Application of IoT with Minimum Vertex Cover in Web Based Smart Bio Toilet System and Set up its Location

Application of IoT with Minimum Vertex Cover in Web Based Smart Bio Toilet System and Set up its Location | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Application of IoT with Minimum Vertex Cover in Web Based Smart Bio Toilet System and Set up its Location Nayeemuddin AHMED, Atowar ul Islam, Kashyap Mahanta, Sangeeta Borkakoty, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8878334/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective: The Bio Toilet represents an innovative technology for the eco-friendly, economical, and hygienic disposal of solid human waste. By utilizing a specialized bacterial inoculum, this system converts waste into biogas and purified water, offering a complete waste management solution. Method: We propose an IoT-enabled Smart Bio Toilet framework designed for smart city applications. Multiple Bio Toilets are strategically deployed across the city, each equipped with low-cost embedded devices for monitoring occupancy status (vacant or engaged) and real-time location tracking. To maximize accessibility, the distribution of Bio Toilets is optimized to ensure broad public benefit. Findings: A novel method has been introduced for determining optimal placement of Bio Toilets. Users often face delays of 5–10 minutes when toilets are occupied, leading to inconvenience and reduced productivity. Novelty: Instead of increasing the number of toilets, our approach leverages IoT technology combined with the Minimum Vertex Cover algorithm to enhance efficiency in toilet management. A smart web-based application has been developed to implement this solution, thereby addressing the identified challenges. Bio Toilet IoT Location Graph Distance Graph MVC Sensors Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 10 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 24 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 20 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8878334","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":623216084,"identity":"6b784fa7-d819-46de-9e5d-49fa998e7005","order_by":0,"name":"Nayeemuddin AHMED","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCA0CUwPgAyOLhI0ULswFICxspWtgkQEyCWszZzxg++JhzJ5rveI5Z5dccOxk2BuaHj27g0WLZk2NsOHPbs9yZZ96Y3Zbdlgx0GJuxcQ4eLQYHcsykebcdzt1wI8fstuQ2ZqAWHjZpvFrOvzH//ReqpVhyWz0RWoAqmRmhWhg/bjtMjJZnxZK9QC0zzzwrlmbcdpyHjZmQX84nb/zwE6il73jyxo8/t1Xb87M3P3yMTwsDA4cBnMnMAybxKgcB9gdwJuMPgqpHwSgYBaNgJAIA0ThSETLbzHAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science \u0026 Technology, Meghalaya","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nayeemuddin","middleName":"","lastName":"AHMED","suffix":""},{"id":623216085,"identity":"145b86bd-04ff-4453-b635-4e635041b045","order_by":1,"name":"Atowar ul Islam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science \u0026 Technology, Meghalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Atowar","middleName":"ul","lastName":"Islam","suffix":""},{"id":623216086,"identity":"517883b2-6717-4746-8033-50c0d73ddca5","order_by":2,"name":"Kashyap Mahanta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Examination Department, Assam Skill Universities, Guwahati","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kashyap","middleName":"","lastName":"Mahanta","suffix":""},{"id":623216087,"identity":"0e240abc-67a6-4e2c-9a0b-a05a938ad5ab","order_by":3,"name":"Sangeeta Borkakoty","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science \u0026 Technology, Meghalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sangeeta","middleName":"","lastName":"Borkakoty","suffix":""},{"id":623216088,"identity":"aa0ca34d-3c87-43f2-ac36-444633bc8b14","order_by":4,"name":"Aniruddha Deka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Assam Down Town University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aniruddha","middleName":"","lastName":"Deka","suffix":""},{"id":623216089,"identity":"2ad2089a-3875-4ad1-8c90-f3e76c5f6bbe","order_by":5,"name":"Samarjit Das","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Assam Down Town University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samarjit","middleName":"","lastName":"Das","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-14 08:24:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8878334/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8878334/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107482916,"identity":"0e39546e-6b13-4e8a-baf0-c8d5e2e4919e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:25:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":561105,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Finalbiooiletpaper1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8878334/v1_covered_0520ebb0-bc00-419e-8e8c-c4ca876da9c0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Application of IoT with Minimum Vertex Cover in Web Based Smart Bio Toilet System and Set up its Location","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-internet-of-things","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"diot","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Internet of Things](https://www.springer.com/journal/43926)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Internet of Things","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bio Toilet, IoT, Location Graph, Distance Graph, MVC, Sensors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8878334/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8878334/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eObjective: The Bio Toilet represents an innovative technology for the eco-friendly, economical, and hygienic disposal of solid human waste. By utilizing a specialized bacterial inoculum, this system converts waste into biogas and purified water, offering a complete waste management solution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethod: We propose an IoT-enabled Smart Bio Toilet framework designed for smart city applications. Multiple Bio Toilets are strategically deployed across the city, each equipped with low-cost embedded devices for monitoring occupancy status (vacant or engaged) and real-time location tracking. To maximize accessibility, the distribution of Bio Toilets is optimized to ensure broad public benefit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFindings: A novel method has been introduced for determining optimal placement of Bio Toilets. Users often face delays of 5–10 minutes when toilets are occupied, leading to inconvenience and reduced productivity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNovelty: Instead of increasing the number of toilets, our approach leverages IoT technology combined with the Minimum Vertex Cover algorithm to enhance efficiency in toilet management. A smart web-based application has been developed to implement this solution, thereby addressing the identified challenges.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Application of IoT with Minimum Vertex Cover in Web Based Smart Bio Toilet System and Set up its Location","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-17 14:33:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8878334/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"175438397224368651315600202826122324762","date":"2026-04-28T17:46:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-21T20:33:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-10T08:54:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"79106314626352461743919839757236384043","date":"2026-04-10T08:38:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"49494574946046780934194347456377247101","date":"2026-04-09T20:19:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-09T16:34:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T13:38:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-20T05:11:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Internet of Things","date":"2026-03-20T05:08:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-internet-of-things","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"diot","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Internet of Things](https://www.springer.com/journal/43926)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Internet of Things","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"53098258-04ba-49d4-868d-2dcdba63cf11","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 17th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-17T14:33:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-17 14:33:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8878334","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8878334","identity":"rs-8878334","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}