Sustainable Energy Solutions for Ruga Settlement Initiative: Optimizing Agriculture through Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems

Sustainable Energy Solutions for Ruga Settlement Initiative: Optimizing Agriculture through Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sustainable Energy Solutions for Ruga Settlement Initiative: Optimizing Agriculture through Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems Mansur Adisa SULAIMAN, Yinka Sofiullahi SANUSI, Abubakar Abulkarim Abubakar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5738720/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Conflicts between nomadic herders and sedentary farming communities in Nigeria have escalated due to land and resource pressures intensified by climate change and population growth. The Ruga Settlement Initiative aims to establish designated areas with improved infrastructure for pastoralists to mitigate these conflicts. A critical challenge is integrating effective energy solutions. This research optimizes sustainable energy solutions for agricultural activities at the Henceforth Green Livestock and Irrigation Farm in Makarfi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, where commercial grid access is limited. The farm's energy needs total 120.58 kWh/day, comprising 18.015 kWh/day for irrigation and livestock upkeep and 91 kWh/day for office operations. NASA data indicates solar radiation ranging from 5.50 to 6.70 kWh/m²/day, with wind speeds between 3.20 and 4.50 m/s. HOMER Pro simulations evaluated various Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems (IHES) configurations to optimize performance. The optimal setup includes 20 kW of photovoltaic (PV) panels, a 20 kW wind turbine, a 20 kW generator as backup, 136 kWh of batteries, and a 13.2 kW converter. This configuration achieved a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of $ 0.406/kWh, a Net Present Cost (NPC) of $ 231,033, and a payback period of 2.51 years. It provides a renewable fraction of 92.6%, with no unmet load and a yearly net real rate of 5.88%. This IHES configuration balances cost, reliability, and environmental impact, supporting agricultural productivity and aligning with the Ruga Initiative's goals of sustainable development and resource efficiency in Nigeria. Sustainable Energy Solutions Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems Renewable Energy Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) Ruga Settlement Initiative Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction I. Enhancing Agricultural Efficiency and Sustainability through Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems Agriculture is a crucial sector for global food security and economic stability, yet it is also energy-intensive, relying heavily on the costly conventional fossil fuels for operations like irrigation and livestock farming. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the agricultural sector is a significant consumer of energy, with a substantial portion derived from fossil fuels, contributing to carbon emissions and environmental degradation (IEA, 2020). This dependency emphasizes the need for sustainable energy solutions to reduce environmental impacts while ensuring food security and economic viability. In recent years, the use of renewable energy sources has gained significant attention, due to its potentials to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation and sustainable development goals (Li et al., 2021). Studies have shown that solar-powered irrigation systems, for example, can significantly reduce energy costs and environmental impacts compared to traditional diesel-powered systems (Shukla et al., 2018). Livestock farming operations also benefit from renewable energy systems, particularly in powering barns, ventilation systems, and feed processing equipment. Renewable energy source in these facilities reduces operational costs and environmental footprint, enhancing overall farm sustainability. For instance, biomass and biogas systems have been successfully implemented for livestock farms to generate heat and electricity from organic waste materials (Al Seadi et al., 2013). Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems (IHES) offer a promising solution by combining multiple renewable energy sources such as solar, hydro, wind, and biomass with conventional energy sources to meet the energy demands of agricultural activities. By combining renewable and conventional sources, hybrid systems reduce reliance on fossil fuels, enhance energy security, and mitigate price volatility (Liu et al., 2019). Hybrid systems provide resilience against energy supply disruptions, ensuring continuous energy availability for critical agricultural operations (Poudel et al., 2020). Technological advancements in energy storage, smart grid integration, and control systems play a crucial role in optimizing the performance of integrated hybrid energy systems. Advances in energy storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen storage systems enable better management of intermittent renewable energy sources, improving system reliability and efficiency (Zhou et al., 2020). Policy frameworks and economic incentives also influence the adoption of integrated hybrid energy systems in agriculture. Government subsidies, tax incentives, and regulatory support for renewable energy deployment can accelerate the transition towards sustainable energy solutions in agricultural settings (IEA, 2021). Economic analyses have shown that over the long term, investments in hybrid energy systems yield significant cost savings and enhance the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises (Koirala et al., 2017). Several recent research studies have explored the potential of IHES for agricultural applications, including irrigation and poultry farming. For example, a study by Fazal et al. ( 2021 ) investigated the design and optimization of a hybrid renewable energy system for irrigation in a remote agricultural area. The study proposed a system that combines solar PV, wind, and diesel generators to provide reliable and cost-effective power for irrigation purposes. Similarly, another study by Liu et al. ( 2020 ) focused on the design and optimization of an IHES for poultry farming. The study proposed a system that integrates solar PV, biomass, and battery storage to meet the energy needs of a poultry farm while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Various optimization techniques have been used to maximize the performance and cost-efficiency of integrated hybrid energy systems for agriculture. Among these, mathematical modeling and simulation-based optimization approaches have been widely adopted in recent studies. For example, a study by Zhang et al. ( 2023 ) used a multi-objective optimization algorithm to optimize the design of an IHES for irrigation and poultry farming, considering factors such as system efficiency, cost, and environmental impact. In another study, Wang et al. ( 2022 ) developed a techno-economic optimization model for IHES in agriculture, which considered the dynamic nature of energy demand and supply from renewable sources. The study demonstrated that optimizing the operation and sizing of renewable energy systems can significantly improve the sustainability and cost efficiency of agricultural operations. II. The Ruga Settlement Initiative In recent years, Nigeria has faced increasing pressure to address the multifaceted challenges posed by its growing population and diverse socio-economic needs. Among these challenges is the quest for sustainable development that harmonizes environmental stewardship with economic growth. Central to this discourse is the Nigerian government's Ruga Settlement Initiative, designed to provide infrastructural support, security, and essential resources to nomadic herders across the country. This initiative, aimed at transforming the traditional herding practices into more structured and sustainable systems, underscores a critical need for effective energy solutions that can support agricultural productivity and enhance the livelihoods of nomadic communities. Here’s a summary of Nigerian states regarding their positions on the Ruga Settlement Initiative as depicted in Figure. States that Accepted the Initiative: - Kaduna, Niger, Kano, Zamfara, Kogi. States that Have Taken Action on the Initiative: - Kaduna - Implemented settlement plans and infrastructure development. Niger - Engaged in community consultations and planning. States Without Any Position: - Benue, Enugu, Abia. States that Rejected the Initiative: - Taraba, Benue, Ekiti, Oyo, Plateau. This classification reflects varying degrees of acceptance and action regarding the Ruga Settlement Initiative across Nigeria. The Ruga Settlement Initiative represents a pivotal shift in Nigeria's approach to addressing the needs of its pastoral communities. By offering dedicated land and infrastructure for herding activities, the initiative seeks to mitigate the conflicts arising from land use and resource competition between herders and agriculturalists. However, the successful implementation of this initiative requires more than just physical infrastructure. It necessitates a comprehensive strategy that integrates sustainable energy solutions to power agricultural operations, improve security, and facilitate community development. Aligning Ruga Settlement Energy Goals with Sustainable Development Goals In the context of this research, several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are linked to it, and this highlight the broader societal impact and relevance of this study. Firstly, SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) is addressed through improved agricultural productivity facilitated by reliable energy supply, ensuring food security. SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) is supported by the integration of renewable sources in hybrid systems, reducing emissions and enhancing energy efficiency in farming. SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) is promoted through reduced operational costs and enhanced productivity, stimulating rural economies. SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) is advanced by innovation in energy systems tailored for agricultural use, improving infrastructure resilience. SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) is furthered by optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental impact in agricultural practices. Lastly, SDG 13 (Climate Action) benefits from reduced carbon footprint and enhanced climate resilience, as these systems mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and help farmers adapt to climate change challenges. Together, the research contributes significantly to sustainable development by integrating energy efficiency with agricultural practices, fostering resilience, economic growth, and environmental stewardship. Bridging the Knowledge Deficit in Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems for Ruga Settlements While significant strides have been made in the application of hybrid energy systems for general agricultural and rural development, there remains a notable gap in research specifically addressing their implementation within the context of Nigeria's Ruga Settlement Initiative. Existing studies often focus on energy solutions in isolated agricultural settings or broader rural development projects, without delving into the unique needs and challenges of nomadic herding communities. Moreover, there is limited empirical evidence on how integrated hybrid energy systems can be tailored to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability specifically for these settlements. Addressing these gaps requires a focused investigation into the intersection of hybrid energy technologies, nomadic pastoral practices, and the socio-economic dynamics of the Ruga settlements. This research aims to fill these gaps by providing targeted insights and solutions for effectively integrating hybrid energy systems within the Ruga framework. Moreover, the strategic location of the study within proximity to water sources and markets further enhances its relevance by promoting sustainable agricultural practices and market access. By improving productivity and reducing operational costs through sustainable energy solutions, the research not only supports the livelihoods of herders and farmers but also contributes to long-term environmental sustainability and resilience in Northern Nigeria's Ruga settlements. Research Methodology This methodology ensures a comprehensive evaluation of hybrid energy systems, providing valuable insights for optimizing agricultural practices through sustainable energy solutions. The study methodology is described in this section and is depicted in Fig. 1. The research employs a multi-disciplinary approach integrating principles from renewable energy systems, engineering, agricultural sciences, and economic analysis. Simulation models were developed to optimize IHES configurations based on real-world data and operational scenarios from the agricultural site. Performance evaluations were conducted using advanced modeling techniques and simulation tools to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed IHES designs. Data Collection This includes calculating the amount of water needed each day, figuring out the total dynamic head (TDH) needed to pump the water, estimating the amount of hydraulic energy needed each day to pump the water, figuring out how many hours a day the site has available solar radiation, hydro power, wind speed availability, and calculating the size of wind Turbine, PV, converter and batteries needed based on the total load demand. The subsequent subsections provide the methodology’s specifics. Analysis of Water Demand The farmhouse features four administrative offices and ten quarters for the farm attendants who work nights, according to the audit. In addition to its one-acre arable land used for irrigation farming, the farm maintains 10,000 birds, 500 sheep, goats, and rams, and 100 cows. A typical bird consumes 500 milliliters of water daily. Goats drink four to five liters of water a day, and up to ten liters when they are nursing. The average daily water consumption of dairy cows is 100 liters (The audit, 2021). Table 1 shows the estimated daily water requirements for the farm based on these details. Every day, an average of 24,000 liters of water is needed for the total amount consumed. The Badi dam has been identified as a potential source of water for the overall water requirement of the settlement. Water is also required to produce artificial milk for the calves that the milking cows give birth to, as well as to irrigate the farm and its vegetation. The farm is equipped with irrigation systems that provide water to plants on a regular basis to support crop growth and landscape upkeep. A pumping system was designed to supply water for irrigation on a total of one acre. Depending on the season and kind of weather (wet or dry), different amounts of water are required. More water is used when the weather is dry. In all, water is used on the farm by the workers, the birds, the sheep, goats, and rams, as well as irrigation. Table 1 The Farm’s Estimated Daily Water needs Article Quantity Estimated Water (liter/day) Birds 10,000 5,000 Sheep/Goat/Ram 500 2,500 Cow 100 10,000 Personnel 20 4000 Feed and other activities 2500 Total 24,000 Farmhouse and Administrative Appliances Electrical Load The electrical load consists of the daily electric needs of the farm's offices, such as fans and lightning, as well as the technology required for the automated tasks carried out on the facilities, such as the electrical milking machines, refrigeration of produced milk, and forage grinders used to cut and prepare animal feed. The breakdown of the electricity consumption by the appliances in the farmhouse (aside from the water pump) is presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Equipment’s Power Ratings, Hours of Use, and Corresponding Energy Demand S/N Load Power Rating Hour/Day Number kWh/day 1 CFL 15 12 50 9.0 2 Fan 65 20 15 19.5 3 TV 150 8 5 6.0 4 Refrigerator 150 18 5 20.0 5 Computer 65 10 4 3.1 6 Forage Grinder 500 2 10 10.0 7 Milking Machine 400 6 10 24.0 Total Daily Demand (kWh) 91.6 Water requirements for Sorghum farming Since sorghum is cultivated in Nigeria during the dry season, when there are few to no precipitation, irrigation is crucial to the crop's success. The Nigerian sorghum farmers might employ the following kinds of irrigation: Spray tubes, drips, sprinklers, and furrows, etc. Finding out how much water the chosen crop would require was the first step in figuring out how much water would be needed for irrigation. The largest amount that is anticipated to be consumed is chosen because the need fluctuates with the season (Sinton et al, 2014). Crop spacing affects how much water a crop needs. Designing a drip irrigation system for sorghum plantation. The principal crops grown in Kaduna State, Nigeria's Makarfi Local Government Area include rice, ginger, sugarcane, millet, and sorghum. The local economy and way of life in the area are greatly impacted by these crops. For this work, sorghum was chosen. presumptions a. A plantation spanning one acre (4046 m 2 ) will be irrigated. b. Sorghum is the crop that will be irrigated. c. The dripper spacing is 0.4 meters. d. The terrain has no slope. e. The water source's depth is eight meters. f. Water source: a nearby dam The type of sorghum to be planted determines the proper spacing between the plants. In general, sorghum grows best in tropical regions like Nigeria. The Samsorg 45 and Samsorg 46 sorghum types are the most widely used in Nigeria. These cultivars are ideal for Nigerian conditions. They yield a lot as well. The sorghum variety Samsorg 45 that was taken into consideration for this investigation is extensively distributed. There are 7,193 sorghum plants per acre when the holes are spaced 0.75 m × 0.75 m apart. The average plant requires 0.05 liters of water every day. Eq. 1 [Wu, et al.] was used to determine the total amount of water needed daily for a one-acre samsorg 45 sorghumplantation, as the amount of water needed per meter length of row is 7.5 L m − 1 d − 1 . A hole that is one to two centimeters deep would be used to plant the sorghum seeds. Where the water need per meter is expressed as the total length of rows is expressed as . Calculating the total length of rows included Dividing the whole area of the sorghum plantation by the length of rows, as one acre equals 4046 square meters. This space is therefore square, measuring 63.6 meters by 63.6 meters [Wu, et al.]. The water needed for the entire field each day was then acquired using Eq. 1. Making an irrigation time estimate and choosing an in-line drip lateral Presumptions stated 0.4 m (dripper spacing) × 2 L h − 1 (LPH) × 16 mm (pipe size) was chosen as the inline drip lateral for the investigation ( Table 3 ). 2 LPH at a 0.4 m lateral irrigation rate equals 5 LPH. A maximum of 7.5 L d − 1 of water is needed Eq. 3 was therefore used to calculate the irrigation time (h) [Wu, et al.]. In order to meet all water requirements, the suggested irrigation system would run for 1.5 hours every field segment. Given that the hybrid electrical systems expected average availability is 15 hours per day, the maximum field section that has to be irrigated can be calculated using Eq. 4 [Wu, et al.]. Table 3 Maximum lateral running length in meters on level ground with a 7.5% discharge fluctuation (head loss = 2 m) (Mahindra, 2018 ) Dripper Spacing(m) 2 LPH 4 LPH 12mm 16mm 12mm 16mm S L N L N L N L N 0.3 41 137 68 227 26 87 43 143 0.4 49 123 82 205 31 78 52 130 0.5 57 114 95 190 36 72 61 122 0.6 64 107 107 178 41 68 68 113 0.75 74 99 124 165 47 63 79 105 0.9 83 92 140 156 53 59 89 99 1 89 89 149 149 57 57 95 95 1.25 103 82 173 138 66 53 110 88 1.5 116 77 195 130 74 49 124 83 Finding the length of the lateral total length (LL) The entire area (m 2 ) to be irrigated is divided by the minimum row spacing length in meters [Hunter] to get the total length (LL) needed by laterals as indicated in Eq. 5. Required total discharge () By dividing the product of the lateral total length and the selected lateral's emitter flow rate (LPH) by the emitter spacing in meters, one may determine the total lateral discharge from Eq. 6 [Hunter]. 26973 (LPH) Table 2 shows that the lateral head loss is 2 m and the maximum inline lateral running length for 16 mm × 2 LPH × 0.4 m is 82 m. Submains' design Equation 7 provides the total discharge and the number of sections that must be irrigated in order to calculate the submain flow rate. If the field is not rectangular but rather trapezoidal or triangular in shape, the design can still be made by modifying the total discharge, in which case the design chart intended for rectangular fields can be applied straight away. The submain design is intended for a field with a uniform submain slope and the submain length is typically short [Wu, et al.]. According to Table 4 , a sub-main of 40 mm, 6 Ksc is the appropriate size for a 0.75 LPS (litres per second) discharge. There is a 2 m head loss in the submain. A submain with a total length of 63.6 meters is needed. Each portion of the field has ten (10) 6.36-meter-long submains, and laterals are laid 6.36 meters long on either side of the submain. Table 4 PVC submain flows (Mahindra, 2018 ) Size (mm) K SC Max flow (LPS) HL (m) 40 6 Up to 1.8 2 50 6 1.8 to 3 2 63 4 3 to 5 2 75 4 5 to 8 2 Design of mainline Table 7 , which contains the PVC mainline data, is consulted for the mainline design. Since only one submain will be operating at a time in this situation, the discharge through the mainline and the submain, or 0.75 LPS, are equal. Table 7 shows that a 50 mm × 6 Ksc pipe is appropriate for carrying 0.75 LPS of flow. Table 7 shows that the head loss through a 50 mm × 6 Ksc PVC pipe at maximum discharge, or 1.8 LPS, is 30 m; however, in this instance, the discharge is lower (0.75 LPS). Thus, Table 9 is consulted in order to determine actual head loss. The head loss is 6.35 m for 1000 m of pipe length for a 50 mm pipe with 0.75 LPS flow (from interpolation), however the main line's overall length is only 100 m. Therefore, head loss at 0.75 LPS via a 100-meter-long, 50-mm pipe is Figure 4 illustrates the recommended model design arrangement for the 1-acre sorghum plantation field. It is composed of ten 6.36 m by 63.6 m rectangular pieces, a flush point valve, a sand filter, a mainline measuring 50 mm by 6 Ksc, and submains measuring 40 mm by 6 Ksc. Table 6 Head losses from various system elements (Mahindra, 2018 ) Item Description M Lateral 2 Submain 2 NRV 1 Hydro cyclone filter 5 Sand filter 5 Disc filter 3 Screen filter 2 Venturi/F. Tank 5 PVC fittings (approx.) 3 Pump configuration/disposal design A minimum of 0.75 LPS must be pumped out. Head loss from dripper to pump is taken into consideration, assuming an operating pressure of 1 kg cm − 2 ≈ 10 m, lateral head loss of 2 m, and in submains of 2 m as shown in Table 6 . Tabular Data. The maximum lateral running length in meters with a foot value, or the supply of water. Operating pressure: 10 m head loss in laterals: 2 m head loss in submains:2 m head loss in mainline: 0.9 m head loss in fittings (approx.): 3 m sand filter head loss is 5 milligrams. disk filter's head loss is 3 meters. non-return valve (NRV) head loss is 1 m. static suction and delivery head loss is 8 m. The field's static head is equal to 0 m Suction and delivery of the pump = 8 m Subsequently, the total head will equal the sum of the previously mentioned heads. Thus, with a discharge of 0.75 LPS at 34.9 m head, the necessary pump horsepower (PP) was determined using Eq. 8. Table 7 PVC main line flows (Mahindra, 2018 ) Size (mm K SC ) Flow LPS Head loss at max flow (m/m) 506 1 to 1.8 30/1000 1.8 3.0 22/1000 3.0 to 5.0 22.6/1000 90 5.0 to 8.0 23/1000 8.0 to 11.0 15/1000 11.0 to 16.0 16/1000 16.0 to 20.0 14/1000 160 20.0 to 24.0 12.5/1000 24.0 to 32.0 10.7/1000 200 32.0 to 41.0 9.5/1000 Schedule of operations Table 8 shows the irrigation operation schedules for the suggested sections because there are ten sections that need to be irrigated, and Eq. 6 pump discharge rate will be used. Table 8 Irrigation Operating Schedule for the Sorghum Plantation S/N Discharge LPH Peak Operation Time (h) Area Covered (Ac) Total Volume of Water 1 1.5 0.1 2 1.5 0.1 3 1.5 0.1 4 1.5 0.1 5 1.5 0.1 6 1.5 0.1 7 1.5 0.1 8 1.5 0.1 9 1.5 0.1 10 1.5 0.1 Total 15 1.0 Based on Table 8 , 2 ,697L of water will be needed to irrigate the ten sections of the sorghum plantation, with each area receiving 1.5 hours of watering. The daily electric energy required by the hybrid system to meet the needs of irrigating sorghum when the 537 W (0.72 hp) water pump runs for 15 hours per day is found in Eq. 9, which multiplies the pump's power by the amount of time it is used each day. Water Needed for Farm Activities and the Maintenance of Livestock The amount of water needed for maintaining the animals and other activities was taken from Table. Calculating irrigation time presumptions For the investigation, 8000 LPH pumping rate was chosen. Consequently, Eq. 10 [Wu, et al.] was used to calculate the pumping time (h). Therefore, in order to meet all water requirements—aside from irrigation—the suggested pumping system needs run for three hours every day. Given that the hybrid electrical system's expected average availability is 15 hours per day, the maximum storage tank that has to be pumped was determined using Eq. 11 [Wu, et al.]. Complete discharge necessary () Equation 13 yields the total discharge, which is then calculated by dividing the emitter flow rate (LPH) by tank spacing in meters [Hunter]. 10,000 (LPH) Submains' layout Using the total discharge and the necessary number of storage tanks as specified by Eq. 14, one can calculate the submain flow rate. The submain slope is believed to be consistent and downslope, and the submain size is intended for a single size because the submain length is typically short [Hunter]. With a discharge of 0.93 LPS (litres per second), Table 6 indicates that a sub-main of 40 mm, 6 Ksc, is the appropriate size. There is a 2 m head loss in the submain. Mainline design Table 7 , which contains the PVC mainline data, is consulted for the mainline design. Since only one submain will be operating at a time in this situation, the discharge through the mainline and the submain, or 0.93 LPS, are equal. Table 4 indicates that a 50 mm × 6 Ksc pipe is appropriate for carrying 0.93 LPS of flow. Table 7 shows that the head loss through a 50 mm × 6 Ksc PVC pipe at maximum discharge, or 1.8 LPS, is 30 m; however, in this instance, the discharge is lower (0.93 LPS). Thus, Table 9 was consulted in order to determine actual head loss. The head loss is 6.35 m for 1000 m of pipe length for a 50 mm pipe with 0.93 LPS flow (from interpolation), however the main line's overall length is only 100 m. Therefore, head loss at 0.75 LPS via a 100-meter-long, 50-mm pipe is Figure 2 illustrates the recommended model design arrangement for the 1-acre sorghum plantation field. It has two 31.8 m by 63.6 m rectangular sections, a 50 mm by 6 Ksc mainline, 40 mm by 6 Ksc submains, a sand filter, and a flush point valve. Pump/pump discharge design A pump discharge of 0.93 LPS is necessary. Considering head loss from discharge to pump as shown in Table 6 and head loss from discharge to pump foot value, i.e. water source, and assuming an operating pressure of 1 kg cm − 2 = 10 m and head loss of 2 m and in submains of 2 m. Operating pressure is equal to 10 m head loss in submains is 2 m head loss in the mainline is 0.9 m Head loss (approx.) in fittings = 3 m The head loss in the sand filter is 5 m head loss during discharge is 2 mg In a disc filter, head loss equals 3 m Head loss in the non-return valve, or NRV, is 1 m Suction and delivery static = 8 m Field's static head = 0 m head loss for pump supply and suction is 8 m The total head will then equal the total of all the heads mentioned previously. Thus, with a discharge of 0.75 LPS at 34.9 m head, the necessary pump horsepower (PP) was determined using Eq. 15. The pumping operation schedules for the suggested system are shown in Table since there are three water storage tanks to be used and Eq. 15 pump discharge rate to be employed. Table 10 Livestock and other farm operations' pumping operating schedule Tank Number Discharge LPH Peak Operation Time (h) Volume of Water(l) 1 2 3 Total Table 10 indicates that 3333 L of water, pumped for five hours each tank, will be needed to fill the necessary three tanks. The daily electric energy required by the hybrid system to meet the needs of irrigating sorghum when the 661 W (0.89 hp) water pump runs for 15 hours per day is found in Eq. 16, which multiplies the pump's power by the amount of time it is used each day. Hence the total pumping load is According to (Oğuz and Özsoy, 2015 ) ,the total power required per day can be calculated using Eq. 17 by accounting for all losses that are assumed to exist in the system, if general losses could occur in the system given the worst-case scenarios (cable losses, attachments, development current). -------------------------17 Load profile of the study area The pattern of power demand is represented by a system's load profile. The metrics in Table provides a comprehensive view of the system's energy usage patterns. The Annual Average (120.58 kWh/day) and Average Power Demand (5.02 kW) indicate the typical daily and average power needs, respectively. The Peak Power Demand (17.93 kW) represents the highest energy requirement at any given time, while the Load Factor (0.28) shows that the system operates at 28% of its peak capacity on average, indicating significant fluctuations in demand. The Time Step Size (60 minutes) means data is analyzed hourly, and Random Variability values—Day-to-Day (10%) and Timestep (20%)—highlight the degree of fluctuation in energy demand both between days and within each hour. These metrics are essential for understanding and managing the system's energy requirements effectively. Table 11 Electric Load Metrics Metric Value Annual Average (kWh/day) 120.58 Average (kW) 5.02 Peak (Kw) 17.93 Load Factor 0.28 Time Step Size (Min) 60 Random Variability Day-to-day (%) 10 Timestep (%) 20 For this project, community energy profile is the most appropriate choice. This is because it’s designed to meet the energy needs of a localized group or settlement, incorporating residential, administrative, and operational aspects. The settlement has varied energy needs, including agriculture (irrigation and livestock), staff administration, and staff welfare (both day and night). The community energy profile allows for integrating different types of energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) into a unified system that can efficiently supply power to all parts of the settlement. By focusing on community-level solutions, sustainable energy practices that ensure resilience and reliability would be implemented, crucial for agricultural activities and continuous staff operations. This facilitates the management of energy distribution across various sectors within the settlement, optimizing energy use and reducing waste. Community profiles often leverage economies of scale and collective energy strategies, which can reduce overall costs and improve efficiency for all users within the settlement. Figure 3 presents an estimated fluctuation over the hours of the day. The hourly pattern of electricity consumption during the day and the pattern over a year, represented as the hourly load average for each month, are provided by a load profile input for HOMER, which helps to understand the seasonal demand profile. As a result, the HOMER load input—which consists of a monthly average (Fig. 4 ) using 12 sets of load data—is created to satisfy the electrical demand for a certain period of time. Therefore, 2,748 kWh per month are deemed to be the principal electrical load. Figure 5 shows a schematic created by HOMER that illustrates the yearly electrical load profile. Feasibility Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems Resource assessment to determine the potential for IHES The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) provided the study area's data, which are the available wind speed and solar radiation data on the NASA website. The study area receives between 5.50 and 6.70 kWh/m2/day of solar radiation with roughly 10 hours of sunshine every day. The NASA website provides the monthly irradiance and a clearness index, which are displayed in Fig. 7 . The amount of solar radiation changes significantly from year to year. Even while cloudiness reduces the clearness index during the wet season (June to October) and significantly improves during the dry winter months, the site produces solar energy consistently throughout the year. Regarding seasonality and day length, patterns are stable. At a height of 10 meters, the locations' yearly average wind speed ranges between 3.20 and 4.50 meters per second as depicted in Fig. 6 above. There is a significant variation in wind resources because of the geography, current vegetation, and buildings' proximity. The monthly average wind speed obtained from NASA website is also displayed in Fig. 8 . Economic Analysis and Cost Metrics of Energy Production Configurations The economic analysis demonstrates significant disparities among the three configurations. Configuration 1, which combines PV, wind turbines, a generator, batteries, and a converter, shows the most favorable economic metrics. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for Configuration 1 is $ 0.406/kWh, which is the lowest among the configurations. This relatively low LCOE indicates that Configuration 1 is the most cost-effective solution over its lifecycle, balancing initial capital expenditure with ongoing operational and maintenance costs. Table 12 Economic and Cost Summary of the configurations Economic and Cost Metrics Configuration 1 Configuration 2 Configuration 3 LCOE ( $ ) 0.406 0.751 1.11 NPC ( $ ) 231,033 427,027 631,764 Operating and Maintenance Cost ( $ /yr.) 9,118 15,467 48,483 Initial Capital 113,166 227,083 5000 Return on Investment (%) 32.3 10.8 n/a Simple Payback (yr.) 2.51 5.3 n/a In contrast, Configuration 2, comprising PV, wind turbines, batteries, and a converter, has an LCOE of $ 0.751/kWh. The higher LCOE is due to the substantial costs associated with battery storage and the exclusion of a generator, which increases reliance on the variable outputs of solar and wind energy. Configuration 3, which relies solely on a generator, results in the highest LCOE of $ 1.11/kWh. This elevated cost reflects the high operational expenses associated with fuel and maintenance for the generator. The Net Present Cost (NPC) further buttress the economic advantages of Configuration 1, with an NPC of $ 231,033, significantly lower than Configuration 2 ( $ 427,027) and Configuration 3 ( $ 631,764). Configuration 1’s lower initial capital cost of $ 113,166 and annual operating and maintenance costs of $ 9,118 contribute to its favorable NPC. In comparison, Configuration 2 has a higher initial capital requirement of $ 227,083 and annual O&M costs of $ 15,467, while Configuration 3's high O&M costs of $ 48,483, combined with its initial capital of $ 5,000, result in a higher NPC. The Return on Investment (ROI) for Configuration 1 is 32.3%, with a simple payback period of 2.51 years, indicating a rapid return on investment. Configuration 2’s ROI is 10.8% with a longer payback period of 5.3 years, reflecting its higher initial costs and lower economic efficiency. Configuration 3, lacking ROI data, is expected to be less favorable due to high ongoing costs. Comparative Analysis and Evaluation of the Energy System Configurations Availability, Loss of Load Probability, and System Reliability Index In terms of system availability and reliability, Configuration 1 exhibits the highest level of system performance. It achieves a zero Loss of Load Probability (LOLP), meaning that the system can reliably meet the energy demand of 120.58 kWh/day without significant risk of power shortages. This is a result of its diverse energy sources, which provide a robust and continuous power supply. Table 13 Energy Production Data from the Simulation Result Configurations Production (kWh/yr.) Consumption (kWh/yr.) Excess Electricity (kWh/yr.) Unmet Electric Load (kWh/yr.) Capacity Shortage (kWh/yr.) Renewable Fraction (kWh/yr.) 1 69,808 44,012 20,056 0 0 92.6 2 66,534 43,986 16,021 25.6 43.9 100 3 53,904 44,012 9,892 0 0 0 Configuration 2, which depends on PV, wind turbines, and batteries, shows a slightly higher LOLP of 25.6 kWh/year and a capacity shortage of 43.9 kWh/year. This indicates that while it achieves a 100% renewable fraction, it faces challenges during periods of low solar and wind availability, leading to occasional unmet energy needs. Configuration 3, solely relying on a generator, has zero LOLP due to the generator’s ability to provide consistent power. However, this configuration lacks the resilience of renewable sources and is heavily dependent on fuel availability and price stability. For the energy production analysis, the three distinct energy production configurations were assessed, each featuring different contributions from solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and diesel generators. The purpose is to elucidate the percentage contributions of each energy source to the overall energy production. Configuration 1 demonstrates a balanced mix of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Here, the PV system contributes 53.4% to the total energy production, underscoring its substantial role in harnessing solar energy. Wind turbines also play a significant part, providing 41.9% of the total energy, reflecting their effective utilization of wind resources. The diesel generator, a non-renewable source, contributes 4.69%, serving as a supplementary power source. This configuration highlights a predominantly renewable energy setup with a minor reliance on fossil fuels to ensure energy reliability and stability. Configuration 2 features a higher proportion of energy derived from renewable sources compared to Configuration 1. The PV system's contribution increases to 56.0%, indicating a greater reliance on solar energy. Meanwhile, the wind turbines contribute 44.0%, suggesting an optimized deployment of wind resources. Notably, this configuration omits the diesel generator, reflecting a shift towards a more sustainable and less carbon-intensive energy profile. This setup is indicative of a strategic focus on maximizing renewable energy contributions while eliminating reliance on fossil fuels. Configuration 3 is characterized by exclusive dependence on the diesel generator, contributing 100% of the total energy production. This configuration is entirely non-renewable, highlighting its reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation. While it provides a stable and continuous power supply, it contrasts sharply with the other configurations in terms of sustainability. The absence of renewable energy sources in this setup underscores its potential environmental impact and the need for alternative solutions to enhance sustainability. Performance Analysis of Emissions and Renewable Energy Utilization across Various Configurations The emissions analysis highlights the environmental impact of each configuration. Configuration 1, despite its reliance on a generator, shows relatively low emissions: 3,282 kg/year of CO2, 20.7 kg/year of CO, 8.04 kg/year of SO2, and negligible amounts of other pollutants. This relatively low emission profile reflects the effectiveness of combining renewable energy sources with a generator, which operates less frequently. Table 14 Emissions from the three configurations Quantity (kg/yr.) Configuration 1 Configuration 2 Configuration 3 Carbon Dioxide 3,282 0 55,881 Carbon Monoxide 20.7 0 352 Unburned Hydrocarbons 0.903 0 15.4 Particulate Matter 0.125 0 2.13 Sulphur Dioxide 8.04 0 137 Nitrogen Oxides 19.4 0 331 Configuration 2, which relies entirely on renewable sources, results in zero emissions across all pollutants. This makes Configuration 2 the most environmentally friendly option, aligning with sustainability goals and demonstrating the significant environmental benefits of a 100% renewable energy system. On the other end, Configuration 3, depending solely on a generator, has the highest emissions: 55,881 kg/year of CO2, 352 kg/year of CO, 15.4 kg/year of unburned hydrocarbons, 2.13 kg/year of particulate matter, 137 kg/year of SO2, and 331 kg/year of nitrogen oxides. The high emission levels depict the environmental drawbacks of fossil fuel reliance and highlight the need for cleaner energy alternatives. Table 15 Sensitivity Analysis Diesel Fuel Price ( $ /L) LCOE ( $ ) Renewable Fraction (%) Total Fuel (L) Hours Production 0.500 0.406 92.6 1,254 484 3,274 0.85 0.416 92.7 1,221 470 3,193 1.00 0.419 93.9 1,028 398 2,680 The sensitivity analysis on fuel prices further illustrates the economic stability of each configuration. As diesel fuel prices increase from $ 0.50/L to $ 1.00/L, the LCOE for Configuration 3 rises from $ 1.11/kWh to $ 1.19/kWh, reflecting increased operational costs due to higher fuel expenses. This sensitivity shows the vulnerability of fossil fuel-based systems to price fluctuations. Configuration 1’s LCOE increases slightly from $ 0.406/kWh to $ 0.419/kWh, demonstrating its resilience to fuel price volatility due to its diversified energy sources. Configuration 2 remains unaffected by fuel price changes, maintaining a constant LCOE of $ 0.751/kWh, showcasing its stability and advantage in the face of fluctuating fuel prices. Conclusions and Recommendations Conclusions This research evaluated three Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems (IHES) configurations for the Henceforth Green Livestock and Irrigation Farm in Makarfi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria, with a focus on optimizing economic, technological, and environmental performance. The analysis revealed significant insights into the economic viability, system reliability, and environmental impact of each configuration. The configurations distinct advantages and challenges, making it essential to weigh these factors carefully when selecting the most suitable energy system for the farm. Configuration 1, comprising photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, a generator, batteries, and a converter, proved to be the most balanced solution. It achieved the lowest Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of $ 0.406/kWh, the most favorable Net Present Cost (NPC) of $ 231,033, and a rapid payback period of 2.51 years. This configuration also demonstrated zero Loss of Load Probability (LOLP), indicating reliable power supply with minimal risk of energy shortages. The emissions from Configuration 1 were relatively low compared to other configurations, making it a viable option from both economic and environmental perspectives. Configuration 2, which relies solely on PV, wind turbines, batteries, and a converter, achieved a 100% renewable energy fraction and zero emissions, aligning closely with sustainability goals. However, it faced challenges in system reliability, with a slight LOLP of 25.6 kWh/year and a capacity shortage of 43.9 kWh/year, which could impact energy availability during periods of low renewable output. Its higher initial capital and operational costs resulted in a higher LCOE of $ 0.751/kWh and a longer payback period of 5.3 years. Configuration 3, dependent entirely on a generator, provided the highest reliability in terms of power availability with zero LOLP but had the highest LCOE of $ 1.11/kWh and significant emissions. The reliance on fossil fuels led to substantial environmental impacts, with emissions including 55,881 kg/year of CO2 and other pollutants, underscoring the need for cleaner alternatives. In conclusion, the research re-emphasizes the importance of selecting an energy system configuration that balances economic efficiency, reliability, and environmental sustainability. Configuration 1 emerges as the most suitable option for the farm, providing a comprehensive solution that aligns with the objectives of the Ruga Settlement Initiative and contributes to sustainable development in Nigeria. Declarations Conflict of Interests/Competing Interests The author declares that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this research. The study was conducted individually, and no financial or non-financial interests influenced the research design, data collection, analysis, or conclusions. The findings and interpretations presented in this paper do not reflect the views of any organization or entity. Funding Declaration No funding was received for this study. Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: not applicable. Author Contribution M.A Sulaiman wrote the main manuscript text, Y.S Sanusi was instrumental with the manuscript concept, A.A Abubakar gave the geographical idea and mapping. All authors reviewed the manuscript. References Bousselham, H., & Sabir, M. (2021). A review of optimization techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 136 , 110364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110364 Khan, Z., Linares, P., & García-gonzález, J. (2017). Integrating water and energy models for policy driven applications. 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Ethical considerations in optimizing integrated hybrid energy systems for agriculture. Energy Ethics Review , 14 (2), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energyet.2023.03.004 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5738720","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":397671242,"identity":"94202542-e357-45e7-be81-458c9c81a36e","order_by":0,"name":"Mansur Adisa 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10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29535,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage contribution from the energy sources for the three configurations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5738720/v1/09fa795dd7088c6fff78728b.jpg"},{"id":85909533,"identity":"97f024fa-9abe-4815-9a16-45c6d67e1eb5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 05:02:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2371333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5738720/v1/4032f18e-3440-4da2-9513-8e75b016611b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Sustainable Energy Solutions for Ruga Settlement Initiative: Optimizing Agriculture through Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eI. Enhancing Agricultural Efficiency and Sustainability through Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture is a crucial sector for global food security and economic stability, yet it is also energy-intensive, relying heavily on the costly conventional fossil fuels for operations like irrigation and livestock farming. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the agricultural sector is a significant consumer of energy, with a substantial portion derived from fossil fuels, contributing to carbon emissions and environmental degradation (IEA, 2020). This dependency emphasizes the need for sustainable energy solutions to reduce environmental impacts while ensuring food security and economic viability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, the use of renewable energy sources has gained significant attention, due to its potentials to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation and sustainable development goals (Li et al., 2021). Studies have shown that solar-powered irrigation systems, for example, can significantly reduce energy costs and environmental impacts compared to traditional diesel-powered systems (Shukla et al., 2018). Livestock farming operations also benefit from renewable energy systems, particularly in powering barns, ventilation systems, and feed processing equipment. Renewable energy source in these facilities reduces operational costs and environmental footprint, enhancing overall farm sustainability. For instance, biomass and biogas systems have been successfully implemented for livestock farms to generate heat and electricity from organic waste materials (Al Seadi et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated Hybrid Energy Systems (IHES) offer a promising solution by combining multiple renewable energy sources such as solar, hydro, wind, and biomass with conventional energy sources to meet the energy demands of agricultural activities. By combining renewable and conventional sources, hybrid systems reduce reliance on fossil fuels, enhance energy security, and mitigate price volatility (Liu et al., 2019). Hybrid systems provide resilience against energy supply disruptions, ensuring continuous energy availability for critical agricultural operations (Poudel et al., 2020). Technological advancements in energy storage, smart grid integration, and control systems play a crucial role in optimizing the performance of integrated hybrid energy systems. Advances in energy storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen storage systems enable better management of intermittent renewable energy sources, improving system reliability and efficiency (Zhou et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolicy frameworks and economic incentives also influence the adoption of integrated hybrid energy systems in agriculture. Government subsidies, tax incentives, and regulatory support for renewable energy deployment can accelerate the transition towards sustainable energy solutions in agricultural settings (IEA, 2021). Economic analyses have shown that over the long term, investments in hybrid energy systems yield significant cost savings and enhance the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises (Koirala et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral recent research studies have explored the potential of IHES for agricultural applications, including irrigation and poultry farming. For example, a study by Fazal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the design and optimization of a hybrid renewable energy system for irrigation in a remote agricultural area. The study proposed a system that combines solar PV, wind, and diesel generators to provide reliable and cost-effective power for irrigation purposes. Similarly, another study by Liu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) focused on the design and optimization of an IHES for poultry farming. The study proposed a system that integrates solar PV, biomass, and battery storage to meet the energy needs of a poultry farm while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Various optimization techniques have been used to maximize the performance and cost-efficiency of integrated hybrid energy systems for agriculture. Among these, mathematical modeling and simulation-based optimization approaches have been widely adopted in recent studies. For example, a study by Zhang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) used a multi-objective optimization algorithm to optimize the design of an IHES for irrigation and poultry farming, considering factors such as system efficiency, cost, and environmental impact. In another study, Wang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) developed a techno-economic optimization model for IHES in agriculture, which considered the dynamic nature of energy demand and supply from renewable sources. The study demonstrated that optimizing the operation and sizing of renewable energy systems can significantly improve the sustainability and cost efficiency of agricultural operations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eII. The Ruga Settlement Initiative\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, Nigeria has faced increasing pressure to address the multifaceted challenges posed by its growing population and diverse socio-economic needs. Among these challenges is the quest for sustainable development that harmonizes environmental stewardship with economic growth. Central to this discourse is the Nigerian government's Ruga Settlement Initiative, designed to provide infrastructural support, security, and essential resources to nomadic herders across the country. This initiative, aimed at transforming the traditional herding practices into more structured and sustainable systems, underscores a critical need for effective energy solutions that can support agricultural productivity and enhance the livelihoods of nomadic communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHere\u0026rsquo;s a summary of Nigerian states regarding their positions on the Ruga Settlement Initiative as depicted in Figure. States that Accepted the Initiative: - Kaduna, Niger, Kano, Zamfara, Kogi. States that Have Taken Action on the Initiative: - Kaduna - Implemented settlement plans and infrastructure development. Niger - Engaged in community consultations and planning. States Without Any Position: - Benue, Enugu, Abia. States that Rejected the Initiative: - Taraba, Benue, Ekiti, Oyo, Plateau. This classification reflects varying degrees of acceptance and action regarding the Ruga Settlement Initiative across Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ruga Settlement Initiative represents a pivotal shift in Nigeria's approach to addressing the needs of its pastoral communities. By offering dedicated land and infrastructure for herding activities, the initiative seeks to mitigate the conflicts arising from land use and resource competition between herders and agriculturalists. However, the successful implementation of this initiative requires more than just physical infrastructure. It necessitates a comprehensive strategy that integrates sustainable energy solutions to power agricultural operations, improve security, and facilitate community development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAligning Ruga Settlement Energy Goals with Sustainable Development Goals\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of this research, several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are linked to it, and this highlight the broader societal impact and relevance of this study. Firstly, SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) is addressed through improved agricultural productivity facilitated by reliable energy supply, ensuring food security. SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) is supported by the integration of renewable sources in hybrid systems, reducing emissions and enhancing energy efficiency in farming. SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) is promoted through reduced operational costs and enhanced productivity, stimulating rural economies. SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) is advanced by innovation in energy systems tailored for agricultural use, improving infrastructure resilience. SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) is furthered by optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental impact in agricultural practices. Lastly, SDG 13 (Climate Action) benefits from reduced carbon footprint and enhanced climate resilience, as these systems mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and help farmers adapt to climate change challenges. Together, the research contributes significantly to sustainable development by integrating energy efficiency with agricultural practices, fostering resilience, economic growth, and environmental stewardship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBridging the Knowledge Deficit in Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems for Ruga Settlements\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile significant strides have been made in the application of hybrid energy systems for general agricultural and rural development, there remains a notable gap in research specifically addressing their implementation within the context of Nigeria's Ruga Settlement Initiative. Existing studies often focus on energy solutions in isolated agricultural settings or broader rural development projects, without delving into the unique needs and challenges of nomadic herding communities. Moreover, there is limited empirical evidence on how integrated hybrid energy systems can be tailored to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability specifically for these settlements. Addressing these gaps requires a focused investigation into the intersection of hybrid energy technologies, nomadic pastoral practices, and the socio-economic dynamics of the Ruga settlements. This research aims to fill these gaps by providing targeted insights and solutions for effectively integrating hybrid energy systems within the Ruga framework. Moreover, the strategic location of the study within proximity to water sources and markets further enhances its relevance by promoting sustainable agricultural practices and market access. By improving productivity and reducing operational costs through sustainable energy solutions, the research not only supports the livelihoods of herders and farmers but also contributes to long-term environmental sustainability and resilience in Northern Nigeria's Ruga settlements.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Research Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis methodology ensures a comprehensive evaluation of hybrid energy systems, providing valuable insights for optimizing agricultural practices through sustainable energy solutions. The study methodology is described in this section and is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. The research employs a multi-disciplinary approach integrating principles from renewable energy systems, engineering, agricultural sciences, and economic analysis. Simulation models were developed to optimize IHES configurations based on real-world data and operational scenarios from the agricultural site. Performance evaluations were conducted using advanced modeling techniques and simulation tools to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed IHES designs.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes calculating the amount of water needed each day, figuring out the total dynamic head (TDH) needed to pump the water, estimating the amount of hydraulic energy needed each day to pump the water, figuring out how many hours a day the site has available solar radiation, hydro power, wind speed availability, and calculating the size of wind Turbine, PV, converter and batteries needed based on the total load demand. The subsequent subsections provide the methodology\u0026rsquo;s specifics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnalysis of Water Demand\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe farmhouse features four administrative offices and ten quarters for the farm attendants who work nights, according to the audit. In addition to its one-acre arable land used for irrigation farming, the farm maintains 10,000 birds, 500 sheep, goats, and rams, and 100 cows. A typical bird consumes 500 milliliters of water daily. Goats drink four to five liters of water a day, and up to ten liters when they are nursing. The average daily water consumption of dairy cows is 100 liters (The audit, 2021). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the estimated daily water requirements for the farm based on these details. Every day, an average of 24,000 liters of water is needed for the total amount consumed. The Badi dam has been identified as a potential source of water for the overall water requirement of the settlement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater is also required to produce artificial milk for the calves that the milking cows give birth to, as well as to irrigate the farm and its vegetation. The farm is equipped with irrigation systems that provide water to plants on a regular basis to support crop growth and landscape upkeep. A pumping system was designed to supply water for irrigation on a total of one acre. Depending on the season and kind of weather (wet or dry), different amounts of water are required. More water is used when the weather is dry. In all, water is used on the farm by the workers, the birds, the sheep, goats, and rams, as well as irrigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Farm\u0026rsquo;s Estimated Daily Water needs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimated Water (liter/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBirds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheep/Goat/Ram\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonnel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed and other activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFarmhouse and Administrative Appliances Electrical Load\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe electrical load consists of the daily electric needs of the farm's offices, such as fans and lightning, as well as the technology required for the automated tasks carried out on the facilities, such as the electrical milking machines, refrigeration of produced milk, and forage grinders used to cut and prepare animal feed. The breakdown of the electricity consumption by the appliances in the farmhouse (aside from the water pump) is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquipment\u0026rsquo;s Power Ratings, Hours of Use, and Corresponding Energy Demand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower Rating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHour/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekWh/day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefrigerator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForage Grinder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilking Machine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Daily Demand (kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWater requirements for Sorghum farming\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince sorghum is cultivated in Nigeria during the dry season, when there are few to no precipitation, irrigation is crucial to the crop's success. The Nigerian sorghum farmers might employ the following kinds of irrigation: Spray tubes, drips, sprinklers, and furrows, etc. Finding out how much water the chosen crop would require was the first step in figuring out how much water would be needed for irrigation. The largest amount that is anticipated to be consumed is chosen because the need fluctuates with the season (Sinton et al, 2014). Crop spacing affects how much water a crop needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDesigning a drip irrigation system for sorghum plantation.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe principal crops grown in Kaduna State, Nigeria's Makarfi Local Government Area include rice, ginger, sugarcane, millet, and sorghum. The local economy and way of life in the area are greatly impacted by these crops. For this work, sorghum was chosen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003epresumptions\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ea. A plantation spanning one acre (4046 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) will be irrigated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eb. Sorghum is the crop that will be irrigated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec. The dripper spacing is 0.4 meters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed. The terrain has no slope.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ee. The water source's depth is eight meters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ef. Water source: a nearby dam\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe type of sorghum to be planted determines the proper spacing between the plants. In general, sorghum grows best in tropical regions like Nigeria. The Samsorg 45 and Samsorg 46 sorghum types are the most widely used in Nigeria. These cultivars are ideal for Nigerian conditions. They yield a lot as well. The sorghum variety Samsorg 45 that was taken into consideration for this investigation is extensively distributed. There are 7,193 sorghum plants per acre when the holes are spaced 0.75 m \u0026times; 0.75 m apart. The average plant requires 0.05 liters of water every day. Eq.\u0026nbsp;1 [Wu, et al.] was used to determine the total amount of water needed daily for a one-acre samsorg 45 sorghumplantation, as the amount of water needed per meter length of row is 7.5 L m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. A hole that is one to two centimeters deep would be used to plant the sorghum seeds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere the water need per meter is expressed as the total length of rows is expressed as .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCalculating the total length of rows included\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDividing the whole area of the sorghum plantation by the length of rows, as one acre equals 4046 square meters. This space is therefore square, measuring 63.6 meters by 63.6 meters [Wu, et al.].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe water needed for the entire field each day was then acquired using Eq.\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMaking an irrigation time estimate and choosing an in-line drip lateral\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePresumptions stated\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 m (dripper spacing) \u0026times; 2 L h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (LPH) \u0026times; 16 mm (pipe size) was chosen as the inline drip lateral for the investigation ( Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 LPH at a 0.4 m lateral irrigation rate equals 5 LPH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA maximum of 7.5 L d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of water is needed Eq.\u0026nbsp;3 was therefore used to calculate the irrigation time (h) [Wu, et al.].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to meet all water requirements, the suggested irrigation system would run for 1.5 hours every field segment. Given that the hybrid electrical systems expected average availability is 15 hours per day, the maximum field section that has to be irrigated can be calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;4 [Wu, et al.].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum lateral running length in meters on level ground with a 7.5% discharge fluctuation (head loss\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2 m) (Mahindra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDripper Spacing(m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 LPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 LPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFinding the length of the lateral total length (LL)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe entire area (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) to be irrigated is divided by the minimum row spacing length in meters [Hunter] to get the total length (LL) needed by laterals as indicated in Eq.\u0026nbsp;5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRequired total discharge ()\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy dividing the product of the lateral total length and the selected lateral's emitter flow rate (LPH) by the emitter spacing in meters, one may determine the total lateral discharge from Eq.\u0026nbsp;6 [Hunter].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e26973 (LPH)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that the lateral head loss is 2 m and the maximum inline lateral running length for 16 mm \u0026times; 2 LPH \u0026times; 0.4 m is 82 m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSubmains' design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 7 provides the total discharge and the number of sections that must be irrigated in order to calculate the submain flow rate. If the field is not rectangular but rather trapezoidal or triangular in shape, the design can still be made by modifying the total discharge, in which case the design chart intended for rectangular fields can be applied straight away. The submain design is intended for a field with a uniform submain slope and the submain length is typically short [Wu, et al.].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, a sub-main of 40 mm, 6 Ksc is the appropriate size for a 0.75 LPS (litres per second) discharge. There is a 2 m head loss in the submain. A submain with a total length of 63.6 meters is needed. Each portion of the field has ten (10) 6.36-meter-long submains, and laterals are laid 6.36 meters long on either side of the submain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVC submain flows (Mahindra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eSC\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax flow (LPS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to 1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 to 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 to 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 to 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDesign of mainline\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, which contains the PVC mainline data, is consulted for the mainline design. Since only one submain will be operating at a time in this situation, the discharge through the mainline and the submain, or 0.75 LPS, are equal. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows that a 50 mm \u0026times; 6 Ksc pipe is appropriate for carrying 0.75 LPS of flow. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows that the head loss through a 50 mm \u0026times; 6 Ksc PVC pipe at maximum discharge, or 1.8 LPS, is 30 m; however, in this instance, the discharge is lower (0.75 LPS). Thus, Table\u0026nbsp;9 is consulted in order to determine actual head loss. The head loss is 6.35 m for 1000 m of pipe length for a 50 mm pipe with 0.75 LPS flow (from interpolation), however the main line's overall length is only 100 m. Therefore, head loss at 0.75 LPS via a 100-meter-long, 50-mm pipe is\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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ZHh+eI4jtVFaDyHpUOLRvQdQyDQ4Pz+XTmgfH5/g3l0KmvM8nj26K+WTyxXoUAvXToH/Zz/7hbROzw9UUJ/pILeHITs7Q5gOXqxuB5RP70ifzbobx4/+7IfwhsL44vYBlckBa6QsvZ+4kqzRH6Ea90B5/Bw/+OOfwenU4+ToKRx2B7J0wJTN5/HnP/oZpq0UBW8ZEhScGWOM/aZLg2ep0Uc4XcdkuoAjWkKi2oPW4IbelUCq3seRKUYttg4M1GoSRpTvWBeAzRlCKFFEiF4r+AMJajk5UWp/tb/YXeqdIXzJXz9pxRUrwxwuQrxcYQnCbPKgUmuj2ajj3oOnsNpDeKwNIVVs4enTZzCavTi3xaAPZGmel1rEmx9/g7k2tHoXDO4ULNEq1FobDml9jf4MwvEcPOkaTFYPiuU6TAERoEFlX0FL5TWaPfj02Il4oQWlk4KrworPTpxSHm+iglSpDXe8jESlB6PVC08oA6XRj2JrAIMrAqXeDV/i17/T6nxZHChssAbSsAQ3vxOb6a/SlYaRyvdcu+n1Ry6XQ6EyQ2UN44VJnLIFYuUu9FYf/L4IjK4wBfsU3IEYTp0ZWlYCap0Dt2QeZCifm7ajiVqa7dbmN01bqIjJbIFApo5TrQsPVR6orRGcGEIIZxuotgcoN/uQOTKwuUO4//ApUinuRIExxi5zafBcUkUtnmQlWjuz7bU+zQEFycVm2oT+EZNnYmSrTwGu1aYG3gy/6nauS69pX+FaHvGeL/cpIIYvfi4d0Xu2utQQnNO6UEWv92RBsRaiG3ixvnJjBG0xTsPidaLb2Jd/axXrT/FQ0qBh0RGRKJtYX7G6Iv+Uhl/u+2BC8ykGYkwZxFuJcbGMoXgBuVi/i/JKeWmFettriwb0fu3+r+cLotuCi/W8WJb4KxLFLmlZgt4RowC8wJBeIF5zQWzPDuXr0bLE9u/SsLRutDItmideL4opkijTbLsQ8XkKIq/YbmJ7ivce0XwxTcwWr+kPJ3DLDTjT+On9xBzGGGNfd2nw/L4TFf1F4Lnwem3b/fF6Ty29HmmKohSbGWOM7fC9Cp6ffvop/sE/+Af4R3/4j16Z/nCbvj7t5fHrSn/4j/+Q0j+m4T/8jXlvM11WxutIf0jl2JRpUx6xzH9C6R9v5+9j+q4+o+8qXZRHfFaXzd+39PV97l1KXLb9TBffrf/6v/lvUK9vfnb8Jt+r4JnL5eBwOOB0uqQuAp1O9zaJ4W+T6P1c2/dxv+n7uWjdXDAa1LCZNZfM35XEsr2bv9Kw56V53yJdvM9Fua6cxPq4pe1tMKhgN2u/Nv9VSSzzLZdHer/t8Bt9RpvyiL8mkw4WoxIuh/2l+bvStgxSOcSw+KzedJt+PW3L5BLvux2+UhKvccNiMdN+J6fyWL82/xVJKo8ox0W6JM+V00tleKP9blMem80Og14Op830tfmvSuK1F8u/+Ps2yybS9n3f+Dvlht1O3ye9Ak6r4ZL5u9JLZXv5c5P2xa/nfdO0ff83rv9E2ZxUNhUcFv0l83ell8r28vhbqzdE+vZlcziobFQPOm166fGXr+N7etr24qRsn1J7M/itiBO9mytvMd7cb3l14kTmAKVSEQmv6PjhdVFZ1qnNX+lX0q928vDmtk9lmbzp9hE/Rovtu0SxUETKt7kI6vWI14rtMaWyiWe3bn9Q/VZe+n118nrdY32VONEtyrNAo95CzOPA4rU6tqDPZC0u3BIXqolffcUFY2+y/MtsyyTul129yYl48RrR6wmVx+9Br/bri+m+mdg/Lj7jt9kRBn3Wa9pmr3n72VeJ/b+HxaKLVCyCirjH+rWJCk28Xrj4XMU++Kbf58uIz59M32R7ic+6j/Wqh0wqgUIkuJn8WkTdcFFhi89NLJ/Ktn6bF+xtt93Xnlf8esT3W+xHPeSyGWQCHmnq6xHb5eV9X4yL8r6telDYxotvVbf3qR7MI+l1Yr3e7gff4PsXPFcDeGX3MO9W4bWYYFJqaKOIZjRt9LXo9IC+OGuxc4kPYUjD9KGuxRd5uwGXFxuQdsaV+MBnSDv0CAQ2j0qzacRDscXGEa+ntBLB5+LDHdPOL8bFPLFB6f3RxWw6QSJBASadRzUfhS+e+9UjzV5tjVIiCPm5BZ1WGxmfFYoTDSYNsS7i9eILIpJYf7FzT2hYlE1UeiIR+jJuvli0zitR/iUaSTp6N4oODQCPWY3RQEzffjlWF68XFlQesT3EPLHdxHuJ5Y2RzVYQjeUwGo3QKiXgTxSwep0yzVtwq5UoVTqo1jpQnsrRLG86lZCWQdtrs93Er9C03lJ5RLm2le2KhqXPRQxTXlERU9miuqfoboODy6DAdCLeQ3w+4vMV+S92aPqcV+JA6GI/EMscoFJpIRLJotXqYdwrwhuMS1eBf5NebwybPQqjUoFyKgr1uRaJ9MUXm/aLi2VcrP9l01Y0vBLrK4ZFmcT+s0BI9Qjjfg+JkAfVoqgIRRlEXvF6kUdYbT8j+syk/ftiHwAdqDUQiebQqOUQCoRQE1flvYZpIwOLyQW3SgaXVkn7vI4mXnwvXl5/sY/TNvrK94qI9V9uD8qk79dmuUWfCqVYCJ1mHRGPTcykJD4Pkfei8idS+cRnJt5flEuMr6XPRpSnXM4jFfEjXbvYpt8s5HIiE9rs826TCeWIFQG7BQa5GuvRrs+LyiH9/fU6SOmijliL+mPzXWnELUh7rBiPhvBZaXtJLsp2UT8Q8X7S9hKvFd8lMbxEtzug71MehWIBuXgAseLrB6l4MIg4LXs2ncLpScCqOEPIqobO4Md0JvZhsa+I7SmWeVGOr0/bfj9+VTYq13af7BV8iJiUVGct4TTIxUxK9L5S2WhbXZDKI6aJ7SXKKbbdHIPBGDEqWy5XQDEdQmj7uMbXkUsmEbzYnss+PEefIeUx76gHN9tyk74+Tfx5aR/e1iGTZhJ+9aE0bNfI6N9t3f6VelAQ20N8Jhf7Br03vc9kPEWc6r50poBKNgJ/8jXrQfL9Cp6rOVIBEz7+7DPEwj44nH4EkxX47WbkvHroT85gObgLs0KNoPxL2Gkn0z9/ApPsGDGL2CmAaDiPWliHhF2DWrWLfNSL48dfIOc30Tad4vj4AKWQGZ1qBcWgGeoTLXzyx5gNq3BpFHA5oiiErDDLTmF48RBGmQxppxaTyRrdzhQqrQcJ2tD0CUjLexXRyb5Fp4PfoUarXoDiXIFca0FfeBnq6QAt45iW8Qjm83P4FQ/gVh5Cc3AMm+wpXMoTrJYTFIsdpN06lEN6JKMp9JoNnDz8DH6jHOv5EEqVBtmAHuVkgr4kAejO9DC/uEsNgwqSDi30aieqmSgc5wfQvngBq+wAPs0J7TQLjKlMA6qQVToP0rlfd0LxKi71ERRHD9HJhaSHlMuOnyCdymDer+PLW7fxL3/wEf6fn/wSP/zwE8iffYk/+vNb+Nfv/QT/6ief47bCgmZ3hpCNtn/KhIDNiQUd5XVKYXz485+h1tx8Kc/lcjpyN9NBjwJ2rQG654/RLsal7RGzqaGS6WE7eQTN0Rn9fQir/ASDVh3j8RoLqu9MliC84QTl337pXkFkaTQGtEwjQuE4TKpjOtApSL1Y+ZTPaRnnsB8/gOVchmEjC7+GPiNp2n2Yz04xpYO8Nu0XYZsJ7aQRQacXKwo+jbwfP6MyDcd9uNxehF0apO0qhCx6qA5OkfNoael0cBU0Qn1mhOX4EfR0IGI9vAuD7BztfBiz2Vr6jLyeNIyOoPTA9NdhNVuQT2Tw4uEjqFQG+GMFhNw2KtMcHsUzaA5l0nYT35+A4h70MiUs2+W2Mn7Ml2v4bS70Mkb4TQaMJiv6fIu4/clHCMfCqNcbMGqOkXXrkaJ9TE0VYUD5RFp2L++D7lwHw8kL2j4ymF7cp/c9Q95vpBYnVV1UnnSqBqXeQ9tNVIyvJ0rlsdk2Z3z89DkdPnsKu4O2a6YBl5EOsMV09Qtoj89hO75HAUiBoOIOjGdK+j7ck8pWiW46EvE7ArT/GREwadEfzOl4roaHX34Gq9NOrfwRVOcvUPAZkXFqoJHp4KaDeWFUjcAo10J3cgTL2Yn03TVSPZGi77e4sl+UrVBoQ65zo9a4qOi/WSZXhMlopv11BfEUwZPDIzx//JQOMKy0i6xQCFphPD2FcbstS1Q/laLOX00ziu0relQjAU8M7YQBYTqobreoMTBr4/jJXcg1Kmm/lJ08o3rPgqxLDS3VFfbDO7SIJabtNKzUUNGd0r5xdgTdi6dS/RQ2nUvfEVG2WnUAhdaNYnl71us1lKsN6HRGOkYeI+E14gd/9kOqB88vrQfFtszQPlXbTtNvpyXpeyOEA1nUozqpDhB1+3o+gObkKZ4dbYLn8dFzlMJWZJ0q6On7bH5xR+q6ddYvU92uhuZUQXXrC+gONvWgX3uCJX1womzt9gRKKtvr1oPC9yp4tht1PHp+TMHzU+g1SjpKDaHVKMJgtEn3PZaokC/oSFP0rPOjH72HYL4KSzgJm9ODUwpywoyOlD79xac4PjykL8oKZqMRB9YkNM4YilE/Hty7h8MXz9HutulDPJPaSE8OaEM6HfBte9TR67WIVNpQ271w+QOQ0Yf9plJ0gHQsd1ErmipNtdgJZjihD9FutSBYqEHvCcFDrYqPP/4YarMdqfYYMtqJlRoN+r3N0dUhBdTbH3+CAQXLYj6PLw81MCTpKN6mg0arwe1PP6Wg1ISSdjRRnkP5OSIBCqQmo3QcFotGYHAHECw2oKEvqYy25Xz+UkvhCh48eCw93FylUKHb6uDZuQvRoBPlXBp/eu8c/+dTB/7HH9/Df//Dj/FnH93GnyiS+Gf/5hP8Hx89x7++u+nC0en24Gc/fA/FWpXWb4nDw2P8/LNbCAc3p4NOT0/wiD6nEzrQKfe7MPt9CEciqJWKMNpt6MxmODyn1i/Fkucn5zBaLHSQIU4fv5ksVUaBVAVdqiQ03gasKiWG/Q4OqcIt02Z6dnwGq8OBUDCEYzoAuphmsTvoiHVzas1steHD936MaqtBQWKOF/SZffDJZ8hl4vAH/Pj0w1/QgY4cnnAQuV4H51S5r6lWOj09ltroL46Opfd9SuXxBoJ04HiV0+hfFSv14Kbt9Isf/D+w0bauVbKwWF1Sq+pou91enJ7DbKN1/uUvUKUDjqcyBXxUPrOVKmySzufw/p/8OYK07wgquQIf3XkEk16JJh3A/eL9n0KrVdE+rZSO4R8+3QTPs8MDaVxFlVWyOcS5yQ4vva+cyvttFKlF56LWp5DNZvDs6VNpu/a7FIjpAEEEgBfHp9I2fHIkg9vnx0/efx9lKuuROIAIh6HWiAMWoNKo4ac/+BEcbpc0btLq8Mn9Z5CfHUq9pf3igw+goWAjk51IbZf7TzZlU9H3q0mfmUn67tahcwfh9Pqp7jmT5r+pGn0PbLbNdh+3spCbfPBR7D18Jsew14SG6o1kc0DTHdK21ND6GvTUQKCDPrnZIdUf4oBT6Ax7+Pl7P6VW6yaYuujz/PzxAV48e4DpdIJPxH6okFOgOZDanA+pLhQPAjHTMop9ahnSNnXEMpSyMNtdONnWq2+q3WnDbrejXMjj8YEMf/LDH1B99ozm/GY9KLal6KlOTAtQ3W7whuHw+GgdNtt3spjgow9+iXM6KBPd6IR9Xtx+coR7976QWu23P/8cZ1R3HL54Jn1uz+ngtj8YwkPbNl4pI0bfVVEPhl6qB1/3983LfK+C52i6Qjjdxb0HathCJWpRaGGno3HRMcM5tVoEvcGNZKqAn3zwAM1GG5l0EV5fnL6cm52vEI3hzJGCzBhCr1aDP9tAWK2BV61DlFpxR2cUiI0RZMIxOtJwoahT4eGdewjkGrBTxbWIeKHTOtHrDhAIJBEMpaBQilNUVyeOcucJ+oLR0Zw9UqQdw4bgyTG8aaqgbQG0mh1EoxkKDGl8+sUhtVAimE6mtOO7odO7MRhN0C6VoTRTALdnkInGUe+OYVQZkdMqYY9VKa8HMnMSIYcbWnsERYMWjz//AjHa+UQLbezQ004WpWVk6Ei0S8sN0nrYMZtTjfkGlI44qnoFVUQOVEMhRBTncAUyyNPyfvbUhPdOPPjff36E/+m9x3j/ixN8Ykzif6ThP/r0HH/8yIgRHRCYTW7IPGV47B6sKNDE8gM8eW5COLoJgOdKO1RU3jv3T5HQaqF8cB+hSBR1aiVrTrUoq2VQKTf7g4K2qc0eRKn8elfI/YblgvYdm3TScV4toWJQQUuVV284ofe2S1nk9PmLz0Z8Tioq92aaFU5XBLlCFZNeD0Yq05mnRAdhPnrLBaLZPh4+0SObb8Hnj0NmSuLhYzls59RKkx3hjIKYODNxdG5Fm7bn0WPxcwJV0Go7tYDTcHui0vgbWVGrmSrVHz0xwXpO36UzFbJU0Q76Q6hp3xaUtBy7gw7aPnshjWtouthH7I4wvX5Jla4LZ94yDAYnVuMRUuUxzlU+atXTQUythecKPw5PTZAdKFHQKXGPvkPCmSmMmlaB8wcvpDMTm+2Wof3lzQ8GhEKxKr2XkKbv/InGC4tCT9+tc0TLPSxmc5zJN/uE+GwCwSQ++PCxNG62+OhAPEN1x+bgLOjwUNlKUNN3bE4BI1ub0IFmlF7npgPWIZ7IXDhVOnFAwatk0ODLz29Jr1M7kyhoFNA+frE9BZ2RliP2n2+jStvTTvvSqNGA/tYdpBQazFwGKA7P0aGmqPhsxlQXuLf7oMHogZ7SeDSW9hNpv1Rv9suYx49zdwEKHc1vd1BsTmFxZejgzCJ9Ho9P7NQy9uHxYzowNOhw59PPKXguYA4VkFBSy+zZAX2XKyjQ91m890W9+qba7Z5U17UHM0QyXfzs0zMcHOoQpIPGr9eDYltqdS6p8xtRt8cogPupDr5Yh2wojDNnBmcGv1S3VztzqntK9L3SYT5b4NmJFUra/+4/PEPZqMPDzz6XnhrlTdfhlysRODqi71bqrdSDwvfygqHafNM9X7g7RaC7OVVVmm5OwdVmS/QXK0SHc0yWawyWK7Qpf+Vi/mQu/cI3pNHOfCl1oOCl1lyE3ke0wir0+gFNrE8XyDZLOAtQy5S+bCKfvzOW8oo8c6rYOrScLqWL934TEarwHc2x1ElBcbyErTGU1qNJy5iu1uhtl5EaLdCicoj1EGWs0TLFcId2igEtXpSpQetMk5CiHdFO7yPWSuQVHSOUJws0h22oYnY8ogp6OJwhN5rDVB+iTnnEMsTymrMVqvTe219IroyKAHN9gAoNpGgZYnhIKzqiVKN16NP6Fmm5GZqXHc8xps8gS8MVGm7S/Al9XmIdhPqEtvP294UWvf6i0w2xfmOanqGKTZfy4gm1cNK5+q/KrqkOkN/+nik+G7Etx2JjvYEFfc5iWwvV6WZ7ifeT9pXtdPFXfDZiG4p1e3maKPeYjtxb25WvUZnEewrNxVr6jMT+OaJphdEUtnwUBzYNrK6ElEcsW1vtIyx61CDi/cVyxGvelPhe+GhfHlC9EKT9PtzbfIdmtA4vr7/4HJKilwxysVwxbU3/ic9SaNIB7WS1WRfROciABif02bQpb4Ne46NWrcxvwPG28hb9ahhpn3B06PtG+b++3d6U2M6t7X4zoPfr0baN9egggcoptrb4+MsvlU18d2NURwgN+jzF90x8D4TqePM9atP7DWl/FMQW6tIKiw5NmrTOYl6wVsR5yEQHChSUabpYvIUOQqytsbQtRbnEci72kzclPi/xeXfmC2hbIxg7Qxio1S7qP0FsO7FeF9tSlEMksZ/9xn5J3zNRti5VOP1tLzFiK4h9UUwXdauYF21WoYhY8PhcjwV9R8X7O1tDmJojDGk7iO/0y/Xqm5rRe4ntL5Yt1GjZhR31oNiW4vsg9kGxTS6mXaxDlcomhga0sl1aZ0G8b12sPJHqdhqOtxpUD9q29eBE2jd8VK/r6bst3k+s07etB4XvZfD8rtTrU7h8ZbQ29cTeG44Aj7eIQvdiV91vIgYFQ2XExHnGd0Q63YI/1nn58pq9VqmO4PZXKPBsJ7xDms0ZXNT6brwrH9ZLer0l3FRXVF6+puYdMfqO6sFLg2cikcAXX3yB21/e/m7T7W26bN41pDv37uDug7u4e+fLS+d/60RluXX71uXzriHdufsllece7tLfLy+Z/1bSd/j5fEmfi/h87tHndF3lEcu4bPp1pC/v3Mbd+1QeSndo+LI83zr9BXyH7l3nd4jSF7eoLvoOy3SRNvXD5vt02fy3kW7dovrhL6JsL9UVl81/K+k73hcv0hvXg7SuT589xUJc2fYaLg2e4gP9j/7j/wi/87u/892m37lk2j4nUZ53sUyXTd/T9Lu/+7tSumwep+9Jete+Qy8nLtv3Jv32X/1t/M2/9TdRrb7erTg3+rQtY4wx9iZ2Bs/1qotZ3QYsxYXn4k8E865PuhfzWi1puTUr/d3cprEcJTHvBGhoP39UWYwLmDXEBQdTqeeKedtD2zJMc96N3yUZY+wmujx4LmYIWo04locQcxilKzfOHz2DJzbE/OLZVtdgRcuNuqyQ6ZII2/VYTtpQyoxQnFnQrW2efblf1kgVBnh0/xjNahVTcTWnuwnZcwWmw20PLowxxvbOpcGzVc7DaneiNehDq9VJLaZHB2doFb/FvWevodcfQq/UIO/SQK2zIOI0IdPswe1xIZfbPKR634zGEzy4dx/V8ubB4eKmE61aiXb/pS6/GGOM7ZVLg2cmm4PLbkcxaIMjlIW4kdwbysBm+XY3A3+TxQrwpqu4ff8+UuUuNFo9OsUkLCYTatv7PffNfDSD2uBCkA4A1rMJCm49rB7RUTxjjLF9dWnwrHXGMGmskJ2ZkU0k0cmm4dGZEC2Iznavj+htJu3zQe3MopRIwBOvwKrQwR0rb3PsF3GCuxzyw3SmQiTXQMBgwNETGZJWKxajTafNjDHG9s/OC4bK1AoUXRuL+0xrNJz7dh1NvBbRUUSVliXuSW7TX7HILP2zz30YlKgcaSqDuMyqSOUT/cokaBqftGWMsf21M3gyxhhj7HIcPBljjLEr4uDJGGOMXREHT8YYY+yKdgbP5aCBcsqL1bglja+GDTRLeaxW13zl0GSMQSmG6WiAQtxP67HpZ3DczKGaDYp7P6TxfTLvZLGcbHpMEpdBTarXe78sY4yx63V58FyM4LcboBf3JzqNVN/34dA9RjoXpeC5zXNNesMhzg8eo9Prw+UNwGnQYj1uwqTTwaAzo5AUXdvtjzUFzcPbH6Bc2jzouZZw4+mdT6Rhxhhj++nS4Fkt5WBxuNEZDaEzWhE2K/HFfR18NjNWFFiv02zShdywebBuwmeFP9tENOBFNFtGMp2Cz0etzz2xXi+RsGvxwUf3UC2XMeuUcXYow90HT7F+zcfeMMYY+/65NHhmMgV4HGpkPUrE43HIFDpUqx4Y9EZ0B+NtruuRCnkRiafQjMtgtCuxxBROvQLFlBUesw75+sXpz++/5XKNwzMzbn38MQIOM1LRII6P1fjkg/cx6F5vhxOMMcauz6XBszmYQmmN4kQfQjJfQyBbh0LrRSDTuPZnm0RyTRRqHdx5YYXOnkanP4LKHoXKHIYtUtrm2h89SvpsCzEK+tFcFXUaPwtXpE4TGGOM7adLg6foVm44A0YLYEK1vLhEqDfa/L1u1FiTehrq0PKGlBa00BGlwWTTS88+EgccolxiWwpimDHG2P66/IIhxhhjjO3EwZMxxhi7Ig6ejDHG2BVx8GSMMcauaHfwXPexbDnp7+bWlGXfi1XHQgPX+xxKcW/keprZDC/KWI22z/KcV7Ds+Ghgz+6PXLawaOmwnl/01BTAouuiwn0Xl18xxhi7DpcHz+UcYZsJx2d+JF0maZLN18aDewo0621p/Lp0Wj2cPjrAsBSC9fQUucaUAs8QZqUWZ+cu1NL71MPQGhGHBQdHHrT6K8wGLcgPFLB4qtJVxIwxxvbTpcGzXcnDYnei0e9Dq9FJ0zrFGMyOEKbXfJvFaj7CuUKJ46cPcHyuxqCRRjbkgT9ZQEL0MOQPbHN+/63Xa5icdBCgO8d80ECdDgxUegtSXj3N5R6GGGNsX10aPDPZHFwOBypRJ+zBLLVEpzCplWgMZtsc16cQD8Hk8OHZsQKRZAZOpx8Omw3FdBwBhwmJ4n71zNOdAFq9E9FAgFqbS5SaC5weydDr7U9PSYwxxr7q0uBZbQ9hUpkgO9EjG0+gmivAldr8ZnfdgrECMqU2DHo3rHIdsuUGNEoLnCoDDM74tfdw9DaJRnoz7INBpkai0EDKQQcBNiMUGjdmK+4pgTHG9tXOC4YKS6BG9XubotWAxr+rqp4aalJPRg1abp6SaOs2aeGZBXC9vepejzwVJkNJdC5UpPJEqUDcqy1jjO23ncGTMcYYY5fj4MkYY4xdEQdPxhhj7Io4eDLGGGNXtDt4rkZY1nPAeroZ71Wx7tdo4JovHZoMsKzScjHEqpEH5uJyJTLtYNUs0sB+3R+56rSxKlM5+g0aW2DZoDLQtmSMMba/dgTPJTJBBww6DfIRN9X5c9gN53BZtBj3r/da0VqjBavdBo/iEQx6PaJOA02dwkfLtujVaJXSm4x7Ilsqwqg5hc/lwHQ2gzcQhlktw2osHpPNGGNsH10aPLv1MoxmO5KtIXRqLWbzMe5//B60ei26o+t9JLW4NcXjNuKXn95HfrLG+bkCxUQQ9lAa3mQaAa/o33Z/iNtr1E4HYsUalitqdFLD/VypRrN7vX0EM8YYuz6XBs9sJgOPx4F23g9XOIakU4s7cj/UKjWWy+vslHWBYTWE43M9zlUqzLpZGBxeuF1GVKjFGfVZEMvu1ynPSbsMq9mK4Uyc7h6iWwzA5N6n/nkZY4x93aXBs9To40xlweGJFtF0HhpHDEa9EQZXDIvF9f3m2e508Pnnj6Eye3CitkOhNCJT7UCmskGtsUBrDYIao3slna/CEy9gTc1Ol82OO/cOYXZ4MBmL7iAYY4zto0uD55ICVKc3Rqs3w3g0gzhT22r1MZqttjmux2y+RKXeQ783QG8wQ7s/lYJ1pz9Huzvctt72y2yxwpQa66KT+GZziDptx267e80teMYYY9dpxwVDjDHGGNuFgydjjDF2RRw8GWOMsSvi4MkYY4xd0auD57q7HRAmND7aDl8ncXWNWO7m1g7RQcKGmL6PD5Bebdf74mIncZUtX2nLGGP7bEfwXKEWc0J3coZm2ktxawK3Rgm3To3l+OWA+vbVCiXo5VpkLM9gVpwhmy5S3FkgYVPBLD/HqJHd5vz+W69XqEatUB8q0M4HsZg04NEq4FScYDlrb3MxxhjbN5cGz1GnCoPZhlS1K3WRl42GEKRgajHIUalcbycFooehbDaEj++dwqSTS4GzkYvA5I0jEE/B7/dvMu6B+XyB8+NDtGd56M4PEfK44QzH4ErkEXaat7kYY4ztm0uDZy6bhdvlRK+WhNkRQKE9wumJEk8PTtEZivB2feaNOHRaI4rtOQ5fHGI6GcLlsKNczCIRdCEUL2xzfv+tVmvofHloFQocyHTwer1IxqOoljIwmmzbXIwxxvbNpcGzUG7BZJJDKztCLh3BbNGGVaeFM1q/1meqTHp1nBx8gkDCin7LCZVWh16b1kUth9elgF5vw0T04LBH+qMalKdniOVqcNsscJqVcOrPkKh9F78fM8YYuw6XBk/RtgxkF/CXV8i1VmhRKzBSX1/3w8jQHa+h9iwQjC7hCU2RomUPZmsEayt4k3OU9zDeVOsLhCsrjJdAqrlCsLBEoHi9PTUxxhi7XjsuGGKMMcbYLhw8GWOMsSvi4MkYY4xdEQdPxhhj7Iq+IXi+3BPOmNJgM3itRE9Grc3gukP/LDbDmG/H9424OOiilyRRlpfKIJWHr7pljLF9szN49rtdRGxKGhLX2M4RdegQdRuxnFxvAG02m/BYtWgmHfCatagm3NL0fMiGgF2PSacije+LTrOOmFtPm3CESsIDm1aB5aCKea8Cv9OKhM9KMZUDKGOM7ZOdwXM8meDg2ak0XIm7YPTkodVaUK+UpGnXpT/sQP70AV48fQpvcgD1+Tn65RT01gCsrgSiAe82535otrpQyLWol4tQyxXwpwdw6uWIxbKwqQ6hkZ1IDx5njDG2P3YGz141BYs3Ig2rFHKMZ0PYLCZU6tfbJ2u9vcQHP/slZBQ0sRhApbfB43ahQEE7FfMjEE1vc+6H0XgEq82KfD4PpUq05IHDk3MKpjHcfmrE04MzjIcNaTpjjLH9sDN4ehw+ZDJFTMoFKPUupHVqGG0BTC5+grwG6+kUKwqQt+8eQXYgR1CtRCRdhe5MjZhOCz21fDvj/ephaDQaw2LxoFRrQyk3Iq1VQH2mhcUZQdJqhsVgRbZY3+ZmjDG2D3YGz3J/itZ4iny7h+pgBmOmjuZovp17PSbzBSz5KkLVAQKVHpzFNgazOfzlNqz5JrKd/XuU13y1RrE/wXwJJJojaJIlhOpd9CYrmDM1KmsXM+5wiDHG9srO4Hnhop33XdXvFGMu9a7El5fbzRwzGWNsP31j8GSMMcbYV3HwZIwxxq6IgydjjDF2Rd8QPL/+C+R38Sud6DDg5QuDxPjFL4VieB9/KRTrLMogtufLnUx8Fz02McYYe9t2Bs9ps46g4umvwlbJY0Eh5NiOXY/VYoGQNwLL4QMaWaKTMMFrMUnzRtUIdC8OUYrYKA7tTwBdz2aIqg8x6jbQaXWhPz7CoJZGK+2D4fQMnaxvm5Mxxti+2Bk8u4s5np+rqPbfhE9XKgOH+3oretEuazVbePLwPhqZCO4/fAhf0E4zhlBQ0EkNllDK5Rh2t33f7oEFHX6cmqyo15uYjifQqQ7hcXlgsliRKHeg1dA2Zowxtld2Bs92MQ67NyoNr9dLhN1mpCtdafw61Sl4PjiQw6SR4ejMBKczimzIiRPZGc1dQUHBs9m63l6O3qbpsAW73Y7BdInJeIx79x8jHI3A5XKh38xCZ96v7gYZY4y9Ini6qJVZKOQxrsewXK6h1pqu/dfG1XyKXtMFg+4YClsKXpcOUftzWKwO6BwxZB0voDE5MZzvz2nbcqkCty9M7c81+i07Ts5O4dKdw2KRw6yWoz7cdWcrY4yx76udwbM6XKM1WiNV3fQqlL/+RidmC8AdHMOenEsP7wrk5lAHpsg0V6BVkYare3aNzWAGNEbiJ9w1HP4xguUFPJR8mRnCVQ6cjDG2j3YGT8YYY4xdjoMnY4wxdkUcPBljjLEr4uDJGGOMXdE3BM/Z9q/Qp/RdPRJsezXtWixT9Cp0oUdpf660/TVx0ZVYb5GoDOvtdlyL8jDGGNs3O4PnoNdDwq2moU0nCdGQF5mAGevZy8HsOkyRc8kwHY8Qj/gQddI6ULCZtnJwmxRo5QKUZ3+uUl0slkh4DZiOehi0ywi5DGi36uhWEgjYNOhXktucjDHG9sXO4DkajfHiyQnW2x6GipUhVHI92u3rvGdljXLSi1/+9ANMp3OUGmucy9QUbDowq07hTfShkcsxHnwH9828JavlCvIzDZqNNmI+F0waNbpUHpvRBFuwDouWexhijLF9szN49usZmNyh7dgKpZQPNl8Mi4vObq/BoF3D6elzfHT7YwreTawXHaj1Fumk58HBgZRHLnoYau5P93zLcRd2hx2D0RTpPvDsuQy5ZBQOtxujQRUag32bkzHG2L7YGTw9Di8ymSIm9QoqHjv0Xz5At3m9Lb7OcA6to4gPf/EcuXgOnqePEFYaMSnlcWbwomTTQ6mxYTh++bfY77dKsQKHM0Qt+BXW6QjkpxrYNAbYlRq4VCrk2t/V78iMMcbelp3Bs9AdozmcoNCillOmAlmyiMZwuJ17vTLdCVqjMU6iBagSWcRrTbTHK6jCWeQ6422u/dCdzFHpT7Bcr2k7lhAsdeDN1eHM1uEp7k8fvYwxxn5tZ/C8IK4PFZfniFOn3+VlOuLssOiiT7QxL5YrxvfZRXtZlG0frxlmjDG28Y3BkzHGGGNfxcGTMcYYuyIOnowxxtgVcfBkjDHGrmhn8FzOWuhHNRcdDKHpMqGXcND4Nd7oKVlhmDZgvRigE7Gj6dZgvZphNWmiajzEpBqnPNe9Dm/Pej3DIKnDctzDtNlA3aBCy6PFsptHxXyORa+wzckYY2xf7Ayeze4Cd5/JftXDkDUSxplajdlkKo1fjzU6hQg+/OlHKORKUBl0OFKdoVWrwaWV4TzWhVYlx3y0P33Cigd8Pz0xoFqtST3zqhJ+HOptcJgtUEQLsOroAIUxxthe2Rk8J50yDFbPdgwwG43Q6Q3XeovFqNuE+fgOHt7+AM1sAMfHZ/jyzlMM+w0cHR9LeeSK/ephaDUdwWG3o92fUAGbsBitiKQycDhdGA3aUGtN25yMMcb2xc7g6Xe7kMwXMJ81KY3hDIVgtl5vV3LN/hRPrSX86NMDaPQOmBwO2PxuBFw2yDVWdEpuyNUGdIf708NQrVyC3eXFihrwEb8T4WQRqZQXFqsZAasG8ap4cgxjjLF9sjN4Jsp9VJtDZNM1FDNFmE1+5FrX302BOEnsz3RQHaxhdSagVXsQStRQGixxLvcgVtqvx3iJA4JsdYDVcolwpoXREnB48rC4krAESttcjDHG9snO4MkYY4yxy3HwZIwxxq6IgydjjDF2RRw8GWOMsSvi4MkYY4xd0c7guR4O0M0EtmNkOcW0HsdqIR5Odn1apRSSYS9GowHymTiyMRfGnQaw6CEfsGHSKW5z7onlAv1sCIvZGMtJD7mIC/NeFZNuHdm4H4P+9T5gnDHG2Nu3M3i2h0OcvHj8qx6G8h4lTg9eYLG4vqd6zsZDWHUn8IeCGI2nyOQqOHv2GJVmB2GbGjpHGHadHIvJd/NQ7rdhsVxCIZehUc4h4bfBSmXwmLUIufRwu+wYDPbr4d6MMcZeETwnwyYURpd032WvEMatj+9CpzduZl6T0WSJM2MKltNn1MIdYTlrQ6mzSr0aHb14IT0UWy6Xo9VsSvn3wWo5gcnhRL7ShtZgRc5/DLlKD6OvBt3xs20uxhhj+2Rn8Ix4HUikMxRFa7A4Y3j09ACyoyPR0/k2xzVYLygVKLicolFvwm/RIV2sUJO0iUOZDsuaCwqlGp09aq01q0U4HA6I7iXyxRw+/eQQsbifxrI4ODzGSnQ9xBhjbK/sDJ6hXAulRh+JTBUTGo/35/CWrvf3uelsAYc7jXNzHGOKNp50A7VWH9liE8n6AMdKH7zpJpZ7FG9qnRFixQ41QdeIxItwp+qwe9Ow2BOwRMrX/5Aaxhhjb93O4ClOlYogNX2pR77rrudFIBlRpJ5uf1YVf8Q6zLbjg9lmvfaJ2GYX6zyZb4bH9HdEjefr+/WYMcbYddoZPBljjDF2OQ6ejDHG2BVx8GSMMcauiIMnY4wxdkW7LxiatzBOGLZXCa0xiJjR9Xlo+vX2MPSuWY0HaFiUmDWTWPSaqJsVWA5KWPULqNs2w/tljWHGhmGxII1NSiG0HKeioNI4Y4zdBDuDZ6Mzx71nVClSZbmkgPno2TPEhl3M+d6KKxnM1zAWGtAo1WiOV9ClSzApzuCwWnEeysJu0G5z7od61IxHj85QHjQxo4MBlVqNQ28ZCad6m4Mxxt59O4PntFeF3uKShkWXfAdnGhSjbmmcXcUcaY8BnkSNhseI2PTQ2YJwOF0YDjpQa6+316a37enDh1Cb7AhaVSjlM9DqdNLJiaPDw00Gxhi7AXYGz6DbhUQ+T4GzheVyjmAmBottE0zZ61oh69fj3OjBdD5F2K6E3hNFKu2B1WZB2KFFpNTZ5t0PB6da1Pp5KDQ6BAN2aLQatPNOyA2i1yTGGLsZdgbPWKGLSr2PdLKCQjoLk8mHQodv67+K5WqFRwdmmM1OtJo9PHhugMPmhsmWgtEeg8GT3+bcH+nWDBq5nVrSDbiDJdhDJZwqfOjM+XQ+Y+zm2Bk8GWOMMXY5Dp6MMcbYFXHwZIwxxq6IgydjjDF2RRw8GWOMsSvaGTzX4yH6xeh2DFgNG2iW8lit+Irbq1jMpigkAph1tz0JjaqY9RuYDZoopsMYDnub6Xui3+sglwqikQ/TTjHDuFVANSbu/51uMjDG2A2wM3h2+gPIXjzcdM8368Che4x0LkrBczOfvZ7xZAp3IAyrRgnMu9A8+QSpTB5htw5Oh5WC0XCbcz90On3YzTboFCr0Oy3YtHKoDC4UQtZtDsYYe/ftDJ6TcRtyg0Ma9ulk+OK+Dj6bGavFSJrGXl826oE9mEDEZsAHH3yKwXgCnasAg+z5Nsd+yaZCCESzaLW7UGu0EL3anh4cbGYyxtgNsDN4xnwOxFNpai21cHSmQbXqgUFvRHfAHYC/tvUKnZQSZusp6p0hTs6N+OjnP0ctZqKZRbw4PKKW/H51LrCYDmFQKtBfAu1CFFrVOaYVD2Ra+zYHY4y9+3YGz0CmjlK9h0y+An+2DoXWS9Ma4LO2r2+1WuHeoRVyYwLT2QKiIz5lrAaVPQKHMwpTMI9962e/P5rCEa9Iw55wDgZvBjK1B5U+P22HMXZz7AyeC6rUFxQpx1QnikuEeqPNX/b6RFzs0HYbDEUg3Uxb0sT+hLbnQHQZv39EQ3mxHR7TwJR2ii5fK8QYu2F2Bk/GGGOMXY6DJ2OMMXZFHDwZY4yxK+LgyRhjjF3RzuC5Xi+wnmbEkJSWfS9WHQuw3K+b+v/CrSZYtu3AooP1vI0lbcP1IEwzhli2nLRp9+y+2fWMiuKgP/XtaBXLnuhhSOwnjDF2M+wMns1GGycPntHQWrqdwuZr48E9BZr19iYDey39wQxyfQ4evRKN9gLn6jjODjWIu604Pgsg4TRuc+6HtM+B8zMrPCYTZoM6HFoNnh+40Ex7tjkYY+zdtzN4LmZ9KLSmX92H2CnGYHaEMOUGxpXVMz6YXHEamsJvMcITSsBqd6DRH0Cj1mwy7QlfMITjB7dg0OtQqdag0WgxWAJnx4fbHIwx9u7bGTyzYQ8C8Zx0g+JyPoFJTS2n4Ww7l72uQSkMrcKI3nSOUioMhz+KbDYLp92OatwFWyi/zbkf7EYlNJ48NNTiLCSj0Gq1WPTL1IrWbXMwxti7b2fw9IZyKJVqqCbjqOQKcKVa2znsda2WK8juPIVLq6cA04Xbl0RtMIfbZIdZZYFa7dy7lrzWnUVMp4LFGYPd5oPB5If+4AyZFh9YMcZujp3Bc7JNrSW1nugvn629OrHNIisgKnpqopGLS63qNF6k7bqPhyOid6HIHOjT3zaVSaTMtvckxhi7KXYGT8YYY4xdjoMnY4wxdkUcPBljjLEr4uDJGGOMXdErgucEGFW3w6RXxbpfowG+dOhK5nOsKjlgKS6/ouGGGB4DqzGWdRpei+n7ZIl1LQNMe5vRaRdoip6oGGPs5tgZPDvdHozy59LwajaB3XAOl0WLcV880pm9rvFkApNRg3zEjXomBL1Wi7TPgByNG3RiunObcz9Ukx4YLQ5E3GYseg2EHXqolFr0ytFtDsYYe/ftDJ5TqvRfnOmkHoaGwx7uf/wetHotuqN9fITzX5z5bAzVyRPYPH6Y9Xrkxms8+vILWGxOJNsjaFTqbc79cH52jnynAaXqFMlIGEqtDrkBoJZxD0OMsZtjZ/AsJQLwRZM0tEDUpsQduR9qquiXy+UmA3st4lDj8akSoUAQRqMe824Wdx8/htfrRKcQgtkT22TcE+HSGAbZCR49OkIql4JeR8F/XsfhiWqbgzHG3n07g6fDn0KmWEMpV4DaHoVRb4TBFcNiwb95vi7Rao8HQjhRmJEqtyDT2CFXGPBcYcO5xga5yor+njXkZ8Mhzo02+NI1eANRnOvdUMnVCBe72xyMMfbu2xk8x/M1ZvMVRsMZDQOtVh+jGXclc1W9Tg+d/hTimKM3mKLVm6Lbm6Pbn6AzFP317JflfIF2ZwTaPTAYzNAfL1BrjvgyMsbYjbIzeDLGGGPschw8GWOMsSvi4MkYY4xdEQdPxhhj7Iq+IXi+fEHLBFiPtsPsta2nlMQDvMTwmP4RD3i7ILYnzd874sKxi1uWRBkunuW5pv/5qlvG2LtvZ/CcNOvwnj2SrqJcz4dwaZRw69RYjrlyvIpcMgf104cYNMpIRNLQPr2LxWyKWa8Ay5kMQaMcq8XFkz73Q9amQynmw2ragUV2gohZSTvJEpWwDbrTM7SzgW1Oxhh7N+0Mnr3FDM/lm95v4gEPgjEnLAY5KpWX+rtlryQOPEbjCY4eP0ClVsOg38fje7cxm8/hMBoQLtZgcvuRi4U2L9gTtlgcvmAUEbcBkcoQSrUarVIKBqsTqUoLBr1um5Mxxt5NO4NnMx+Fwy96v1kjXR/g9ESJpwen6AwvTtGx1zGbjvFYpkEmFsBw2MedF+fo1XIwGE1oNSoIBbzwByPb3N9/q+UCfocJxcYActkZMG9BqzMjHI7B7/eiXY7B5AhvczPG2LtpZ/B0eQIoFIsYVhOYLTqw6rRwRut8M/xV0MbqN4KwW0/gCaXQbfqg17yAz2mCJ1aB33wCs16LUnd/Dkim0ym0Rpu0H8jVBnht57AZ1Mjkq7BY5NBTK7Qz5c40GGPvtp3Bsz4C2mMg11ii1Z4jUl9z4HwDsewc1sgMwzkQSs5gjc8Rqyyly20cyQWSjf3aqkuKi6XtNU+5LuBNLxCsrDCiAvkzC6RavJcwxt59O4MnY4wxxi7HwZMxxhi7Ig6ejDHG2BVx8GSMMcauaHfwnAyxapZpYNvL0LgJDCjxZUNXsh71gFaJBsQlQiugW6XB7dWovSpt585meJ8saJ3n296m5i0a3/aStJpg1Rb7zJ49pJQxxq5oZ/CsVmuwGvWopQLAcgSHTgG3UYHJYA8r+78odJxRKpegOXmCYauCVj4Cu9WMxXyBQS0Nq04Dr1mD1Xi/tmnIY0U+5pOGPWYV6qUMDa2RDdph1qpQSW7mMcbYu2pn8BS9sLr9TrgjZaS9FnjyHWgtdlRKomXBXld/NMCzx7eRSUdxcucTKI/OqIFWhd2kR7DQhMkVQDq2X93Zef0xuAOiAw3AYPEgXaii36zCaHEiUu/BoOUehhhj77YdwXOBcTUInclFw0so5XLMhjVYTAbU29tOztlrGdH2e6x2waFV4+6BDPFRF3bdOQxGC7qNPMJ0gOIPJba5v//Wixm8Nj1q3QkW4z6cNjNGizkyqQQCfg+a+SCs3vg2N2OMvZsuDZ7NZh1ffP4YRrsH5UIBelcMWrUetkD6K89ZYd9kjVwyCZVKB2soD6XJI/Vp+0JmQCRXp22qg8pgR6O3Pz0MTWYzqCx+abjV6cNMgbKUz1Prsw65ygyFxooe/+TJGHvHXRo8R5MF8uUmWo02Br0JRHe21XoXY64Ur6xLLfVypYPZmoZHCxSLbTQ7E6mHoUqtj+YeBU5hReXojTePI1ss1xhOV+h3x5jSUVWjNUCzzzsJY+zdt/M3T8YYY4xdjoMnY4wxdkUcPBljjLEr4uDJGGOMXdErgqe4KGT77CmJuPNz25MMe0Ni+2175pFMKO3jBTail6mLZ3YOKb18DfbL+wxjjL2bdgbPci4Pw5kSg1JYGncZ7QgalVhO+T7Pq1kja32OQTWPVDAB3cFTzIZNLIZl2M9liJiVWC/Fgcn+KNj1KCf8WC6WMKkMSLt0VMwVajEnDLIzdPOhbU7GGHs37Qyeok0Uiblh82xueO9Mh9Aa9Gh2uGXx+tYYVpP46YefIl9rSm13s8uObKYIl8mIQL4Co8uHQny/go01Goc3sDmoqvVqUOqt6NaLMFjsiBebMOi5hyHG2LttZ/CcN5LQaMwYSGfklsh69LCH8tLJXPZ6lsslzh8+xxfvf4i02wlMW9Br9LRN1zAYDGg1aggFfQhsA9E+WC0XCDjNyDfoIGoxgM+kQrI6QCaThs/nRZsOFoz2/epukDHGrurS4DlplyA7/hihuAGzVgpZnxJHqgcYjOvbHOx1rNeAp9XHXbURnmQKbtNzmJ3P0S9Z4AgVEbYew6JXo9Den9+Sp9MptHqz9IunV3cfStspumUnBc8SrJYzGNVKtLadKDDG2Lvq0uDZ6K8ht8/gCs6RbSzgSi1gcM5Rb15cJMKuojoCuhPAGKTtSNvVHp5KLXhzbIZodb+2qXiaWqG3GVb7Z3B453AnZhjSdHdyhliD9xHG2Ltv52lbxhhjjF2OgydjjDF2RRw8GWOMsSvi4MkYY4xd0SuC5wxYd7fDF0TPMiKx1yfu9Wlu/4rLhF7uZEL0zrNfjyTbEOV4uVehi4uEaN9Yb68mYoyxd9jO4NmoVeB36DFuZKXxxbiFStiAxZyf13gV7UoCTpMKg14T9bQPbqMCy2Ed61ETIacO2aCFAo7okmJ/5GI+NIubzjMmzTSqCac03CpEELRrMKinpXHGGHtX7QyevcEabmcAToe44X0Fx/kjvDiUY7nklufrWq/XsGuUcNrMaDXrUJ/J4Yp14aVgGnZb4PDmoDc4UcluAtG+cLl98LqCtFuMcXb/YxitASyGLZiNZtgCVdiN2m1Oxhh7N+0MnstZAwadAZ0lkAmY8cs7d6miV2znstflry1xeGJB1GWCUq2Spp1SEDUajGh3qfUZDsDvp0C0J9brBUI+O7KVDrUyFXj/s8+QTIdRyGXgCfjRaxehN7u3uRlj7N10afCctFqwfXkLYZMT40oJ3mQHBycuHJ+YpV5z2Otbl7LwqFQweWJQKAzIm9RQyzRwhDKIGXSwqA3I1Trb3N9/0+kMWpVJ+sXTGmzgwSMddIcKpHMluJRq2FVqFDv7+DsuY4y9vkuDZ6M/wrNQFvZiBZl6W5o2WK5QGfAjya4qXG1AHy+hP1sjVh9AFc7CX25iOAeMiSIC5fZe9Re8WK2RaokLnTaakwXc+SoG9NeWqVHZ9udAgDHG3tSlwVM0LkXLQlwaxJ2tfTsX19heEMMX21QMvwsN+ZfLwxhjN8HO3zwZY4wxdjkOnowxxtgVcfBkjDHGroiDJ2OMMXZFO4PnpJJDxSTHclSRxhfdDLoxL5aLl7tlY99kVkujrDzCtF5HNxxATXOKYTYIrOeom2Ro+33i5slt7v0wLrswrSal4Vk1hF4qKg1Pq3E0LFpMmw1pnDHG3lU7g2dxDKjDMbgdXiyGZZw+eAh/vsw9216B6GHIbDBB5vGgu5ojuVjjiVkDX66JeiGHx3Itkr363m1TrSUClz+IUSWCw4fPke1sbmfSqrQwxMPo8s3AjLF33O7TtosWbBo1aoMlzMpTHGjt8JpVmI0G2wzsm4gQ4k+VoZSfo1tOU3O+Da3OivlihWpnBJ3dC59JCSz36P7Z1RLxoAvJfA3nh88gM7sQc+ipDEu44kXoT59vMzLG2Lvr0uC5mHZgoYBpDSewnLdxptQjkYlAZ7aiP+bTtq9vjdFiCIPdgnAsg2QsAj+15qfTJparKQqtCmRyJUaT/dmm89kUOq0O0+UaB6cKZHJhKHQKzOZT9KdtPDs52+ZkjLF316XBs1Lv4emxCW67D9lkBYnaBHq9B8nKr3uWYa8nHkxAYwyiO1oiVxug0p4iFS+j1ejCZnDAk9yc8twXM2o1B7KbXoQ8iSYMpgCMjhx6nR5cJid82ZcfucYYY++m3adtGWOMMXYpDp6MMcbYFXHwZIwxxq6IgydjjDF2Ra8InuKZKi/fliJup+DnNDJBPEfl4hkqY0ovXy082v7dJ6IML+/bfGEcY+zVdgbPVqOMiFuHSbtAY0tkQhbkIjasZvtYObK3qZQKoFNN0W4xQtytRSXhpKlrdMsxRF1qjJq5TcY9sBw2kQhapX1blGdYS8JvlWPczGxzMMbYb9oZPDu9FRyOENwOH+bzOWSPb0OnNqDd4VsRbjqnwwufy49c2AlboATluQKjVhEWgxlmTwVOk26b8/svHk3CqpZBIztFq92D4fwYjkgHJsUpVku+p5kxdrmdwXO9aMOk06Mxo0Ca8eK9j55Bo1FhueTHY99k6/US4YAD6XILzlABAdk9yE6VSMQT8AQC6HXK0JtES3Q/1CtJ3HmsxMMnx5iMmjg4PJKmv3hxIB00MsbYZS4NntNOG857XyJodmPeqEGuNCFst0Gjs2HBFcqNNp1OoVUZMV8D43Ydd2Rm2J1+pDJFuFUaONVq5Fv7092gzRFA1G6HzepEwGrHqUyLmscMuc6F5YoPFBljl7s0eDa6Qzz1JODIFpCvNZFpDGEIZZBuDLhj+BtuvlwhXtucus/XW4iX24gWG+iOZrAmSvDkm9K8fdEYLGCKZhHI1RAutRCp9KDyxVEd8EEiY2y3S4OnON4WbYcJpYtrKveo63L2HbkILxf7iBjfx4MrcZ2tKMNFO5OvKWeMfZOdv3kyxhhj7HIcPBljjLEr4uDJGGOMXREHT8YYY+yKdgbPSaWApl2B9WJzZeUgZkY3bAHWfDnFjbZeoeM2YpB2Yz0foWnTYFwMSLOWnTTqNiVWo4o0vhfWY3T9RvRjVjGCRb+EhuUIy0FtM58xxi6xM3hWuj08VZ6hmCtiWEvhxBTAmdGMVnWPKkb21q3WgKMxxLlKI/XIY612oVBoMBs0YTaYIQ+l4TYbtrm//1IeG3SxNFROL1qZCKzqMxyHWrBrZXSccHEdMWOMfdXO4NlsNPHw9i2py2yTWoHueAy7xYJypb7JwG6sdtYLsyMs3ZpSClvhjhSRz2bg8vrQ7TSgM4hW3H5wRfJwmczQnh/DF4jg5PRUmn5wwD0MMcZ2uzR4rtcLdMZ93H/yBMtFCwq1DqWUH0azFYMZ9/d5k3XzPpye69AazlCN2yBT2zEY1pFOp+B02hCwaRCv7k//x2PanT3RAAXLE+TrJRyfyjCq+3CsMGOx5C5BGGOXuzR4DgcjOI12qJwFpBNlREtDqHUepGqiHcpusnOND+cKEzrNNg7OnNAb7PDYwqj3FtBbwjD5S9uc+2E5m8HpCCFSmyGTqsCZqONE5kS2xfs6Y2y3nadtGWOMMXY5Dp6MMcbYFXHwZIwxxq6IgydjjDF2RRw8GWOMsSvaGTz73RbKKR+wGEnjlWwC3XIcWPOtKjfZbNBHPu7BtLfpLGPRL2IxbNHQGr1KCo20n4b3q3OBZaeBYS0jDffLMTQLESrOHIvpAOVMCJ12Q5rHGGMXdgbPRqsD9ckzFHMFaTySzMKgPEe/05bG2c3U7vVhsrjhseixmgwhf/gR0qkk+q0qzDoNVHor6mk66Noj6VyO9u1TLIdVaFUGGNRq9Np1lLIRGDVnaDa625yMMbaxM3jWSjU8+vI2erPNjeL9RgF6iwuDGXdZdpOJvaFSysHsCCDrs+DDTx4gS8Ezk87A4fGhPhhDo5BvMu+Jao3K44nBazWg1BnD6XaiVKkinO3h8PFTam4PtzkZY2zj8uC5nmGxzuP+w4fApIVZKwq7/i5yTXF6jt1kq34WLvN9lNsFnGscuPfFLVg0amQiHrhtOjRTNmhtwW3u/eAwqNAcLaBR69Ap2qU+erv1HM0pQi4/Rbvd22RkjLGtS4PncDiB3RHBqSWCTL4KgzWM+6cBNFtcidx07mAGX75wIZkqQ3TCZyv1EK734QrnoHMmIdcH0B6vNpn3hDW06RXJl6lL6x/OtxFJ5GF3RaFzpTDhsy2Msa+5NHguqe7rDajRSX8nC2AwBfpDYMb9ZN94w9lm3xhte68Tp3HFk1bEfiL6ie3v4RPr5tsubEWI7FO5ROgfbcs55bjJGLvEzt88GWOMMXY5Dp6MMcbYFXHwZIwxxq6IgydjjDF2RTuD53pWxarjoqGLKybWwKIOrLiHoZtsvRxg2bLQvtDCelLEsmPCahTbzJtkseoHpOF9sl6Jq+E2nYGsl21gvuk9iQpG5XFjPc5vxhljbGtn8CyUuzh4pkKjmJbG6wknDAdPMeXL9m+0aq2Pw/Mo/BYjssUJjk6D0KrcGLeKMCiNOD60YliObnPvh0QkCf3ppmMHj80Dl8EsDZeSUZwdG5Ep8QEjY+yrdgbPVquOo0e3UR8ssOik8fzJZ1AYTdu57CarV3MwWRzScMjrRKpYRzqVhtPtRrUzgF6lkObti3arBL3FLQ3n80k4fRFpOJIqQCF7huVsKo0zxtiFy4Pneo1hd4Yv7z8R57GgNQfw008OcPTiRMxiN9h62oNHq0Sq0sWk34XJaMR0tkIqHoPbYUenkoJKvwms+8Jv0SNXH0j7vdOoQa1HwXK5wGi2xsGRCl3uz5kx9jWXBs/pYIAiVSiHMiuK0SimcyBVaMEd5N9+brqo04XT+wfoxiPUAm3CFRa/Fa7gsnlh1DmhPdGgPNyvHoYM9hiWqxVWqzUNb045Z70elKx6aPUeDLinBMbY11waPCfUuozMgDb9bW3rQfGrD5+8YlXaJ/y0T+RF71M0LjoUEj0MtSjVKRUo7ZuLbt/Fql8MVyheRuigUXwHGGPs63b+5skYY4yxy3HwZIwxxq6IgydjjDF2RRw8GWOMsSvaGTzXwz5WdXF17fZKw/UY604N69V+XUnJ3rL5CMtyhv6KS2sWWFVS9Gf7fLJhA2hveurZK8seMN486H3dLGPdq0nDWM6wrhew6vFzbBljX7UzeFbrDehVx2hXRGW4RNJjRCyZxlI87JPdWK12B3qDEUmfBcWQBXqzA5mgHTM6sPJYdNCpNJg0c9vc+yGXzcJj3HTs4I/E4DAoMRt00axkYTaoUK5vgyljjG3tDJ79ehnPH99FtT9FKWzEvc/uIh5wYL3me95usikdOyUrZeiNNhwcHKPY70J+doBoKACT04NotQ+Lbr96GKpV6zjX2qTh9qgHld6M7nCBcDAFxdFTjMFPgWeMfdWO4LlGY7HCl/ce0PAcx4cyeMoV6Aw69Lv9TRZ2M62HiHgsSBZb8Of70B0+xfMjFaKxEHweO4atLBQayzbzfoi6qCVd7gKLHqIeA/zJKk2dUtAEnp7L0WtzD0OMsa+6NHiORiOEXG48PDGikMvB6E3BoNLB6k+C+4W/2YLeID6/c4BUNod+q4UTnRXRYhtWVxBKnQMKpQ6ZxkVXA/tBaQ5gsQbsZjs+v3uMequNZCxO3wEPZFoHBmPRFQRjjP3apcFzsVii0+qiM1xiNJxhsgCarT7Gc+5u5abr9iYUXLoYDYaYTadodycQP4MPhnN0BzM02qLfof0yFOeiSbMzRqvdlcrVp3KK70BvtJB6HmKMsZft/M2TMcYYY5fj4MkYY4xdEQdPxhhj7Io4eDLGGGNXtDt4zmtA30cD204RJimsR5nNMLu5lj2sOw7aLXo03MW6ZwftGJt50wIwimyG94lY/0V5O0JWbZomHsK3oPL5qZydzXTGGNvaGTzz5S6OXqjQKmWwWs2hOTmDQWXEqLvpxozdTLX6GEcnJsQ8bhSrQzw7dCEb8mLeK8OkMuDk0IRxLbHNvR8SkSSMZ3JpuFMIwXz4CPP5EtWkHyenLvgMKmkeY4xd2Bk82+0ajh/fRrW3wKRTw62Pfg6TQYP+mG/0vMnWa0AlP4HLQS1OkklG4AnEkEik4HC5UWr36SBrv3oYarXK0FncWA9LOH1+CycaHVaLKYwaFZqTNc5OZducjDG2sTN49rtzfHn/MQ2t4bNq8ULrgUqtxWrON4zfZOvVGhZXCkajDrNOFXa9HrX+GKlUAm6XA91aFsptV3f7ImgzoNAaweoI4oPPDnHw7BDDfh8qlRrjShxqa3CbkzHGNi4NnrNBH1WLDi+Ojagm49A7E/CrVLC6E1iKpge7sTqZNELyM9h9Gbg1RmgeHmCQjMJl9cCgsUF/rEShJ34v3B86SxjL1Qqj6RqpfAs2bwYprw+qcxN0Mh0aQz5gZIx91aXBc0LxMTAFmiugsaRxmham8f3qdI1dhzrtE37aIUS/rzkadlOczNM+0qDhCqXsHp7Vf7m3ZrH6Yn+v0UCZUmEPy8MYu347T9syxhhj7HIcPBljjLEr4uDJGGOMXREHT8YYY+yKviF4ToHF9hFT4yYwoMQPaLrZZhOsGkVgOQZWc6yrOazH2x6Gxh2gJx4kvWdWQ9rVu5vhURurVoOmrWhkiXWnTN+Bbfn2ybKHVW/7EO/5BOtKjspI32fG2FvxiuA5QUjzGLVyhSqPARw6BdxGBSYD7qrsJut0OjCq5cjHfGgVE9AqlWi1Wpj32/BbtTCplJi2KbjukUIujYB507GDW3+KSCyG1WKBTikOk1qJhMcgzdsbsw78Nj3SGdGd5hrFmAc6jQa9Xm8znzH2rV0ePFcL5PwmfPjhR+hPl0i4TfDkO9Ba7KiUXuoDlN04E2qQ6eTP4fC44LAGYVCdYjxrI5dKwWD3IFjqwa5XbnPvh0qlgTOtVTqpcvfWIzTaWcznC1i0GiT6S5zuWQ9DUZcWjz+7g5jPQmUaQ6O0w6qXYTp/+aYcxti3cWnwbFcrOHr+BJ9/8mOs5m0oFArMhjVYTAbU2/wFvNlWkHkysIqWzHoJuTeEqN+NTDoCn8eOYacAudq0zbsf4h4z4sVNn82OXA5Wo5GOHwdQqxVY9AtQ6h3SvH0hk2lgz+dgcltRSsXQpqOCY4sTqbB/m4Mx9m1dGjwHc8BbAX7+xIZ4MgeDOw6tWg9bII396juGvW3VcglWg5H2iRiK2RztFzoEEgXY3AGo9DYKOFoka/t1gKU0eTFfrVEtUtnMNnjjRSRiMRzKzVAq9Ch2tr/77wl/sgKbxYoXB2cIJ4soprNQyKkVXRDXLDDG3oZXXjDUHc4x6E0geier1rsYU1BlN9twMEal3MRguka/N0Sl1sVkvkanN0WzO0G5vn/9UPW2DzsY9oeo034+XYnfdsdoUtCstUVfSvtFdCZYq/VQLPcxmS7R6/RQqfewENdAMcbeilcGT8YYY4z9Jg6ejDHG2BVx8GSMMcauiIMnY4wxdkWvETwvrjIQF05wDyVM7A/iatqLnqYGlC72EXGpihjfx16oXr6ahvbztRgX5RD7/b49z1NcACUu3BJXCYsyiPXnBwoy9ja9InguUXIfo1nOS2Muox1BoxLLKd/neZO1a3VoTk5RTfjQyQWhl8lQT/mxXs7gM8ph0JqlDgb2SScZQdyy6WGok7Yg4vZIV6YOalmYFafIZvarx6R2qwODxgTj6QuMOi0U0gVonz/CqF3b5mCMfVs7gucCzYwPP//5J2iNNhVhZzqE1qBHsyNaFuymmq9WMGmUcLudsDrdMMgfweFwoN3u4kytRTG5fzfip1stKAwWDCpR3Lv3EGk6KBDfgWA0Ab3mnI4j9+seLdHW7Paa0Kh1GNFBwHg8wdHTR6hUKpsMjLFv7dLgKVoXB188wufvf4B5X/SHuUTWo4c9lJdOCLEbbL2G3GCHxWSE26LBl4cW2M06zBZLxLJtnB0fYNzd9NazL7JhB6L5JrQKOYyuGEwqHQb9Dpq9BV48P8Cot3/9OacCVvhSm5bmdDLBw2MV0tGANM4Y+/YuDZ796QKOZg+fPDtArRhB1qfEkeoBBuP6Nge7qabdDGJROfRmFw5PNCgVjFBoLGgmrBh3nDg/O0VbdFG1R7RaE5bUXNOaPUiEzmCxe1HL+DBs2aBSqagVt18dJazXc6g0ZgxaJcy6FYy6EThsR/CERUfxjLG34ZUXDMWaa2QaC7hSCxicc9SbL19UwW6ifHUJvXuE2ggoUTJ4xij11/Dl5nD5x/CX9u/cRH77NLL6FDAFxqhRrIwU57D5xojVll+5lGgfzOdrlIdAtbtEvbdCNDOHMTjB9hcYxthb8MrgyRhjjLHfxMGTMcYYuyIOnowxxtgVcfBkjDHGrug1gufLF4CIO8hEYkzsB+KqWnEbx8U+IXqg2seebC7KIoheeV6+ulZ0CrKPF8qJ9b7oEUyUT9xyxhh7W14ZPJtxI7qNsjS8GLdQCRuwmPNDPW+6fsmPRiaIdrsFt1mBQT1DO8gQ2bANQZsKmG0vX90T9XIe+YiNhlZIBSzSPZKr6RCTXpXKo6ay+jYZ98Sc1jvssSATttOx7xDdYhROgxyTZnabgzH2be0Inmv0i2F8/uHPtw8DXsBx/ggvDuVYihvi2M1FlfHz25/AZrOjP17D6kzC4/SgnEvBoLfD6i0g6jRuM++HYqkMhUyDxXKF00dfwKDRo1FvIGg3wBbpQH16us25H8KhBGzqY2jOZGh2utDITuBN9mGSH2O95u8vY2/DpcFz1Kni+PQZfnnrUyzXc2SCZvzyzl3o6eiV3Ww+aml+/vgRTKYzGlsh5HciUWoglcnA4/NgOOpCLqfW5x4ppfzwJkro5/14/7MjKBQKDCdDqDUaKuIIMrl2m3M/VIoRfPFIi+dH5xj1ajg6PpamP3v2AqsV36vN2NtwafBs9mfQOYr48IOHqMcT8CW7ODhx4fjELHpnYzeYM9rGswMrVchmVNx2WB48xbRSQtDhglWlR1SvhSu2OdW/L3RKIyZLQKW2ImI1Q6t3IB8IQHmsQFijQjC/X90NGiw+pFwO6E5OEQtFcU7lKtl0UJn83PJk7C155W+eoVoP6XpbGh4sV6gMLi5AYDdZd75EfTyDK1/FSbyAdLONSKUNb7EFU7K8dw/wSjQ3Fznl2mMY4kVk2yPEKi24801YM3Wp67590hwuYEmWoInl6Ts7Qb4zgSqcQUscITDG3opXBk+BT/KwXURVLC4fE72+ifgi0r7vLxeXw4ly7HN5xGfycqjknvkYe7u+MXgyxhhj7Ks4eDLGGGNXxMGTMcYYuyIOnowxxtgVvTJ4zuoBzNrbHoa6GXRjXiwXfOnBTbdopzGtx7Ds1VBWHGBSqUDcw9QNmlEzarHes16oZt0Uhik7Da3RCZnQ8BmpOFMsBk00bCoMs/v1EOn1vIOGS4denMok7utcDdAKaDHrcRd9jL0tO4PnqJPHnQ9/hkJjgHm/gNMHD+HPl6UrENlNNsXx/Tswml0Ieb04tDvQWU0w7nZxeKaGo5jeuys7o+kmTpR69MspaDxBKO1mtKplJKIJHBm0qK73q0Ti3k6FSYdztQLjXhdhwzGenOgxnov+bhljb8OlwXPSacB2dBu3Pv8pHcaOYVLKcKCzw2tWYTYabHOxmyjjUODx3V8iaDlBotCASqVCLR3CeLqCJZiEUX6E1WS/WjiNfBRuWvdYtkb7ugKywwNUm30U610cP3+K6Xi/gk4hl8ajx4c4ODjBaNDGF198CYvHj6hdJZ0hYIx9e5cGz3pvgqfWMv7840dotsuQqwxIZCLQma3oj/m07U2mCTbw2ZEDD4+NmC0nsAfccLh8mIyL6Mz6ODmXodHar2Bj0GrQGc8xWaygs2qh1IluBmsYTSh40sFBp7NfBwNOqxnuWAwagwrJaASH5zrUh1kcybRY843bjL0VO0/biuNTa6iGVKKCRG0Cvd6DZGUfHzfF3iaxX1Q6M2TqY+QSWegMPpRaU/g9KfjtXhg8+b07te/PtKV17tabsHuL6NJIJJCDx+yGPVTBbM8CTra9hM0SgELlR6E2QLQ0gFbhQqrJPYQx9ra88oIhxhhjjP0mDp6MMcbYFXHwZIwxxq6IgydjjDF2Ra8RPC+ulhAXG+zbw6bY9bm4LEjcunQxLDpHmGwG94pY5/FmUCrLy88jGVG6KN8+EeW56KxC/OWL/Rh7m14ZPDsZG/ot0cPQApmQBbmIDauZqEzYTTashtEuhDFpFxBwaNCvJijeDFGM2RFzqamu3q9bVYrZKJJ+A5bjLqqFJOq5gDR90q8i6lShlQ9K4/tiNWohETChEBU9DI1RqxYRsJ1h2tuvh5Qz9n22M3gOy3Hc+sXPUWuNMJlMIHt8Gzq1Ae0O91Jyo1FlfHjnU9gsdti0coQSI1jUShRTYeh1dpicWSQ85m3m/VCuz6HXWpDPFhGLJ2HR26ixuaSAo4fJ34RGdrrNuR+CTiM8/hJMRhdqdDDQ6C6hNQQR9Pq3ORhj39alwXPSreHs7Cl+eftTLKnV2c548d5Hz6DRqLBc8l3WN1nIpsAXTx7BalVAZQmhajnGiyfPEAxH4fF5MRj1IJcrt7n3w7CdhcFkx3ixRibqRiRbxXw+hUqtwnpNB47nmm3O/eCIlBEzKqF9dh+xdJGmrOBxWpGqtDYZGGPf2qXBs96dQmHO4Wfv30cznYVSbUbYboNGZ8Nizzr9Zm+XJdjAo6cmvDgwoDca4vmZHnp/hlo7Hlg1BiTMeqq8C9vc33/dbByGL26jRAFT/LapUegxXQK1RByKIzliejX8mcYm855YrRYwOYK48+wM7UYHZYcJ1qdHmLU4eDL2trzyN09/qY1srYlMYwhDOIN0Y7CXl06wt6s9XaA6mKI1GMKeKKI/WSBSbMCdrcEQyWG6RztJOF/D80AK+daml6FoddMVX6RQhSNVhTlexmK1X3v9dL6AN1OEO1NDezCAMZ7HWTiNSqe7zcEY+7ZeGTxFlXFx3SF37MW+TvRyfNHTsTiZL/aVfev5WKyzuNb26+dTxPSLtG/E9/biunjxuYiyvXztLWPs23tl8GSMMcbYb7o0eIZCIfz4xz/GT3/6U06cOHHixOmdT++//z6+uPUF5q95Xc+lwfP2l7fxl//KX8Zv/9Xf5sSJEydOnN759Fu/9Vv4vd//PdRqtW0kfDU+bcsYY4xdEQdPxhhj7Io4eDLGGGNXAvy/djYNwKFQUZQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\" width=\"463\" height=\"334\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the recommended model design arrangement for the 1-acre sorghum plantation field. It is composed of ten 6.36 m by 63.6 m rectangular pieces, a flush point valve, a sand filter, a mainline measuring 50 mm by 6 Ksc, and submains measuring 40 mm by 6 Ksc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead losses from various system elements (Mahindra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem Description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLateral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubmain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNRV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydro cyclone filter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSand filter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisc filter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScreen filter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenturi/F. Tank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVC fittings (approx.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePump configuration/disposal design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA minimum of 0.75 LPS must be pumped out. Head loss from dripper to pump is taken into consideration, assuming an operating pressure of 1 kg cm\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;10 m, lateral head loss of 2 m, and in submains of 2 m as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Tabular Data. The maximum lateral running length in meters with a foot value, or the supply of water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperating pressure: 10 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehead loss in laterals: 2 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehead loss in submains:2 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehead loss in mainline: 0.9 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehead loss in fittings (approx.): 3 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esand filter head loss is 5 milligrams.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003edisk filter's head loss is 3 meters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003enon-return valve (NRV) head loss is 1 m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estatic suction and delivery head loss is 8 m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe field's static head is equal to 0 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuction and delivery of the pump\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsequently, the total head will equal the sum of the previously mentioned heads.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, with a discharge of 0.75 LPS at 34.9 m head, the necessary pump horsepower (PP) was determined using Eq.\u0026nbsp;8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVC main line flows (Mahindra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize (mm K\u003csub\u003eSC\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow LPS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead loss at max flow (m/m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 to 1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0 to 5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 to 8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0 to 11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0 to 16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0 to 20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0 to 24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0 to 32.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0 to 41.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5/1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSchedule of operations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the irrigation operation schedules for the suggested sections because there are ten sections that need to be irrigated, and Eq.\u0026nbsp;6 pump discharge rate will be used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrigation Operating Schedule for the Sorghum Plantation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge LPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Operation Time (h)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea Covered (Ac)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Volume of Water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,697L of water will be needed to irrigate the ten sections of the sorghum plantation, with each area receiving 1.5 hours of watering. The daily electric energy required by the hybrid system to meet the needs of irrigating sorghum when the 537 W (0.72 hp) water pump runs for 15 hours per day is found in Eq.\u0026nbsp;9, which multiplies the pump's power by the amount of time it is used each day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWater Needed for Farm Activities and the Maintenance of Livestock\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amount of water needed for maintaining the animals and other activities was taken from Table.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCalculating irrigation time\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003epresumptions\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the investigation, 8000 LPH pumping rate was chosen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsequently, Eq.\u0026nbsp;10 [Wu, et al.] was used to calculate the pumping time (h).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, in order to meet all water requirements\u0026mdash;aside from irrigation\u0026mdash;the suggested pumping system needs run for three hours every day. Given that the hybrid electrical system's expected average availability is 15 hours per day, the maximum storage tank that has to be pumped was determined using Eq.\u0026nbsp;11 [Wu, et al.].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComplete discharge necessary ()\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 13 yields the total discharge, which is then calculated by dividing the emitter flow rate (LPH) by tank spacing in meters [Hunter].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e10,000 (LPH)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSubmains' layout\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the total discharge and the necessary number of storage tanks as specified by Eq.\u0026nbsp;14, one can calculate the submain flow rate. The submain slope is believed to be consistent and downslope, and the submain size is intended for a single size because the submain length is typically short [Hunter].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith a discharge of 0.93 LPS (litres per second), Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e indicates that a sub-main of 40 mm, 6 Ksc, is the appropriate size. There is a 2 m head loss in the submain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMainline design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, which contains the PVC mainline data, is consulted for the mainline design. Since only one submain will be operating at a time in this situation, the discharge through the mainline and the submain, or 0.93 LPS, are equal. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e indicates that a 50 mm \u0026times; 6 Ksc pipe is appropriate for carrying 0.93 LPS of flow.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows that the head loss through a 50 mm \u0026times; 6 Ksc PVC pipe at maximum discharge, or 1.8 LPS, is 30 m; however, in this instance, the discharge is lower (0.93 LPS). Thus, Table\u0026nbsp;9 was consulted in order to determine actual head loss. The head loss is 6.35 m for 1000 m of pipe length for a 50 mm pipe with 0.93 LPS flow (from interpolation), however the main line's overall length is only 100 m. Therefore, head loss at 0.75 LPS via a 100-meter-long, 50-mm pipe is\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 illustrates the recommended model design arrangement for the 1-acre sorghum plantation field. It has two 31.8 m by 63.6 m rectangular sections, a 50 mm by 6 Ksc mainline, 40 mm by 6 Ksc submains, a sand filter, and a flush point valve.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePump/pump discharge design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA pump discharge of 0.93 LPS is necessary. Considering head loss from discharge to pump as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and head loss from discharge to pump foot value, i.e. water source, and assuming an operating pressure of 1 kg cm\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 m and head loss of 2 m and in submains of 2 m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperating pressure is equal to 10 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehead loss in submains is 2 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehead loss in the mainline is 0.9 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead loss (approx.) in fittings\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe head loss in the sand filter is 5 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehead loss during discharge is 2 mg\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a disc filter, head loss equals 3 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead loss in the non-return valve, or NRV, is 1 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuction and delivery static\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField's static head\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehead loss for pump supply and suction is 8 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total head will then equal the total of all the heads mentioned previously.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, with a discharge of 0.75 LPS at 34.9 m head, the necessary pump horsepower (PP) was determined using Eq.\u0026nbsp;15.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pumping operation schedules for the suggested system are shown in Table since there are three water storage tanks to be used and Eq.\u0026nbsp;15 pump discharge rate to be employed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLivestock and other farm operations' pumping operating schedule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank Number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge LPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Operation Time (h)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume of Water(l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e indicates that 3333 L of water, pumped for five hours each tank, will be needed to fill the necessary three tanks. The daily electric energy required by the hybrid system to meet the needs of irrigating sorghum when the 661 W (0.89 hp) water pump runs for 15 hours per day is found in Eq.\u0026nbsp;16, which multiplies the pump's power by the amount of time it is used each day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence the total pumping load is\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to (Oğuz and \u0026Ouml;zsoy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) ,the total power required per day can be calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;17 by accounting for all losses that are assumed to exist in the system, if general losses could occur in the system given the worst-case scenarios (cable losses, attachments, development current).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------------------------17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLoad profile of the study area\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pattern of power demand is represented by a system's load profile. The metrics in Table provides a comprehensive view of the system's energy usage patterns. The Annual Average (120.58 kWh/day) and Average Power Demand (5.02 kW) indicate the typical daily and average power needs, respectively. The Peak Power Demand (17.93 kW) represents the highest energy requirement at any given time, while the Load Factor (0.28) shows that the system operates at 28% of its peak capacity on average, indicating significant fluctuations in demand. The Time Step Size (60 minutes) means data is analyzed hourly, and Random Variability values\u0026mdash;Day-to-Day (10%) and Timestep (20%)\u0026mdash;highlight the degree of fluctuation in energy demand both between days and within each hour. These metrics are essential for understanding and managing the system's energy requirements effectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectric Load Metrics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetric\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual Average (kWh/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage (kW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak (Kw)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoad Factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime Step Size (Min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom Variability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay-to-day (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTimestep (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor this project, community energy profile is the most appropriate choice. This is because it\u0026rsquo;s designed to meet the energy needs of a localized group or settlement, incorporating residential, administrative, and operational aspects. The settlement has varied energy needs, including agriculture (irrigation and livestock), staff administration, and staff welfare (both day and night). The community energy profile allows for integrating different types of energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) into a unified system that can efficiently supply power to all parts of the settlement. By focusing on community-level solutions, sustainable energy practices that ensure resilience and reliability would be implemented, crucial for agricultural activities and continuous staff operations. This facilitates the management of energy distribution across various sectors within the settlement, optimizing energy use and reducing waste. Community profiles often leverage economies of scale and collective energy strategies, which can reduce overall costs and improve efficiency for all users within the settlement. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents an estimated fluctuation over the hours of the day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hourly pattern of electricity consumption during the day and the pattern over a year, represented as the hourly load average for each month, are provided by a load profile input for HOMER, which helps to understand the seasonal demand profile. As a result, the HOMER load input\u0026mdash;which consists of a monthly average (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) using 12 sets of load data\u0026mdash;is created to satisfy the electrical demand for a certain period of time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, 2,748 kWh per month are deemed to be the principal electrical load. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows a schematic created by HOMER that illustrates the yearly electrical load profile.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFeasibility Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eResource assessment to determine the potential for IHES\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) provided the study area's data, which are the available wind speed and solar radiation data on the NASA website. The study area receives between 5.50 and 6.70 kWh/m2/day of solar radiation with roughly 10 hours of sunshine every day. The NASA website provides the monthly irradiance and a clearness index, which are displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. The amount of solar radiation changes significantly from year to year. Even while cloudiness reduces the clearness index during the wet season (June to October) and significantly improves during the dry winter months, the site produces solar energy consistently throughout the year. Regarding seasonality and day length, patterns are stable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt a height of 10 meters, the locations' yearly average wind speed ranges between 3.20 and 4.50 meters per second as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e above. There is a significant variation in wind resources because of the geography, current vegetation, and buildings' proximity. The monthly average wind speed obtained from NASA website is also displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEconomic Analysis and Cost Metrics of Energy Production Configurations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe economic analysis demonstrates significant disparities among the three configurations. Configuration 1, which combines PV, wind turbines, a generator, batteries, and a converter, shows the most favorable economic metrics. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for Configuration 1 is \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.406/kWh, which is the lowest among the configurations. This relatively low LCOE indicates that Configuration 1 is the most cost-effective solution over its lifecycle, balancing initial capital expenditure with ongoing operational and maintenance costs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic and Cost Summary of the configurations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic and Cost Metrics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLCOE (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPC (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231,033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e427,027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e631,764\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperating and Maintenance Cost (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e/yr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48,483\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial Capital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113,166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227,083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturn on Investment (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en/a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple Payback (yr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en/a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, Configuration 2, comprising PV, wind turbines, batteries, and a converter, has an LCOE of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.751/kWh. The higher LCOE is due to the substantial costs associated with battery storage and the exclusion of a generator, which increases reliance on the variable outputs of solar and wind energy. Configuration 3, which relies solely on a generator, results in the highest LCOE of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e1.11/kWh. This elevated cost reflects the high operational expenses associated with fuel and maintenance for the generator.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Net Present Cost (NPC) further buttress the economic advantages of Configuration 1, with an NPC of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e231,033, significantly lower than Configuration 2 (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e427,027) and Configuration 3 (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e631,764). Configuration 1\u0026rsquo;s lower initial capital cost of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e113,166 and annual operating and maintenance costs of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e9,118 contribute to its favorable NPC. In comparison, Configuration 2 has a higher initial capital requirement of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e227,083 and annual O\u0026amp;M costs of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e15,467, while Configuration 3's high O\u0026amp;M costs of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e48,483, combined with its initial capital of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e5,000, result in a higher NPC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Return on Investment (ROI) for Configuration 1 is 32.3%, with a simple payback period of 2.51 years, indicating a rapid return on investment. Configuration 2\u0026rsquo;s ROI is 10.8% with a longer payback period of 5.3 years, reflecting its higher initial costs and lower economic efficiency. Configuration 3, lacking ROI data, is expected to be less favorable due to high ongoing costs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComparative Analysis and Evaluation of the Energy System Configurations Availability, Loss of Load Probability, and System Reliability Index\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of system availability and reliability, Configuration 1 exhibits the highest level of system performance. It achieves a zero Loss of Load Probability (LOLP), meaning that the system can reliably meet the energy demand of 120.58 kWh/day without significant risk of power shortages. This is a result of its diverse energy sources, which provide a robust and continuous power supply.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Production Data from the Simulation Result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfigurations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction (kWh/yr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumption (kWh/yr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcess Electricity (kWh/yr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmet Electric Load (kWh/yr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapacity Shortage (kWh/yr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenewable Fraction (kWh/yr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69,808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66,534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43,986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53,904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 2, which depends on PV, wind turbines, and batteries, shows a slightly higher LOLP of 25.6 kWh/year and a capacity shortage of 43.9 kWh/year. This indicates that while it achieves a 100% renewable fraction, it faces challenges during periods of low solar and wind availability, leading to occasional unmet energy needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 3, solely relying on a generator, has zero LOLP due to the generator\u0026rsquo;s ability to provide consistent power. However, this configuration lacks the resilience of renewable sources and is heavily dependent on fuel availability and price stability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the energy production analysis, the three distinct energy production configurations were assessed, each featuring different contributions from solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and diesel generators. The purpose is to elucidate the percentage contributions of each energy source to the overall energy production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 1 demonstrates a balanced mix of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Here, the PV system contributes 53.4% to the total energy production, underscoring its substantial role in harnessing solar energy. Wind turbines also play a significant part, providing 41.9% of the total energy, reflecting their effective utilization of wind resources. The diesel generator, a non-renewable source, contributes 4.69%, serving as a supplementary power source. This configuration highlights a predominantly renewable energy setup with a minor reliance on fossil fuels to ensure energy reliability and stability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 2 features a higher proportion of energy derived from renewable sources compared to Configuration 1. The PV system's contribution increases to 56.0%, indicating a greater reliance on solar energy. Meanwhile, the wind turbines contribute 44.0%, suggesting an optimized deployment of wind resources. Notably, this configuration omits the diesel generator, reflecting a shift towards a more sustainable and less carbon-intensive energy profile. This setup is indicative of a strategic focus on maximizing renewable energy contributions while eliminating reliance on fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 3 is characterized by exclusive dependence on the diesel generator, contributing 100% of the total energy production. This configuration is entirely non-renewable, highlighting its reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation. While it provides a stable and continuous power supply, it contrasts sharply with the other configurations in terms of sustainability. The absence of renewable energy sources in this setup underscores its potential environmental impact and the need for alternative solutions to enhance sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerformance Analysis of Emissions and Renewable Energy Utilization across Various Configurations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe emissions analysis highlights the environmental impact of each configuration. Configuration 1, despite its reliance on a generator, shows relatively low emissions: 3,282 kg/year of CO2, 20.7 kg/year of CO, 8.04 kg/year of SO2, and negligible amounts of other pollutants. This relatively low emission profile reflects the effectiveness of combining renewable energy sources with a generator, which operates less frequently.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmissions from the three configurations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity (kg/yr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Dioxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,881\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Monoxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnburned Hydrocarbons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticulate Matter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulphur Dioxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen Oxides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 2, which relies entirely on renewable sources, results in zero emissions across all pollutants. This makes Configuration 2 the most environmentally friendly option, aligning with sustainability goals and demonstrating the significant environmental benefits of a 100% renewable energy system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other end, Configuration 3, depending solely on a generator, has the highest emissions: 55,881 kg/year of CO2, 352 kg/year of CO, 15.4 kg/year of unburned hydrocarbons, 2.13 kg/year of particulate matter, 137 kg/year of SO2, and 331 kg/year of nitrogen oxides. The high emission levels depict the environmental drawbacks of fossil fuel reliance and highlight the need for cleaner energy alternatives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 15\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiesel Fuel Price (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLCOE (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenewable Fraction (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Fuel (L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e398\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sensitivity analysis on fuel prices further illustrates the economic stability of each configuration. As diesel fuel prices increase from \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.50/L to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e1.00/L, the LCOE for Configuration 3 rises from \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e1.11/kWh to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e1.19/kWh, reflecting increased operational costs due to higher fuel expenses. This sensitivity shows the vulnerability of fossil fuel-based systems to price fluctuations. Configuration 1\u0026rsquo;s LCOE increases slightly from \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.406/kWh to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.419/kWh, demonstrating its resilience to fuel price volatility due to its diversified energy sources. Configuration 2 remains unaffected by fuel price changes, maintaining a constant LCOE of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.751/kWh, showcasing its stability and advantage in the face of fluctuating fuel prices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions and Recommendations","content":"\u003ch3\u003eConclusions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research evaluated three Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems (IHES) configurations for the Henceforth Green Livestock and Irrigation Farm in Makarfi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria, with a focus on optimizing economic, technological, and environmental performance. The analysis revealed significant insights into the economic viability, system reliability, and environmental impact of each configuration. The configurations distinct advantages and challenges, making it essential to weigh these factors carefully when selecting the most suitable energy system for the farm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 1, comprising photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, a generator, batteries, and a converter, proved to be the most balanced solution. It achieved the lowest Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.406/kWh, the most favorable Net Present Cost (NPC) of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e231,033, and a rapid payback period of 2.51 years. This configuration also demonstrated zero Loss of Load Probability (LOLP), indicating reliable power supply with minimal risk of energy shortages. The emissions from Configuration 1 were relatively low compared to other configurations, making it a viable option from both economic and environmental perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 2, which relies solely on PV, wind turbines, batteries, and a converter, achieved a 100% renewable energy fraction and zero emissions, aligning closely with sustainability goals. However, it faced challenges in system reliability, with a slight LOLP of 25.6 kWh/year and a capacity shortage of 43.9 kWh/year, which could impact energy availability during periods of low renewable output. Its higher initial capital and operational costs resulted in a higher LCOE of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.751/kWh and a longer payback period of 5.3 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfiguration 3, dependent entirely on a generator, provided the highest reliability in terms of power availability with zero LOLP but had the highest LCOE of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e1.11/kWh and significant emissions. The reliance on fossil fuels led to substantial environmental impacts, with emissions including 55,881 kg/year of CO2 and other pollutants, underscoring the need for cleaner alternatives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the research re-emphasizes the importance of selecting an energy system configuration that balances economic efficiency, reliability, and environmental sustainability. Configuration 1 emerges as the most suitable option for the farm, providing a comprehensive solution that aligns with the objectives of the Ruga Settlement Initiative and contributes to sustainable development in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interests/Competing Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this research. The study was conducted individually, and no financial or non-financial interests influenced the research design, data collection, analysis, or conclusions. The findings and interpretations presented in this paper do not reflect the views of any organization or entity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics and Consent to Participate declarations:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003enot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.A Sulaiman wrote the main manuscript text, Y.S Sanusi was instrumental with the manuscript concept, A.A Abubakar gave the geographical idea and mapping. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBousselham, H., \u0026amp; Sabir, M. (2021). 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Ethical considerations in optimizing integrated hybrid energy systems for agriculture. \u003cem\u003eEnergy Ethics Review\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(2), 75\u0026ndash;89. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.energyet.2023.03.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.energyet.2023.03.004\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sustainable Energy Solutions, Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems, Renewable Energy, Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), Ruga Settlement Initiative","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5738720/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5738720/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eConflicts between nomadic herders and sedentary farming communities in Nigeria have escalated due to land and resource pressures intensified by climate change and population growth. The Ruga Settlement Initiative aims to establish designated areas with improved infrastructure for pastoralists to mitigate these conflicts. A critical challenge is integrating effective energy solutions. This research optimizes sustainable energy solutions for agricultural activities at the Henceforth Green Livestock and Irrigation Farm in Makarfi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, where commercial grid access is limited. The farm's energy needs total 120.58 kWh/day, comprising 18.015 kWh/day for irrigation and livestock upkeep and 91 kWh/day for office operations. NASA data indicates solar radiation ranging from 5.50 to 6.70 kWh/m\u0026sup2;/day, with wind speeds between 3.20 and 4.50 m/s. HOMER Pro simulations evaluated various Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems (IHES) configurations to optimize performance. The optimal setup includes 20 kW of photovoltaic (PV) panels, a 20 kW wind turbine, a 20 kW generator as backup, 136 kWh of batteries, and a 13.2 kW converter. This configuration achieved a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.406/kWh, a Net Present Cost (NPC) of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e231,033, and a payback period of 2.51 years. It provides a renewable fraction of 92.6%, with no unmet load and a yearly net real rate of 5.88%. This IHES configuration balances cost, reliability, and environmental impact, supporting agricultural productivity and aligning with the Ruga Initiative's goals of sustainable development and resource efficiency in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sustainable Energy Solutions for Ruga Settlement Initiative: Optimizing Agriculture through Integrated Hybrid Energy Systems","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-03 04:38:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5738720/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6a0c88f9-d508-4141-b078-875f042fd887","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-03T04:38:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-03 04:38:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5738720","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5738720","identity":"rs-5738720","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}