton fabric with a warp density of 23yarn/cm, weft density of 20 yarn/cm, the fabric weight of 117.5 g/m 2 was made ready for use from Yazdbaf Company. Nano ZnO with particle size of < 100nm were provided from Sigma Aldrich. Toluene, ethanol, acetic acid, sodium chlorite and trifluoro acetic acid was purchased from Merck. The morphology of specimens were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM-MIRA3-TESCAN), were all the samples was covered by gold film. Also, Euronda ultrasonic bath model Eurosonic 4D, 350W, 50/60 Hz (Italy) was used. Soxhlet extractor apparatus model EV6, 230 V, 50-60Hz (Germany) was used and Perkin Elmer Lambda UV-vis spectrophotometer was used in order to investigate the UV-blocking properties of the samples. Tail flick device model 812-HSE was used to investigate the anti-nociceptive activity. In order to investigate and determine the color difference, reflectance spectrophotometer (BYK Gardner, India, with CIELAB 1976 color space and D65-light source) was used. Cytotoxicity and cell viability of specimens were done by using colorimetric MTT experiment (Eliza Reader). Method The Sambucus Nigra leaf was washed with distilled water in order to remove any impurities and dried in an oven. Then the dried Sambucus Nigra was powdered in a mixer. The Sambucus Nigra 20g powder was measured and grinding for 12 hours with toluene/ethanol (1/2 volume percent) in a soxhlet extractor device. The solution resting time was one day after soxhlet at room temperature. In the next step, in order to remove the lignin, acetic acid and sodium chlorite (with a controlled pH of approximately 6) was added and kept in ultrasonic bath for an hour. After 60min, distilled water was added to the solution in order to stop the reaction and the remaining alpha cellulose was washed with ethanol. The next step was to produce nano fiber from prepared Sambucus Nigra. For this purpose, the obtained alpha cellulose dissolved in Trifluoro acetic acid with/without nano particle (ZnO) was sonicated in ultrasound bath for 30 min at 50 o C. Then the solution was electrospun with a 3ml-blunt needle syringe. On the surface of cotton fabric electrospinning was implemented with 20kV spinning voltage. On the other hand, feeding rate was 0.5ml/h, collector-needle distance was 15cm, drum speed was 110rpm and traverse speed was 0.5m/min. Twelve male Wistar rats were chosen and all kept in same conditions for a day. According to animal rights laws all tests and experiments were accomplished. All the twelve Wistar rats were shaved. Then the back of each one were coated with fabrics (one without electrospun fabric as a blank sample and the other with electrospun) and tied firmly. For anti-nociceptive test, the back of rats were coated with samples 30min before tail flick test. 3min before the experiment, each rat was located in a restrainer and baseline reaction time was investigated by centralize an intensity controlled light ray on the terminative one-third part of the rat tail. The intensity of light was 7. For anti-inflammatory test, the back of one rat was coated with Indomethacin cream and used as a control sample. On the other hand, cell viability and samples toxicity was investigated by using colorimetric MTT experiment (Eliza Reader). Cell viability of samples measured through Eq. 1. It must be mentioned that the absorbance was done at 570nm. \(\text{Cell Viability}\text{ =}\frac{\text{Sample absorbance }}{\text{Untreated control absorbance}}\text{ ×}\text{100}\) Eq. 1 Self-cleaning property of blank and treated specimens were characterized by depigmentation of Reactive Orange (CI 17754) and Direct Red (CI 22120) stain on surface of samples. Later than staining, the specimens were exposure to ultra violet spectra for two days. After that, the data gathered and overall color-difference was calculated by Eq. 2. In this equation, L* illustrate the lightness, a* denotes the red-green value and b* indicate the yellow-blue value. \({\Delta }\text{E}\text{*}= \sqrt{{\left({\Delta }\text{a}\text{*}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\Delta }\text{b}\text{*}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\Delta }\text{L}\text{*}\right)}^{2}}\) Eq. 2 Table 1 Specification of samples and effect of Sambucus Nigra on tail flick test Sample Code Electrospun Sambucus Nigra Nano ZnO (%) Reaction time(s) A × 0 3.21 B ✓ 0 4.74 C ✓ 1 4.75 Results and Discussion FESEM and elemental mapping analysis Field emission scanning electron microscope was used in order to study and investigate the morphology of electrospun nano composites. The FESEM was done at 100kx and magnification of 15kV. Figure 1 (right) shows the electrospun Sambucus Nigra (sample B) and, the mean diameter of about 35nm produced nano fibers. Doping Sambucus Nigra with nano ZnO doesn’t have any tangible effect on the composites appearance as shown in Fig. 1 (middle). Suitable condition and technique to prepare the solution and electrospinning appearance by unmixed distribution of nano materials, so elemental mapping analysis was done on sample C in order to investigate the distribution of nano ZnO(Fig. 1 -left), which indicates that there isn’t any agglomeration of nano particles. Anti-nociceptive efficiency As the Sambucus Nigra was used in ancient traditional medicine especially as anti-nociceptive and inflammatory, it was produced as a treatment nano fabric. As shown in Table 1 , using Sambucus Nigra nano fabric on tail flick experiment significantly increases the time of tail flick reaction (Table 1 ). One of the proposed mechanisms of anti-nociceptive actions is the endogenous release of glucocorticoids. Also, the existence methanol of Sambucus Nigra causes the prevention of pain in rats and this effect illustrated the anti-nociceptive consequence in specimens which were investigated through tail flick experiment. On the other hand, compounds like flavonoids and steroids which exist in Sambucus Nigra, are effective in improving pain. Anti-inflammatory efficiency As it was mentioned in method section, one rat was used as reference sample and its back was coated with Indomethacin cream. The first step was to measure the diameter of hind paw by digital calipers. Later, the injection was done and every one hour the diameter of hind paw was investigated and noted. After seven hours, the results were analyzed and the achieved data converted to a diagram (Fig. 2 ). The edema data\diagram of specimens illustrated in Fig. 2 , using Indomethacin cream has rapid effect on diminish of edema, while other samples have different behavior. After about two hours, anti-inflammatory property of produced samples appears and after about four hours the anti-inflammatory effect of samples passes through Indomethacin and it remains stable in this range till 7 hours. On the other hand, comparison of the sample B and C shows that there is no significant difference between these two, and so, it can be concluded that using nano ZnO doesn’t have any major impact on anti-inflammatory efficiency. It must be mentioned that anti-inflammatory efficiency of the sample B is due to inherent anti-inflammatory property of Sambucus Nigra, which is caused by Ursolic acid and Quercetin of Sambucus Nigra. Also, by investigating the cytotoxicity of specimens, it demonstrated that sample A used as control sample, has no remarkable difference after 7 hours. As shown in Fig. 3 , sample B cell viability is slightly lower than control sample which is not significant, while the cell viability of the sample C is lower than sample B but both sample B and C has no significant reduction which caused to conclude that treated samples have low cytotoxicity. Ultra violet transmission analysis In order to investigate the UV transmission property of samples, AATCC test technique 183–2004 was used. The subject of study was done in the wavelength range of 200–400 nm. The UV-transmission diagram of treated and untreated composites of Sambucus Nigra nano fiber with\without nano ZnO is demonstrated in Fig. 4 . As the diagram indicates, sample A, which investigated as raw sample, has higher UV transmittance in comparison with sample B and C. This difference is significant. Sample B which fabricates with Sambucus Nigra, has lower UV transmittance in comparison with sample A, which demonstrates that fabricated Sambucus Nigra composite has UV blocking property. On the other hand, it has been observed that doping Sambucus Nigra with nano particle of ZnO causes better UV blocking property than sample B which can be due to the synergetic ultra violet absorption of nano zinc oxide. Self-cleaning efficiency Staining the specimens with Reactive Orange and Direct Red and exposure them to UV beam caused fading of color and changing their colors. The data of Δa*, Δb*, ΔL*, and ΔE* extracted from spectrophotometer are presented in Table 2 . Also, the ΔE comparative diagram is illustrated in Fig. 5 . The outcome shows that in both direct and reactive dye, ultra violet spectra has not changed the color specification of blank sample, while the produced Sambucus Nigra nano fiber has high photocatalytic activity. In other words, photocatalytic activity difference of the sample B, before and after UV irradiation, is more than 10, which is excellent. On the other hand, doping Sambucus Nigra nano fiber with nano ZnO increases the photocatalytic activity of nano fiber. As it is clear in Fig. 4 , there is an increase in the photocatalytic activity of the sample C due to energy band gap. Also, the extended light absorption potential of Sambucus Nigra enhances the photocatalytic performance. Table 2 Color specification of samples Sample Δa* Δb* ΔL* ΔE* Direct Red Reactive Orange Direct Red Reactive Orange Direct Red Reactive Orange Direct Red Reactive Orange A -1.864 -1.469 0.462 0.516 3.184 -2.952 3.718 3.337 B -4.174 -5.835 1.011 -5.636 12.778 11.744 13.480 14.273 C -4.745 -8.653 2.086 -14.725 17.379 6.935 18.135 18.433 Conclusion Soxhlet extractor device was used in order to extract chemical compounds of Sambucus Nigra and nano fabric of Sambucus Nigra with/without nano ZnO particle was produced by electrospinning method and properties was investigated. FESEM showed excellent distribution of nano materials and illustrate that the diameter of the produced fibers is less than 40nm. On the other hand, the existence methanol of Sambucus Nigra caused the prevention of pain in rats and this effect illustrated anti-nociceptive consequence in specimens which were investigated through tail flick experiment. Anti-inflammatory efficiency of nano composite proved which was due to inherent anti-inflammatory property of Sambucus Nigra, caused by Ursolic acid and Quercetin of Sambucus Nigra. Furthermore, fabricated Sambucus Nigra composite has UV blocking and photocatalytic activity properties and doping Sambucus Nigra with nano ZnO caused better UV blocking property due to the synergetic ultraviolet absorption of nano zinc oxide and better self-cleaning property which is due to energy band gap. Declarations Conflict of Interest All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Funding No funding was provided, the authors have paid privately. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the study conception and design and written. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References M. K. Uddin, M. Rahman, S. Bhattacharjee, S. Singh, and S. K. Mojlish, AATCC Journal of Research, 8, 41 (2021). S. Nam, S. E. Chavez, M. B. Hillyer, B. D. Condon, H. Shen, and L. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3891738","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":269020569,"identity":"6615503a-8e4f-4a2a-959f-468f0589e195","order_by":0,"name":"Abolfazl 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(Middle) Sample C, (Left) Elemental mapping of ZnO\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3891738/v1/a792efbf3104610539c73177.jpeg"},{"id":50321785,"identity":"a37e26ef-086f-4bd6-a112-038b3d629d3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-29 17:42:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":157445,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInflammatory of samples after 7hours\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3891738/v1/6359ba779e2ac9cf76e87191.jpeg"},{"id":50321788,"identity":"d2b2dddb-f655-400d-ac16-cc1a46d4c841","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-29 17:42:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":520104,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMTT assay of specimens\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3891738/v1/c6efe93a300b5af347b86591.jpeg"},{"id":50321787,"identity":"1898ef00-e75d-4e72-a32a-da36a1480649","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-29 17:42:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":141048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUV transmission diagram of samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3891738/v1/5f955ec08cbe068b3aed22fd.jpeg"},{"id":50321786,"identity":"5b8dab84-b47a-4cbd-be92-fe0dfeb89d0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-29 17:42:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":161316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSelf-cleaning efficiency of samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3891738/v1/4ac392ac399ba419e8eb4c30.jpeg"},{"id":50637445,"identity":"dad4eaa1-71e4-4e10-ae09-a21b3525792d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-05 04:08:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":816864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3891738/v1/8ba7674c-75cd-40a3-8f57-c87f3a9f8d97.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Fabrication of Multifunctional Nano Composite Fiber Extracted From Sambucus Nigra: Anti-Nociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, Self-cleaning and UV-Blocking","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the last decade scientists are focusing on new and clean materials which has no environmental pollutions. Hence, plants and cellulosic fibers (bio-degradable fibers) have gained much attention[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In textile industry less attention is given to plants and vegetal fibers. One of these plants is Sambucus Nigra which was used in ancient medicine such as respiratory infections[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], diaphoretic, diuretic and hemostatic[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] nettle and bee bites and contact dermatitis[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Sambucus Nigra has large number of bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols, sterols etc.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Existence of proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, polyphenols and flavonols, caused to enhance the Sambucus Nigra properties like disease treatment and/or prevention disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Its antioxidant property is due to its chemical constituents like anthocyanins, organic acids and other polyphenolic compounds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Sambucus Nigra also has other chemical compounds such as ursolic acid quercetin, chlorogenic acid, tannin, fatty acids and other amino acids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on these properties, many researches were done on extracting the Sambucus Nigra chemical compounds. Kaltsa et al. researched on green extraction method in order to obtain polyphenolic substances from Sambucus Nigra. They finally succeeded to gain high extraction under optimized conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The work done by Ahmadianiet al. shows the positive effect of Sambucus Nigra as anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive used as drug [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, Sambucus Nigra was used as dyeing agent in textile industry. Dayioglu et al. reported that natural dyeing of silk fabric was done by plasma treatment of Sambucus Nigra [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, some researches was done on preparation of nano materials by extracting Sambucus Nigra. For instance, Alamdari et al. investigate and reported a novel way to produced nano material from Sambucus Nigra. Their results show that the produced nano particles was less than 50nm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. All of the above researches was done on Sambucus Nigra and its properties and the use of it in drugs and food, but not using as textile and band aid. This research aim is to produce nano fabric of Sambucus Nigra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the best methods of producing nano fiber/fabric is by electrospinning. In this method, the polymer solution is prepared and charged and ejected from the nozzle on the surface of an aluminum sheet, and nano web of fiber/fabric will be created by prevailing the area tension [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Fabricating nano fabric through this method has many applications such as wound dressing in medicine[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], filtration in engineering, etc.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] Also, using nano particles in polymer solution leads to the creation of nano composite which can give special properties to the final product. For example, self-cleaning, anti-inflammatory and anti-UV properties can be achieved by these materials via electrospinning [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31 CR32 CR33\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this paper, due to the wonderful properties of Sambucus Nigra, the nano fabric of Sambucus Nigra was produced and doped with nano zinc oxide and its final properties such as anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory efficiency, self-cleaning and UV-blocking, investigated and introduced as a novel method for producing a multifunctional properties of nano fabric.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMaterials and devices\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sambucus Nigra leaf was prepared from north jungles of Iran. The 100% cotton fabric with a warp density of 23yarn/cm, weft density of 20 yarn/cm, the fabric weight of 117.5 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was made ready for use from Yazdbaf Company. Nano ZnO with particle size of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;100nm were provided from Sigma Aldrich. Toluene, ethanol, acetic acid, sodium chlorite and trifluoro acetic acid was purchased from Merck.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphology of specimens were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM-MIRA3-TESCAN), were all the samples was covered by gold film. Also, Euronda ultrasonic bath model Eurosonic 4D, 350W, 50/60 Hz (Italy) was used. Soxhlet extractor apparatus model EV6, 230 V, 50-60Hz (Germany) was used and Perkin Elmer Lambda UV-vis spectrophotometer was used in order to investigate the UV-blocking properties of the samples. Tail flick device model 812-HSE was used to investigate the anti-nociceptive activity. In order to investigate and determine the color difference, reflectance spectrophotometer (BYK Gardner, India, with CIELAB 1976 color space and D65-light source) was used. Cytotoxicity and cell viability of specimens were done by using colorimetric MTT experiment (Eliza Reader).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sambucus Nigra leaf was washed with distilled water in order to remove any impurities and dried in an oven. Then the dried Sambucus Nigra was powdered in a mixer. The Sambucus Nigra 20g powder was measured and grinding for 12 hours with toluene/ethanol (1/2 volume percent) in a soxhlet extractor device. The solution resting time was one day after soxhlet at room temperature. In the next step, in order to remove the lignin, acetic acid and sodium chlorite (with a controlled pH of approximately 6) was added and kept in ultrasonic bath for an hour. After 60min, distilled water was added to the solution in order to stop the reaction and the remaining alpha cellulose was washed with ethanol. The next step was to produce nano fiber from prepared Sambucus Nigra. For this purpose, the obtained alpha cellulose dissolved in Trifluoro acetic acid with/without nano particle (ZnO) was sonicated in ultrasound bath for 30 min at 50\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Then the solution was electrospun with a 3ml-blunt needle syringe. On the surface of cotton fabric electrospinning was implemented with 20kV spinning voltage. On the other hand, feeding rate was 0.5ml/h, collector-needle distance was 15cm, drum speed was 110rpm and traverse speed was 0.5m/min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwelve male Wistar rats were chosen and all kept in same conditions for a day. According to animal rights laws all tests and experiments were accomplished. All the twelve Wistar rats were shaved. Then the back of each one were coated with fabrics (one without electrospun fabric as a blank sample and the other with electrospun) and tied firmly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor anti-nociceptive test, the back of rats were coated with samples 30min before tail flick test. 3min before the experiment, each rat was located in a restrainer and baseline reaction time was investigated by centralize an intensity controlled light ray on the terminative one-third part of the rat tail. The intensity of light was 7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor anti-inflammatory test, the back of one rat was coated with Indomethacin cream and used as a control sample. On the other hand, cell viability and samples toxicity was investigated by using colorimetric MTT experiment (Eliza Reader). Cell viability of samples measured through Eq.\u0026nbsp;1. It must be mentioned that the absorbance was done at 570nm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\text{Cell Viability}\\text{ =}\\frac{\\text{Sample absorbance }}{\\text{Untreated control absorbance}}\\text{ \u0026times;}\\text{100}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e Eq.\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-cleaning property of blank and treated specimens were characterized by depigmentation of Reactive Orange (CI 17754) and Direct Red (CI 22120) stain on surface of samples. Later than staining, the specimens were exposure to ultra violet spectra for two days. After that, the data gathered and overall color-difference was calculated by Eq.\u0026nbsp;2. In this equation, L* illustrate the lightness, a* denotes the red-green value and b* indicate the yellow-blue value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\Delta }\\text{E}\\text{*}= \\sqrt{{\\left({\\Delta }\\text{a}\\text{*}\\right)}^{2}+{\\left({\\Delta }\\text{b}\\text{*}\\right)}^{2}+{\\left({\\Delta }\\text{L}\\text{*}\\right)}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e Eq.\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecification of samples and effect of Sambucus Nigra on tail flick test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrospun Sambucus Nigra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNano ZnO (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaction time(s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✓\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✓\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFESEM and elemental mapping analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eField emission scanning electron microscope was used in order to study and investigate the morphology of electrospun nano composites. The FESEM was done at 100kx and magnification of 15kV. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(right) shows the electrospun Sambucus Nigra (sample B) and, the mean diameter of about 35nm produced nano fibers. Doping Sambucus Nigra with nano ZnO doesn\u0026rsquo;t have any tangible effect on the composites appearance as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(middle). Suitable condition and technique to prepare the solution and electrospinning appearance by unmixed distribution of nano materials, so elemental mapping analysis was done on sample C in order to investigate the distribution of nano ZnO(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e-left), which indicates that there isn\u0026rsquo;t any agglomeration of nano particles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnti-nociceptive efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the Sambucus Nigra was used in ancient traditional medicine especially as anti-nociceptive and inflammatory, it was produced as a treatment nano fabric. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, using Sambucus Nigra nano fabric on tail flick experiment significantly increases the time of tail flick reaction (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). One of the proposed mechanisms of anti-nociceptive actions is the endogenous release of glucocorticoids. Also, the existence methanol of Sambucus Nigra causes the prevention of pain in rats and this effect illustrated the anti-nociceptive consequence in specimens which were investigated through tail flick experiment. On the other hand, compounds like flavonoids and steroids which exist in Sambucus Nigra, are effective in improving pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnti-inflammatory efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs it was mentioned in \u003cspan refid=\"Sec4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003emethod\u003c/span\u003e section, one rat was used as reference sample and its back was coated with Indomethacin cream. The first step was to measure the diameter of hind paw by digital calipers. Later, the injection was done and every one hour the diameter of hind paw was investigated and noted. After seven hours, the results were analyzed and the achieved data converted to a diagram (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The edema data\\diagram of specimens illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, using Indomethacin cream has rapid effect on diminish of edema, while other samples have different behavior. After about two hours, anti-inflammatory property of produced samples appears and after about four hours the anti-inflammatory effect of samples passes through Indomethacin and it remains stable in this range till 7 hours. On the other hand, comparison of the sample B and C shows that there is no significant difference between these two, and so, it can be concluded that using nano ZnO doesn\u0026rsquo;t have any major impact on anti-inflammatory efficiency. It must be mentioned that anti-inflammatory efficiency of the sample B is due to inherent anti-inflammatory property of Sambucus Nigra, which is caused by Ursolic acid and Quercetin of Sambucus Nigra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, by investigating the cytotoxicity of specimens, it demonstrated that sample A used as control sample, has no remarkable difference after 7 hours. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, sample B cell viability is slightly lower than control sample which is not significant, while the cell viability of the sample C is lower than sample B but both sample B and C has no significant reduction which caused to conclude that treated samples have low cytotoxicity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUltra violet transmission analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to investigate the UV transmission property of samples, AATCC test technique 183\u0026ndash;2004 was used. The subject of study was done in the wavelength range of 200\u0026ndash;400 nm. The UV-transmission diagram of treated and untreated composites of Sambucus Nigra nano fiber with\\without nano ZnO is demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. As the diagram indicates, sample A, which investigated as raw sample, has higher UV transmittance in comparison with sample B and C. This difference is significant. Sample B which fabricates with Sambucus Nigra, has lower UV transmittance in comparison with sample A, which demonstrates that fabricated Sambucus Nigra composite has UV blocking property. On the other hand, it has been observed that doping Sambucus Nigra with nano particle of ZnO causes better UV blocking property than sample B which can be due to the synergetic ultra violet absorption of nano zinc oxide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSelf-cleaning efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStaining the specimens with Reactive Orange and Direct Red and exposure them to UV beam caused fading of color and changing their colors. The data of Δa*, Δb*, ΔL*, and ΔE* extracted from spectrophotometer are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Also, the ΔE comparative diagram is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The outcome shows that in both direct and reactive dye, ultra violet spectra has not changed the color specification of blank sample, while the produced Sambucus Nigra nano fiber has high photocatalytic activity. In other words, photocatalytic activity difference of the sample B, before and after UV irradiation, is more than 10, which is excellent. On the other hand, doping Sambucus Nigra nano fiber with nano ZnO increases the photocatalytic activity of nano fiber. As it is clear in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, there is an increase in the photocatalytic activity of the sample C due to energy band gap. Also, the extended light absorption potential of Sambucus Nigra enhances the photocatalytic performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColor specification of samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔa*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔb*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔL*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔE*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Red\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactive Orange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Red\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactive Orange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Red\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactive Orange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Red\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactive Orange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.864\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.337\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14.725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSoxhlet extractor device was used in order to extract chemical compounds of Sambucus Nigra and nano fabric of Sambucus Nigra with/without nano ZnO particle was produced by electrospinning method and properties was investigated. FESEM showed excellent distribution of nano materials and illustrate that the diameter of the produced fibers is less than 40nm. On the other hand, the existence methanol of Sambucus Nigra caused the prevention of pain in rats and this effect illustrated anti-nociceptive consequence in specimens which were investigated through tail flick experiment. Anti-inflammatory efficiency of nano composite proved which was due to inherent anti-inflammatory property of Sambucus Nigra, caused by Ursolic acid and Quercetin of Sambucus Nigra. Furthermore, fabricated Sambucus Nigra composite has UV blocking and photocatalytic activity properties and doping Sambucus Nigra with nano ZnO caused better UV blocking property due to the synergetic ultraviolet absorption of nano zinc oxide and better self-cleaning property which is due to energy band gap.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding was provided, the authors have paid privately.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design and written. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. K. Uddin, M. Rahman, S. Bhattacharjee, S. Singh, and S. K. 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Talebikatieklahijany, Journal of Natural Fibers, 19, 4846 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Zohoori, L. Karimi, and A. Nazari, \u003cem\u003eFibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe\u003c/em\u003e, 22, 91 (2014).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eF. Yamin, F. Naddafiun, and S. Zohoori, Journal of Natural Fibers, 1 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Asakereh, S. Zohoori, F. Mohammadisaghand, M. Sabzali, R. Mohammadisaghand, and B. Soltani, Journal of Natural Fibers, 19, 15552 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eH. Kim, R. Manivannan, G. Heo, J. W. Ryu, and Y.-A. Son, Research on Chemical Intermediates, 45, 3655 (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sambucus Nigra, Anti-nociceptive, Anti-inflammatory, Nano composite, UV blocking, Self-cleaning","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3891738/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3891738/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper introduces the extraction of Sambucus Nigra chemical compounds and fabrication of multifunctional nano fabric with/without nano zinc oxide particles made by electrospinning method. Field emission scanning electron microscope of the produced sample shows that the diameter of the produced fibers is about 35nm and elemental mapping analysis proved the excellent distribution of nano material on the surface of nano composite. Anti-nociceptive efficiency of samples were investigated and the results indicate that the existence methanol of Sambucus Nigra caused the prevention of pain and this effect illustrated anti-nociceptive consequence in specimens which were investigated through tail flick experiment. Moreover, anti-inflammatory property of samples was investigated which show good data results. On the other hand, self-cleaning of produced nano composite was studied. The results show that doping nano zinc oxide has direct effect on increasing the self-cleaning property. Also, ultraviolet transmission analysis of specimens indicates the produced nano composite has great UV blocking property.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Fabrication of Multifunctional Nano Composite Fiber Extracted From Sambucus Nigra: Anti-Nociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, Self-cleaning and UV-Blocking","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-29 17:42:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3891738/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"aa609ee8-f4a8-4d02-a064-1fbb676bc37c","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-29T11:08:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-29 17:42:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3891738","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3891738","identity":"rs-3891738","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}