An Organic Field-Effect Transistor–Based NANOFLEX-BIOCHIP for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Detection of HBV and HIV Biomarkers Using Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo Fractional- Order Modeling

An Organic Field-Effect Transistor–Based NANOFLEX-BIOCHIP for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Detection of HBV and HIV Biomarkers Using Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo Fractional- Order Modeling | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Organic Field-Effect Transistor–Based NANOFLEX-BIOCHIP for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Detection of HBV and HIV Biomarkers Using Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo Fractional- Order Modeling Christian Idogho, Peter Idoko This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8852882/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Early and accurate detection of viral infections remains a major challenge in global healthcare, particularly for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), where biomarker concentrations during early infection are often below the detection limits of conventional diagnostic assays. This study reports the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of an organic field-effect transistor (OFET)–based NanoFlex-BioChip for the ultrasensitive and rapid detection of HBV and HIV biomarkers. The platform employs a bottom-gate, top-contact OFET architecture fabricated using solution-processed organic semiconductors and a selectively biofunctionalized sensing interface targeting hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HIV-1 p24 antigen. Electrical characterization demonstrates reproducible modulation of transfer and output characteristics upon biomarker binding, manifested as systematic threshold voltage shifts and drain current suppression. The NanoFlex-BioChip achieves femtomolar-level limits of detection for both HBsAg and HIV p24, enabling reliable sensing at clinically relevant concentrations associated with early-stage infection. Rapid signal transduction is observed, with response times below one minute using microliter-scale sample volumes, supporting suitability for point-of-care applications. To interpret the complex sensing dynamics inherent to organic bioelectronic systems, a fractional-order modeling framework based on the Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo (ABC) fractional derivative is introduced. This approach captures nonlocal memory effects, charge trapping, and anomalous transport phenomena characteristic of organic semiconductors, providing substantially improved agreement between experimental data and theoretical predictions compared to classical integer-order models. The device further exhibits stable performance under physiologically relevant variations in pH, temperature, and ionic strength, while maintaining mechanical compatibility with flexible substrates and scalable fabrication processes. The NanoFlex-BioChip integrates ultrasensitive, label-free biosensing with advanced fractional-order signal interpretation, offering a robust, low-cost platform for decentralized viral diagnostics. The findings demonstrate the potential of combining organic bioelectronics and fractional calculus to advance early disease detection, outbreak surveillance, and accessible healthcare delivery. Organic field-effect transistor NanoFlex-BioChip HBV and HIV biomarker detection Femtomolar biosensing Fractional-order modeling Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8852882","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":589692165,"identity":"1ae7d735-eff2-4a64-bbe1-98ac74e27be1","order_by":0,"name":"Christian Idogho","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQaGA2CSgbEBzOaHiDMT0JKApEWygQgtDAwJSNoNDhDQwj+79+HBnz8s5M0ZmBtvfPh1R874Ro7pBoYK68QGXJbcOW5wmCdBwnBnA2Oz5cy+Z8ZmN3LMbjCcScepxUAijeEw0C+MGw4wtknz9hxO3HYjLe0GY9thvFoO/kiQsIdr2TwDpOUffi0HgA5LBGvh+XE4cYNE8rEbjA24tUjcADqMJ00iecNhkF8aDhtLnHl87EbCsXRjXFr4Z6Qxf/xhU2e74Xj7wxsf/hyW429PbLvxocZaFpcWBABFBGMblJNAUDkc/CFe6SgYBaNgFIwcAAB3PWKOXgUfmwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Vermont","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christian","middleName":"","lastName":"Idogho","suffix":""},{"id":589692166,"identity":"13c0583a-6b32-4897-b4ee-971650cdd4a1","order_by":1,"name":"Peter Idoko","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"2Department of Electrical/ Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"","lastName":"Idoko","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-11 14:38:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8852882/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8852882/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105903945,"identity":"6cc7b8b2-4574-42ea-8c2f-c33f4aabf1c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-01 09:59:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":651058,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ChristianIdogho.Doc.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8852882/v1_covered_9ca8af9f-1341-46e6-af5d-84fa610ec20e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"An Organic Field-Effect Transistor–Based NANOFLEX-BIOCHIP for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Detection of HBV and HIV Biomarkers Using Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo Fractional- Order Modeling","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Organic field-effect transistor, NanoFlex-BioChip, HBV and HIV biomarker detection, Femtomolar biosensing, Fractional-order modeling","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8852882/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8852882/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEarly and accurate detection of viral infections remains a major challenge in global healthcare, particularly for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), where biomarker concentrations during early infection are often below the detection limits of conventional diagnostic assays. This study reports the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of an organic field-effect transistor (OFET)\u0026ndash;based NanoFlex-BioChip for the ultrasensitive and rapid detection of HBV and HIV biomarkers. The platform employs a bottom-gate, top-contact OFET architecture fabricated using solution-processed organic semiconductors and a selectively biofunctionalized sensing interface targeting hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HIV-1 p24 antigen. Electrical characterization demonstrates reproducible modulation of transfer and output characteristics upon biomarker binding, manifested as systematic threshold voltage shifts and drain current suppression. The NanoFlex-BioChip achieves femtomolar-level limits of detection for both HBsAg and HIV p24, enabling reliable sensing at clinically relevant concentrations associated with early-stage infection. Rapid signal transduction is observed, with response times below one minute using microliter-scale sample volumes, supporting suitability for point-of-care applications. To interpret the complex sensing dynamics inherent to organic bioelectronic systems, a fractional-order modeling framework based on the Atangana\u0026ndash;Baleanu\u0026ndash;Caputo (ABC) fractional derivative is introduced. This approach captures nonlocal memory effects, charge trapping, and anomalous transport phenomena characteristic of organic semiconductors, providing substantially improved agreement between experimental data and theoretical predictions compared to classical integer-order models. The device further exhibits stable performance under physiologically relevant variations in pH, temperature, and ionic strength, while maintaining mechanical compatibility with flexible substrates and scalable fabrication processes. The NanoFlex-BioChip integrates ultrasensitive, label-free biosensing with advanced fractional-order signal interpretation, offering a robust, low-cost platform for decentralized viral diagnostics. 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