Reliability and Validity of Theory of Planned Behaviour Constructs for Assessing Sexual Intention Among Adolescent Boys.

Reliability and Validity of Theory of Planned Behaviour Constructs for Assessing Sexual Intention Among Adolescent Boys. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Reliability and Validity of Theory of Planned Behaviour Constructs for Assessing Sexual Intention Among Adolescent Boys. NAZRIE SAINI, ROSALIA SAIMON, Razitasham Safii This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367937/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The newly devised sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) is an improvised tool from the Youth Sexual Intention Questionnaire (YSI-Q) and Theory of Planned Behaviour, aiming to assess the influence of knowledge, permissive attitude, social norms, and self-efficacy toward the sexual intention. Methods This study determines the reliability and validity of the SIQ-AB. It was conducted on a total sample of 378 (exploratory factor analysis, n = 126 and confirmatory factor analysis, n = 126) among adolescent boys from Lundu, Serian, and Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) assesses four constructs of sexual intention that include attitude, self-efficacy, and social norms with a 4-point Likert scale with a total of 19 items. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assesses only three constructs of attitude, self-efficacy, and social norms with a 4-point Likert scale with a total of 14 items adopted from YSI-Q. Results The EFA supported the three-factor structures, with 19 items that explained 65.79 percent of the total variance. EFA supported the four-factor structure, but two items were removed due to incorrect placement or low factor loading (< 0.50). Internal reliability using Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.764 and 0.918. The CFA further confirmed the construct, convergent and composite validity of the SIQ-AB with χ 2 = 81.086, df = 50, p < 0.001, χ 2 /df = 1.621, CFI = 0.94 and TLI = 0.92 and RMSEA = 0.071. Conclusions The result proved that the SIQ-AB instrument has high reliability and valid tool to be used to measure the sexual intention of adolescent boys. Sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Theory of Planned Behaviour Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 INTRODUCTION The United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO) identify ‘adolescence’ as those between 10 to 19 and ‘youth’ as the years between 15 to 24 ( 1 ). The UN and WHO classify people from 10 to 24 years old as young people. ( 2 ) suggest that the age group of adolescents should be from 10 to 24 years old because adolescents nowadays finish their education, get married and start parenthood at a delayed time, the age range of adolescents and youth vary based on different countries. The Indian government set the adolescent age range at 13 to 19 years old and the youth age range at 15 to 35 years old the ( 3 ). According to the ( 4 ) adolescents in Myanmar are between the ages of 10 and 19 and young people are between the ages of 15 and 24. As per the ( 5 ), adolescents in this country vary in age from 10 to 19 years old. Additionally, the youth range in age from 15 to 30 years old ( 6 ). Adolescence is typically divided into three stages, early adolescence (ages 10 to 13), middle adolescence (ages 14 to 17), and late adolescence (ages 18 and over) ( 7 ). Adolescents go through various physical, cognitive, and social changes at each stage. For instance, those in preadolescence begin to go through puberty, which causes physical changes. Their method of thinking also grows more complex during middle adolescence. In addition, they start to value their friends more than their families ( 8 ). These adjustments may have a long-term impact on adolescent behaviour and lifestyles. Significant physical, social, and cognitive changes occur during adolescence, and they begin to make decisions that will impact their future. The adolescent period is when one gets the chance to develop their capacity to fulfil their potential for a healthy and prosperous life throughout the crucial years ( 9 ). At the same time, it is a stage where one is susceptible to peer pressure in an unhealthy environment, which can severely impact the nation’s social, economic, and health aspects ( 10 ). Adolescents must possess positive self-knowledge and self-awareness if they are to stay away from the socially unhealthy way of life. For people of this age, sexual health has become a major concern, especially for policymakers, healthcare professionals, families, the community, and individuals. To offer this population, the required sexual and reproductive treatment and education, healthcare professionals must be aware of shifting patterns in teenage sexual and reproductive behaviour. Premarital sex, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), unintended abortions, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), sexual diversity, cybersex, and sexual education are the key challenges to sexual and reproductive health that our adolescents face today ( 11 ). In 2020, approximately 3.5 thousand syphilis cases were reported in Malaysia, while 1038 cases of AIDS were reported in that year ( 12 ). Malaysia recorded an incident rate of around 3.19 per 100,000 population for AIDS in that year. Between 2011 to 2018, gonorrhoea cases in the state of Sarawak increased by 11%, syphilis cases increased by 20% and HIV cases reached a particularly concerning level of 133% ( 13 ). A total of 665 cases of gonorrhoea and 453 cases of syphilis were reported in the past alone, compares to 154 cases of HIV/AIDS. Adolescents are more likely to engage in early sexual activity, raising the possibility of multiple sexual partners and unsafe sex ( 14 , 15 ). Adolescents who engage in early sexual risk a higher chance of contracting STIs, such as HIV/AIDS, early and unwanted pregnancies, and induced abortions ( 16 , 17 ). In Malaysia, ( 18 ) researched the feature of sexual attitudes and high-risk premarital sexual behaviours of unmarried youth with 15 to 17 years old. The result showed that female prefers low premarital sexual behaviour to male. Additionally, adolescents' intentions are highly related to their sexual conduct. This purpose is the strongest predictor of the onset of behaviour and relates to the degree of preparedness or objective to do any action. This behaviour is strongly tied to the desire to experience sex’s pleasure as the first driving force behind sexual activity when a person reaches puberty. According to the National Health and Morbidity Survey ( 19 ), which involves adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 in 212 chosen schools, in 2007 7.3% of adolescents had sex. The percentage of adolescents who felt they were in the first grade or transitional class was 9.3%, followed by 6.9% for the second grade, 6.1% for the third grade, 7.3% for the fourth grade, and 6.9% for the fifth grade. The fact that 21% of adolescent boys and 11% of adolescent girls have sex with more than one partner is more concerning as it will have serious health repercussions such as baby abandonment, abortion, and transmission of sex-related diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to validate a set of questionnaires to measure sexual intention among adolescent’s boy. METHODOLOGY Study design A cross-sectional study is a type of research design in which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time. The validation study was conducted in Lundu, Samarahan and Serian division in Sarawak, Malaysia. Study population The study population were adolescent boys aged between 13 to 17 years old who are attending schools randomly selected from the Ministry of Education Sarawak. The participants who cannot read and write as well as obtained consent from the parent/guardian to participate in this study were excluded from this study. Measures The initial set of YSI-Q had 20 items constructed for sexual intention among young boys and was constructed by ( 20 ). The SIQ-AB was developed to measure four constructs (i) Perceived attitude towards pre-marital sex (ii) Perceived social norms of what is being practiced, (iii) Perceived self-efficacy to control sexual activity according to the TPB construct, and (iv) sexual intention on sexual activity among adolescent boys at the age 13 to 17 years old. A total of 20 items related to sexual intention, attitude, social norms, and self-efficacy were adapted and modified. The sexual intention questionnaire was developed by ( 20 ) to measure sexual intention that is determined by a permissive attitude, perception of social norms, and perceived self-efficacy in performing sexual activity. The items were modified based on the theory of Planed behavior, which was also adopted from the Reproductive Adolescent Boys ( ReReki ) intervention program content. A total of 19 items were selected based on the suitability of adolescent boys. This study utilizes a 4-point Likert Scale, as ( 21 ) argued that this scale is more accurate and assesses the respondent’s perception more precisely. 17 different game-related items were altered and modified in total. “Strongly Disagree”, “Disagree”, “Agree” and “Strongly Agree” were the response for each item based on the response on a Likert Scale with a range of 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 4 (Strongly Agree). All of the items were written in both Malay and English. Figure A Theoretical framework for sexual activity based on TPB Content validity and face validity The three criteria for validating a questionnaire on sexual and reproductive health are content validity and face validity. 20 items were developed initially and we determined the content validity of each item by calculating CVR using Lawshe’s formula ( 22 ). Three appointed experts determined the content validity of each item. each item was rated by each expert as ‘essential’, ‘useful but not essential’, and ‘not necessary’ for appropriateness, accuracy, and ambiguity. The CVR value can be calculated by following formula: CVR = n – (N/2) / (N/2) Where, CVR = content validity ratio n = number of experts who rate a particular item as “essential” N = total number of experts Following the completion of content validity, the retained items were translated back-to-back from English to Malay and then back to English. This is critical because the questionnaire was originally written in English. It was carried out by two independent linguistic specialists who are fluent in English and Malay. The translated version was then sent back to five panel experts for face validity. Face validity is a subjective examination of questions in a study instrument or questionnaire that is usually completed by a group of people who are knowledgeable about the subject ( 23 ). Based on the feedback, changes were made. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) A pilot test on 126 adolescent boys in secondary schools in Lundu, Kota Samarahan, and Serian, Sarawak was performed for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The item-to-subject ratio of five to one was used to determine the minimum sample size required for the validation of this questionnaire ( 24 ). Factor analysis can be used to confirm and verify the number of dimensions or psychological constructs in the model ( 25 ). The general purposes are to define the underlying structure among the variables in the analysis( 26 ) or classify data on several variables to a smaller number of supposed underlying dimensions on factor ( 27 ). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is generally used to discover the structure of a measure and to examine its internal reliability. There are two basic requirements for factor analysis: sample size and the strength of the relationship of the measures. The sample size of 100 or larger is preferred although the researcher should always obtain the highest cases-per-variable ratio (e.g., 10:1 ratio) to minimize the chances of over fitting the data ( 28 ). The sample of 126 for the current pilot study was sufficient. A matrix that is factorable should include correlations in excess of .30. Conducting Exploratory Factor Analysis is important to ascertain if the data did in fact create to measure what it is intended to measures. The conduct of EFA involves (i) a correlation matrix, factors are generated for all possible pairings of the variables; (ii) from the correlation matrix, factors are extruded with the principal axis factoring methods; (iii) the factors are rotated, and (iv) interpretation of the results of the factor analysis ( 27 ). Rotation is defined as a procedure in which the eigenvectors (factors) are rotated in an attempt to achieve simple structure (29). For the purpose of this study, Varimax rotation was applied to generate the factor correlation matrix of values over .50. the factorability of the correlation matrix was evaluated using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) procedure ( 30 ). Thus, procedure indicates the extent to which a correlation matrix actually contains factors or simply chance correlations between a small subset of variables. A satisfactory value for KMO is > 0.6 ( 27 ). In general, factors remaining in the model need to have a minimum of three items as suggested ( 31 ). Item loading and cross-loading on factors were a consideration in item retention. Items loading below 0.32 and those that cross-loaded above 0.32 on more than one factor were considered for deletion ( 31 ). The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), used the Varimax Rotation and Principal Component Analysis as its extraction method. to continue with Exploratory Factor Analysis' further procedures. With a significant Bartletts Test of Sphericity (p-value 0.05), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy should be at least 0.60 ( 32 ). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Confirmatory factor analysis is used to confirm the factor structure in order to support the validity of the scale ( 30 ). The CFA was performed using AMOS 24 on 126 samples. CFA is a tool to either “confirm” or “reject” a preconceived theory ( 26 ). Another requirement of CFA is that one hypothesizes beforehand the number of factors in the model and then tests this hypothesized structure statically to determine the adequacy of its goodness of fit to the sample size ( 33 ). Three constructs were subjected for CFA. The construct of “sexual intention” was not factor analyses because of the researcher can specify the number of factors required in the data and which measured variable is related to which latent variable. Instead, there are many statistical methods that are used to study the relationships between independent variables and dependent variables, but factor analysis is used to understand the patterns of relationships among many dependent variables while simultaneously discovering the nature of the independent variables that affect them. The process begins by listing the constructs that comprise the measurement tools. Second, the CFA model were investigated for one-factor congeneric models to assess the measurement model's overall fit. It was recommended to have a minimum of three items or more per factor ( 26 ). In this step, all of the individual constructs come together to form an overall measurement model. The indicator of path estimates is based on factor loadings, which should be at least 0.5 and ideally 0.7 or higher. If loading is 0.5, the factor is explaining half of the variation in the items with the other half being error variance. Factor loading greater than 0.60 were considered to be significant and does not load high if the coefficient is below 0.40 ( 26 ). Loadings of this size or larger confirm that the indicators are strongly related to their associated constructs and are one indication of construct validity ( 26 ) Goodness-of-fit indices were used to determine the overall fit of the model. Models with good fit are deemed to adequately present the data and to enable confidence generalized to the whole population. AMOS prints 25 different goodness-of-fit measures. It was suggested that at least one measure from each classification form the fit indices should be employed ( 26 ). This study chose seven fit statistics tests from three classification indices to assess the overall fit of the models. First, the non-significant chi-square ( χ 2 ). However, the chi square test may provide inaccurate model fit if the sample size is too large or is a violation of multivariate normality ( 34 ). The normed chi square test ( χ 2 /df) therefore used to supplement the result of the chi-square test. The normed chi-square index should be below three ( 35 ) Two measures on the Absolute fit classification were used. A goodness-of-fit index (GFI) greater than 0.90 represents a good model fit ( 36 ). The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) is a popular measure of fit, partly because it does not require comparison with the null model. It assesses the lack of fit of the model to the population covariance matrix. RMSEA index values up to 0.80 indicate a reasonable fit and less than < 0.10 as an acceptable model fit ( 37 ). The comparative fit index (CFI) and normed fir index (NFI) were used in the CFA, given their suitability as indicators of global model fit with a small sample size ( 33 ). Index value greater than 0.90 indicated a satisfactory fit ( 35 ). The Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) was used in linear mean and covariance structure modelling and it is popular in prevention research ( 37 ) The aims of CFA are to identify models that can provide statistically acceptable fit and theoretically meaningful interpretations of the data. If the results indicate a lack of fits based on empirical or substantive evidence, the models can be respecified. The CFA provides additional diagnostic information that may suggest modifications to improve the model’s test of measurement theory ( 26 ). This is done by removing from the model all straight arrows connecting latent variables, adding curved arrows representing the covariance between every pair of latent variables and leaving the straight arrows from latent variable in its indicator variables as well as leaving the straights arrows from error and disturbance terms to their respective variables. The goal of Structural Equation Modelling in the study is to examine multiple and interrelated dependence relationships and to takt into account the measurement error of the independent variables ( 38 ). The initial step of the SEM is to specify a full model or a priori and to test the model based on the sample and variables included in the measurement. The model should theoretically base and is supported by findings in the literature or knowledge in the field ( 39 ). In this study, a priori is developed form Theory of planned behaviour. A structural equation model using AMOS 24 was used to test the fit of hypothesized sexual intention models as proposed in theory of planned behaviour. The next step in SEM is to test the measurement model using CFA. The results of the CFA must be associated with the construct validity. After the constructs have met the requirement standards, the relationships between the construct can be estimated ( 26 ). The confirmatory factor analysis was done by fitting a one-congeneric measurement model to determine the constructs’ reliability and validity. The confirmatory measurement model was evaluated on 3-factor / 14 items (see Table 1 ). Convergent validity and composite reliability As for the assessment of the convergent validity of the questionnaire, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) were calculated. Convergent validity was accepted if the AVE value achieved a threshold of at least 0.50. meanwhile, composite reliability has been achieved if Composite Reliability (CR) value is at least 0.60. As for the assessment of the convergent validity of the questionnaire, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) was calculated. Convergent validity was accepted if the AVE value achieved a threshold of at least 0.50. meanwhile, composite reliability has been achieved if Composite Reliability (CR) value is at least 0.60. The formula of AVE and CR are as follows: K is the factor loading of each item n is the number of items in the model Internal reliability Following dimension reduction, the internal reliability or internal consistency of this latent construct and each component or domain was assessed by calculating the Cronbach Alpha value. Internal reliability for the entire latent construct and all domains was acceptable, with Cronbach Alpha values more than 0.70 ( 24 ). Internal reliability tests were performed twice for EFA and CFA. Data collection procedure These participants were recruited through the community centres under the Village Development and Security Committee and the Ministry of Education Sarawak. They willingly participated in this study after receiving enough information about the study's objectives and methods through written documentation and explanations provided by the researcher himself. Participants and their families provided written informed consent. RESULTS The participants of this study were 126 (EFA), 126 (CFA), and 126 (SEM) adolescent boys (male participants) who were recruited from Lundu, Kota Samarahan, and Serian areas in Sarawak. The ages of the participants ranged from 13 to 17 years (min= 13.00, SD= 0.000), (min= 14.75, SD= 1.308), and (min= 13.67, SD= 0.473). Their school grades ranged from 1 st to 5 th grade. During EFA, out of 130 participants, 4 reported an undisclosed problem (n=4) and could not finish the evaluation test. Thus, the final sample consisted of 126 participants. Whereby for CFA, 4 reported could not attend (n=4) and made the final sample of 126 participants. Meanwhile SEM, also reported could not attend (n=4) and made up the final sample of 126 participants. (Table 2). Overall, the majority of respondents for stage EFA were Dayak (54%), Malay (40.5%), and Chinese (1.6%). The mean age of participants was 13 years old. 100% of students from form three come from Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. This study also includes inquiries about sexual and reproductive communication which (68.3%) never discuss SRH issues with their parent, (73.8%) discuss it with siblings and (31%) talk about SRH with their friends. But commonly, among all categories, they do a lot of discussions and talked about SRH issues with friends (16.7%). The participant also agreed that (54.8%) SRH information should be made available at schools. Participants were also asked to state risky behaviour such as masturbating and viewing pornography. The majority of respondents, (54.0%) occasionally masturbate, while (2.4%) always do so and (43.7%) never do. While the majority of respondents, (74.6%) occasionally watch pornography, while (22.2%) always do so, and (3.2%) never do. In the CFA stage, the majority of respondents were Dayak (65.8%), (32.5%) were Malay and (1.6%) were Chinese. Participants’ average ages were 14.75, with the bulk of responses being in form two at 14 (27.8%) and form three at 15 (23.8%). While (19.8%) were in form one at the age of 13, (15.1%) were in form four at the age of 16, and (13.5%) were in form five at the age of 17. For the SRH communication question, most of the participants always discuss SRH issues with friends (25.4%) and (82.5% never discuss SRH with their parents. This group discovered that a large percentage of participants masturbate constantly (12.7%), rarely (54.8%), and never (32.5%). For the SEM stage, (57.1%) were the Dayak community, while (38%) were Malay, (3.2%) were Chinese, and (1.6%) were others. Only respondents between the ages of 14 and 15 (33.3% and 66.7%), respectively participated in the survey. (90.5%). Everyone who is taking part is from Kota Samarahan in Sarawak. The majority of them (85,7%) never talk about SRH topics with relatives and prefer to talk to peers (23.8%) about SRH issues. Overall, (49.2%) never indulge in masturbation, (45.2%) occasionally do so, and (5.6%) constantly do so. (68.3%) of participants regularly view pornography, with 9.5 of them actively engaging in it and 22.2% never doing so. Content and face validity result In this study, 20 items were developed infernally and we determined the content validity of each item by calculating CVR using Lawshe’s formula (22). 19 items that obtained an “essential” rating from all the experts (CVR value of ≤ 0.99) were retained. Face validity was then performed by five participants consisting of medical officers, the corrections such as the replacement of jargon words were based on the comment from the participant. For example, “old-fashion” (“ cara lama ” in Malay) was changed to “not-up-to-date” (“ lapuk ” in Malay). Since the number of experts were fewer than five, only items with a CVR of at least 0.99 were retained (22,40,41) . Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) The performance of the 19 items of sexual intention, self-efficacy, attitude and social norms was assessed. The subscales used 4-point Likert scale. Descriptive analysis for each item was done as shown in Table 3. (Table 3) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with an extraction method according to the Principal Component Analysis and Varimax Rotation was then performed. To proceed with further steps of Exploratory Factor Analysis, Kaiser-Mayer-Olin Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (p-value <0.05) (32). The KMO was 0.855 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity χ 2 (171) =1388.742, p<0.000, indicates that correlations between items were sufficiently large for factor analysis. In this analysis, the criteria for further analysis of EFA as shown in Table 4. Table 5 shows the Total Variance Explained which indicates how many components with Eigenvalues of at least 1.0 and how much the items represent the latent construct of the theory of Planned Behaviour towards sexual intention which mediates the relationship between the cognitive process (attitude, social norms, self-efficacy) and a behaviour (sexual activity) should be at least 60% (42). Four components were found to be the most effective for statistical and conceptual analysis; together, they accounted for 65.791% of the variation. The Scree Plot as shown in Figure B indicates three (4) dimensions or components for this latent construct. In the Scree Plot, the point began to become a fairly straight line when it was at component 4. This means that all 19 items in this questionnaire were classified into five (4) components or domains which corresponded with the number of components with Eigenvalues of less than 1.0 as shown in Table 4. The rotated Component Matrix as shown in Table 6, determined which item belongs to which components or domains. Items with factor loading at least 0.5 were retained for further analysis (26). Given the findings of the current study and those of (43) , setting a higher cut-off value of 0.5 would be more practical (26) to ensure that only good items are carried over to be a Confirmatory Factor Analysis stage of validation. An item with a factor loading of less than 0.5 and redundant were deleted (26). At this level, no items were removed. Hence the retained items were nineteen (19). Table 4 indicated five items onto factor three. These five factors are related to attitude. However, two items related to the social norm ‘ Most of my friends think female youths do not have to maintain their virginity ” and ‘Most of my friends think that you can have sex before marriage if you are in love’ was grouped in this factor. Theoretically, social norms and attitude are two different definitions but in the context of Malaysian thinking, it could be the same, in how you practice and follow it for u behavior. Social norms may have an important social influence on the behavior of individuals (44). When individuals are in groups, there are certain rules, norms, or beliefs about their proper attitude or behavior and they may have certain behavior regarding the reference group (45). In other words, social norms are the individual’s beliefs about whether significant others think he or she should engage in the behavior and are assumed to capture the extent of social pressures exerted on an individual to engage in a certain attitude or behavior (46). Five items load onto a fourth factor labeled as “Social Norms” and one factor ‘Youths should have sex before their marriage to see whether they are suited to each other’ related to attitude grouped in this factor. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Confirmatory Factor Analysis included three factors/14 items to corroborate factor structure. Three constructs of sexual intention: self-efficacy, attitude and social norms determined by exploratory factor analysis. When Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) has been completed, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed on another 126 participants for validation of these 19 items by using Sequential Equation Model (SEM) analysis (24,47). The participants were adolescent boys from secondary schools in Lundu and Serian. The sample size was calculated based on the minimum requirement of 5:1 ratio (26). CFA was performed using AMOS 24. Only 14 items were evaluated for CFA because this analysis only requires specified elements in the data and determines which latent variables are associated with which measurable variables. Items with low factor loading (i.e., <0.5) should be removed (24). After each item was checked for factor loading characteristics, the CFA procedures deleted two items. The rationale for deletion is highlighted in Table 8 but were mainly due to low communality and low loadings. Some items were interpreted in different ways they were splitting. After the deletion of 2 items, the remaining 3-factor/12 items scale provides minimum model fit. Although the chi-square values were significant, their sensitivity to sample size lessens the importance of this particular test of model fit about other goodness-of-fit measures (33). The remaining test CFI and RMSEA demonstrated a good fit. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 3-factor and 12 items models adequately fit the data. As shown in Figure C, the fitness indexes for the whole construct and the factor loading for each item in the questionnaire were presented. As shown in Figure D, items with factor loading <0.5 i.e., siq8 and siq18 with a factor loading of 0.17 and 0.45 respectively, were removed. Therefore, the final items were seventeen (17). Absolute Fit category namely p-value of 0.000 and RMSEA of 0.75, have achieved the threshold of >0.05 and 0.90. Meanwhile, the Parsimonious Fit category namely the ratio of ChiSq/df was 1.707, which has achieved the threshold of <3.00. Thus, this questionnaire has achieved the requirement for the assessment of construct validity (47). Convergent validity and composite reliability As for the assessment of the convergent validity of the questionnaire, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) were calculated. Convergent validity was accepted if the AVE value achieved a threshold of at least 0.50. meanwhile, composite reliability has been achieved if Composite Reliability (CR) value is at least 0.60. The findings are shown in Table 4. AVE is higher than 0.5 but can be accepted if 0.4 (48) , if AVE is less than 0.5, but composite reliability is higher than 0.6, the convergent validity of the construct is still adequate. AVE does not convey sufficient variance for the variables (items/construct) to converge into a single construct, which means items are a less-than-effective measure of the latent construct. There’s more error variance than an explained variance. The logic is that, when the items loading is .7, then its commonality is loading square. Thus AVE <.50 means, on average item loading is less than .7 (26). This also explained while the loading is good at .60, AVE is less than perfect <.50. The AVE and CR results for each component or domain in this questionnaire have indicated that this questionnaire has fully achieved the requirement for convergent validity and composite validity (47). Internal reliability Following dimension reduction, internal reliability or internal consistency of this latent construct and each component or domain was evaluated by determining the value of Cronbach Alpha. The Cronbach Alpha for these 19 items were 0.910. The value of Cronbach Alpha for each component or domain is shown in Table 6. Internal reliability for the latent construct and all domains were acceptable as the Cronbach Alpha value was more than 0.70 respectively (24). The final EFA contained four-factor/19 items with a total variance of 65.791. this four-factor scale is subsequently subjected to Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Internal reliability for the whole latent construct and all domains were acceptable as the Cronbach Alpha value were more than 0.70 respectively (24). The final questionnaire and its scoring procedure In the final set of questions in the sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) 17 items were then classified into five components or domains. There were four constructs, namely (1) Sexual Intention, (2) Attitude, (3) Social Norms, and (4) Self-efficacy. A score based on the responses on a 4-point Likert Scale from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree). A higher total score of the item 1-5 indicates a higher intention to have sex, A higher total score of items 6-10 indicates a higher permissive attitude towards premarital sex, A higher total score of items 11-14 indicates a higher perception of social norms on premarital sex A higher score of items 15 to 17 indicates a higher perception of self-efficacy in performing sexual activity. ‘Sexual intention’ refers to decision to act in a manner in order to perform pre-marital sex consisting of five items. The sexual intention with factor loading of each item ranging from 0.68 to 0.81. the ‘self-efficacy’ consists of three items referring to having the belief in the ability to control particular behaviour that is pre-marital sex. The factor loading for the self-efficacy constructs ranged from 0.54 to 0.86. The ‘attitude’ refers to attitude towards pre-marital sex. The factor loadings were between 0.51 to 0.74. Meanwhile, ‘social norm’ refers of what being practised. The factor loading ranged from 0.55 to 0.68. The measurement model of G-EXP with 17 items was found to have good reliability, a construct where the overall final Cronbach alpha for the questionnaire is 0.86. The final set of sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) questionnaires consists of 17 items as listed in Table 11. The 17 retained items were then classified into four components or domains. Domain 1, named “Sexual Intention” consist of 5 items. Domain 2 named “Self-efficacy” consist of 3 items. Meanwhile, Domain 3 was named “Attitude” and consisted of 5 items, and domain 4 named “Social Norm” consists of 4 items. Subsequently, the 17 items were renamed as siq1 – siq17 as shown in Table 11. The items were arranged according to the 4 domains. “Sexual Intention” consists of items siq1 – siq5. The “Self-efficacy” domain consists of items siq6 – siq8. The “Attitude” domain consists of items siq9 – siq13. Meanwhile, the “Social Norm” domain consists of items siq14 – siq17. DISCUSSION This study's main goal was to validate a series of questionnaires used to evaluate adolescent boys' sexual intentions. Overall, Malaysian use of the sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) was satisfactorily verified. Out of the two items that were removed, two items were conceptually designed to represent self-efficacy and social norms. The statement “Whether I have sex or not is entirely up to me” represents the construct of self-efficacy and items “Most of my friends think that male youths are allowed to practice sex before marriage” which is under the construct of social norms loaded with low factor loading. The law acknowledges that some decisions, such as when to engage in sexual behaviour, are beyond a child's developmental capacity. State laws differ, however, the average consent age is 18 years old. It is prohibited and will be punished as criminal sexual conduct to engage in sexual activity with a minor. It's not new or exclusive to the field of safe sex behaviour to find evidence of a disconnect between people's beliefs and actions. The opinions and sexual behaviours of the young people themselves differ substantially, especially about premarital sex ( 49 ). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for the construct validity of the SIQ-AB in the evaluation of the psychometric features of the SIQ-AB questionnaire. A four-factor model that explained 65.791% of the variance in the study was produced by the EFA of the sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB). The SIQ-AB factor structures that were obtained from the EFA were validated using CFA. The instrument had a relatively good fit according to the results, providing support for the factor structure. A close fit is one with an RMSEA of less than 0.06; an acceptable fit is one with a value between 0.06 and 0.08. The NFI, RFI, AGFI, GFI, TLI, and CMIN/DF results all supported the model's good fit. In this study, the SIQ-AB and its 4 subscales all had internal consistency values of greater than 0.961 as determined by Cronbach's alpha. They were incredibly good ( 50 ). We believe the sample from this study reached a level of heterogeneity that greatly improves its generalizability because it was drawn from a wide range of secondary schools using the purposive sampling technique. Given these results, the sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) can be regarded as a viable and trustworthy tool for determining adolescent boys' sexual intentions. According to several studies, paediatricians rarely inquire about various elements of adolescent sexuality because they are concerned about upsetting their young patients and are unsure of how to handle the situation ( 51 , 52 ). On the other side, adolescents' concerns and inquiries about sexuality are raised ( 53 ). Yet, several studies have particularly examined how adolescents might react if someone asked them about their sexuality or which questions would be most conducive to making them feel at ease discussing it. To better understand their response and imagination about sex, this study develops a method for evaluating their level of intention towards premarital sex. The current adolescent boy questionnaire (SIQ-AB), which focuses solely on adolescent boys, is simple to administer and does not restrict the results regarding their sexual activity. According to the theory of planned behaviour, predictions of behavioural performance are influenced by intentions and the perception of control over conduct. Intentions are also hypothesized to be predicted by perceived control, attitudes, and subjective norm ( 54 ). The theory of planned behaviour (TPB), introduced by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1988, is one of the most significant health education and promotion models utilized in sexual health training. TPB is based on social, psychological, and social recognition patterns ( 55 ) In the study by ( 56 ), a behavioural intention increase and the promotion of healthy sexual practices were brought about by an educational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. It is suitable for this research to validate questionnaires on adolescent sexual behaviour. The presence of the SIQ-AB questionnaire, which focuses on the population aged between 13 and 17 years, can also be evaluated because the YSI-Q questionnaire, which is appropriate for use in a conservative population like Malaysia and focuses on the age group of 18 years and above, can be used in conjunction with it. The drop in the age of teens who dare to have sex at a young age is concerning(Talib et al., 2012). In the context of this research, sexual behaviour can be determined based on a tendency to have sex at an early age, and the initial steps of prevention can be carried out through activities that promote sexual health. CONCLUSION The sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) to be applied to adolescents was developed and validated according to this study. The final sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) had 17 questions, including five about sexual intention, three about self-efficacy, five about attitude, and four about social norms. Acceptable psychometric characteristics, strong internal consistency, and convergent and composite validity are all features of the sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB). It is intended that by making the questionnaire available, other academics may further validate it and possibly apply it in their studies ( 39 ). Declarations Ethics of approval Parents' and/or legal guardians' informed written consent is required for this study. Parents are informed of any suggested or rejected actions together with the rationales for the decisions in a notification. By doing this, the foundation for comprehension is established, upon which informed consent can then be given (or withheld). This study will adhere to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Malaysian Good Clinical Practice Guidelines to safeguard the safety of respondents during their research participation. Ethics is an important issue in data collection during this study to promote and protect the rights of the individual. For this study, ethical approval will be obtained from Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC) and other relevant approvals before the start of any study-related activities. Ethical approvals include National Medical Research Register (NMRR) under the Ministry of Health (MOH), Educational Research Application System (eRAS) under Ministry of Education and Medical Research Ethics Committee (MRE) under University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS). Consent of publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Raw data were generated at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS). Derived supporting of the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author Rosalia Saimon ( [email protected] ) on request. Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was partially supported by the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Ministry of Health. NS was partially supported by Kuching Healthy City project under Sarawak Planning unit. Authors contributions This study was conceived by NS, RS and RZ. NS and RS conducted the analyses. NS and RZ played the major role in the field study. All authors provided input into the interpretation of the data and conclusions. NS and RS wrote the first version of the manuscript. All authors provided input into subsequent iterations and approved the final version. Acknowledgement These authors would like to thank the University Malaysia Sarawak, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education. Our special appreciation to Director of Health Department of Sarawak, Director of Education Department of Sarawak. Many thanks to Dean, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak giving permission to carry out the study. Thanks also to the respondents who participated in this study. Finally, not forgotten for all those who have been involved either directly or indirectly on the assistance and support given. Authors information Rosalia Saimon is a senior lecturer who specialized in preventive medicine at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Razitasham Safii was a senior lecturer who specialized in Public Health Medicine (Family Health), and she is a member of Epidemic Intelligence of Malaysia. Nazrie Saini is a PHD student in Preventive Medicine at UNIMAS. References World Health Organization. World Health Organization. 2017 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. Adolescent health. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health£tab=tab_1 Sawyer SM, Azzopardi PS, Wickremarathne D, Patton GC. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018 Mar 1;2(3):223–8. National Youth Policy of India. The National Youth Policy 2003. India; 2003. United Nations Population Fund Myanmar. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). 2016 [cited 2022 Feb 21]. p. 1–1 Young people. Available from: myanmar.unfpa.org Ministry of Health Malaysia. National adolescent health plan of action 2015-2020 Ministry of Health [Internet]. 1st ed. Ministry of Health Malaysia, editor. Vol. 1. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2012 [cited 2022 Feb 21]. Available from: http:fh.moh.gov.my/v3/index.php/component/jdownloads/send/21-sektor-kesihatan-remaja/345-nahpoa-2015-2020-print?option=com_jdownloads Yunus A, Landau E. 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Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull. 1990;107(2):238–46. Joreskog KG, Sorbom D. LISREL VI, analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood, instrumental variables and least squares methods. 4th ed. Joreskog KG, Sorbom D, editors. Scientific Software, Inc Mooresville; 1984. 382–388 p. Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociol Methods Res. 1992 Nov 29;21(2):230–58. Chan YH. Biostatistics 308. Structural equation modeling. Singapore Med J. 2005;46(12):675–80. Schreiber JB, Nora A, Stage FK, Barlow EA, King J. Reporting structural equation modelling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A Review. J Educ Res. 2006 Jul 1;99(6):323–38. Miller LeslieA, Lovler RobertL. Foundations of psychological testing: A practical approach. 6th ed. Miller LeslieA, Lovler RobertL, editors. Los Angeles, USA: SAGE Publications; 2020. Rubio DM, Berg-Weger M, Tebb SS, Lee ES, Rauch S. Objectifying content validity: Conducting a content validity study in social work research. Soc Work Res. 2003 Jun 1;27(2):94–104. Streiner DL. Figuring Out Factors: The Use and Misuse of Factor Analysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 Apr 1;39(3):135–40. Arifin WN, Yusoff MSB. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Universiti Sains Malaysia emotional quotient inventory among medical students in Malaysia. Sage Open. 2016 Apr 1;6(2):215824401665024. Martín-Navarro A, Medina-Garrido JA, Velicia-Martín F. How effectual will you be? Development and validation of a scale in higher education. International Journal of Management Education. 2021 Nov 1;19(3). Christina Y, Yasa NNK. Application of theory of planned behavior to study online booking behavior. International Journal of Data and Network Science. 2021 Jun 1;5(3):331–40. Shneor R, Munim ZH. Reward crowdfunding contribution as planned behaviour: an extended framework. J Bus Res. 2019 Oct 1;103:56–70. Awang Z. Structural equation modelling using AMOS graphic. 2nd ed. Awang Z, editor. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Teknologi MARA Press; 2012. 1–167 p. Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research. 1981 Feb 28;18(1):39–50. Saharso S, van Hoogstraaten J, Claassen R, Jokic M. No sex before marriage? Migrant youth navigating restrictive norms regarding premarital relationships. Ethn Racial Stud. 2023 Jan 27;1–21. Polit DF, Beck CT. The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? critique and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2006 Oct;29(5):489–97. Lena SM, Wiebe T, Ingram S, Jabbour M. Pediatricians’ knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes towards providing health care for lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. Ann R Coll Physicians Surg Can. 2002 Oct;35(7):406–10. Perrin EC, Cohen KM, Gold M, Ryan C, Savin-Williams RC, Schorzman CM. Gay and lesbian issues in pediatric health care. 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Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2012 Oct;59:340–8. Tables Tables 1-11 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3367937","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":235683825,"identity":"2c6c4e92-0995-4eeb-b695-a9e421a87789","order_by":0,"name":"NAZRIE SAINI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Sarawak","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"NAZRIE","middleName":"","lastName":"SAINI","suffix":""},{"id":235683826,"identity":"b1396756-15c0-4e2a-bbd2-5e9ce392b03c","order_by":1,"name":"ROSALIA SAIMON","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAgkGfiB1gAQtBhIMkg0kagEiotXLzz58+MMPAwt54xu5Bw/dqKlj0J2RQMD8c2lpkj0GEobbbuQlHM45dpjB7AYhLTw8Zgw8BhKM227kGBzOYTtAWIt8D4/xxz8GEvabZ4C0/KsjrIXhDI+BNNCWxA0SQC25bcxEOOwMW5q0jIFE8owzb4Ba+g7zmJ15QMhhzIc/vqmos+1vzzH+nPOtTs7sOCGHoQMeBgFStTAw8B8gWcsoGAWjYBQMbwAAcE9DTc4Z2B8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Sarawak","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"ROSALIA","middleName":"","lastName":"SAIMON","suffix":""},{"id":235683827,"identity":"9ab3a0bd-de2e-4900-b1f9-fc782110df4c","order_by":2,"name":"Razitasham Safii","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Sarawak","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Razitasham","middleName":"","lastName":"Safii","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-09-19 04:14:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367937/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367937/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":43889865,"identity":"790f4b2c-f56c-4485-bf6d-88b3a258d4e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-29 17:25:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure A Theoretical framework for sexual activity based on TPB\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"A.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3367937/v1/02c767218593fc6139a5c9d3.png"},{"id":43890933,"identity":"2143f6f3-94d2-48dc-ad41-8fff55810b6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-29 17:33:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42688,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure B Scree Plot of Eigenvalue and Component number\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"B.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3367937/v1/e760208ffb3443bdcbf82c7e.png"},{"id":43890934,"identity":"359ac72e-acf4-4bff-9272-2ec76bc1d96b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-29 17:33:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":145570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure C CFA results for the 12 items (Self-efficacy, Attitude \u0026amp; Social Norms)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"C.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3367937/v1/19e58edea50b81d3c2f5357c.png"},{"id":43889106,"identity":"eb0aa94c-4e84-433f-b7e7-f4f96e75bba6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-29 17:17:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":202118,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure D\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eSEM results for the 17 items (Self-efficacy, Attitude, Social Norms and Sexual Intention\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"D.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3367937/v1/65368176816056abe495ef6a.png"},{"id":43892338,"identity":"7bf6dd2f-bd54-42db-8359-cd492aff49a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-29 17:41:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":753853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3367937/v1/2b8f7d6f-0f74-4c56-95a8-f8d65d0b80d7.pdf"},{"id":43889104,"identity":"2efa840f-60c2-4c4c-8b36-6cbe90af8df7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-29 17:17:33","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":31690,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3367937/v1/20845fa5ea76dddf02c0b5e3.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eReliability and Validity of Theory of Planned Behaviour Constructs for Assessing Sexual Intention Among Adolescent Boys.\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO) identify \u0026lsquo;adolescence\u0026rsquo; as those between 10 to 19 and \u0026lsquo;youth\u0026rsquo; as the years between 15 to 24 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The UN and WHO classify people from 10 to 24 years old as young people. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) suggest that the age group of adolescents should be from 10 to 24 years old because adolescents nowadays finish their education, get married and start parenthood at a delayed time, the age range of adolescents and youth vary based on different countries. The Indian government set the adolescent age range at 13 to 19 years old and the youth age range at 15 to 35 years old the (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). According to the (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) adolescents in Myanmar are between the ages of 10 and 19 and young people are between the ages of 15 and 24. As per the (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), adolescents in this country vary in age from 10 to 19 years old. Additionally, the youth range in age from 15 to 30 years old (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescence is typically divided into three stages, early adolescence (ages 10 to 13), middle adolescence (ages 14 to 17), and late adolescence (ages 18 and over) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescents go through various physical, cognitive, and social changes at each stage. For instance, those in preadolescence begin to go through puberty, which causes physical changes. Their method of thinking also grows more complex during middle adolescence. In addition, they start to value their friends more than their families (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). These adjustments may have a long-term impact on adolescent behaviour and lifestyles. Significant physical, social, and cognitive changes occur during adolescence, and they begin to make decisions that will impact their future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adolescent period is when one gets the chance to develop their capacity to fulfil their potential for a healthy and prosperous life throughout the crucial years (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, it is a stage where one is susceptible to peer pressure in an unhealthy environment, which can severely impact the nation\u0026rsquo;s social, economic, and health aspects (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescents must possess positive self-knowledge and self-awareness if they are to stay away from the socially unhealthy way of life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor people of this age, sexual health has become a major concern, especially for policymakers, healthcare professionals, families, the community, and individuals. To offer this population, the required sexual and reproductive treatment and education, healthcare professionals must be aware of shifting patterns in teenage sexual and reproductive behaviour. Premarital sex, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), unintended abortions, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), sexual diversity, cybersex, and sexual education are the key challenges to sexual and reproductive health that our adolescents face today (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). In 2020, approximately 3.5 thousand syphilis cases were reported in Malaysia, while 1038 cases of AIDS were reported in that year (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Malaysia recorded an incident rate of around 3.19 per 100,000 population for AIDS in that year. Between 2011 to 2018, gonorrhoea cases in the state of Sarawak increased by 11%, syphilis cases increased by 20% and HIV cases reached a particularly concerning level of 133% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). A total of 665 cases of gonorrhoea and 453 cases of syphilis were reported in the past alone, compares to 154 cases of HIV/AIDS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescents are more likely to engage in early sexual activity, raising the possibility of multiple sexual partners and unsafe sex (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescents who engage in early sexual risk a higher chance of contracting STIs, such as HIV/AIDS, early and unwanted pregnancies, and induced abortions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). In Malaysia, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e) researched the feature of sexual attitudes and high-risk premarital sexual behaviours of unmarried youth with 15 to 17 years old. The result showed that female prefers low premarital sexual behaviour to male.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, adolescents' intentions are highly related to their sexual conduct. This purpose is the strongest predictor of the onset of behaviour and relates to the degree of preparedness or objective to do any action. This behaviour is strongly tied to the desire to experience sex\u0026rsquo;s pleasure as the first driving force behind sexual activity when a person reaches puberty. According to the National Health and Morbidity Survey (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e), which involves adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 in 212 chosen schools, in 2007 7.3% of adolescents had sex. The percentage of adolescents who felt they were in the first grade or transitional class was 9.3%, followed by 6.9% for the second grade, 6.1% for the third grade, 7.3% for the fourth grade, and 6.9% for the fifth grade. The fact that 21% of adolescent boys and 11% of adolescent girls have sex with more than one partner is more concerning as it will have serious health repercussions such as baby abandonment, abortion, and transmission of sex-related diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to validate a set of questionnaires to measure sexual intention among adolescent\u0026rsquo;s boy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study is a type of research design in which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time. The validation study was conducted in Lundu, Samarahan and Serian division in Sarawak, Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStudy population\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study population were adolescent boys aged between 13 to 17 years old who are attending schools randomly selected from the Ministry of Education Sarawak. The participants who cannot read and write as well as obtained consent from the parent/guardian to participate in this study were excluded from this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe initial set of YSI-Q had 20 items constructed for sexual intention among young boys and was constructed by (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The SIQ-AB was developed to measure four constructs (i) Perceived attitude towards pre-marital sex (ii) Perceived social norms of what is being practiced, (iii) Perceived self-efficacy to control sexual activity according to the TPB construct, and (iv) sexual intention on sexual activity among adolescent boys at the age 13 to 17 years old. A total of 20 items related to sexual intention, attitude, social norms, and self-efficacy were adapted and modified. The sexual intention questionnaire was developed by (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) to measure sexual intention that is determined by a permissive attitude, perception of social norms, and perceived self-efficacy in performing sexual activity. The items were modified based on the theory of Planed behavior, which was also adopted from the Reproductive Adolescent Boys (\u003cem\u003eReReki\u003c/em\u003e) intervention program content. A total of 19 items were selected based on the suitability of adolescent boys. This study utilizes a 4-point Likert Scale, as (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) argued that this scale is more accurate and assesses the respondent\u0026rsquo;s perception more precisely. 17 different game-related items were altered and modified in total. \u0026ldquo;Strongly Disagree\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Disagree\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Agree\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Strongly Agree\u0026rdquo; were the response for each item based on the response on a Likert Scale with a range of 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 4 (Strongly Agree). All of the items were written in both Malay and English.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure A Theoretical framework for sexual activity based on TPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eContent validity and face validity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe three criteria for validating a questionnaire on sexual and reproductive health are content validity and face validity. 20 items were developed initially and we determined the content validity of each item by calculating CVR using Lawshe\u0026rsquo;s formula (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Three appointed experts determined the content validity of each item. each item was rated by each expert as \u0026lsquo;essential\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;useful but not essential\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;not necessary\u0026rsquo; for appropriateness, accuracy, and ambiguity. The CVR value can be calculated by following formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCVR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n \u0026ndash; (N/2) / (N/2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCVR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;content validity ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of experts who rate a particular item as \u0026ldquo;essential\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total number of experts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFollowing the completion of content validity, the retained items were translated back-to-back from English to Malay and then back to English. This is critical because the questionnaire was originally written in English. It was carried out by two independent linguistic specialists who are fluent in English and Malay. The translated version was then sent back to five panel experts for face validity. Face validity is a subjective examination of questions in a study instrument or questionnaire that is usually completed by a group of people who are knowledgeable about the subject (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the feedback, changes were made.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA pilot test on 126 adolescent boys in secondary schools in Lundu, Kota Samarahan, and Serian, Sarawak was performed for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The item-to-subject ratio of five to one was used to determine the minimum sample size required for the validation of this questionnaire (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Factor analysis can be used to confirm and verify the number of dimensions or psychological constructs in the model (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). The general purposes are to define the underlying structure among the variables in the analysis(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) or classify data on several variables to a smaller number of supposed underlying dimensions on factor (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is generally used to discover the structure of a measure and to examine its internal reliability. There are two basic requirements for factor analysis: sample size and the strength of the relationship of the measures. The sample size of 100 or larger is preferred although the researcher should always obtain the highest cases-per-variable ratio (e.g., 10:1 ratio) to minimize the chances of over fitting the data (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). The sample of 126 for the current pilot study was sufficient. A matrix that is factorable should include correlations in excess of .30.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConducting Exploratory Factor Analysis is important to ascertain if the data did in fact create to measure what it is intended to measures. The conduct of EFA involves (i) a correlation matrix, factors are generated for all possible pairings of the variables; (ii) from the correlation matrix, factors are extruded with the principal axis factoring methods; (iii) the factors are rotated, and (iv) interpretation of the results of the factor analysis (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Rotation is defined as a procedure in which the eigenvectors (factors) are rotated in an attempt to achieve simple structure (29). For the purpose of this study, Varimax rotation was applied to generate the factor correlation matrix of values over .50. the factorability of the correlation matrix was evaluated using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) procedure (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, procedure indicates the extent to which a correlation matrix actually contains factors or simply chance correlations between a small subset of variables. A satisfactory value for KMO is \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.6 (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn general, factors remaining in the model need to have a minimum of three items as suggested (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). Item loading and cross-loading on factors were a consideration in item retention. Items loading below 0.32 and those that cross-loaded above 0.32 on more than one factor were considered for deletion (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), used the Varimax Rotation and Principal Component Analysis as its extraction method. to continue with Exploratory Factor Analysis\u0026apos; further procedures. With a significant Bartletts Test of Sphericity (p-value 0.05), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy should be at least 0.60 (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eConfirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfirmatory factor analysis is used to confirm the factor structure in order to support the validity of the scale (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). The CFA was performed using AMOS 24 on 126 samples. CFA is a tool to either \u0026ldquo;confirm\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;reject\u0026rdquo; a preconceived theory (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Another requirement of CFA is that one hypothesizes beforehand the number of factors in the model and then tests this hypothesized structure statically to determine the adequacy of its goodness of fit to the sample size (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree constructs were subjected for CFA. The construct of \u0026ldquo;sexual intention\u0026rdquo; was not factor analyses because of the researcher can specify the number of factors required in the data and which measured variable is related to which latent variable. Instead, there are many statistical methods that are used to study the relationships between independent variables and dependent variables, but factor analysis is used to understand the patterns of relationships among many dependent variables while simultaneously discovering the nature of the independent variables that affect them. The process begins by listing the constructs that comprise the measurement tools. Second, the CFA model were investigated for one-factor congeneric models to assess the measurement model\u0026apos;s overall fit. It was recommended to have a minimum of three items or more per factor (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). In this step, all of the individual constructs come together to form an overall measurement model.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe indicator of path estimates is based on factor loadings, which should be at least 0.5 and ideally 0.7 or higher. If loading is 0.5, the factor is explaining half of the variation in the items with the other half being error variance. Factor loading greater than 0.60 were considered to be significant and does not load high if the coefficient is below 0.40 (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Loadings of this size or larger confirm that the indicators are strongly related to their associated constructs and are one indication of construct validity (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoodness-of-fit indices were used to determine the overall fit of the model. Models with good fit are deemed to adequately present the data and to enable confidence generalized to the whole population. AMOS prints 25 different goodness-of-fit measures. It was suggested that at least one measure from each classification form the fit indices should be employed (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). This study chose seven fit statistics tests from three classification indices to assess the overall fit of the models. First, the non-significant chi-square (\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). However, the chi square test may provide inaccurate model fit if the sample size is too large or is a violation of multivariate normality (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). The normed chi square test (\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df) therefore used to supplement the result of the chi-square test. The normed chi-square index should be below three (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo measures on the Absolute fit classification were used. A goodness-of-fit index (GFI) greater than 0.90 represents a good model fit (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) is a popular measure of fit, partly because it does not require comparison with the null model. It assesses the lack of fit of the model to the population covariance matrix. RMSEA index values up to 0.80 indicate a reasonable fit and less than \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.10 as an acceptable model fit (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe comparative fit index (CFI) and normed fir index (NFI) were used in the CFA, given their suitability as indicators of global model fit with a small sample size (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Index value greater than 0.90 indicated a satisfactory fit (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). The Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) was used in linear mean and covariance structure modelling and it is popular in prevention research (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe aims of CFA are to identify models that can provide statistically acceptable fit and theoretically meaningful interpretations of the data. If the results indicate a lack of fits based on empirical or substantive evidence, the models can be respecified. The CFA provides additional diagnostic information that may suggest modifications to improve the model\u0026rsquo;s test of measurement theory (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). This is done by removing from the model all straight arrows connecting latent variables, adding curved arrows representing the covariance between every pair of latent variables and leaving the straight arrows from latent variable in its indicator variables as well as leaving the straights arrows from error and disturbance terms to their respective variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe goal of Structural Equation Modelling in the study is to examine multiple and interrelated dependence relationships and to takt into account the measurement error of the independent variables (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). The initial step of the SEM is to specify a full model or a priori and to test the model based on the sample and variables included in the measurement. The model should theoretically base and is supported by findings in the literature or knowledge in the field (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, a priori is developed form Theory of planned behaviour. A structural equation model using AMOS 24 was used to test the fit of hypothesized sexual intention models as proposed in theory of planned behaviour. The next step in SEM is to test the measurement model using CFA. The results of the CFA must be associated with the construct validity. After the constructs have met the requirement standards, the relationships between the construct can be estimated (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). The confirmatory factor analysis was done by fitting a one-congeneric measurement model to determine the constructs\u0026rsquo; reliability and validity. The confirmatory measurement model was evaluated on 3-factor / 14 items (see Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eConvergent validity and composite reliability\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs for the assessment of the convergent validity of the questionnaire, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) were calculated. Convergent validity was accepted if the AVE value achieved a threshold of at least 0.50. meanwhile, composite reliability has been achieved if Composite Reliability (CR) value is at least 0.60. As for the assessment of the convergent validity of the questionnaire, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) was calculated. Convergent validity was accepted if the AVE value achieved a threshold of at least 0.50. meanwhile, composite reliability has been achieved if Composite Reliability (CR) value is at least 0.60. The formula of AVE and CR are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK is the factor loading of each item\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en is the number of items in the model\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eInternal reliability\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFollowing dimension reduction, the internal reliability or internal consistency of this latent construct and each component or domain was assessed by calculating the Cronbach Alpha value. Internal reliability for the entire latent construct and all domains was acceptable, with Cronbach Alpha values more than 0.70 (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Internal reliability tests were performed twice for EFA and CFA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData collection procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese participants were recruited through the community centres under the Village Development and Security Committee and the Ministry of Education Sarawak. They willingly participated in this study after receiving enough information about the study\u0026apos;s objectives and methods through written documentation and explanations provided by the researcher himself. Participants and their families provided written informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe participants of this study were 126 (EFA), 126 (CFA), and 126 (SEM) adolescent boys (male participants) who were recruited from Lundu, Kota Samarahan, and Serian areas in Sarawak. The ages of the participants ranged from 13 to 17 years (min= 13.00, SD= 0.000), (min= 14.75, SD= 1.308), and (min= 13.67, SD= 0.473). Their school grades ranged from 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e to 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e grade. During EFA, out of 130 participants, 4 reported an undisclosed problem (n=4) and could not finish the evaluation test. Thus, the final sample consisted of 126 participants. Whereby for CFA, 4 reported could not attend (n=4) and made the final sample of 126 participants. Meanwhile SEM, also reported could not attend (n=4) and made up the final sample of 126 participants. (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the majority of respondents for stage EFA were Dayak (54%), Malay (40.5%), and Chinese (1.6%). The mean age of participants was 13 years old. 100% of students from form three come from Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. This study also includes inquiries about sexual and reproductive communication which (68.3%) never discuss SRH issues with their parent, (73.8%) discuss it with siblings and (31%) talk about SRH with their friends. But commonly, among all categories, they do a lot of discussions and talked about SRH issues with friends (16.7%). The participant also agreed that (54.8%) SRH information should be made available at schools. Participants were also asked to state risky behaviour such as masturbating and viewing pornography. The majority of respondents, (54.0%) occasionally masturbate, while (2.4%) always do so and (43.7%) never do. While the majority of respondents, (74.6%) occasionally watch pornography, while (22.2%) always do so, and (3.2%) never do.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the CFA stage, the majority of respondents were Dayak (65.8%), (32.5%) were Malay and (1.6%) were Chinese. Participants\u0026rsquo; average ages were 14.75, with the bulk of responses being in form two at 14 (27.8%) and form three at 15 (23.8%). While (19.8%) were in form one at the age of 13, (15.1%) were in form four at the age of 16, and (13.5%) were in form five at the age of 17. For the SRH communication question, most of the participants always discuss SRH issues with friends (25.4%) and (82.5% never discuss SRH with their parents. This group discovered that a large percentage of participants masturbate constantly (12.7%), rarely (54.8%), and never (32.5%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; For the SEM stage, (57.1%) were the Dayak community, while (38%) were Malay, (3.2%) were Chinese, and (1.6%) were others. Only respondents between the ages of 14 and 15 (33.3% and 66.7%), respectively participated in the survey. (90.5%). Everyone who is taking part is from Kota Samarahan in Sarawak. The majority of them (85,7%) never talk about SRH topics with relatives and prefer to talk to peers (23.8%) about SRH issues. Overall, (49.2%) never indulge in masturbation, (45.2%) occasionally do so, and (5.6%) constantly do so. (68.3%) of participants regularly view pornography, with 9.5 of them actively engaging in it and 22.2% never doing so.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eContent and face validity result\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; In this study, 20 items were developed infernally and we determined the content validity of each item by calculating CVR using Lawshe\u0026rsquo;s formula (22). 19 items that obtained an \u0026ldquo;essential\u0026rdquo; rating from all the experts (CVR value of \u0026le; 0.99) were retained. Face validity was then performed by five participants consisting of medical officers, the corrections such as the replacement of jargon words were based on the comment from the participant. For example, \u0026ldquo;old-fashion\u0026rdquo; (\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ecara lama\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; in Malay) was changed to \u0026ldquo;not-up-to-date\u0026rdquo; (\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003elapuk\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; in Malay). Since the number of experts were fewer than five, only items with a CVR of at least 0.99 were retained \u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e(22,40,41)\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eExploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe performance of the 19 items of sexual intention, self-efficacy, attitude and social norms was assessed. The subscales used 4-point Likert scale. Descriptive analysis for each item was done as shown in Table 3. (Table 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with an extraction method according to the Principal Component Analysis and Varimax Rotation was then performed. To proceed with further steps of Exploratory Factor Analysis, Kaiser-Mayer-Olin Bartlett\u0026rsquo;s Test of Sphericity (p-value \u0026lt;0.05) (32). The KMO was 0.855 and Bartlett\u0026rsquo;s test of sphericity \u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (171) =1388.742, p\u0026lt;0.000, indicates that correlations between items were sufficiently large for factor analysis. In this analysis, the criteria for further analysis of EFA as shown in Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 shows the Total Variance Explained which indicates how many components with Eigenvalues of at least 1.0 and how much the items represent the latent construct of the theory of Planned Behaviour towards sexual intention which mediates the relationship between the cognitive process (attitude, social norms, self-efficacy) and a behaviour (sexual activity) should be at least 60% (42). Four components were found to be the most effective for statistical and conceptual analysis; together, they accounted for 65.791% of the variation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Scree Plot as shown in Figure B indicates three (4) dimensions or components for this latent construct. In the Scree Plot, the point began to become a fairly straight line when it was at component 4. This means that all 19 items in this questionnaire were classified into five (4) components or domains which corresponded with the number of components with Eigenvalues of less than 1.0 as shown in Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rotated Component Matrix as shown in Table 6, determined which item belongs to which components or domains. Items with factor loading at least 0.5 were retained for further analysis (26). Given the findings of the current study and those of \u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e(43)\u003c/span\u003e, setting a higher cut-off value of 0.5 would be more practical (26) to ensure that only good items are carried over to be a Confirmatory Factor Analysis stage of validation. An item with a factor loading of less than 0.5 and redundant were deleted (26). At this level, no items were removed. Hence the retained items were nineteen (19). Table 4 indicated five items onto factor three. These five factors are related to attitude. However, two items related to the social norm \u0026lsquo;\u003cem\u003eMost of my friends think female youths do not have to maintain their virginity\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; and \u003cem\u003e\u0026lsquo;Most of my friends think that you can have sex before marriage if you are in love\u0026rsquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas grouped in this factor. Theoretically, social norms and attitude are two different definitions but in the context of Malaysian thinking, it could be the same, in how you practice and follow it for u behavior. Social norms may have an important social influence on the behavior of individuals (44). When individuals are in groups, there are certain rules, norms, or beliefs about their proper attitude or behavior and they may have certain behavior regarding the reference group (45). In other words, social norms are the individual\u0026rsquo;s beliefs about whether significant others think he or she should engage in the behavior and are assumed to capture the extent of social pressures exerted on an individual to engage in a certain attitude or behavior (46). Five items load onto a fourth factor labeled as \u0026ldquo;Social Norms\u0026rdquo; and one factor \u003cem\u003e\u0026lsquo;Youths should have sex before their marriage to see whether they are suited to each\u003c/em\u003e other\u0026rsquo; related to attitude grouped in this factor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConfirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Confirmatory Factor Analysis included three factors/14 items to corroborate factor structure. Three constructs of sexual intention: self-efficacy, attitude and social norms determined by exploratory factor analysis. When Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) has been completed, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed on another 126 participants for validation of these 19 items by using Sequential Equation Model (SEM) analysis (24,47). The participants were adolescent boys from secondary schools in Lundu and Serian. The sample size was calculated based on the minimum requirement of 5:1 ratio (26). CFA was performed using AMOS 24. Only 14 items were evaluated for CFA because this analysis only requires specified elements in the data and determines which latent variables are associated with which measurable variables. Items with low factor loading (i.e., \u0026lt;0.5) should be removed (24). After each item was checked for factor loading characteristics, the CFA procedures deleted two items. The rationale for deletion is highlighted in Table 8 but were mainly due to low communality and low loadings. Some items were interpreted in different ways they were splitting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the deletion of 2 items, the remaining 3-factor/12 items scale provides minimum model fit. Although the chi-square values were significant, their sensitivity to sample size lessens the importance of this particular test of model fit about other goodness-of-fit measures (33). The remaining test CFI and RMSEA demonstrated a good fit. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 3-factor and 12 items models adequately fit the data. As shown in Figure C, the fitness indexes for the whole construct and the factor loading for each item in the questionnaire were presented.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure D, items with factor loading \u0026lt;0.5 i.e., siq8 and siq18 with a factor loading of 0.17 and 0.45 respectively, were removed. Therefore, the final items were seventeen (17). Absolute Fit category namely p-value of 0.000 and RMSEA of 0.75, have achieved the threshold of \u0026gt;0.05 and \u0026lt;0.08 respectively. The Incremental Fit Category namely CFI was 0.907, which has also achieved the threshold of \u0026gt;0.90. Meanwhile, the Parsimonious Fit category namely the ratio of ChiSq/df was 1.707, which has achieved the threshold of \u0026lt;3.00. Thus, this questionnaire has achieved the requirement for the assessment of construct validity (47).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConvergent validity and composite reliability\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; As for the assessment of the convergent validity of the questionnaire, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) were calculated. Convergent validity was accepted if the AVE value achieved a threshold of at least 0.50. meanwhile, composite reliability has been achieved if Composite Reliability (CR) value is at least 0.60. The findings are shown in Table 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAVE is higher than 0.5 but can be accepted if 0.4 \u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e(48)\u003c/span\u003e, if AVE is less than 0.5, but composite reliability is higher than 0.6, the convergent validity of the construct is still adequate. AVE does not convey sufficient variance for the variables (items/construct) to converge into a single construct, which means items are a less-than-effective measure of the latent construct. There\u0026rsquo;s more error variance than an explained variance. The logic is that, when the items loading is .7, then its commonality is loading square. Thus AVE \u0026lt;.50 means, on average item loading is less than .7 (26). This also explained while the loading is good at .60, AVE is less than perfect \u0026lt;.50. The AVE and CR results for each component or domain in this questionnaire have indicated that this questionnaire has fully achieved the requirement for convergent validity and composite validity (47).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eInternal reliability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Following dimension reduction, internal reliability or internal consistency of this latent construct and each component or domain was evaluated by determining the value of Cronbach Alpha. The Cronbach Alpha for these 19 items were 0.910. The value of Cronbach Alpha for each component or domain is shown in Table 6. Internal reliability for the latent construct and all domains were acceptable as the Cronbach Alpha value was more than 0.70 respectively (24). The final EFA contained four-factor/19 items with a total variance of 65.791. this four-factor scale is subsequently subjected to Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Internal reliability for the whole latent construct and all domains were acceptable as the Cronbach Alpha value were more than 0.70 respectively (24).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe final questionnaire and its scoring procedure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the final set of questions in the\u0026nbsp;sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB)\u0026nbsp;17 items were then classified into five components or domains. There were four constructs, namely (1) Sexual Intention, (2) Attitude, (3) Social Norms, and (4) Self-efficacy. A score based on the responses on a 4-point Likert Scale from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA higher total score of the item 1-5 indicates a higher intention to have sex,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA higher total score of items 6-10 indicates a higher permissive attitude towards premarital sex,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA higher total score of items 11-14 indicates a higher perception of social norms on premarital sex\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA higher score of items 15 to 17 indicates a higher perception of self-efficacy in performing sexual activity.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Sexual intention\u0026rsquo; refers to decision to act in a manner in order to perform pre-marital sex consisting of five items. The sexual intention with factor loading of each item ranging from 0.68 to 0.81. the \u0026lsquo;self-efficacy\u0026rsquo; consists of three items referring to having the belief in the ability to control particular behaviour that is pre-marital sex. The factor loading for the self-efficacy constructs ranged from 0.54 to 0.86. The \u0026lsquo;attitude\u0026rsquo; refers to attitude towards pre-marital sex. The factor loadings were between 0.51 to 0.74. Meanwhile, \u0026lsquo;social norm\u0026rsquo; refers of what being practised. The factor loading ranged from 0.55 to 0.68. The measurement model of G-EXP with 17 items was found to have good reliability, a construct where the overall final Cronbach alpha for the questionnaire is 0.86.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final set of sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) questionnaires consists of 17 items as listed in Table 11. The 17 retained items were then classified into four components or domains. Domain 1, named \u0026ldquo;Sexual Intention\u0026rdquo; consist of 5 items. Domain 2 named \u0026ldquo;Self-efficacy\u0026rdquo; consist of 3 items. Meanwhile, Domain 3 was named \u0026ldquo;Attitude\u0026rdquo; and consisted of 5 items, and domain 4 named \u0026ldquo;Social Norm\u0026rdquo; consists of 4 items. \u0026nbsp;Subsequently, the 17 items were renamed as siq1 \u0026ndash; siq17 as shown in Table 11. The items were arranged according to the 4 domains. \u0026ldquo;Sexual Intention\u0026rdquo; consists of items siq1 \u0026ndash; siq5. The \u0026ldquo;Self-efficacy\u0026rdquo; domain consists of items siq6 \u0026ndash; siq8. The \u0026ldquo;Attitude\u0026rdquo; domain consists of items siq9 \u0026ndash; siq13. Meanwhile, the \u0026ldquo;Social Norm\u0026rdquo; domain consists of items siq14 \u0026ndash; siq17.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study's main goal was to validate a series of questionnaires used to evaluate adolescent boys' sexual intentions. Overall, Malaysian use of the sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) was satisfactorily verified. Out of the two items that were removed, two items were conceptually designed to represent self-efficacy and social norms. The statement \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Whether I have sex or not is entirely up to me\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e represents the construct of self-efficacy and items \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Most of my friends think that male youths are allowed to practice sex before marriage\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e which is under the construct of social norms loaded with low factor loading. The law acknowledges that some decisions, such as when to engage in sexual behaviour, are beyond a child's developmental capacity. State laws differ, however, the average consent age is 18 years old. It is prohibited and will be punished as criminal sexual conduct to engage in sexual activity with a minor. It's not new or exclusive to the field of safe sex behaviour to find evidence of a disconnect between people's beliefs and actions. The opinions and sexual behaviours of the young people themselves differ substantially, especially about premarital sex (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploratory and confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for the construct validity of the SIQ-AB in the evaluation of the psychometric features of the SIQ-AB questionnaire. A four-factor model that explained 65.791% of the variance in the study was produced by the EFA of the sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB). The SIQ-AB factor structures that were obtained from the EFA were validated using CFA. The instrument had a relatively good fit according to the results, providing support for the factor structure. A close fit is one with an RMSEA of less than 0.06; an acceptable fit is one with a value between 0.06 and 0.08. The NFI, RFI, AGFI, GFI, TLI, and CMIN/DF results all supported the model's good fit. In this study, the SIQ-AB and its 4 subscales all had internal consistency values of greater than 0.961 as determined by Cronbach's alpha. They were incredibly good (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e). We believe the sample from this study reached a level of heterogeneity that greatly improves its generalizability because it was drawn from a wide range of secondary schools using the purposive sampling technique.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven these results, the sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) can be regarded as a viable and trustworthy tool for determining adolescent boys' sexual intentions. According to several studies, paediatricians rarely inquire about various elements of adolescent sexuality because they are concerned about upsetting their young patients and are unsure of how to handle the situation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e). On the other side, adolescents' concerns and inquiries about sexuality are raised (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e). Yet, several studies have particularly examined how adolescents might react if someone asked them about their sexuality or which questions would be most conducive to making them feel at ease discussing it. To better understand their response and imagination about sex, this study develops a method for evaluating their level of intention towards premarital sex. The current adolescent boy questionnaire (SIQ-AB), which focuses solely on adolescent boys, is simple to administer and does not restrict the results regarding their sexual activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the theory of planned behaviour, predictions of behavioural performance are influenced by intentions and the perception of control over conduct. Intentions are also hypothesized to be predicted by perceived control, attitudes, and subjective norm (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e). The theory of planned behaviour (TPB), introduced by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1988, is one of the most significant health education and promotion models utilized in sexual health training. TPB is based on social, psychological, and social recognition patterns (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e) In the study by (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e), a behavioural intention increase and the promotion of healthy sexual practices were brought about by an educational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. It is suitable for this research to validate questionnaires on adolescent sexual behaviour.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of the SIQ-AB questionnaire, which focuses on the population aged between 13 and 17 years, can also be evaluated because the YSI-Q questionnaire, which is appropriate for use in a conservative population like Malaysia and focuses on the age group of 18 years and above, can be used in conjunction with it. The drop in the age of teens who dare to have sex at a young age is concerning(Talib et al., 2012). In the context of this research, sexual behaviour can be determined based on a tendency to have sex at an early age, and the initial steps of prevention can be carried out through activities that promote sexual health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) to be applied to adolescents was developed and validated according to this study. The final sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) had 17 questions, including five about sexual intention, three about self-efficacy, five about attitude, and four about social norms. Acceptable psychometric characteristics, strong internal consistency, and convergent and composite validity are all features of the sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB). It is intended that by making the questionnaire available, other academics may further validate it and possibly apply it in their studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics of approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParents\u0026apos; and/or legal guardians\u0026apos; informed written consent is required for this study. Parents are informed of any suggested or rejected actions together with the rationales for the decisions in a notification. By doing this, the foundation for comprehension is established, upon which informed consent can then be given (or withheld). This study will adhere to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Malaysian Good Clinical Practice Guidelines to safeguard the safety of respondents during their research participation. Ethics is an important issue in data collection during this study to promote and protect the rights of the individual. For this study, ethical approval will be obtained from Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC) and other relevant approvals before the start of any study-related activities. Ethical approvals include National Medical Research Register (NMRR) under the Ministry of Health (MOH), Educational Research Application System (eRAS) under Ministry of Education and Medical Research Ethics Committee (MRE) under University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent of publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Raw data were generated at\u0026nbsp;Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS). Derived supporting of the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author Rosalia Saimon (\u003ca href=\"mailto:[email protected]\"\[email protected]\u003c/a\u003e) on request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was partially supported by the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Ministry of Health. NS was partially supported by Kuching Healthy City project under Sarawak Planning unit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conceived by NS, RS and RZ. NS and RS conducted the analyses. NS and RZ played the major role in the field study. All authors provided input into the interpretation of the data and conclusions. NS and RS wrote the first version of the manuscript. All authors provided input into subsequent iterations and approved the final version.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese authors would like to thank the University Malaysia Sarawak, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education. Our special appreciation to Director of Health Department of Sarawak, Director of Education Department of Sarawak. Many thanks to Dean, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak giving permission to carry out the study. Thanks also to the respondents who participated in this study. Finally, not forgotten for all those who have been involved either directly or indirectly on the assistance and support given.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRosalia Saimon is a senior lecturer who specialized in preventive medicine at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Razitasham Safii was a senior lecturer who specialized in Public Health Medicine (Family Health), and she is a member of Epidemic Intelligence of Malaysia. Nazrie Saini is a PHD student in Preventive Medicine at UNIMAS.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. World Health Organization. 2017 [cited 2020 Feb 21]. Adolescent health. 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Ann R Coll Physicians Surg Can. 2002 Oct;35(7):406\u0026ndash;10. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePerrin EC, Cohen KM, Gold M, Ryan C, Savin-Williams RC, Schorzman CM. Gay and lesbian issues in pediatric health care. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2004 Nov;34(10):355\u0026ndash;98. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchuster MA. Communication between adolescents and physicians about sexual behavior and risk Prevention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996 Sep 1;150(9):906. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAjzen I. From intentions to actions: a theory of Planned Behaviour. 1st ed. Ajzen I, editor. SSSP Springer series in social psychology; 1985. 11\u0026ndash;39 p. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNash MR, Hulsey TL, Sexton MC, Harralson TL, Lambert W. Long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: perceived family environment, psychopathology, and dissociation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993 Apr;61(2):276\u0026ndash;83. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoeini B, Hazavehei SMM, Zareban I, Mousali A, Bashiriyan S, Soltanian AR, et al. Effectiveness of an educational program based on the theory of planned behavior for improving safe sexual behaviors intention among addicted males: A quasi experimental study. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2017 Jun 1;6(2). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTalib J, Mamat M, Ibrahim M, Mohamad Z. Analysis on Sex Education in Schools Across Malaysia. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2012 Oct;59:340\u0026ndash;8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables ","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1-11 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Theory of Planned Behaviour","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367937/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367937/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe newly devised sexual intention questionnaire for adolescent boys (SIQ-AB) is an improvised tool from the Youth Sexual Intention Questionnaire (YSI-Q) and Theory of Planned Behaviour, aiming to assess the influence of knowledge, permissive attitude, social norms, and self-efficacy toward the sexual intention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study determines the reliability and validity of the SIQ-AB. It was conducted on a total sample of 378 (exploratory factor analysis, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;126 and confirmatory factor analysis, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;126) among adolescent boys from Lundu, Serian, and Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) assesses four constructs of sexual intention that include attitude, self-efficacy, and social norms with a 4-point Likert scale with a total of 19 items. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assesses only three constructs of attitude, self-efficacy, and social norms with a 4-point Likert scale with a total of 14 items adopted from YSI-Q.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EFA supported the three-factor structures, with 19 items that explained 65.79 percent of the total variance. EFA supported the four-factor structure, but two items were removed due to incorrect placement or low factor loading (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.50). Internal reliability using Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha ranged from 0.764 and 0.918. The CFA further confirmed the construct, convergent and composite validity of the SIQ-AB with \u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;81.086, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, \u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.621, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94 and TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92 and RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.071.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result proved that the SIQ-AB instrument has high reliability and valid tool to be used to measure the sexual intention of adolescent boys.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Reliability and Validity of Theory of Planned Behaviour Constructs for Assessing Sexual Intention Among Adolescent Boys.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-09-29 17:17:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367937/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c6e3a80f-d5ed-4965-aecb-18c7d79f457e","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 29th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-09-29T17:17:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-09-29 17:17:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3367937","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3367937","identity":"rs-3367937","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}