A novel rectenna design: To make Wireless Sensor Network Technology Affordable for Low-Income Countries

A novel rectenna design: To make Wireless Sensor Network Technology Affordable for Low-Income Countries | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A novel rectenna design: To make Wireless Sensor Network Technology Affordable for Low-Income Countries Priya Sharma, Ashutosh Singh, B Naresh, Vinod Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1913574/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks have numerous applications in several fields like Military, HealthCare, Surveillance applications, Agriculture monitoring etc. It is worth mentioning here that developing countries and low income countries are still deprived of availing the benefits of wireless sensor networks (wsn) due to their high cost and poor life time. Since, most of the wireless sensor networks work in an unattended environment; therefore it is not possible to charge the motes. Motes become dead after getting discharged and huge expenditure in creating wireless sensor network becomes meaningless. We have no other option except to install some energy harvesting device in the motes to make the wsn technology economical and suitable for developing and low income countries. A novel and compact monopole conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) fed rectenna design is proposed for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The rectenna's maximum measured power conversion efficiency (PCE), tested at 2.5 GHz, 2KΩ of load resistance, and 1.89 V of output voltage, is determined to be 33.5%. Coplanar waveguide Slotted antenna WLAN Energy harvesting Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 I. Introduction Wireless technology is becoming more popular in security systems, computer interface devices, wireless energy harvesting, wireless power transfer, and a variety of other communication-related initiatives. Numerous types of printed monopole antennas are used in a variety of wireless communication applications due to their versatility, universal radiation patterns, simplicity, and ease of integration into any structure. Prior monopole antennas were designed to be perpendicular to the ground plane, which resulted in large overall bulk and problems in integrating monolithic microwave integrated circuits. Printed monopole antennas such as square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, and others have been employed in recent research publications [ 1 – 3 ]. We used a basic planar printed monopole CBCPW fed antenna for this. As a result, the CPW-fed antenna is utilized to enhance impedance bandwidth, have a simple design with the patch and ground on the same plane, have a low profile, and also be cost-effective [ 4 ],[ 5 ]. This paper uses conductor-supported CPW because a back conductor is used to increase the gain of the antenna, thereby increasing the heat dissipation capacity [ 6 – 8 ]. The mechanical strength of the CPW antenna is also improved. Different types of receiver antennas are used in rectenna systems, such as dipoles, monopoles, dielectric resonators, patch or slot antennas, and so on. The monopole antenna is more favourable for the rectenna since it provides an omnidirectional radiation pattern, which is why it's used in wireless energy harvesting applications like wireless sensor networks. In hostile environments, the batteries in wireless sensor nodes run out. This can be addressed by harvesting a diversity of energy sources such as radio frequency (RF), wind, solar, thermal, and so on detailed in [ 9 ], [ 10 ]. Under any type of climatic state, RF energy sources are readily available in the ambient environment. Rectenna is a rectifying antenna is primarily used to convert RF energy sources obtained from the environment into direct current (DC) electricity. It can be used as a continuous power supply for WSNs or any other device that just needs a small amount of power. Rectenna is made up of two components: the antenna receiver and the rectifier circuit. The main goal of this rectenna is to achieve maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) throughout a wide range of frequency bands at low input power levels. Several Electromagnetic fields are available for harvesting energy in the environment across a diverse range of wide frequency bands. As a result, [ 12 ], [ 13 ] have published several rectenna designs for RF energy harvesting that work across a broad range of ambient RF frequency bands. Power conversion efficiency should be optimized in different ways as follows: Antennas are made for multiband or broadband transmission to get the most RF energy out of the transmitter [ 14 ], [ 15 ]. Another sort of design for obtaining as much RF energy as feasible for an RF energy harvesting device is through an antenna array or rectenna array [ 16 ]. Multiple antennas operating at the same frequency are coupled to act as a receiver and to rectifying circuits for energy harvesting. We presented a monopole CBCPW fed antenna design and a modified back conductor to improve the microstrip antenna's impedance bandwidth and gain in this work. At the ground of the CPW-fed antenna, a rectangular ring-shaped back conductor with the required width ring is employed to form the omnidirectional radiation pattern useful for RF energy harvesting. The back conductor in a CBCPW antenna is traditionally designed to convert a bidirectional radiation pattern into a unidirectional radiation pattern by entirely covering the ground plane. This method results in a 50×40 mm 2 reduction in the proposed antenna size. This rectenna's improved performance and small size are achieved by using a single stub matching network. For a 5 dBm input power level and a 2K load resistance, the simulated result of maximum conversion efficiency is found to be 35%. The majority of the section is summarized as follows. Section II provides a description of antenna design and modelling, a parametric analysis of the suggested antenna,the whole rectifier design,and its simulated, and measured results. The study of the suggested rectenna design and the measurement findings are presented in Section III. The entire paper comes to a conclusion at the end in Section IV. Ii. Cbcpw Antenna Design And Analysis ANTENNA DESIGN The CPW-fed microstrip antenna with a back conductor is designed to match 50 Ω input impedance before being given to the rectifier circuit. The geometry of the proposed CBCPW microstrip antenna in Fig. 1 and with top, bottom, and side views are depict in Fig. 1 (a), 1(b), and 1(c) respectively. Light grey and grey color represents the copper part of the antenna respectively and white is the substrate. For RF energy harvesting system applications such as WSN regions, this proposed antenna is designed with a rectangular ring-type ground plane at the bottom plane to modify the radiation pattern from unidirectional to omnidirectional. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are written in Table I. A conventional microstrip rectangular patch antenna is designed by Length (L) and Width (W) which equations are written below, $$W=\frac{3\times {10}^{8}}{2{f}_{r}}\sqrt{\frac{2}{{1+ϵ}_{r}}}$$ 1 where \({f}_{r}\) denotes the resonant frequency and \({ϵ}_{r}\) is the relative dielectric constant of the substrate. $$L=\frac{3\times {10}^{8}}{\sqrt{{ϵ}_{reff}} . 2{. f}_{r}}-2.\varDelta L$$ 2 where ∆L is the extended length and \({ϵ}_{reff}\) is the effective dielectric constant. $${ϵ}_{reff}={(1+ϵ}_{r}).\frac{1}{2}+{(ϵ}_{r}-1).\frac{1}{2}.\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{12h}{W}}}\right)$$ 3 and $$\varDelta L=\frac{0.412\times h\times \left({0.3+ϵ}_{reff}\right)\left(0.264+\frac{W}{h}\right)}{\left({ϵ}_{reff}-0.258\right)\left(0.8+\frac{W}{h}\right)}$$ 4 where h is the height of the substrate. We understand that the conventional rectangular microstrip patch does not produce the desired outcomes. So, a modified formula is given by [ 17 ], Table I. Different size values of the CBCPW microstrip antenna Variables Value (mm) Variables Value (mm) L 40 d 16 W 50 e 23 a 38 f 1 b 28.5 g 4 c 27 h 0.8 $${\lambda }_{s}={\lambda }_{o}\left\{1.045-0.365ln{\epsilon }_{r}+\frac{6.3\left(\frac{W}{h}\right){\epsilon }_{r}^{0.945}}{\left(238.64+100\frac{W}{h}\right)}\right\}$$ $$-{\lambda }_{o}\left\{\left[0.148\frac{8.81\left({\epsilon }_{r}+0.95\right)}{100{\epsilon }_{r}}\right].ln\left(\frac{h}{{\lambda }_{o}}\right)\right\}$$ 5 Where \({\lambda }_{s}\) is wavelength of the slot and \({\lambda }_{o}\) is the wavelength of free space. With the use of Eq. ( 5 ), a rectangular slot is designed. As a result, it is slanted to 5 degrees before being turned into a slot cut from the ground plane to improve the antenna's impedance bandwidth. After that, as illustrated in Fig. 1 , a rectangular patch is placed on the coplanar plane. The rectangular type ring on the back of the CPW antenna is supposed to enhance the proposed antenna's radiation pattern. An FR4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4, a thickness of 0.8 mm and a loss tangent of 0.02 is used to fabricate the antenna. The designedCBCPW antenna measures 40(L) × 50(W) mm 2 in dimension and operates at 2.5 GHz. This antenna is designed using commercial software that is Ansoft high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Table II. Different parameters for three different tilts Rectangular slot tilt Reflection Coefficient (dB) Gain (dB) Bandwidth (GHz) Resonant frequency (GHz) Slot with 0 o -11.38 0.27 2.06–3.4 2.18 Slot with 5 o -31.78 1.84 2.17–2.87 2.5 Slot with 10 o -15.72 0.72 2.28–2.94 2.65 Table III. Different parameters for different widths Different W Reflection Coefficient (dB) Gain (dB) Bandwidth (GHz) Resonant frequency (GHz) 28 -24.85 0.47 2.18–2.92 2.51 28.5 -31.78 1.84 2.17–2.87 2.5 29 -29.65 0.42 2.24–2.85 2.54 B. PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA a) Effects of different angles of a rectangular slot on the ground plane A rectangular slot has been cut from the ground plane which is tilted to different angles such as 0 o , 5 o, and 10 o, and its different geometries are depicts in Fig. 2 . At a 5 o tilt of the rectangular slot, return loss is increased, and as it rises, VSWR falls. Resonant frequency has been changed for three different angles 0 o , 5 o, and 10 o are 2.18 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 2.65 GHz respectively. Different parameters for this are tabulated in Table II. b) Effects of changing W 3 Table IV. Different parameters for different back conductor Different back conductor S(1,1) (dB) Gain (dB) Bandwidth (GHz) Resonant frequency (GHz) Full conductive back -20.14 0.37 2.04–2.52 2.2 Rectangular ring type -31.78 1.84 2.17–2.87 2.5 One rectangular patch is attached to the ground plane or a T-shaped stub is connected to the ground plane. The width of the T-shaped stub’s head is increased or decreased to analyze the effect on return loss that is shown in Fig. 3 . Resonant frequency is different for different widths W 3 = 28, 28.5 and 29 mm respectively. Different parameters for different widths are tabulated in Table III. c) Effects of back conductor In most cases, a full back conductor plane is employed to reflect radiation towards the top plane, resulting in a unidirectional radiation pattern. The proposed rectenna is intended to emit radiation in all directions. So that rectangular slot has been cut out from that full-back rectangle which results in a rectangular ring-type back conductor. This proposed back conductor converts the unidirectional to omnidirectional radiation pattern. A diagram of a full back conductor and rectangular ring-type conductor is shown in Fig. 4 . Different parameters for different back conductors are tabulated in Table IV. The suggested CBCPW antenna's structure is constructed in accordance with the design depicted in Fig. 5 . It is very compact, easy to fabricate, and a very cheap antenna. This proposed antenna is operated at 2.5 GHz and the microstrip feed point input impedance is nearly about 50Ω. Subminiature Version A (SMA) connector is connected to the antenna’s feed point for measurement purposes. Figure 6 displays the measured and predicted values of return loss for the proposed antenna. Measured return loss in the figure is less than − 10 dB that is − 31.78 dB which covers the total impedance bandwidth from 2.17–2.87 GHz. Analysis of measured and simulated results of gain is shown in Fig. 7 . Maximum value of gain at the operating frequency 2.5 GHz is 1.84dB. Surface current density distribution is shown in Fig. 8 which has maximum current at the feed line and the head of the T stub. Simulated and measured results of the radiation pattern depicted in Fig. 9 as the E-plane and H-plane are in the x-z plane and y-z plane respectively. H-plane shows most likely an omnidirectional radiation pattern which is useful in rectenna design for RF energy harvesting purposes. Figure 10 discusses the measuring setup for the proposed antenna. The measuring setup of the proposed antenna is situated 1.5 meters away from the reference horn antenna and is connected to a revolving arm that rotates 360 degrees. C. RECTIFIER DESIGN Rectifier design for RF energy harvesting applications is an essential component of rectenna design. The three primary components of a rectifying circuit are the impedance matching circuit built in between the antenna receiver and the rectifier for maximum power transfer, the rectifier circuit for converting RF to DC, and the DC filter with the load. An efficient rectifier should have high power sensitivity, low power consumption and high-power handling capacity. Rectifying circuit mainly depends upon input impedance and this input impedance is always changing due to the input power, frequency and load resistance. The Keysight Advanced Design System (ADS) software is used for designing schematic and layout of rectifier circuits. The ambient environment provides a very low RF power density of less than 1mW/cm 2 . Therefore, it becomes very challenging for researchers to make PCE highly efficient. Different types of rectifier circuits have been proposed in various theories [ 18 ], [ 19 ]. This work implements and designs a single-stage voltage doubler rectifier for RF energy harvesting purposes. This rectifier design arrangement is preferable to the others because it delivers high output power and good PCE. A FR4 substrate witha relative permittivity of 4.4, a 0.8mm thickness, and a dissipation factor of 0.02 is used to print the rectifier design. The Block diagram of the rectifying circuit is shown in Fig. 11 . Assume Vin = A.sint in the voltage doubler rectifier circuit depicted in Fig. 12 ,and the waveform's positive half-cycle Diode D2 rectifies Vin, and capacitor C2 stores the charge. By rectifying the waveform Vin's negative half cycle, diode D1 stores the charge in capacitance C1. Capacitor C1 charges up, and capacitor C2 receives that charge. So that charge at C2 becomes two times compared to single series diode rectifier configuration. The Skyworks SMS7630 Schottky diode is used in this rectifier design with 3 V of breakdown voltage, 20Ω of internal resistance, and 60–120 mV of forwarding voltage at 0.1mA. This diode is useful to get high switching and low forward voltage which gives high PCE for rectenna design. Through the ADS software, first, we have to find out the input impedance versus frequency plot for the rectifier design with the use of LSSP tools. For optimal power transfer, it is necessary to construct and simulate an Impedance Matching Network (IMN) based on the rectifier circuit's input impedance between both the antenna receiver and the rectifier circuit. IMN is a very important and interesting part of the rectenna system for making high PCE. It becomes challenging to match them both because of the fluctuating RF energy gain from the surrounding environment and the nonlinearity of the rectifier's diodes, which alter based on numerous factors like load, frequency, and input impedance. Moreover, IMN changes as frequency and input impedance change. A novel IMN with one stub has been simulated and implemented for the 2.5 GHz center frequency in this research. Figure 12 illustrates the rectifier circuit's configuration, with the millimeter-scale measurements (mm).The fabrication has been done on the FR4 substrate and shown in Fig. 13 . The simulated result of return loss for frequency for rectification is drawn in Fig. 14 which goes up to -50dB less than the − 10dB. The load resistance has been simulated and optimised so that it gives a better conversion efficiency response for different input power levels. Figure 15 depicts simulated results of the power conversion efficiency for various load resistance (2KΩ– 12KΩ) for the number of input power levels such as -10dBm, -5dBm, 0dBm and 5dBm. Figure 16 discussed the simulated results of the power conversion efficiency for the input power level (-20dBm to 10dBm) for the parametric Table IV. List of Low power Devices/Sensors Low power Devices/Sensors Power consumed (in W) Smartwatch 31 m LED 60 m CO detector 1.5 m Gas detector 5.12 m Wearable sensor node 60 µ variation of the load resistance such as 5KΩ, 3KΩ and 2KΩ. At last, 2KΩ load resistance is chosen for the rectifying circuit design. Iii. Rectenna Measurement And Analysis The Rectenna system is mainly used for RF energy harvesting in wireless sensor network applications. Rectenna has been designed and fabricated as presented in Fig. 17 . Both fabricated rectifier and the antenna design is connected with SMA male to male RF coax adapter. The measurement arrangement is demonstrated in Fig. 18 in which the horn antenna is connected to a signal generator and has been made to operate at 2.5 GHz. Total fixed distance is maintained between the horn antenna and rectenna which is approximately 41 cm which is a far-field distance. Far-field distance (R) is calculated from the formula given below, $$R= \frac{2{d}^{2}}{\lambda }$$ Where d is the largest size of the antenna and λ is the wavelength of the antenna at which it operates. A voltmeter is connected to the load resistance of the rectenna to find out the voltage at the output. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) can be evaluated from the value of output voltage (V out ) across the resistor, input power level (P in ) detected by the antenna receiver and load resistance (R L ) as written below, $$PCE\left(\%\right)=\frac{{\left({V}_{out}\right)}^{2}}{{R}_{L}\times {P}_{in}}\times 100$$ Figure 19 illustrates the simulated and measured findings of output voltage and power conversion efficiency versus input power level. By gradually changing the load resistance value from 5000 to 3000 to 2000, and then selecting 2000 for the rectenna design, which provides the highest efficiency in comparison to other resistance, as shown in Fig. 16 . At a 5 dBm input power level, a simulated output voltage of 1.5 V and simulated power conversion efficiency of 35% have been seen. The measured maximum PCE is 33.5% at a 5 dBm input power level, and the difference between the measured and simulated values is due to fabrication losses. As input power levels increase, the output voltage increases as well, however as input power levels increase, the PCE increases initially and subsequently decreases. The output voltage doesn't increase as much with an increase in input power level, which causes the PCE to decrease. As it works on the low power, so we must know about some sensor nodes power consumption. Some name of sensor nodes with its power consumption is listed in Table IV. Iv. Conclusion A novel monopole CBCPW fed rectenna has been proposed and designed with a modified back conductor at 2.5 GHz resonant frequency. A rectangular ring-shaped back conductor has been used to achieve an omnidirectional radiation pattern, reduced antenna cross-sectional area of 50×40 mm 2 and magnificent return loss which is required for RF energy harvesting in WSN applications. With the proposed antenna receiver, a novel impedance matching circuit that perfectly matches a wide range of input power levels from − 20 dBm to 10 dBm has been developed in the rectifier circuit. To design rectennas, one stub matching network has been created, and the results from simulated and measured show little difference. At an input power level of 5 dBm, load resistance of 2 K, and an output voltage of 1.89 V, the maximum conversion efficiency has been observed to be 33.5%. References M. Ojaroudi, S. Yazdanifard, N. Ojaroudi and M. 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Harvesting wireless power: Survey of energy-harvester conversion efficiency in far-field, wireless power transfer systems. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 15 (4), 108–120. Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1913574","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":125905179,"identity":"be327672-cc39-44dd-b590-96b2f1e3abc5","order_by":0,"name":"Priya Sharma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad India","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Priya","middleName":"","lastName":"Sharma","suffix":""},{"id":125905180,"identity":"4cc4dbd0-79f1-48fb-b8e6-7297a62bee64","order_by":1,"name":"Ashutosh Singh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA10lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNgglIcfPzNhwAMJhbCBGi4WxZDNQywFitEBBReIGkPIDxKjlYz/88MGHGonEzceZGw9/qGGQ529gbnuA12E8acaGM45JGG87DHLYMQbDGQcY2w3wapFgMJPmbZCQhWhhY2DcwMDYJoFfC/v3338bJBg3g73/j8GeCC08ZsDglVDcAArkg20MiYS18OQUS/YA/SIBctjZPonkGYcJaJFvP77xw4+aOjn+/uOPP1R8s7Htb29/hlcLOgAqZiZF/SgYBaNgFIwCrAAA0+VHcMHV6pIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad India","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashutosh","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":125905181,"identity":"486da64d-a6d2-4dae-8e0a-6f5a28626708","order_by":2,"name":"B Naresh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology \u0026 Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"B","middleName":"","lastName":"Naresh","suffix":""},{"id":125905182,"identity":"308e7637-7487-44a9-a5bd-e1d5594597ae","order_by":3,"name":"Vinod Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"S.R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi UP","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vinod","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-07-31 05:45:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1913574/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1913574/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":25810675,"identity":"6956e549-110b-43fb-aea8-62b07c201527","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:49:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103491,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConfiguration of CBCPW microstrip antenna (a) top plane, (b) bottom plane, and (c) side plane\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/00c463286c15aa3f558c4ef6.jpeg"},{"id":25811103,"identity":"9992c2d9-aeec-4215-ad1f-068d9a91ca0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:54:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48371,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree different types of patches based on rectangular tilted slot (a) 0\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, (b) 5\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e ,and (c) 10\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/19b50112ef4f64997b15c12d.jpeg"},{"id":25810301,"identity":"c673ed85-5ccc-4f0e-984d-0cdc17b9614c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:44:52","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect on return loss vs frequency due to varying width W\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/0893d2f086edc5d5745f794f.png"},{"id":25810305,"identity":"5ee6c665-6330-451a-85bd-736746449e07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:44:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30073,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTwo different back conductors (a) Full back conductor, and (b) rectangular ring type\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/340daa7f37fa267efbf938c9.jpeg"},{"id":25812059,"identity":"238a0685-debe-4caf-b05a-d1129905faa0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 20:04:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":266520,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFabricated proposed CBCPW antenna (a) top plane, and (b) bottom plane\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/34fc5eb9fd8bfbf93ae4839b.jpeg"},{"id":25810678,"identity":"13560c59-46f6-4de3-b4af-ac07f7a32b10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:49:52","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of proposed antenna measured and simulatedreturn loss at 2.5 GHz\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/1a699baa1d2fa0603b4c534a.png"},{"id":25811104,"identity":"ab087bd6-6b69-4bf5-a8e8-637414921115","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:54:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34928,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of proposed antenna measured and simulated gain\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/65113b828df1e2b7f46ad2ba.jpeg"},{"id":25811622,"identity":"595de96f-de72-4698-99a7-b644fe556c2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:59:52","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18008,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSurface current density distribution of proposed CBCPW antenna\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/a95b84185868c6c3e1756b99.png"},{"id":25810682,"identity":"34f677e2-a2c6-40bc-b502-f866e496bfc5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:49:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":164774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRadiation pattern of the proposed antenna at 2.5 GHz (a) Simulated result, and (b) Measured result\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/9b2b629d6f47db1a82f5d6d8.jpeg"},{"id":25810684,"identity":"db93cfd0-535a-4d95-ad59-b3fa096003f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:49:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMeasurement setup of proposed antenna design\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/2d22b9c5a4f6260ebe6bbc47.jpeg"},{"id":25811106,"identity":"7f6576e6-4f57-40e6-a145-7700caa6147d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:54:52","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12971,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBlock diagram of the rectifier circuit.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/2fe11686963a1cfc36be8cd9.png"},{"id":25810686,"identity":"6d891d14-8370-449c-94ca-77a72f692bff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:49:52","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10906,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 11. Conventional setup of single-stage voltage doubler rectifier circuit\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/f62b6023c93d8f01889577dd.png"},{"id":25811110,"identity":"0aa9b779-f6ee-4daf-b5bd-6d9b5fef2ec8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:54:52","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28543,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 12. Configuration of the proposed rectifier circuit and dimensions are in mm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/116e3dc649688e264a5f1a2a.png"},{"id":25810310,"identity":"50169c9d-e3dc-4a5f-ada3-bde3f1a41b56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:44:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27894,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 13. Fabricated rectifier circuit of the proposed rectenna design.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/9270d9da7a7a1739bedd0d9c.jpeg"},{"id":25810313,"identity":"0b94d4bc-b96b-45d4-81ea-1de483f5ca7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:44:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 14. Simulatedreturn loss versus frequency of the rectifier design\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/0b18ba2745b0fe3096507660.jpeg"},{"id":25811624,"identity":"3e33771b-bb23-447b-b45e-551a7f85c76f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:59:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 15. Simulated power conversion efficiency for various load resistance\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/ab9f41b3ad07a73a3445601a.jpeg"},{"id":25810319,"identity":"48b807d1-3f91-42cd-a7f2-873b1e2ff7ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:44:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 16. Simulated power conversion efficiency versus the input power level\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/cdc56fb89545b0235c1ec7c3.jpeg"},{"id":25810317,"identity":"380427bf-59c5-4a61-8946-a08c207e8b37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:44:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74663,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 17. Fabricated proposed rectenna design which is connected with SMA male to male RF coax adapter.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/631d0b25fd55decc9800d138.jpeg"},{"id":25811109,"identity":"ae546e58-c874-4388-a14c-fd8d72fb99fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:54:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87933,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig.18. Measurement setup for the proposed rectenna design\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/0ed5b72b1bed04e273247b5d.jpeg"},{"id":25811625,"identity":"0f8e28e1-b9e3-4b18-9c89-7cb9cc2839fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 19:59:53","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112738,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig.19. Simulated and measured results of power conversion efficiency and output voltage versus input power level\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/3d5d27f0a6e94f6fc12506a8.png"},{"id":25812060,"identity":"f0e7de0c-7862-4dbc-b6f4-ab24112d98e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 20:04:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":743519,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1913574/v1/e3154679-32c3-4916-8863-75fea574236f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"A novel rectenna design: To make Wireless Sensor Network \r\nTechnology Affordable for Low-Income Countries","fulltext":[{"header":"I. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWireless technology is becoming more popular in security systems, computer interface devices, wireless energy harvesting, wireless power transfer, and a variety of other communication-related initiatives. Numerous types of printed monopole antennas are used in a variety of wireless communication applications due to their versatility, universal radiation patterns, simplicity, and ease of integration into any structure. Prior monopole antennas were designed to be perpendicular to the ground plane, which resulted in large overall bulk and problems in integrating monolithic microwave integrated circuits. Printed monopole antennas such as square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, and others have been employed in recent research publications [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. We used a basic planar printed monopole CBCPW fed antenna for this.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result, the CPW-fed antenna is utilized to enhance impedance bandwidth, have a simple design with the patch and ground on the same plane, have a low profile, and also be cost-effective [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This paper uses conductor-supported CPW because a back conductor is used to increase the gain of the antenna, thereby increasing the heat dissipation capacity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The mechanical strength of the CPW antenna is also improved.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent types of receiver antennas are used in rectenna systems, such as dipoles, monopoles, dielectric resonators, patch or slot antennas, and so on. The monopole antenna is more favourable for the rectenna since it provides an omnidirectional radiation pattern, which is why it's used in wireless energy harvesting applications like wireless sensor networks. In hostile environments, the batteries in wireless sensor nodes run out. This can be addressed by harvesting a diversity of energy sources such as radio frequency (RF), wind, solar, thermal, and so on detailed in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Under any type of climatic state, RF energy sources are readily available in the ambient environment. Rectenna is a rectifying antenna is primarily used to convert RF energy sources obtained from the environment into direct current (DC) electricity. It can be used as a continuous power supply for WSNs or any other device that just needs a small amount of power. Rectenna is made up of two components: the antenna receiver and the rectifier circuit. The main goal of this rectenna is to achieve maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) throughout a wide range of frequency bands at low input power levels. Several Electromagnetic fields are available for harvesting energy in the environment across a diverse range of wide frequency bands. As a result, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] have published several rectenna designs for RF energy harvesting that work across a broad range of ambient RF frequency bands. Power conversion efficiency should be optimized in different ways as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntennas are made for multiband or broadband transmission to get the most RF energy out of the transmitter [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother sort of design for obtaining as much RF energy as feasible for an RF energy harvesting device is through an antenna array or rectenna array [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple antennas operating at the same frequency are coupled to act as a receiver and to rectifying circuits for energy harvesting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe presented a monopole CBCPW fed antenna design and a modified back conductor to improve the microstrip antenna's impedance bandwidth and gain in this work. At the ground of the CPW-fed antenna, a rectangular ring-shaped back conductor with the required width ring is employed to form the omnidirectional radiation pattern useful for RF energy harvesting. The back conductor in a CBCPW antenna is traditionally designed to convert a bidirectional radiation pattern into a unidirectional radiation pattern by entirely covering the ground plane. This method results in a 50\u0026times;40 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e reduction in the proposed antenna size. This rectenna's improved performance and small size are achieved by using a single stub matching network. For a 5 dBm input power level and a 2K load resistance, the simulated result of maximum conversion efficiency is found to be 35%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of the section is summarized as follows. Section II provides a description of antenna design and modelling, a parametric analysis of the suggested antenna,the whole rectifier design,and its simulated, and measured results. The study of the suggested rectenna design and the measurement findings are presented in Section III. The entire paper comes to a conclusion at the end in Section IV.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Ii. Cbcpw Antenna Design And Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eANTENNA DESIGN\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CPW-fed microstrip antenna with a back conductor is designed to match 50 Ω input impedance before being given to the rectifier circuit. The geometry of the proposed CBCPW microstrip antenna in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and with top, bottom, and side views are depict in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(a), 1(b), and 1(c) respectively. Light grey and grey color represents the copper part of the antenna respectively and white is the substrate. For RF energy harvesting system applications such as WSN regions, this proposed antenna is designed with a rectangular ring-type ground plane at the bottom plane to modify the radiation pattern from unidirectional to omnidirectional. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are written in Table I. A conventional microstrip rectangular patch antenna is designed by Length (L) and Width (W) which equations are written below,\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$W=\\frac{3\\times {10}^{8}}{2{f}_{r}}\\sqrt{\\frac{2}{{1+ϵ}_{r}}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({f}_{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003edenotes the resonant frequency and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({ϵ}_{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the relative dielectric constant of the substrate.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$L=\\frac{3\\times {10}^{8}}{\\sqrt{{ϵ}_{reff}} . 2{. f}_{r}}-2.\\varDelta L$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere ∆L is the extended length and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({ϵ}_{reff}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the effective dielectric constant.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${ϵ}_{reff}={(1+ϵ}_{r}).\\frac{1}{2}+{(ϵ}_{r}-1).\\frac{1}{2}.\\left(\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{1+\\frac{12h}{W}}}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eand\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\varDelta L=\\frac{0.412\\times h\\times \\left({0.3+ϵ}_{reff}\\right)\\left(0.264+\\frac{W}{h}\\right)}{\\left({ϵ}_{reff}-0.258\\right)\\left(0.8+\\frac{W}{h}\\right)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere h is the height of the substrate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe understand that the conventional rectangular microstrip patch does not produce the desired outcomes. So, a modified formula is given by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable I. Different size values of the CBCPW microstrip antenna\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e \u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\lambda }_{s}={\\lambda }_{o}\\left\\{1.045-0.365ln{\\epsilon }_{r}+\\frac{6.3\\left(\\frac{W}{h}\\right){\\epsilon }_{r}^{0.945}}{\\left(238.64+100\\frac{W}{h}\\right)}\\right\\}$$\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e \u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$-{\\lambda }_{o}\\left\\{\\left[0.148\\frac{8.81\\left({\\epsilon }_{r}+0.95\\right)}{100{\\epsilon }_{r}}\\right].ln\\left(\\frac{h}{{\\lambda }_{o}}\\right)\\right\\}$$\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\lambda }_{s}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is wavelength of the slot and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\lambda }_{o}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the wavelength of free space.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the use of Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), a rectangular slot is designed. As a result, it is slanted to 5 degrees before being turned into a slot cut from the ground plane to improve the antenna's impedance bandwidth. After that, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, a rectangular patch is placed on the coplanar plane. The rectangular type ring on the back of the CPW antenna is supposed to enhance the proposed antenna's radiation pattern. An FR4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4, a thickness of 0.8 mm and a loss tangent of 0.02 is used to fabricate the antenna. The designedCBCPW antenna measures 40(L) \u0026times; 50(W) mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in dimension and operates at 2.5 GHz. This antenna is designed using commercial software that is Ansoft high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable II. Different parameters for three different tilts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectangular slot tilt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReflection Coefficient (dB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain (dB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandwidth\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(GHz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResonant frequency (GHz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlot with 0\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u0026ndash;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlot with 5\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u0026ndash;2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlot with 10\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-15.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u0026ndash;2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable III. Different parameters for different widths\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReflection Coefficient (dB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain (dB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandwidth\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(GHz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResonant frequency (GHz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-24.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u0026ndash;2.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u0026ndash;2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u0026ndash;2.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eB. PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ea) Effects of different angles of a rectangular slot on the ground plane\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA rectangular slot has been cut from the ground plane which is tilted to different angles such as 0\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 5\u003csup\u003eo,\u003c/sup\u003e and 10\u003csup\u003eo,\u003c/sup\u003e and its different geometries are depicts in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. At a 5\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e tilt of the rectangular slot, return loss is increased, and as it rises, VSWR falls. Resonant frequency has been changed for three different angles 0\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 5\u003csup\u003eo,\u003c/sup\u003e and 10\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e are 2.18 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 2.65 GHz respectively. Different parameters for this are tabulated in Table II.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eb) Effects of changing W\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable IV. Different parameters for different back conductor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent back conductor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS(1,1) (dB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain (dB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandwidth\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(GHz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResonant frequency (GHz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull conductive back\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-20.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u0026ndash;2.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectangular ring type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u0026ndash;2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne rectangular patch is attached to the ground plane or a T-shaped stub is connected to the ground plane. The width of the T-shaped stub\u0026rsquo;s head is increased or decreased to analyze the effect on return loss that is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Resonant frequency is different for different widths W\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28, 28.5 and 29 mm respectively. Different parameters for different widths are tabulated in Table III.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec) Effects of back conductor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn most cases, a full back conductor plane is employed to reflect radiation towards the top plane, resulting in a unidirectional radiation pattern. The proposed rectenna is intended to emit radiation in all directions. So that rectangular slot has been cut out from that full-back rectangle which results in a rectangular ring-type back conductor. This proposed back conductor converts the unidirectional to omnidirectional radiation pattern. A diagram of a full back conductor and rectangular ring-type conductor is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Different parameters for different back conductors are tabulated in Table IV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe suggested CBCPW antenna's structure is constructed in accordance with the design depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. It is very compact, easy to fabricate, and a very cheap antenna. This proposed antenna is operated at 2.5 GHz and the microstrip feed point input impedance is nearly about 50Ω. Subminiature Version A (SMA) connector is connected to the antenna\u0026rsquo;s feed point for measurement purposes. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e displays the measured and predicted values of return loss for the proposed antenna. Measured return loss in the figure is less than \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10 dB that is \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;31.78 dB which covers the total impedance bandwidth from 2.17\u0026ndash;2.87 GHz. Analysis of measured and simulated results of gain is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Maximum value of gain at the operating frequency 2.5 GHz is 1.84dB. Surface current density distribution is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e which has maximum current at the feed line and the head of the T stub. Simulated and measured results of the radiation pattern depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e as the E-plane and H-plane are in the x-z plane and y-z plane respectively. H-plane shows most likely an omnidirectional radiation pattern which is useful in rectenna design for RF energy harvesting purposes. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e discusses the measuring setup for the proposed antenna. The measuring setup of the proposed antenna is situated 1.5 meters away from the reference horn antenna and is connected to a revolving arm that rotates 360 degrees.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eC. RECTIFIER DESIGN\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectifier design for RF energy harvesting applications is an essential component of rectenna design. The three primary components of a rectifying circuit are the impedance matching circuit built in between the antenna receiver and the rectifier for maximum power transfer, the rectifier circuit for converting RF to DC, and the DC filter with the load. An efficient rectifier should have high power sensitivity, low power consumption and high-power handling capacity. Rectifying circuit mainly depends upon input impedance and this input impedance is always changing due to the input power, frequency and load resistance. The Keysight Advanced Design System (ADS) software is used for designing schematic and layout of rectifier circuits. The ambient environment provides a very low RF power density of less than 1mW/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, it becomes very challenging for researchers to make PCE highly efficient. Different types of rectifier circuits have been proposed in various theories [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This work implements and designs a single-stage voltage doubler rectifier for RF energy harvesting purposes. This rectifier design arrangement is preferable to the others because it delivers high output power and good PCE. A FR4 substrate witha relative permittivity of 4.4, a 0.8mm thickness, and a dissipation factor of 0.02 is used to print the rectifier design. The Block diagram of the rectifying circuit is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. Assume Vin\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;A.sint in the voltage doubler rectifier circuit depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,and the waveform's positive half-cycle Diode D2 rectifies Vin, and capacitor C2 stores the charge. By rectifying the waveform Vin's negative half cycle, diode D1 stores the charge in capacitance C1. Capacitor C1 charges up, and capacitor C2 receives that charge. So that charge at C2 becomes two times compared to single series diode rectifier configuration. The Skyworks SMS7630 Schottky diode is used in this rectifier design with 3 V of breakdown voltage, 20Ω of internal resistance, and 60\u0026ndash;120 mV of forwarding voltage at 0.1mA. This diode is useful to get high switching and low forward voltage which gives high PCE for rectenna design. Through the ADS software, first, we have to find out the input impedance versus frequency plot for the rectifier design with the use of LSSP tools. For optimal power transfer, it is necessary to construct and simulate an Impedance Matching Network (IMN) based on the rectifier circuit's input impedance between both the antenna receiver and the rectifier circuit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMN is a very important and interesting part of the rectenna system for making high PCE. It becomes challenging to match them both because of the fluctuating RF energy gain from the surrounding environment and the nonlinearity of the rectifier's diodes, which alter based on numerous factors like load, frequency, and input impedance. Moreover, IMN changes as frequency and input impedance change. A novel IMN with one stub has been simulated and implemented for the 2.5 GHz center frequency in this research. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the rectifier circuit's configuration, with the millimeter-scale measurements (mm).The fabrication has been done on the FR4 substrate and shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e. The simulated result of return loss for frequency for rectification is drawn in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e which goes up to -50dB less than the \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10dB. The load resistance has been simulated and optimised so that it gives a better conversion efficiency response for different input power levels. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e depicts simulated results of the power conversion efficiency for various load resistance (2KΩ\u0026ndash; 12KΩ) for the number of input power levels such as -10dBm, -5dBm, 0dBm and 5dBm. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e discussed the simulated results of the power conversion efficiency for the input power level (-20dBm to 10dBm) for the parametric\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable IV. List of Low power Devices/Sensors\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow power Devices/Sensors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower consumed (in W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmartwatch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO detector\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas detector\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWearable sensor node\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 \u0026micro;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003evariation of the load resistance such as 5KΩ, 3KΩ and 2KΩ. At last, 2KΩ load resistance is chosen for the rectifying circuit design.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Iii. Rectenna Measurement And Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rectenna system is mainly used for RF energy harvesting in wireless sensor network applications. Rectenna has been designed and fabricated as presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e. Both fabricated rectifier and the antenna design is connected with SMA male to male RF coax adapter. The measurement arrangement is demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e in which the horn antenna is connected to a signal generator and has been made to operate at 2.5 GHz. Total fixed distance is maintained between the horn antenna and rectenna which is approximately 41 cm which is a far-field distance. Far-field distance (R) is calculated from the formula given below,\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$R= \\frac{2{d}^{2}}{\\lambda }$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e is the largest size of the antenna and \u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e is the wavelength of the antenna at which it operates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA voltmeter is connected to the load resistance of the rectenna to find out the voltage at the output. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) can be evaluated from the value of output voltage (V\u003csub\u003eout\u003c/sub\u003e) across the resistor, input power level (P\u003csub\u003ein\u003c/sub\u003e) detected by the antenna receiver and load resistance (R\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e) as written below,\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$PCE\\left(\\%\\right)=\\frac{{\\left({V}_{out}\\right)}^{2}}{{R}_{L}\\times {P}_{in}}\\times 100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig20\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the simulated and measured findings of output voltage and power conversion efficiency versus input power level. By gradually changing the load resistance value from 5000 to 3000 to 2000, and then selecting 2000 for the rectenna design, which provides the highest efficiency in comparison to other resistance, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e. At a 5 dBm input power level, a simulated output voltage of 1.5 V and simulated power conversion efficiency of 35% have been seen. The measured maximum PCE is 33.5% at a 5 dBm input power level, and the difference between the measured and simulated values is due to fabrication losses. As input power levels increase, the output voltage increases as well, however as input power levels increase, the PCE increases initially and subsequently decreases. The output voltage doesn't increase as much with an increase in input power level, which causes the PCE to decrease. As it works on the low power, so we must know about some sensor nodes power consumption. Some name of sensor nodes with its power consumption is listed in Table IV.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Iv. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA novel monopole CBCPW fed rectenna has been proposed and designed with a modified back conductor at 2.5 GHz resonant frequency. A rectangular ring-shaped back conductor has been used to achieve an omnidirectional radiation pattern, reduced antenna cross-sectional area of 50\u0026times;40 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and magnificent return loss which is required for RF energy harvesting in WSN applications. With the proposed antenna receiver, a novel impedance matching circuit that perfectly matches a wide range of input power levels from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20 dBm to 10 dBm has been developed in the rectifier circuit. To design rectennas, one stub matching network has been created, and the results from simulated and measured show little difference. At an input power level of 5 dBm, load resistance of 2 K, and an output voltage of 1.89 V, the maximum conversion efficiency has been observed to be 33.5%.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Ojaroudi, S. Yazdanifard, N. Ojaroudi and M. Naser-Moghaddasi, \"Small Square Monopole Antenna With Enhanced Bandwidth by Using Inverted T-Shaped Slot and Conductor-Backed Plane,\" in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.\u0026nbsp;59, no. 2, pp.\u0026nbsp;670\u0026ndash;674, Feb. 2011, doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1109/TAP.2010.2096386\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1109/TAP.2010.2096386\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQ. Hou, H. Tang, Y. Liu and X. 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IEEE Microwave Magazine, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(4), 108\u0026ndash;120.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Coplanar waveguide, Slotted antenna, WLAN, Energy harvesting","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1913574/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1913574/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWireless Sensor Networks have numerous applications in several fields like Military, HealthCare, Surveillance applications, Agriculture monitoring etc. It is worth mentioning here that developing countries and low income countries are still deprived of availing the benefits of wireless sensor networks (wsn) due to their high cost and poor life time. Since, most of the wireless sensor networks work in an unattended environment; therefore it is not possible to charge the motes. Motes become dead after getting discharged and huge expenditure in creating wireless sensor network becomes meaningless. We have no other option except to install some energy harvesting device in the motes to make the wsn technology economical and suitable for developing and low income countries. A novel and compact monopole conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) fed rectenna design is proposed for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The rectenna's maximum measured power conversion efficiency (PCE), tested at 2.5 GHz, 2KΩ of load resistance, and 1.89 V of output voltage, is determined to be 33.5%.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A novel rectenna design: To make Wireless Sensor Network\nTechnology Affordable for Low-Income Countries","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-08-29 19:44:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1913574/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7267ee5f-5a77-4ca4-9e7c-2cc5fb3cfe9a","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 29th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-08-29T19:44:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-08-29 19:44:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1913574","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1913574","identity":"rs-1913574","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}