Antibacterial Efficacy of Peppermint Oil Microcapsules on Denim: A Comparative Study of Washing Resistance

Antibacterial Efficacy of Peppermint Oil Microcapsules on Denim: A Comparative Study of Washing Resistance | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Antibacterial Efficacy of Peppermint Oil Microcapsules on Denim: A Comparative Study of Washing Resistance Merve Doğan, Eda Göz, Mehmet Yüceer This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4534238/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Incorporating Mentha piperita essential oils into denim fabrics was investigated using three distinct microencapsulation techniques: simple coacervation, interfacial polymerization, and microfluidics. The encapsulated essential oils were applied to 3/1Z, 100% cotton denim through novel finishing, coating, and coating-washing methodologies. A comprehensive evaluation of the performance characteristics of the fabric, including tensile strength, abrasion resistance, dry and wet rub fastness, and color difference, was conducted. Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) meticulously characterized the microcapsules. Initial results demonstrated that the fabric maintained complete antibacterial efficacy up to the first home wash across all encapsulation methods. However, a gradual decline in antibacterial activity was observed in subsequent wash cycles. In conclusion, the microcapsules generated via the microfluidic technique exhibited superior durability, retaining 80% antibacterial activity after five wash cycles. These findings offer valuable insights into the sustainable application of natural antibacterial agents within the functional textile industry. Denim Fabric microencapsulation peppermint oil antibacterial properties sustainable textiles functional textiles essential oils Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 1. Introduction Technical textiles are increasingly integrated into our daily lives, fulfilling functional needs and meeting expectations. Moreover, consumers seek practical and aesthetically appealing product features, making personal comfort, care, and hygiene crucial and rapidly growing sectors. These factors also play a vital role in the denim production sector of the textile industry. Therefore, focusing on technical textiles represents a developmental trajectory for the future of the textile industry. Within this context, fabrics have been combined with different materials to achieve these desired properties, and the microencapsulation technique plays a significant role in this process. Microencapsulation involves encapsulating solid particles, liquid droplets, or gas bubbles within small particles, creating a film layer that protects the inner material from environmental conditions [ 1 ]. Current textile applications of microencapsulation focus on pest control, repellents, dyes, vitamins, antimicrobial materials, phase-changing materials, and essential oils derived from volatile endemic plants [ 2 ]. The structure of microcapsules varies depending on the core material and the microencapsulation process. The literature reports that natural agents have antibacterial activity like green tea, aloe vera, peppermint oil, red pepper seed oil, clove oil, and rosemary oil exhibit antibacterial effects when applied directly or through microencapsulation on textile surfaces [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The literature contains numerous studies exploring the antimicrobial activity of different essential oils [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. These studies have investigated the antimicrobial properties of various essential oils, including Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree), Origanum vulgare (Oregano), Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove), Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon), Boswellia carterii, sacra, papyrifera , and frereana (Frankincense), Citrus limon (Lemon), Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Mentha piperita (Peppermint), Abies alba (White Fir), Juniperus virginiana (Cedarwood), Thuja plicata (Arborvitae), Gaultheria fragrantissima (Wintergreen), Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel), Cananga odorata (Ylang Ylang), Cinnamomum cassia (Cassia), Citrus sinensis (Wild Orange), and Cymbopogon flexuosus (Lemon Grass). For instance, Varona et al. [ 6 ] conducted a survey investigating the antimicrobial activity of lavender essential oil against three pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus ). They employed soybean lecithin, n-octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified starch, and polycaprolactone as carrier materials for essential oil microencapsulation. Ghayempour and Mortavazi [ 7 ] studied the retention and properties of peppermint oil flavour encapsulated within an alginate biopolymer. They determined the particle size distribution of the micro-nano capsules using SEM analysis. They assessed essential oil stability through techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the Clevenger apparatus. Martucci et al. [ 8 ] obtained two essential oils from dried oregano leaves, lavender leaves, and flowers. They evaluated the antibacterial activity of these oils using gelatin-based films and the agar diffusion method. Furthermore, they investigated optical-mechanical properties, water vapour permeability, and lipid oxidation properties. Aumeeruddy-Elalfi et al. [ 10 ] examined the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from seven exotic and two endemic medicinal plants against 18 microorganisms. Singh et al. [ 19 ] evaluated the antibacterial activity of peppermint ( Mentha piperita L) oil and various extracts of Mentha piperita against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Reddy et al. [ 4 ] investigated the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Mentha x Piperita L. essential oils on different microorganisms ( Staphylococcus aureus (42.44 ± 0.10 mm), Micrococcus flavus (40.01 ± 0.10 mm), Bacillus subtilis (38.18 ± 0.11 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (35.14 ± 0.08 mm), Salmonella enteritides), and different fungal species (Alternaria alternaria (38.16 ± 0.10 mm), Fusarium tabacinum (35.24 ± 0.03 mm), Penicillum spp. (34.10 ± 0.02 mm), Fusarium oxyporum (33.44 ± 0.06 mm), and Aspergillus fumigates (30.08 ± 0.08 mm)). The maximal and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values were determined in the range of 10.22 ± 0.17 to 38.16 ± 0.10 and 0.50 ± 0.03 to 10.0 ± 0.14 lg/ml for yeast and fungi, respectively. Chraibi et al. [ 17 ] prepared a mixture of Mentha pulegium, Ormenis mixta and Mentha piperita essential oils. The antimicrobial activity of this mixture was investigated against S. aereus, E. coli and C. tropicalis. The synergistic effect between M. piperita and M. pulegium provide high antibacterial activity. Al-Abri et al. [ 20 ] isolated essential oil from Laurus nobilis . The antibacterial activity was investigated by three bacterial ( Staphylococus aereus, Pseudomanas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli ) and one fungal strain ( Candida albicans ). The highest and lowest activity was found as Staphylococus aereus and Escherichia coli , respectively. The essential oil also has antifungal properties against Candida albicans. Dinh et al. [ 21 ] searched the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Popowia pisocarpa. Escherichia coli , Staphylococus aereus, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus fermentum, Pseudomanas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica were used to investigate the effect of essential oil. Moreover, Candida albicans were also used. According to their results, essential oils did not affect Pseudomanas aeruginosa and Candida Albicans. Afkar [ 22 ] used salicylic acid-treated Mentha piperita essential oils against six human pathogenic bacteria ( Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes). This research showed that by changing the amount and composition of essential oils, salicylic acid elicitors improve their antimicrobial properties against human pathogenic bacteria. Saba et al. [ 18 ] investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Mentha spicata L. essential oils. Spearmint samples were collected from agroclimatic regions (arid, irrigated, hilly, drought-stressed). S. aureus, B. pumilis, B. cereus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. poona, E. coli, A. flavus, F. solani, A. solani, R. solani, A. alternata , A. niger and M. mucedo were used within the antibacterial studies. The results of this study indicated that spearmint essential oil extracted from the hilly region exhibited the highest yield compared to other regions. At the same time, drought-stressed derived essential oil represented the highest contents of individual bioactive components with maximum antibacterial activity. These are just a few examples of the numerous studies exploring the antimicrobial properties of essential oils. Additionally, a limited number of studies compared to only antimicrobial activity studies have applied essential oils with antibacterial properties to textile surfaces using different methods [ 23 ]. For instance, Walentowska et al. [ 24 ] investigated the antimicrobial activity of thyme essential oil on linen-cotton blended fabric and linen fabric, examining bacterial growth, mould growth, and fabric strength. Javid et al. [ 25 ] prepared chitosan microcapsules to encapsulate essential oils, enhancing the functionality of cotton fabric and testing antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus . Karagönlü et al. [ 26 ] encapsulated thyme oil with a complex coacervation method, using gelatine and gum Arabic as wall materials, and assessed antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans . Lopez et al. [ 27 ] prepared antimicrobial microcapsules, including essential oils, using complex coacervation. In this study, chitosan and gum Arabic were used as wall structures. On the other hand, Lavender was used as a core agent. Microparticles were characterized with optical microscopy techniques, infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), zetasizer, and UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy techniques. Antibacterial properties of the microcapsules were investigated using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Fernandez et al. [ 28 ] investigated the encapsulation of the essential oil of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) with β-cyclodextrin. Additionally, this structure was applied to cotton fabric. Within the characterization study, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were incorporated into the scour-bleached cotton fabric using the pad-dry-cure method. The developed cotton fabrics were further characterized using SEM and FTIR. Fiedler et al. [ 29 ] applied Aloe vera microcapsules to obtain bio-functional textiles on cotton nonwovens. Simple coacervation methods prepared microcapsules. The characterization study included optical and Scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, FTIR and whiteness index. Julaeha et al. [ 30 ] microencapsulated lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ) oil and investigated its antibacterial activity on cotton fabric against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumonia, and S. epidermis . Soroh et al. [ 31 ] developed an essential oil (E.O.)-loaded textile coating using a microemulsion technique to investigate antimicrobial and mosquito-repellent functionalities. According to the results, textiles treated with essential oils of the litsea and lemon microemulsion have potent antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and T. rubrum . After treating microencapsulated essential oil, Indrie et al. [ 32 ] investigated cellulosic fabrics' mechanical and morphological properties. Within the morphological evaluation tests, SEM, and ATR-FTIR analyses were carried out. Moreover, tensile strength analysis was done. According to the results, the tensile strength of the fabric increased by 20%, and 39% in the warp and weft directions were improved in the presence of salvia. Sariişik et al. [ 33 ] prepared citronella oil-ethyl cellulose microcapsule using the coacervation method for insect-repellent textiles. FTIR, SEM, and GC-MS analyses were performed within the characterization study. An insecticide efficiency test of fabrics was performed using dimensional change after washing, weight change, colour measurements, and fastness analysis. Ivedi et al. [ 34 ] investigated the antibacterial potential of sweet almond and lavender oil. These essential oils were encapsulated with ethylcellulose using the spray dryer method. Denim and non-denim fabrics were treated with these capsules, and bacteria effectiveness was improved with Staphylococus aureus and Escherichia Coli. Denim microcapsules provided a reduction of bacteria by around 97%. When the literature is examined, it is seen that microencapsulation is mainly created with a single method. Also, studies on the antimicrobial activity of microcapsules on textile surfaces are limited. Therefore, studies on this subject are still open to research. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been conducted on the antibacterial activity of Mentha piperita L. essential oil on denim fabric. In our proposed research, we aim to transfer Mentha piperita L. essential oil microcapsules, prepared using three different microencapsulation techniques (simple coacervation, interfacial polymerization, and microfluidic device), onto denim fabric to enhance its performance properties. The antibacterial properties of the microcapsules were evaluated against E. coli , and the washing resistance of this feature was investigated. This study will contribute to the understanding of the antimicrobial potential of Mentha piperita L. essential oil and its application in textile products, specifically denim fabric. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Test fabrics 100% cotton woven denim fabric (3/1 Z, 373 g/m 2 , 28 x 21) was used in this study. 2.1.2. Peppermint oil Peppermint oil, obtained from Mentha piperita L., was used as the internal phase in this study. The essential oils were obtained through a steam distillation system used for extracting. 2.1.3. Chemical materials The following chemicals were used in the experiment: • Arabic Gum (CAS number: 9000-01-5) • Sodium Sulphate (Na 2 SO 4 ) (CAS Number: 7757-82-6) • Formaldehyde (CAS Number: 50-00-0) • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (CAS Number: 1370-73-2) • Emulsifier W.N. (CAS Number: 104376-72-9) • Denimcol fix (CAS Number: 68603-87-2) • Ongronate (CAS Number: 101-68-8) • PVA (CAS Number: 9003-20-7) • PEG 400 (CAS Number: 75-21-8) • Addocat 201 (CAS Number: 77-58-7) • EDTA (CAS Number: 6381-92-6) • Romapol 1496 (CAS Number: 9043-30-5) • Fixapret Resin (CAS Number: 136-84-5) • Curite 5184 (CAS Number: 50-00-0) 2.1.4. Instruments Characterization of the samples was carried out using the following instruments: • Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, HITACHI) • FTIR (Agilent tech- Cary 630 FTIR) • Optical microscope 2.2. Methods This study employed three methods for microencapsulation: simple coacervation, interface polymerization, and microfluidic devices. 2.2.1. Preparation of Microcapsules: Three different methods were employed to prepare the microcapsules: simple coacervation, interfacial polymerization, and microfluidic device. 2.2.1.1. Simple Coacervation: Arabic gum was used as the wall material for simple coacervation, while peppermint oil served as the core material. To prepare the wall material, 100 g of gum Arabic was dissolved in 1000 mL of hot distilled water. The mixture was stirred at 1000 rpm for 2 hours, maintaining the temperature between 55°C and 60°C. During this process, foam formed by the gum Arabic was periodically removed. Two different core materials (Core-I, Core-II) were prepared. The composition of the core materials is presented in Table 1. The core-to-wall ratio was determined as 1:2. The outer phase solution was added slowly to the core solution and mixed in a mechanical mixer for 1 hour. NaOH was added to adjust the pH to a basic environment (pH: 9.2-9.3), and the mixture was stirred at 1000 rpm for 30 minutes due to the swelling properties of gum Arabic. Formaldehyde was added at half the amount of the internal phase, and the solution was mixed for an additional 30 minutes to stabilize the formed capsules. The refrigeration of the mixture was employed to enhance and increase the formation of microcapsules. Subsequently, the microcapsules were observed under an optical microscope. Detailed information regarding the microcapsules prepared using the simple coacervation method with two different formulations (SC-1, SC-2) is provided below. Simple coacervation recipe no.1 (SC-1): For this recipe, gum Arabic was used as the wall material, and the essential oil of Mentha piperita served as the internal phase. The wall phase was prepared by dissolving 100 g of Arabic Gum in 1000 ml of hot distilled water. The solution was stirred at 1000 rpm for 2 hours at a temperature of 55-60°C. Any foam formed by the gum Arabic was periodically removed during this process. To create the internal phase, 3 ml of peppermint oil, 60 ml of water, and 6 ml of emulsifier, W.N., was mixed for 1 hour. The external phase solution was added twice to the core solution and mixed for 1 hour, resulting in a core-to-wall ratio of 1:2. The pH was adjusted using a 1% NaOH solution. To stabilize the capsules, formaldehyde, equivalent to half the amount of the internal phase, was added. The microcapsules were then observed under an optical microscope and applied to denim fabric using a finishing process. Simple coacervation recipe no.2 (SC-2): In Recipe No. 2, the microcapsules were synthesized with a change in the properties of the internal phase. Unlike SC-1, 3 ml of peppermint oil, 150 ml of water, and 15 ml of Emulsifier W.N. were mixed for 1 hour using a mechanical stirrer to form the internal phase. The resulting microcapsules were examined under an optical microscope and applied to the fabric. 2.2.1.2. Interface polymerization : For the interface polymerization method, the following steps were performed: 1. Core Phase Preparation: 2.5 g of peppermint oil and 50 mL of distilled water were mixed at 80°C and 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. 2. Denimcol Fix Addition: 2.5 g of Denimcol Fix and 10 mL of distilled water were added to the prepared mixture. The mixing was continued at the same speed. 3. OngroNat Addition: A blend of 50 mL of water and 10 g of OngroNat was added to the existing mixture, and the mixing at the same rate was continued for another 10 minutes. 4. PVA and Water Mixture: 5.2 g of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) and 320 mL of distilled water were mixed for 3 minutes at 80°C and added to the mixture. 5. Addocat and PEG-400 Addition: A mixture of 32 mL of water, 14 mL of PEG-400 (polyethylene-glycol-400), and 0.5 g of Addocat were added to the previously prepared mixture. This process was continued for 1 hour at 80°C, maintaining the current rate. 6. EDTA Addition: A mixture of 13 mL of water and 2.6 mL of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) was added to the existing mix, which was continued for 1 hour. 7. Capsule Solution Preparation: The capsule solution was obtained after the above processes. Microcapsule solutions prepared through interface polymerization were used in two different application methods: coating and finishing. The cooled microcapsule solution was applied to denim fabric and cured at 150°C for 2 minutes. The formulation of interface polymerization is presented in Table 2. Interface polymerization-finishing application recipe number 1 (IP-1): The capsule solution was prepared for this recipe following the procedure in Section 2.2.1.2. Then, 80 grams of the prepared capsule solution was mixed with 2 g of Romapol 1496, 20 g of Fixaprete Resin-NF, and 5 g of Currite 5184 for 10 minutes at 2000 rpm. This formulation was prepared and applied to the fabric using two different methods. Interface polymerization-finishing application recipe number 2 (IP-2): Similar to the previous recipe, the capsule solution was prepared using the same method. In this case, 160 grams of the prepared capsule solution was mixed with 2 g of Romapol 1496, 20 g of Fixaprete Resin-NF, and 5 g of Currite 5184 for 10 minutes at 2000 rpm. This formulation was also prepared and applied to the fabric using coating and finishing. The cooled microcapsule solution was finished on denim fabric and cured at 150°C for 2 minutes. Interface polymerization-coating application recipe 1 (IP-1, C): The microcapsule solution, prepared according to the IP-1 recipe, was applied to the denim fabric using the stripper coating technique. Interface polymerization-coating + washing application recipe number 1 (IP-1, C&W): The microcapsule solution, prepared following the IP-1 recipe, was applied to the denim fabric using the stripper coating technique. After the coating process, it was washed with water using a stripper. Interface polymerization-coating application recipe number 2 (IP-2, C): The microcapsule solution, prepared according to the IP-2 recipe, was applied to the denim fabric using the stripper coating technique. Interface polymerization-coating + washing application recipe number 2 (IP-2, C&W): The microcapsule solution, prepared following the IP-2 recipe, was applied to the denim fabric using the stripper coating technique. After the coating process, it was washed with water using a stripper. 2.2.1.3. Microfluidic device: A microfluidic device that produces microcapsules containing essential peppermint oil followed the same preparation method until the stabilization stage, as described in the SC-1 recipe, with the same proportions. After adding a 1% NaOH solution, mechanical stirring was conducted at 1000 rpm for 30 minutes. The prepared mixture was then poured into the solution chamber of the microfluidic device. The mixture was passed through fine channels twice under a pressure of 20 psia. Subsequently, the microcapsule solution was obtained and allowed to cool. After 2 hours, the microcapsules were observed under an optical microscope, and the obtained microcapsules were applied to the denim fabric using a finishing process. 2.2.2. Determination of the antibacterial activity of fabric (ASTM E2149-01): The antibacterial activity of the treated fabric samples was assessed following the ASTM E2149-01 method using E. coli bacteria. The procedure is described as follows: Cultures of E. coli were incubated in a nutrient broth medium, and the colony-forming units (CFU) per mL of the cultures were determined using the plate count technique after incubation. The cultures were diluted with 0.3 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) to create standard culture solutions with a 3x10 8 CFU/ml concentration. Throughout the study, 0.3 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) was used. Sterilized flasks containing 50 ml of buffer were prepared. To each flask, 1 ml of the standard culture solution was added. In the flasks, 1 g of the treated fabric samples and 1 g of untreated fabric (control sample) were added. The cultures were incubated at 37°C and 150 rpm for 24 hours. After the incubation period, serial dilutions were made from the cultures. The plate count technique was used to inoculate petri dishes with the diluted cultures. The petri dishes were incubated for 24 hours, and the colonies were counted. The antibacterial activity was calculated using the percentage reduction (R%). The percentage reduction was determined using the following formula: Where: A = number of E. coli bacteria in the test sample at the end of the specified contact time (CFU/ml) B = number of E. coli bacteria in the control sample at the end of the specified contact time (CFU/ml) 2.2.3. Fabric performance tests: Various tests were conducted on the fabric samples by different standards to assess their performance. The following tests were performed under laboratory conditions: 2.2.3.1. Wear resistance (ASTM D 4966, ASTM D 5034, AATCC 173, TS EN ISO 105-X12): Circular samples with a diameter of 38 mm were cut from each fabric sample. The wear resistance of the samples was determined using a Martindale abrasion tester. Mass measurements were taken, and the fabric thickness was measured using a Baker Fabric Thickness Gauge after each abrasion cycle. The samples were subjected to 2000 friction cycles. 2.2.3.2. Tensile strength: Tensile strength was measured using the James H. Heal Titan Universal Strength Tester-2. Test specimens with dimensions of 50x300 mm were prepared for both the warp and weft directions. T1 jaws and 3000 N load cells were used at a jaw speed of 100 mm/s. The maximum force (N) required to break the test samples was recorded as the tensile strength. Elongation, which represents the increase in the length of the test sample, was also measured. 2.2.3.3. Spectrophotometric measurement: The test samples were evaluated in terms of L, a, b, ∆E, YIE (yellowness index), and WIE (whiteness index) values using the Datacolor 650 spectrophotometer. Measurements were taken at an illuminator setting of D65 and an angle of 100 degrees. The results were obtained as the average of four measures, with the samples being rotated 90 degrees after each measurement. 2.2.3.4. Dry and wet rubbing fastness: The test samples ' dry and wet rubbing fastness was determined using the Atlas CM-5 crock meter. A 5x14 cm test sample was cut and placed in the corresponding section. The test sample and a standard test fabric were rubbed together ten times. The test fabric was wetted with distilled water for the wet rubbing fastness measurement. The evaluation was conducted under average daylight at a 45-degree angle using a grayscale. 3. Results and discussion In the Results and Discussion section, the analysis results of the study were presented, focusing on the antibacterial activities of peppermint oil microcapsules obtained using different methods. The study aimed to impart antibacterial properties to the fabric and assess the continuity of these properties after 1, 5, and 10 house washes. The results provide insights into the antibacterial effectiveness of the material treated with peppermint oil microcapsules. 3.1. Characterization results of microcapsules The characterization results of the microcapsules were obtained through an optical microscope (O.M.) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses, as well as Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy analyses for chemical structure determination. 3.1.1. Optical microscope results: Figure 1 shows the microcapsule images obtained through the simple coacervation method (SC-1, SC-2). Figure 2 displays the microcapsule images obtained through the interface polymerization method (1st formulation and 2nd formulation). Figure 3 presents the microcapsule images synthesized using the microfluidic device. The interface polymerization method yielded higher microcapsule density than the simple coacervation method, as shown in the picture. The 2nd formulation exhibited a higher microcapsule density among the interface polymerization formulations. 3.1.2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results: Figures 4 – 12 show SEM images that were taken to monitor the adhesion of microcapsules to the fabric surface, their density, and their location after different treatments. In each figure, the first image represents the fabric treated with the microcapsule solution, while the second image shows the same material after undergoing five home washes. The SEM images clearly show the presence of peppermint oil microcapsules on the fabric before and after different treatments. The images provide visual evidence of the microcapsules' presence and adhesion to the fabric surface. The purpose of conducting SEM analysis on the five home-washed materials is to demonstrate the permanence and durability of the microcapsules on the fabric even after repeated washings. By comparing the SEM images before and after washing, the study can assess the retention of microcapsules on the fabric's surface, and it serves as supporting evidence for the antibacterial test results. Overall, the SEM images are crucial in visually confirming the presence and adhesion of peppermint oil microcapsules on the fabric. They also help understand their behaviour and performance after washing and other treatments. Based on the examination of the images, it can be observed that the microcapsules shown in all three methods are attached to the fabric. As mentioned earlier, a higher density of microcapsules was mainly observed in samples synthesized using the interface polymerization method. This higher density of microcapsules adhering to the fabric can also be observed in the fabrics treated with microcapsule solutions prepared by interface polymerization compared to those treated with solutions prepared by other methods. Furthermore, the density of microcapsules on the fabric surface remains relatively unchanged even after five washing cycles. The higher microcapsule density in the fabric treated with the interface polymerization method can be attributed to the higher concentration of microcapsules in the solution than other methods. Additionally, the stronger adhesion of microcapsules to the fabric surface after washing indicates that the microcapsule solution prepared by interface polymerization forms a more robust bond with the fabric surface. 3.1.3. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy: The FTIR spectra shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 provide information about the chemical bonds present in peppermint samples and fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions. In Fig. 13 , the FTIR spectrum of peppermint samples indicates the presence of specific chemical bonds. The C-H stretch bonds at 2900 cm⁻¹ and C-H bending bonds at 1380 cm⁻¹ indicate the presence of C-H bonds at different energy levels in Mentha piperita L. essential oil. C-O stretch bonds are also observed at wavelengths ranging from 1050 cm⁻¹ to 1250 cm⁻¹. Figure 14 shows the FTIR spectrum of fabric samples, treated and untreated with microcapsule solutions prepared by different methods (simple coacervation, standard finish, microfluidic, and interface polymerization). In this spectrum, characteristic -O.H. stretch bonds for cotton are observed at 3350 cm⁻¹ wavelengths, indicating the presence of hydroxyl groups in cotton. The C-H stretch bonds at 2900 cm⁻¹ wavelengths also indicate the presence of C-H bonds in the fabric samples. Furthermore, C-O stretch bonds are observed at 1050 cm⁻¹ wavelengths. No significant structural differences are observed when comparing the FTIR spectra of 100% cotton fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions prepared by different methods. The ranges of chemical bonds behave similarly, indicating that the treatment methods do not cause substantial changes in the fabric's chemical structure. However, there may be slight differences in absorbance values, suggesting variations in the intensity or concentration of certain chemical bonds. Overall, the FTIR spectra provide insights into the chemical composition of peppermint samples and fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions. They help assess specific bonds' presence and determine if any significant structural changes occur due to the treatment methods. 3.2. Performance Tests Abrasion resistance, tensile strength, spectrophotometric measurement, and dry/wet fastness tests were conducted under laboratory conditions following the ASTM D 4966, ASTM D 5034, AATCC 173, and TS EN ISO 105-X12 standards, respectively. The fabrics were treated with microcapsule solutions prepared before the process, and three different methods were used to test the abrasion resistance at 2000 cycles. This test assessed how well the fabrics can withstand repeated rubbing or friction, simulating everyday wear and tear. The results obtained from the abrasion resistance test for each fabric sample treated with microcapsule solutions prepared using different methods can be analyzed to evaluate their performance. These results provide valuable information regarding the fabrics' durability, longevity, and resistance to damage or wear over time. The results are presented in Table 3 . Figure 15 displays denim fabric images after the abrasion resistance testing, visually representing the fabric's condition. The weft-warp breaking values for tensile strength are shown in Fig. 16 . The treated fabrics exhibit similar weft-breaking values compared to the pre-treatment fabric. However, there is a decrease of approximately 5–10% in the warp-breaking values. This reduction can be attributed to the finishing and coating applications being predominantly applied to the warp-dominant front side of the fabric, resulting in less impact on the weft. Nevertheless, this decrease is not expected to significantly affect the fabric's overall performance. The weft-warp tear values in Fig. 17 also decrease in both directions compared to the pre-treatment fabric. It is worth noting that a standard finishing application typically results in an average strength loss of around 15%. Therefore, the observed values can be considered within normal limits. The dry and wet fastness of the fabrics were evaluated, and the results are presented in Table 4 . The fastness ratings range from 1 to 5, with higher values indicating better colour fastness. Applying microcapsule solutions prepared using different methods does not affect the fabric samples' dry and wet fastness values. The ratings remain consistent across all methods, including the pre-treatment fabric. Furthermore, colour measurement was conducted to assess whether any colour change occurred due to the applications. Table 5 summarizes the colour measurement results, comparing the fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions to the untreated fabric. The measurements indicate no significant colour difference between the fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions prepared using peppermint oil by different methods. Overall, the performance tests demonstrate that the microcapsule treatments, regardless of the preparation method, do not harm the fabric's abrasion resistance, tensile strength, tear values, colour fastness, or colour appearance. 3.3. Antibacterial Activity Results The antibacterial activity of denim fabrics treated with peppermint oil microcapsules prepared using different methods was evaluated. Overall, changing patterns of antibacterial activities due to home washing for all samples and techniques used in the study are presented in Fig. 18 . Numerical values corresponding to the antibacterial activity changes before washing and after 1, 5, and 10 home washes can be found in Table 6 . For fabric samples treated with microcapsules prepared using the simple coacervation method, two different recipes (SC-1, SC-2) were employed, and before one home wash, all recipes exhibited a 100% antibacterial effect. However, the antibacterial activity decreased after subsequent home washes. Specifically, for SC-1, the activity decreased by 75% after five home washes and 40% after ten home washes. For SC-2, the activity decreased by 60% after five home washes and 40% after ten home washes. The faster decline in antibacterial activity for SC-2 compared to SC-1 was attributed to the lower peppermint oil used in the microcapsule solution. Additionally, the variation in antibacterial activity among different peppermint oils within the same washing cycle was attributed to minor structural differences resulting from the growth conditions of the peppermint species. The unwashed samples and those subjected to home washing exhibited 100% antibacterial activity, rapidly decreasing after subsequent wash cycles. The fabric samples treated with the coating application of Formulation 1 and Formulation 2 showed the highest antibacterial activity values. The coating application provided better adhesion of microcapsules to the fabric surface compared to impregnation and coating + washing applications. The antibacterial activity of fabric samples treated with microcapsules using the microfluidic method, as shown in Fig. 18 , was assessed. The samples demonstrated 100% antibacterial activity before and after one home wash. Subsequently, even after five home washes, the antibacterial activity remained at 80%, indicating a sustained level of effectiveness. However, after ten home washes, the antibacterial activity declined by up to 40%, indicating a noticeable reduction compared to the initial activity level. Based on SEM images and optical microscope results, it was determined that the interface polymerization method yielded a higher microcapsule density. Even after one washing, many microcapsules were observed adhering to the fabric surface in samples synthesized using interface polymerization. Similar antibacterial effects were observed in all three methods after one home wash. However, in ongoing washing cycles, the interface polymerization method showed the highest decrease in antibacterial activity after five washes despite the high microcapsule density. The microcapsule density does not necessarily affect the bond strength between the microcapsule and the fabric. On the other hand, simple coacervation and microfluidic methods, which have lower microcapsule density but strong bonds with the fabric, better preserved the antibacterial activity. The active substance (peppermint oil) and the microcapsule density influence the antibacterial activity, highlighting the importance of determining optimal conditions. Among the methods used, microcapsules obtained through microfluidic devices (M) demonstrated the highest success, maintaining 80% antibacterial activity even after five home washes. In the interface polymerization method, microcapsules were obtained using two different formulations (1st formulation and 2nd formulation), and they were applied in three ways: coating, coating + washing, and finishing. Table 6 showed no difference in antibacterial activity between coating samples. Similarly, no significant difference was observed between coating + washing and finishing samples. Therefore, there was no difference in antibacterial activity between the two formulations. Furthermore, when using the 1st formulation, coating, coating + washing, and finishing applications of microcapsules resulted in a 100% antibacterial effect after one home wash. However, after five home washes, the coating application exhibited 40% antibacterial activity, while coating + washing and finishing showed 20% and 12%, respectively. The coating application was more successful in adhesion to the fabric surface. The lower antibacterial activity observed in the finishing application of the 1st formulation can be attributed to the duration of the fabric's exposure in the foulard. The results obtained with the 2nd formulation confirmed the findings of the 1st formulation, with the coating method being the most successful and the finishing process being the least successful among the application techniques. 4. Conclusions This investigation successfully employed three distinct methods to encapsulate Mentha piperita L. essential oil and evaluated their antibacterial efficacy on denim fabric. The study yields several key findings: The production and adherence of microcapsules to the fabric surface were verified through optical microscopy and SEM analysis, confirming successful encapsulation. Despite the successful encapsulation, applying microcapsules did not significantly enhance the fabric's abrasion resistance, tensile strength, or fastness to dry and wet conditions. The decrease in warp-breaking values by approximately 10–15% falls within the acceptable range for standard finishing processes. Initially, all encapsulation methods conferred 100% antibacterial effectiveness, which persisted through the first wash. Over time, however, the antibacterial activity diminished, with fabrics treated through interface polymerization experiencing the most significant reduction. Conversely, those treated with the microfluidic device maintained an 80% effectiveness rate after five wash cycles. The findings indicate that both the amount of essential oil and the density of the microcapsules are crucial in determining the antibacterial effectiveness, highlighting the microfluidic device method as particularly influential. The study confirms that microencapsulated peppermint oil offers a promising natural alternative to synthetic antibacterial agents in the textile industry, supporting the development of sustainable antibacterial textile finishes. These conclusions underscore the potential of natural essential oils, specifically peppermint, in the textile industry, pointing to microencapsulation as a feasible method for enhancing the functional properties of fabrics while adhering to sustainability principles. Declarations Author Contribution Merve Doğan: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Eda Göz: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, WritingMehmet Yüceer: Supervision, Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – review & editing Disclosure statement The authors reported no potential conflict of interest. References Wang CX, Chen SL (2005) Aromachology and its application in the textile field. Fibres Text East Eur 13:41–44 Nelson G (2002) Application of microencapsulation in textiles. Int J Pharm 242:55–62. https://10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00141-2 Bakry AM, Abbas S, Barkat A et al (2016) Microencapsulation of oils: A comprehensive review of benefits, techniques, and applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 15:143–182 Bolouri P, Salami R, Kouhi S et al (2022) Applications of essential oils and plant extracts in different industries. Molecules 27:1–17 Sousa VI, Parente JF, Marques JF et al (2022) Microencapsulation of essential oils: A Review polymers. 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Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 84:407–411. https://10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.06.028 Javid A, Ali Raza Z, Hussain T et al (2014) Chitosan microencapsulation of various essential oils to enhance the functional properties of cotton fabric. J Microencapsul 31:461–468 Karagönlü S, Başal G, Ozyılıdz F et al (2018) Preparation of thyme oil loaded microcapsules for textile applications. Int J New Technol Res (IJNTR) 4:1–8 Lopez A, Lis MJ, Maesta F et al (2019) Production and evaluation of antimicrobial microcapsules with essential oils using complex coacervation. J Biomed Eng 12:377–390 Fernandez GS, Falcatan AM, Labaclado LM et al (2020) Microencapsulation of Calamansi (Citrus Microcarpa) essential oil onto β-Cyclodextrin for cotton fabric application. Journal of Textile Science & Fashion Technology – JTSFT 1–5 Fiedler JO, Carmona OG, Carmona CG et al (2020) Application of Aloe Vera microcapsules in cotton nonwovens to obtain biofunctional textiles. J TEXT I 111:68–74 Julaeha E, Puspita S, Eddy DR et al (2021) Microencapsulation of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) oil for antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric. RSC adv 11:1743–1749 Soroh A, Owen L, Rahim N et al (2021) Microemulsification of essential oils for the development of antimicrobial and mosquito repellent functional coatings for textiles. J Appl Microbiol 131:2808–2820 Indrie L, Affandi NDN, Díaz-García P et al (2022) Mechanical and morphological properties of cellulosic fabrics treated with microencapsulated essential oils. Coatings 12:1–16 Sariişik M, Kartal GE, Erkan G et al (2022) Alternative methods for transferring mosquito repellent capsules containing bio-based Citronella oil to upholstery fabrics: Coating and printing. J Coat Technol Res 19:323–336 Ivedi I, Güneşoğlu B, Karavana SY et al (2022) Providing antibacterial properties to denim and non-denim trousers with encapsulation technology. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 34:919–932 Tables Table 1. Composition of core material Core-I Core-II Essential oil (ml) 3 3 Water (ml) 60 150 Emulsifiers WN (ml) 6 15 Table 2. Formulations of Interface Polymerization: 1 st formulation 2 nd formulation Capsule Solutions (g) 80 160 Romapol 1496 (g) 2 2 Fixaprete Resin-NF(g) 20 20 Currite 5184(g) 5 5 Table 3. Abrasion values Physical property Pre-treatment Simple Coacervation Microfluidic Interface Polymerization Abrasion (2000 cycle) 4 4 4-5 4-5 Table 4. Dry and wet fastness. Physical property Pre-treatment Simple Coacervation Microfluidic Interface polymerization Dry fastness 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 Wet fastness 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 Table 5. Colour measurement results L* a* b* ∆E Pre-treatment 27,55 0,83 -7,85 - Simple coacervation 27,62 0,76 -7,83 0,47 Microfluidic 26,50 0,93 -7,82 1,06 Interface polymerization 28,70 0,71 7,76 1,19 Table 6. Changing the antibacterial activities of microcapsules obtained by using different methods due to home washing Fabric Type Product decrease (%) One home wash (% decrease) Five home wash (% decrease) Ten home wash (% decrease) SC-1 100 100 75 40 SC-2 100 100 60 40 IP-1, C 100 100 40 20 IP-2, C 100 98,6 40 20 IP-1, C&W 100 100 20 12 IP-2, C&W 100 100 18 12 IP-1 100 100 12 8 IP-2 100 99,8 8 8 Microfluidic 100 100 80 40 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4534238","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":315032748,"identity":"6ae84b5d-561e-46c6-ba4b-8f2a08bbe45f","order_by":0,"name":"Merve Doğan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inonu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Merve","middleName":"","lastName":"Doğan","suffix":""},{"id":315032749,"identity":"5d08da66-4eea-4db4-a6c0-f503624e9bde","order_by":1,"name":"Eda 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after abrasion resistance testing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4534238/v1/3720cc673a84af0b83aea4b6.png"},{"id":58921428,"identity":"85b2300c-1b04-42ee-8fa0-61f3387149bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-24 07:13:27","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":262239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWeft-warp breaking value\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4534238/v1/40540ec0ec48916a05583249.png"},{"id":58921784,"identity":"1d8de684-2054-4c90-b367-be88dd05f0c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-24 07:21:28","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":252450,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWeft-warp tear values\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4534238/v1/e12e68d1fe78544b550a1813.png"},{"id":58921425,"identity":"1a99bacd-f86d-4b36-a47e-50c35eb45604","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-24 07:13:27","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe antibacterial activity was evaluated by measuring the percentage of bacterial reduction against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e bacteria\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4534238/v1/fc8ac3f3e02031203c2ebdb0.png"},{"id":61098678,"identity":"24c637bb-3de5-493b-a2a7-acdaca45b9fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 14:39:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6290192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4534238/v1/212b1992-6a3c-474b-9b93-7f6161479d15.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Antibacterial Efficacy of Peppermint Oil Microcapsules on Denim: A Comparative Study of Washing Resistance","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTechnical textiles are increasingly integrated into our daily lives, fulfilling functional needs and meeting expectations. Moreover, consumers seek practical and aesthetically appealing product features, making personal comfort, care, and hygiene crucial and rapidly growing sectors. These factors also play a vital role in the denim production sector of the textile industry. Therefore, focusing on technical textiles represents a developmental trajectory for the future of the textile industry. Within this context, fabrics have been combined with different materials to achieve these desired properties, and the microencapsulation technique plays a significant role in this process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroencapsulation involves encapsulating solid particles, liquid droplets, or gas bubbles within small particles, creating a film layer that protects the inner material from environmental conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Current textile applications of microencapsulation focus on pest control, repellents, dyes, vitamins, antimicrobial materials, phase-changing materials, and essential oils derived from volatile endemic plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The structure of microcapsules varies depending on the core material and the microencapsulation process. The literature reports that natural agents have antibacterial activity like green tea, aloe vera, peppermint oil, red pepper seed oil, clove oil, and rosemary oil exhibit antibacterial effects when applied directly or through microencapsulation on textile surfaces [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe literature contains numerous studies exploring the antimicrobial activity of different essential oils [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. These studies have investigated the antimicrobial properties of various essential oils, including \u003cem\u003eMelaleuca alternifolia\u003c/em\u003e (Tea Tree), \u003cem\u003eOriganum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e (Oregano), \u003cem\u003eEugenia caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e (Clove), \u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e (Rosemary), \u003cem\u003eLavandula angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e (Lavender), \u003cem\u003eCinnamomum zeylanicum\u003c/em\u003e (Cinnamon), \u003cem\u003eBoswellia carterii, sacra, papyrifera\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003efrereana\u003c/em\u003e (Frankincense), \u003cem\u003eCitrus limon\u003c/em\u003e (Lemon), \u003cem\u003eThymus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (Thyme), \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e (Peppermint), \u003cem\u003eAbies alba\u003c/em\u003e (White Fir), \u003cem\u003eJuniperus virginiana\u003c/em\u003e (Cedarwood), \u003cem\u003eThuja plicata\u003c/em\u003e (Arborvitae), \u003cem\u003eGaultheria fragrantissima\u003c/em\u003e (Wintergreen), \u003cem\u003eFoeniculum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e (Fennel), \u003cem\u003eCananga odorata\u003c/em\u003e (Ylang Ylang), \u003cem\u003eCinnamomum cassia\u003c/em\u003e (Cassia), \u003cem\u003eCitrus sinensis\u003c/em\u003e (Wild Orange), and \u003cem\u003eCymbopogon flexuosus\u003c/em\u003e (Lemon Grass).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor instance, Varona et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] conducted a survey investigating the antimicrobial activity of lavender essential oil against three pathogenic bacteria (\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e). They employed soybean lecithin, n-octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified starch, and polycaprolactone as carrier materials for essential oil microencapsulation. Ghayempour and Mortavazi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] studied the retention and properties of peppermint oil flavour encapsulated within an alginate biopolymer. They determined the particle size distribution of the micro-nano capsules using SEM analysis. They assessed essential oil stability through techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the Clevenger apparatus. Martucci et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] obtained two essential oils from dried oregano leaves, lavender leaves, and flowers. They evaluated the antibacterial activity of these oils using gelatin-based films and the agar diffusion method. Furthermore, they investigated optical-mechanical properties, water vapour permeability, and lipid oxidation properties. Aumeeruddy-Elalfi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] examined the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from seven exotic and two endemic medicinal plants against 18 microorganisms. Singh et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] evaluated the antibacterial activity of peppermint (\u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e L) oil and various extracts of \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Reddy et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Mentha x Piperita L. essential oils on different microorganisms (\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (42.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 mm), \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus flavus\u003c/em\u003e (40.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 mm), \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (38.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (35.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 mm), \u003cem\u003eSalmonella enteritides), and\u003c/em\u003e different fungal species \u003cem\u003e(Alternaria alternaria (38.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 mm), Fusarium tabacinum (35.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mm), Penicillum spp. (34.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 mm), Fusarium oxyporum (33.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 mm), and Aspergillus fumigates (30.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 mm)).\u003c/em\u003e The maximal and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values were determined in the range of 10.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17 to 38.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 and 0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 to 10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14 lg/ml for yeast and fungi, respectively. Chraibi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] prepared a mixture of Mentha pulegium, \u003cem\u003eOrmenis mixta\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e essential oils. The antimicrobial activity of this mixture was investigated against \u003cem\u003eS. aereus, E. coli and C. tropicalis.\u003c/em\u003e The synergistic effect between \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. pulegium\u003c/em\u003e provide high antibacterial activity. Al-Abri et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] isolated essential oil from \u003cem\u003eLaurus nobilis\u003c/em\u003e. The antibacterial activity was investigated by three bacterial (\u003cem\u003eStaphylococus aereus, Pseudomanas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e) and one fungal strain (\u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e). The highest and lowest activity was found as \u003cem\u003eStaphylococus aereus and Escherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. The essential oil also has antifungal properties against \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans.\u003c/em\u003e Dinh et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] searched the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from \u003cem\u003ePopowia pisocarpa. Escherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococus aereus, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus fermentum, Pseudomanas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica\u003c/em\u003e were used to investigate the effect of essential oil. Moreover, \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e were also used. According to their results, essential oils did not affect \u003cem\u003ePseudomanas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCandida Albicans.\u003c/em\u003e Afkar [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] used salicylic acid-treated \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e essential oils against six human pathogenic bacteria (\u003cem\u003eStreptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes).\u003c/em\u003e This research showed that by changing the amount and composition of essential oils, salicylic acid elicitors improve their antimicrobial properties against human pathogenic bacteria. Saba et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of \u003cem\u003eMentha spicata L.\u003c/em\u003e essential oils. Spearmint samples were collected from agroclimatic regions (arid, irrigated, hilly, drought-stressed). \u003cem\u003eS. aureus, B. pumilis, B. cereus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. poona, E. coli, A. flavus, F. solani, A. solani, R. solani, A. alternata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. mucedo\u003c/em\u003e were used within the antibacterial studies. The results of this study indicated that spearmint essential oil extracted from the hilly region exhibited the highest yield compared to other regions. At the same time, drought-stressed derived essential oil represented the highest contents of individual bioactive components with maximum antibacterial activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese are just a few examples of the numerous studies exploring the antimicrobial properties of essential oils. Additionally, a limited number of studies compared to only antimicrobial activity studies have applied essential oils with antibacterial properties to textile surfaces using different methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, Walentowska et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the antimicrobial activity of thyme essential oil on linen-cotton blended fabric and linen fabric, examining bacterial growth, mould growth, and fabric strength. Javid et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] prepared chitosan microcapsules to encapsulate essential oils, enhancing the functionality of cotton fabric and testing antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eE. coli and S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e. Karag\u0026ouml;nl\u0026uuml; et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] encapsulated thyme oil with a complex coacervation method, using gelatine and gum Arabic as wall materials, and assessed antimicrobial activity against \u003cem\u003eE. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans\u003c/em\u003e. Lopez et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] prepared antimicrobial microcapsules, including essential oils, using complex coacervation. In this study, chitosan and gum Arabic were used as wall structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, Lavender was used as a core agent. Microparticles were characterized with optical microscopy techniques, infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), zetasizer, and UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy techniques. Antibacterial properties of the microcapsules were investigated using \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e. Fernandez et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the encapsulation of the essential oil of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) with β-cyclodextrin. Additionally, this structure was applied to cotton fabric. Within the characterization study, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were incorporated into the scour-bleached cotton fabric using the pad-dry-cure method. The developed cotton fabrics were further characterized using SEM and FTIR. Fiedler et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] applied \u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e microcapsules to obtain bio-functional textiles on cotton nonwovens. Simple coacervation methods prepared microcapsules. The characterization study included optical and Scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, FTIR and whiteness index. Julaeha et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] microencapsulated lime (\u003cem\u003eCitrus aurantifolia\u003c/em\u003e) oil and investigated its antibacterial activity on cotton fabric against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumonia, and S. epidermis\u003c/em\u003e. Soroh et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] developed an essential oil (E.O.)-loaded textile coating using a microemulsion technique to investigate antimicrobial and mosquito-repellent functionalities. According to the results, textiles treated with essential oils of the litsea and lemon microemulsion have potent antimicrobial activity against \u003cem\u003eE. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and T. rubrum\u003c/em\u003e. After treating microencapsulated essential oil, Indrie et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] investigated cellulosic fabrics' mechanical and morphological properties. Within the morphological evaluation tests, SEM, and ATR-FTIR analyses were carried out.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, tensile strength analysis was done. According to the results, the tensile strength of the fabric increased by 20%, and 39% in the warp and weft directions were improved in the presence of salvia. Sariişik et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] prepared citronella oil-ethyl cellulose microcapsule using the coacervation method for insect-repellent textiles. FTIR, SEM, and GC-MS analyses were performed within the characterization study. An insecticide efficiency test of fabrics was performed using dimensional change after washing, weight change, colour measurements, and fastness analysis. Ivedi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the antibacterial potential of sweet almond and lavender oil. These essential oils were encapsulated with ethylcellulose using the spray dryer method. Denim and non-denim fabrics were treated with these capsules, and bacteria effectiveness was improved with \u003cem\u003eStaphylococus aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEscherichia Coli.\u003c/em\u003e Denim microcapsules provided a reduction of bacteria by around 97%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the literature is examined, it is seen that microencapsulation is mainly created with a single method. Also, studies on the antimicrobial activity of microcapsules on textile surfaces are limited. Therefore, studies on this subject are still open to research. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been conducted on the antibacterial activity of \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e L. essential oil on denim fabric.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our proposed research, we aim to transfer \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e L. essential oil microcapsules, prepared using three different microencapsulation techniques (simple coacervation, interfacial polymerization, and microfluidic device), onto denim fabric to enhance its performance properties. The antibacterial properties of the microcapsules were evaluated against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, and the washing resistance of this feature was investigated. This study will contribute to the understanding of the antimicrobial potential of \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e L. essential oil and its application in textile products, specifically denim fabric.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.1.1. Test fabrics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100% cotton woven denim fabric (3/1 Z, 373 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, 28 x 21) was used in this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.1.2. Peppermint oil\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeppermint oil, obtained from \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL., was used as the internal phase in this study. The essential oils were obtained through a steam distillation system used for extracting.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.1.3. Chemical materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following chemicals were used in the experiment:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Arabic Gum (CAS number: 9000-01-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Sodium Sulphate (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) (CAS Number: 7757-82-6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Formaldehyde (CAS Number: 50-00-0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (CAS Number: 1370-73-2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Emulsifier W.N. (CAS Number: 104376-72-9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Denimcol fix (CAS Number: 68603-87-2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Ongronate (CAS Number: 101-68-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PVA (CAS Number: 9003-20-7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PEG 400 (CAS Number: 75-21-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Addocat 201 (CAS Number: 77-58-7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;EDTA (CAS Number: 6381-92-6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Romapol 1496 (CAS Number: 9043-30-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Fixapret Resin (CAS Number: 136-84-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Curite 5184 (CAS Number: 50-00-0)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.1.4. Instruments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharacterization of the samples was carried out using the following instruments:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, HITACHI)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;FTIR (Agilent tech- Cary 630 FTIR)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Optical microscope\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employed three methods for microencapsulation: simple coacervation, interface polymerization, and microfluidic devices.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.1. Preparation of Microcapsules:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree different methods were employed to prepare the microcapsules: simple coacervation, interfacial polymerization, and microfluidic device.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.1.1. Simple Coacervation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eArabic gum was used as the wall material for simple coacervation, while peppermint oil served as the core material. To prepare the wall material, 100 g of gum Arabic was dissolved in 1000 mL of hot distilled water. The mixture was stirred at 1000 rpm for 2 hours, maintaining the temperature between 55\u0026deg;C and 60\u0026deg;C. During this process, foam formed by the gum Arabic was periodically removed. Two different core materials (Core-I, Core-II) were prepared. The composition of the core materials is presented in Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe core-to-wall ratio was determined as 1:2. The outer phase solution was added slowly to the core solution and mixed in a mechanical mixer for 1 hour. NaOH was added to adjust the pH to a basic environment (pH: 9.2-9.3), and the mixture was stirred at 1000 rpm for 30 minutes due to the swelling properties of gum Arabic. Formaldehyde was added at half the amount of the internal phase, and the solution was mixed for an additional 30 minutes to stabilize the formed capsules. The refrigeration of the mixture was employed to enhance and increase the formation of microcapsules. Subsequently, the microcapsules were observed under an optical microscope. Detailed information regarding the microcapsules prepared using the simple coacervation method with two different formulations (SC-1, SC-2) is provided below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSimple coacervation recipe no.1 (SC-1):\u003c/em\u003e For this recipe, gum Arabic was used as the wall material, and the essential oil of \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e served as the internal phase. The wall phase was prepared by dissolving 100 g of Arabic Gum in 1000 ml of hot distilled water. The solution was stirred at 1000 rpm for 2 hours at a temperature of 55-60\u0026deg;C. Any foam formed by the gum Arabic was periodically removed during this process. To create the internal phase, 3 ml of peppermint oil, 60 ml of water, and 6 ml of emulsifier, W.N., was mixed for 1 hour. The external phase solution was added twice to the core solution and mixed for 1 hour, resulting in a core-to-wall ratio of 1:2. The pH was adjusted using a 1% NaOH solution. To stabilize the capsules, formaldehyde, equivalent to half the amount of the internal phase, was added. The microcapsules were then observed under an optical microscope and applied to denim fabric using a finishing process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSimple coacervation recipe no.2 (SC-2):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eIn Recipe No. 2, the microcapsules were synthesized with a change in the properties of the internal phase. Unlike SC-1, 3 ml of peppermint oil, 150 ml of water, and 15 ml of Emulsifier W.N. were mixed for 1 hour using a mechanical stirrer to form the internal phase. The resulting microcapsules were examined under an optical microscope and applied to the fabric.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.1.2. Interface polymerization\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e For the interface polymerization method, the following steps were performed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Core Phase Preparation: 2.5 g of peppermint oil and 50 mL of distilled water were mixed at 80\u0026deg;C and 2000 rpm for 10 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Denimcol Fix Addition: 2.5 g of Denimcol Fix and 10 mL of distilled water were added to the prepared mixture. The mixing was continued at the same speed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;OngroNat Addition: A blend of 50 mL of water and 10 g of OngroNat was added to the existing mixture, and the mixing at the same rate was continued for another 10 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PVA and Water Mixture: 5.2 g of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) and 320 mL of distilled water were mixed for 3 minutes at 80\u0026deg;C and added to the mixture.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Addocat and PEG-400 Addition: A mixture of 32 mL of water, 14 mL of PEG-400 (polyethylene-glycol-400), and 0.5 g of Addocat were added to the previously prepared mixture. This process was continued for 1 hour at 80\u0026deg;C, maintaining the current rate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;EDTA Addition: A mixture of 13 mL of water and 2.6 mL of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) was added to the existing mix, which was continued for 1 hour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Capsule Solution Preparation: The capsule solution was obtained after the above processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrocapsule solutions prepared through interface polymerization were used in two different application methods: coating and finishing. The cooled microcapsule solution was applied to denim fabric and cured at 150\u0026deg;C for 2 minutes. The formulation of interface polymerization is presented in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInterface polymerization-finishing application recipe number 1 (IP-1):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe capsule solution was prepared for this recipe following the procedure in Section 2.2.1.2. Then, 80 grams of the prepared capsule solution was mixed with 2 g of Romapol 1496, 20 g of Fixaprete Resin-NF, and 5 g of Currite 5184 for 10 minutes at 2000 rpm. This formulation was prepared and applied to the fabric using two different methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInterface polymerization-finishing application recipe number 2 (IP-2):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSimilar to the previous recipe, the capsule solution was prepared using the same method. In this case, 160 grams of the prepared capsule solution was mixed with 2 g of Romapol 1496, 20 g of Fixaprete Resin-NF, and 5 g of Currite 5184 for 10 minutes at 2000 rpm. This formulation was also prepared and applied to the fabric using coating and finishing. The cooled microcapsule solution was finished on denim fabric and cured at 150\u0026deg;C for 2 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInterface polymerization-coating application recipe 1 (IP-1, C):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe microcapsule solution, prepared according to the IP-1 recipe, was applied to the denim fabric using the stripper coating technique.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInterface polymerization-coating + washing application recipe number 1 (IP-1, C\u0026amp;W):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe microcapsule solution, prepared following the IP-1 recipe, was applied to the denim fabric using the stripper coating technique. After the coating process, it was washed with water using a stripper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInterface polymerization-coating application recipe number 2 (IP-2, C):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe microcapsule solution, prepared according to the IP-2 recipe, was applied to the denim fabric using the stripper coating technique.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInterface polymerization-coating + washing application recipe number 2 (IP-2, C\u0026amp;W):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe microcapsule solution, prepared following the IP-2 recipe, was applied to the denim fabric using the stripper coating technique. After the coating process, it was washed with water using a stripper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.1.3. Microfluidic device:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eA microfluidic device that produces microcapsules containing essential peppermint oil followed the same preparation method until the stabilization stage, as described in the SC-1 recipe, with the same proportions. After adding a 1% NaOH solution, mechanical stirring was conducted at 1000 rpm for 30 minutes. The prepared mixture was then poured into the solution chamber of the microfluidic device. The mixture was passed through fine channels twice under a pressure of 20 psia. Subsequently, the microcapsule solution was obtained and allowed to cool. After 2 hours, the microcapsules were observed under an optical microscope, and the obtained microcapsules were applied to the denim fabric using a finishing process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.2. Determination of the antibacterial activity of fabric (ASTM E2149-01):\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe antibacterial activity of the treated fabric samples was assessed following the ASTM E2149-01 method using \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e bacteria. The procedure is described as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCultures of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e were incubated in a nutrient broth medium, and the colony-forming units (CFU) per mL of the cultures were determined using the plate count technique after incubation. The cultures were diluted with 0.3 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) to create standard culture solutions with a 3x10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/ml concentration. Throughout the study, 0.3 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) was used. Sterilized flasks containing 50 ml of buffer were prepared. To each flask, 1 ml of the standard culture solution was added. In the flasks, 1 g of the treated fabric samples and 1 g of untreated fabric (control sample) were added. The cultures were incubated at 37\u0026deg;C and 150 rpm for 24 hours. After the incubation period, serial dilutions were made from the cultures. The plate count technique was used to inoculate petri dishes with the diluted cultures. The petri dishes were incubated for 24 hours, and the colonies were counted. The antibacterial activity was calculated using the percentage reduction (R%). The percentage reduction was determined using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"217\" height=\"69\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA = number of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e bacteria in the test sample at the end of the specified contact time (CFU/ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB = number of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e bacteria in the control sample at the end of the specified contact time (CFU/ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.3. Fabric performance tests:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVarious tests were conducted on the fabric samples by different standards to assess their performance. The following tests were performed under laboratory conditions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.3.1. Wear resistance (ASTM D 4966, ASTM D 5034, AATCC 173, TS EN ISO 105-X12):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCircular samples with a diameter of 38 mm were cut from each fabric sample. The wear resistance of the samples was determined using a Martindale abrasion tester. Mass measurements were taken, and the fabric thickness was measured using a Baker Fabric Thickness Gauge after each abrasion cycle. The samples were subjected to 2000 friction cycles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.3.2. Tensile strength:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTensile strength was measured using the James H. Heal Titan Universal Strength Tester-2. Test specimens with dimensions of 50x300 mm were prepared for both the warp and weft directions. T1 jaws and 3000 N load cells were used at a jaw speed of 100 mm/s. The maximum force (N) required to break the test samples was recorded as the tensile strength. Elongation, which represents the increase in the length of the test sample, was also measured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.3.3. Spectrophotometric measurement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe test samples were evaluated in terms of L, a, b, ∆E, YIE (yellowness index), and WIE (whiteness index) values using the Datacolor 650 spectrophotometer. Measurements were taken at an illuminator setting of D65 and an angle of 100 degrees. The results were obtained as the average of four measures, with the samples being rotated 90 degrees after each measurement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.3.4. Dry and wet rubbing fastness:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe test samples \u0026apos; dry and wet rubbing fastness was determined using the Atlas CM-5 crock meter. A 5x14 cm test sample was cut and placed in the corresponding section. The test sample and a standard test fabric were rubbed together ten times. The test fabric was wetted with distilled water for the wet rubbing fastness measurement. The evaluation was conducted under average daylight at a 45-degree angle using a grayscale.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the \u003cspan refid=\"Sec13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eResults and Discussion\u003c/span\u003e section, the analysis results of the study were presented, focusing on the antibacterial activities of peppermint oil microcapsules obtained using different methods. The study aimed to impart antibacterial properties to the fabric and assess the continuity of these properties after 1, 5, and 10 house washes. The results provide insights into the antibacterial effectiveness of the material treated with peppermint oil microcapsules.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Characterization results of microcapsules\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe characterization results of the microcapsules were obtained through an optical microscope (O.M.) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses, as well as Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy analyses for chemical structure determination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.1. Optical microscope results:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the microcapsule images obtained through the simple coacervation method (SC-1, SC-2). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e displays the microcapsule images obtained through the interface polymerization method (1st formulation and 2nd formulation). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the microcapsule images synthesized using the microfluidic device. The interface polymerization method yielded higher microcapsule density than the simple coacervation method, as shown in the picture. The 2nd formulation exhibited a higher microcapsule density among the interface polymerization formulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e show SEM images that were taken to monitor the adhesion of microcapsules to the fabric surface, their density, and their location after different treatments. In each figure, the first image represents the fabric treated with the microcapsule solution, while the second image shows the same material after undergoing five home washes. The SEM images clearly show the presence of peppermint oil microcapsules on the fabric before and after different treatments. The images provide visual evidence of the microcapsules' presence and adhesion to the fabric surface. The purpose of conducting SEM analysis on the five home-washed materials is to demonstrate the permanence and durability of the microcapsules on the fabric even after repeated washings. By comparing the SEM images before and after washing, the study can assess the retention of microcapsules on the fabric's surface, and it serves as supporting evidence for the antibacterial test results. Overall, the SEM images are crucial in visually confirming the presence and adhesion of peppermint oil microcapsules on the fabric. They also help understand their behaviour and performance after washing and other treatments. Based on the examination of the images, it can be observed that the microcapsules shown in all three methods are attached to the fabric. As mentioned earlier, a higher density of microcapsules was mainly observed in samples synthesized using the interface polymerization method. This higher density of microcapsules adhering to the fabric can also be observed in the fabrics treated with microcapsule solutions prepared by interface polymerization compared to those treated with solutions prepared by other methods. Furthermore, the density of microcapsules on the fabric surface remains relatively unchanged even after five washing cycles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe higher microcapsule density in the fabric treated with the interface polymerization method can be attributed to the higher concentration of microcapsules in the solution than other methods. Additionally, the stronger adhesion of microcapsules to the fabric surface after washing indicates that the microcapsule solution prepared by interface polymerization forms a more robust bond with the fabric surface.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.3. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe FTIR spectra shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e provide information about the chemical bonds present in peppermint samples and fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, the FTIR spectrum of peppermint samples indicates the presence of specific chemical bonds. The C-H stretch bonds at 2900 cm⁻\u0026sup1; and C-H bending bonds at 1380 cm⁻\u0026sup1; indicate the presence of C-H bonds at different energy levels in \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e L. essential oil. C-O stretch bonds are also observed at wavelengths ranging from 1050 cm⁻\u0026sup1; to 1250 cm⁻\u0026sup1;. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e shows the FTIR spectrum of fabric samples, treated and untreated with microcapsule solutions prepared by different methods (simple coacervation, standard finish, microfluidic, and interface polymerization). In this spectrum, characteristic -O.H. stretch bonds for cotton are observed at 3350 cm⁻\u0026sup1; wavelengths, indicating the presence of hydroxyl groups in cotton. The C-H stretch bonds at 2900 cm⁻\u0026sup1; wavelengths also indicate the presence of C-H bonds in the fabric samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, C-O stretch bonds are observed at 1050 cm⁻\u0026sup1; wavelengths. No significant structural differences are observed when comparing the FTIR spectra of 100% cotton fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions prepared by different methods. The ranges of chemical bonds behave similarly, indicating that the treatment methods do not cause substantial changes in the fabric's chemical structure. However, there may be slight differences in absorbance values, suggesting variations in the intensity or concentration of certain chemical bonds. Overall, the FTIR spectra provide insights into the chemical composition of peppermint samples and fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions. They help assess specific bonds' presence and determine if any significant structural changes occur due to the treatment methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Performance Tests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbrasion resistance, tensile strength, spectrophotometric measurement, and dry/wet fastness tests were conducted under laboratory conditions following the ASTM D 4966, ASTM D 5034, AATCC 173, and TS EN ISO 105-X12 standards, respectively. The fabrics were treated with microcapsule solutions prepared before the process, and three different methods were used to test the abrasion resistance at 2000 cycles. This test assessed how well the fabrics can withstand repeated rubbing or friction, simulating everyday wear and tear. The results obtained from the abrasion resistance test for each fabric sample treated with microcapsule solutions prepared using different methods can be analyzed to evaluate their performance. These results provide valuable information regarding the fabrics' durability, longevity, and resistance to damage or wear over time. The results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e displays denim fabric images after the abrasion resistance testing, visually representing the fabric's condition. The weft-warp breaking values for tensile strength are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e. The treated fabrics exhibit similar weft-breaking values compared to the pre-treatment fabric. However, there is a decrease of approximately 5\u0026ndash;10% in the warp-breaking values. This reduction can be attributed to the finishing and coating applications being predominantly applied to the warp-dominant front side of the fabric, resulting in less impact on the weft. Nevertheless, this decrease is not expected to significantly affect the fabric's overall performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weft-warp tear values in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e also decrease in both directions compared to the pre-treatment fabric. It is worth noting that a standard finishing application typically results in an average strength loss of around 15%. Therefore, the observed values can be considered within normal limits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dry and wet fastness of the fabrics were evaluated, and the results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The fastness ratings range from 1 to 5, with higher values indicating better colour fastness. Applying microcapsule solutions prepared using different methods does not affect the fabric samples' dry and wet fastness values. The ratings remain consistent across all methods, including the pre-treatment fabric.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, colour measurement was conducted to assess whether any colour change occurred due to the applications. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the colour measurement results, comparing the fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions to the untreated fabric. The measurements indicate no significant colour difference between the fabric samples treated with microcapsule solutions prepared using peppermint oil by different methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the performance tests demonstrate that the microcapsule treatments, regardless of the preparation method, do not harm the fabric's abrasion resistance, tensile strength, tear values, colour fastness, or colour appearance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Antibacterial Activity Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antibacterial activity of denim fabrics treated with peppermint oil microcapsules prepared using different methods was evaluated. Overall, changing patterns of antibacterial activities due to home washing for all samples and techniques used in the study are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e. Numerical values corresponding to the antibacterial activity changes before washing and after 1, 5, and 10 home washes can be found in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor fabric samples treated with microcapsules prepared using the simple coacervation method, two different recipes (SC-1, SC-2) were employed, and before one home wash, all recipes exhibited a 100% antibacterial effect. However, the antibacterial activity decreased after subsequent home washes. Specifically, for SC-1, the activity decreased by 75% after five home washes and 40% after ten home washes. For SC-2, the activity decreased by 60% after five home washes and 40% after ten home washes. The faster decline in antibacterial activity for SC-2 compared to SC-1 was attributed to the lower peppermint oil used in the microcapsule solution. Additionally, the variation in antibacterial activity among different peppermint oils within the same washing cycle was attributed to minor structural differences resulting from the growth conditions of the peppermint species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe unwashed samples and those subjected to home washing exhibited 100% antibacterial activity, rapidly decreasing after subsequent wash cycles. The fabric samples treated with the coating application of Formulation 1 and Formulation 2 showed the highest antibacterial activity values. The coating application provided better adhesion of microcapsules to the fabric surface compared to impregnation and coating\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;washing applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antibacterial activity of fabric samples treated with microcapsules using the microfluidic method, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, was assessed. The samples demonstrated 100% antibacterial activity before and after one home wash. Subsequently, even after five home washes, the antibacterial activity remained at 80%, indicating a sustained level of effectiveness. However, after ten home washes, the antibacterial activity declined by up to 40%, indicating a noticeable reduction compared to the initial activity level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on SEM images and optical microscope results, it was determined that the interface polymerization method yielded a higher microcapsule density. Even after one washing, many microcapsules were observed adhering to the fabric surface in samples synthesized using interface polymerization. Similar antibacterial effects were observed in all three methods after one home wash.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, in ongoing washing cycles, the interface polymerization method showed the highest decrease in antibacterial activity after five washes despite the high microcapsule density. The microcapsule density does not necessarily affect the bond strength between the microcapsule and the fabric. On the other hand, simple coacervation and microfluidic methods, which have lower microcapsule density but strong bonds with the fabric, better preserved the antibacterial activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe active substance (peppermint oil) and the microcapsule density influence the antibacterial activity, highlighting the importance of determining optimal conditions. Among the methods used, microcapsules obtained through microfluidic devices (M) demonstrated the highest success, maintaining 80% antibacterial activity even after five home washes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the interface polymerization method, microcapsules were obtained using two different formulations (1st formulation and 2nd formulation), and they were applied in three ways: coating, coating\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;washing, and finishing. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e showed no difference in antibacterial activity between coating samples. Similarly, no significant difference was observed between coating\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;washing and finishing samples. Therefore, there was no difference in antibacterial activity between the two formulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, when using the 1st formulation, coating, coating\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;washing, and finishing applications of microcapsules resulted in a 100% antibacterial effect after one home wash. However, after five home washes, the coating application exhibited 40% antibacterial activity, while coating\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;washing and finishing showed 20% and 12%, respectively. The coating application was more successful in adhesion to the fabric surface.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lower antibacterial activity observed in the finishing application of the 1st formulation can be attributed to the duration of the fabric's exposure in the foulard. The results obtained with the 2nd formulation confirmed the findings of the 1st formulation, with the coating method being the most successful and the finishing process being the least successful among the application techniques.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis investigation successfully employed three distinct methods to encapsulate \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e L. essential oil and evaluated their antibacterial efficacy on denim fabric. The study yields several key findings:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe production and adherence of microcapsules to the fabric surface were verified through optical microscopy and SEM analysis, confirming successful encapsulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the successful encapsulation, applying microcapsules did not significantly enhance the fabric's abrasion resistance, tensile strength, or fastness to dry and wet conditions. The decrease in warp-breaking values by approximately 10\u0026ndash;15% falls within the acceptable range for standard finishing processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, all encapsulation methods conferred 100% antibacterial effectiveness, which persisted through the first wash. Over time, however, the antibacterial activity diminished, with fabrics treated through interface polymerization experiencing the most significant reduction. Conversely, those treated with the microfluidic device maintained an 80% effectiveness rate after five wash cycles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that both the amount of essential oil and the density of the microcapsules are crucial in determining the antibacterial effectiveness, highlighting the microfluidic device method as particularly influential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study confirms that microencapsulated peppermint oil offers a promising natural alternative to synthetic antibacterial agents in the textile industry, supporting the development of sustainable antibacterial textile finishes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese conclusions underscore the potential of natural essential oils, specifically peppermint, in the textile industry, pointing to microencapsulation as a feasible method for enhancing the functional properties of fabrics while adhering to sustainability principles.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMerve Doğan: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Eda G\u0026ouml;z: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, WritingMehmet Y\u0026uuml;ceer: Supervision, Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors reported no potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang CX, Chen SL (2005) Aromachology and its application in the textile field. 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Coatings 12:1\u0026ndash;16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSariişik M, Kartal GE, Erkan G et al (2022) Alternative methods for transferring mosquito repellent capsules containing bio-based Citronella oil to upholstery fabrics: Coating and printing. J Coat Technol Res 19:323\u0026ndash;336\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIvedi I, G\u0026uuml;neşoğlu B, Karavana SY et al (2022) Providing antibacterial properties to denim and non-denim trousers with encapsulation technology. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 34:919\u0026ndash;932\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;Composition of core material\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"407\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.34643734643735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.432432432432435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCore-I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.22113022113022%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCore-II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.34643734643735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEssential oil (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.432432432432435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.22113022113022%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.34643734643735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.432432432432435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.22113022113022%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.34643734643735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmulsifiers WN (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.432432432432435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.22113022113022%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;Formulations of Interface Polymerization:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"412\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.50485436893204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.854368932038835%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003eformulation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.640776699029125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003eformulation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.50485436893204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCapsule Solutions (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.854368932038835%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.640776699029125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.50485436893204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRomapol 1496 (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.854368932038835%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.640776699029125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.50485436893204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixaprete Resin-NF(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.854368932038835%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.640776699029125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.50485436893204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrite 5184(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.854368932038835%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.640776699029125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAbrasion values\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"559\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.85304659498208%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical property\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.799283154121865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.817204301075268%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimple Coacervation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrofluidic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.32616487455197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterface Polymerization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.85304659498208%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbrasion (2000 cycle)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.799283154121865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.817204301075268%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.32616487455197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDry and wet fastness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"520\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.307692307692307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical property\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.961538461538462%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.653846153846153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimple Coacervation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.153846153846153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrofluidic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.923076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterface polymerization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.307692307692307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.961538461538462%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.653846153846153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.153846153846153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.923076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.307692307692307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWet fastness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.961538461538462%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.653846153846153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.153846153846153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.923076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;Colour measurement results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"511\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.71875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e∆E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.71875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7,85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.71875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimple coacervation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7,83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.71875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrofluidic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7,82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.71875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterface polymerization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28,70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.8203125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eChanging the antibacterial activities of microcapsules obtained by using different methods due to home washing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"553\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.746376811594203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabric Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProduct decrease (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne home wash (% decrease)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.840579710144926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFive home wash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(% decrease)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTen home wash (% decrease)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.746376811594203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSC-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.840579710144926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.746376811594203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSC-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.840579710144926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.746376811594203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIP-1, C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.840579710144926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.746376811594203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIP-2, C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.840579710144926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.746376811594203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIP-1, C\u0026amp;W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.840579710144926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.746376811594203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIP-2, C\u0026amp;W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.471014492753625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd 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\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Denim Fabric, microencapsulation, peppermint oil, antibacterial properties, sustainable textiles, functional textiles, essential oils","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4534238/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4534238/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIncorporating \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e essential oils into denim fabrics was investigated using three distinct microencapsulation techniques: simple coacervation, interfacial polymerization, and microfluidics. The encapsulated essential oils were applied to 3/1Z, 100% cotton denim through novel finishing, coating, and coating-washing methodologies. A comprehensive evaluation of the performance characteristics of the fabric, including tensile strength, abrasion resistance, dry and wet rub fastness, and color difference, was conducted. Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) meticulously characterized the microcapsules. Initial results demonstrated that the fabric maintained complete antibacterial efficacy up to the first home wash across all encapsulation methods. However, a gradual decline in antibacterial activity was observed in subsequent wash cycles. In conclusion, the microcapsules generated via the microfluidic technique exhibited superior durability, retaining 80% antibacterial activity after five wash cycles. These findings offer valuable insights into the sustainable application of natural antibacterial agents within the functional textile industry.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antibacterial Efficacy of Peppermint Oil Microcapsules on Denim: A Comparative Study of Washing Resistance","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-24 07:13:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4534238/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d842d752-f783-4d9d-95ac-3b864afd4c7f","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-25T14:31:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-24 07:13:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4534238","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4534238","identity":"rs-4534238","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}