The Forward Modeling and 3D Printing of a Historical Building

The Forward Modeling and 3D Printing of a Historical Building | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Forward Modeling and 3D Printing of a Historical Building Zhihao Li, Yizhong Zhang, Wenfeng Du This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3696342/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mapping three-dimensional digital model of historical building is essential to the protection and utilization of historical architectural relics. This paper completed three-dimensional forward modeling and 3D printing of historical architectural models of Henan University’s South Gate, a nationally significant cultural relics protection site. Firstly, based on the measured data in the field, three-dimensional forward modeling of the south gate of Henan University was carried out using SketchUp software. Subsequently, a scaled-down model of Henan University’s South Gate was manufactured using 3D-printed technology. The study’s findings demonstrate that the integration of 3D forward modeling and 3D printing technology enables the reconstruction of digital and physical models of historical buildings at the South Gate of Henan University. This approach not only enhances the public's intuitive perception and overall understanding of cultural heritage but also provides effective tools and methods for the preservation of historical architectural cultural heritage. Physical sciences/Engineering/Civil engineering Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering Historical building Forward modelling 3D printing Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction The historical building constitutes a vital component of humanity’s material and cultural heritage, encompassing profound historical, cultural, technical, and artistic significance [ 1 , 2 ]. Nonetheless, the relentless passage of time has witnessed the gradual deterioration of numerous historical structures, succumbing to the forces of natural erosion and human-induced damage, thereby endangering their invaluable historical insights. Concurrently, the lack of detailed drawings and documentation of many ancient buildings due to their age has brought great obstacles to the preservation, research and promotion of the cultural heritage of ancient buildings [ 3 , 4 ]. With the advancement of modern science and technology, particularly the development of computer-based three-dimensional modeling technology, a novel approach has emerged for the preservation and study of historical buildings [ 5 ]. The creation of three-dimensional digital models of historical buildings enables the comprehensive restoration of their structural composition and construction details, holding immense significance for the preservation of cultural relics and the establishment of cultural heritage archives. The modeling of historical buildings in three dimensions can be categorized into two main methods: forward modeling and reverse modeling. Forward modeling involves utilizing three-dimensional modeling software to construct three-dimensional models of historical buildings based on existing architectural data, drawings, or mapping information [ 6 ]. Reverse modeling entails the collection of three-dimensional data from historical buildings. This can be achieved through the use of three-dimensional laser scanners or photogrammetric equipment to capture point cloud data, images, and other relevant information from historical buildings. These collected data are subsequently employed to restore or reconstruct the three-dimensional models of the historical structures [ 7 , 8 ]. Most existing research primarily focuses on the reverse modeling approach. For instance, Suo [ 9 ] proposed a research concept that combines 3D laser scanning technology with modern measurement techniques and ontological reasoning and applied it to the off-site reconstruction project of the Butterfly Hall at Northwest University for Nationalities. Lin [ 10 ] conducted a 3D laser scanning of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, obtained its point cloud data, and processed it to construct a 3D model of the pagoda using software such as Cyclone, AutoCAD, and 3ds-Max. Liu [ 11 ] explored 3D modeling of historical buildings through close-up photography using a multi-rotor UAV. The study introduced an autonomous flight strategy combined with manual multi-height and multi-angle photography techniques for 3D modeling of representative historical structures such as pagodas, Buddha statues, and temples. Additionally, Li [ 12 ] proposed a refined 3D modeling method based on wrap-around tilt photography, selecting a multi-rotor UAV and a micro-single camera as photographic equipment for the 3D stereoscopic photography and modeling of tower buildings. After a comprehensive review of existing studies, it becomes evident that the reverse modeling approach offers several advantages, including rapid data collection, non-invasiveness, and broad applicability. However, it also presents certain challenges, such as intricate data post-processing, reduced model accuracy, loss of construction details, and difficulties in model repair. In contrast, forward modeling, despite its drawbacks such as a high initial mapping workload and demanding technical requirements, offers distinct benefits. It avoids the need for complex post-processing, accurately reconstructs the construction process of historical buildings, captures internal details with precision, allows for error correction, provides flexible control over the modeling process, and facilitates a more intuitive understanding of the structural aspects of historical buildings [ 13 ]. Moreover, it is worth highlighting the significant potential of 3D printing, an advanced digital fabrication technology, in the domains of historical building restoration, conservation, and research [ 14 ]. This technology boasts numerous advantages, including high-precision modeling, robust model construction, detailed restoration, and the capacity to visually represent historical buildings. These attributes greatly enhance our comprehension of the broader cultural heritage landscape, offering substantial support for heritage preservation and cultural legacy transmission. Furthermore, it serves as an effective means to showcase and disseminate the cultural value of historical buildings to the general public. In this paper, we conduct meticulous forward three-dimensional modeling of the historical building at the South Gate of Henan University. Additionally, we utilize SLA printing technology to fabricate a scaled-down model of the structure. This paper focuses on modeling methods and 3D printing techniques for complex ancient buildings. Through these methods, we aim to achieve the reconstruction of both the digital and physical models of the historical building situated at the South Gate of Henan University. This endeavor is designed to enhance the general public's intuitive perception of our cultural heritage and foster a comprehensive understanding of its entirety. Moreover, it is intended to facilitate the preservation and promotion of the legacy of historical architectural culture. Overview of Henan University South Gate The South Gate of Henan University, constructed in 1936, showcases a simple yet elegant architectural style that exudes a sense of dignity and beauty, exemplifying a harmonious blend of both Chinese and Western architectural influences, as illustrated in Fig. 1 . This building, along with the school’s auditorium, eastern and western wings, collectively constitutes the ‘former site of Henan Preparatory School for Studying in Europe and America’. Recognized for its profound historical, technical, and artistic significance, the site was listed as a national key cultural relics protection site in 2006 and as a 20th-century architectural heritage in China in 2018 [ 15 ]. The South Gate of Henan University is a structure characterized by two four-pillar, three-story pagoda-style roofs, featuring I-beam ridges. The north and south pagodas are interconnected by graceful round arches, with the primary floor situated at the center and secondary floors flanking it on either side, creating an imposing heavy-eaved effect. This architectural design represents a progressive iteration of China's traditional four-pillar, three-story pagoda, combining practicality with the preservation of its traditional elements. The upper section of the building is adorned with barrel-board tiles, and its exquisite animal sculptures grace the roof ridges. The lower part of the structure incorporates arch-bearing eaves, with rafters extending upward, forming wing-like shapes at the four corners. Above the main floor, a prominent plaque bears the inscription ‘Henan University’, while the second floor features intricate inlaid classical patterns. Additionally, the frontal squares and birdbaths beneath the eaves are adorned with beautifully executed colored paintings. Building Surveying In this paper, we have processed the data gathered during the previous research and data review of the South Gate of Henan University. The key data comprises the following: the main building's height in the central section measures 10.39 meters, while the east and west wings span 13.4 meters. At its maximum depth, the structure extends 7.8 meters, and the width of the auricular rooms on the east and west sides is 6.1 meters. The auricular rooms have a depth of 4.8 meters, and the total area covers 114.5 square meters. The central arch-shaped doorway reaches a maximum height of 3.7 meters at its peak and has a central width of 3.6 meters. Additionally, rectangular pedestrian passages, 2.5 meters wide and 3 meters high, flank the southern entrance. Since 2008, our research team has conducted comprehensive and detailed field measurements of the historical buildings at the South Gate of Henan University, along with other modern architectural complexes. We have produced detailed mapping drawings that illustrate the building's layout and elevation, as depicted in Fig. 2 . These mapping drawings serve to authentically restore the characteristics of the historical buildings at the South Gate of Henan University, facilitating the establishment of a comprehensive preservation and restoration archive for historical architectural relics. 3D Modelling In this paper, we employ SketchUp software to reconstruct a three-dimensional model of the South Gate of Henan University [ 16 ]. The reconstruction of the South Gate of Henan University in this paper is segmented into four parts: the foundation, the framework, the arch, and the roof. Following the structural characteristics of historical buildings and the modeling principles inherent to SketchUp software, we systematically model the South Gate of Henan University, progressing from the ground up, from comprehensive to specific, and from coarse to fine. This process entails the following steps: Infrastructural In the modeling process, we create a wall foundation, as illustrated in Fig. 3 a. The 3D object is formed by extending or extruding a planar shape along a predefined path or curve, resulting in a 3D object with a specific form [ 17 ]. This is exemplified in the modeling process of the column foundation, as depicted in Fig. 3 b. Subsequently, the models of the wall foundation and column base are integrated to generate the foundation model, as demonstrated in Fig. 3 c. Framework Frames consist of components such as columns, openings, beams, and walls, all of which have regular shapes. Once the cross-sectional shapes are drawn, the corresponding component models can be generated using the ‘push and pull’ commands. The specific modeling process is illustrated in Fig. 4 . Cupola The arch is a fundamental element of the South Gate of Henan University, serving essential functions such as load-bearing and decoration [ 18 ]. It primarily comprises horizontally positioned square blocks, rectangular arches, and diagonally arranged elements. In the modeling process, a model for each component is initially created, followed by their assembly, as demonstrated in Fig. 5 . Roof The most intricate aspect of 3D modeling for historical buildings lies in modeling the roof. Roofs serve not only as enclosures within structures but also as critical elements shaping architectural aesthetics and accentuating architectural grandeur [ 19 ]. The detailed modeling process for a hipped roof is as follows: Begin by creating a rectangle with the same length and width as the hipped roof (height 0.2 m). Scale down the lower part of the rectangle using a scale factor of 0.95, resulting in a four-pronged platform with a larger upper section and a smaller lower section (refer to Fig. 6 a). In the second step, draw arcs at the four corners of the four-pronged platform's sides. These arcs are crucial for creating the distinctive corner warping of the hipped roof. Afterward, delete some of the lines and surfaces of the model, as shown in Fig. 6 b. In step 3, eliminate any surplus lines and surfaces. Draw a right triangle at the center of the graphic and replace the hypotenuse with a circular arc, forming surface m , as displayed in Fig. 6 c. Use the 'path-following' command in step 4 to scan face m along the perimeter and extract the roof contour lines, as demonstrated in Fig. 6 d. Utilize the 'Plug-in Curve to Face' command in step 5 to generate a surface from the curve in Fig. 6 d, as seen in Fig. 6 e. In step 6, draw a plane perpendicular to the roof and duplicate it multiple times to cover the entire roof. Set the spacing between the faces to 200mm. Then, employ the 'model intersect' command where the plane intersects with the roof to create a series of intersecting lines, as displayed in Fig. 6 f and Fig. 6 g. In step 7, draw a square octagon at the end of the intersecting lines from the previous step. Use the 'path-following' command to scan the octagon along the intersecting lines, forming a tiled roof, as depicted in Fig. 6 h and Fig. 6 i. In Step 8, delete the lines around the contour line from Fig. 6 d, leaving only the ridge line. Draw the I-beam ridge and apply trimming, as shown in Fig. 6 j. Combine the roof with the ridge in Step 9 to obtain a hipped roof model, as shown in Fig. 6 k and Fig. 6 l. Texture Mapping To enhance the sense of realism in the established three-dimensional model of a historical building, it becomes essential to apply textures to the surface of the structure. Surface mapping of materials serves to accentuate object details and create various effects, including reflection, refraction, convexity, concavity, and hollowing, among others. Figure 7 illustrates the model of the South Gate building at Henan University from different perspectives. 3D Printing of Scaled Models 3D printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing technology, is a manufacturing method that transforms digital models into physical objects [ 20 , 21 ]. This technology allows for the production of intricate physical models of historical buildings, enabling the visual representation of architectural styles and structural features of historical cultural relics and enhancing their preservation. Moreover, these printed artifacts can serve as cultural products for promoting and showcasing the cultural heritage of historical buildings. Preparation for Printing In this paper, we conducted the 3D printing and manufacturing of a scaled-down model of the historical building located at the South Gate of Henan University using Stereolithography Appearance (SLA) technology. SLA technology is an additive manufacturing-based rapid prototyping method, that operates on the fundamental principle of employing an ultraviolet laser beam to irradiate the surface of a liquid photosensitive resin, solidifying it layer by layer. This process subdivides the object into successive cross-sections, each built layer upon layer. A computer program precisely controls the path of the laser beam, ensuring the accuracy of the shape and position of each layer. As the layer-by-layer curing proceeds, a complete 3D solid model is ultimately created. SLA technology is widely utilized in manufacturing and rapid prototyping due to its high accuracy and outstanding surface quality [ 22 , 23 ]. In this study, the scaled model of the South Gate of Henan University was 3D printed using a Formlabs Form 2 3D printer, located at Henan University 3D Printing Laboratory. The pre-processing steps for SLA technology are as follows. Firstly, the solid model file of the South Gate of Henan University is converted into a binary STL file using SketchUp software. Next, the STL file is imported into the slicing software PreForm for code compilation. Finally, the generated code file is transferred to the 3D printer for the printing process. The 3D printing process of Henan University’s South Gate is illustrated in Fig. 8 . Printing Parameters Before commencing the printing process, it is imperative to confirm the resin type and associated printing parameters. This study utilizes white standard resin. Within the realm of 3D printing, several pivotal process parameters profoundly influence the quality of the printed output. These parameters encompass printing layer thickness, support density, contact point size, plane spacing, slope increaser, substrate thickness, height above the substrate, Z-axis compression correction, and pre-printing layer merging. Through a series of conducted printing tests, it has been deduced that the judicious adjustment of these process parameters is the linchpin for achieving high-quality models. The specific parameter configurations are delineated in Table 1 . Table 1 Main printing parameters Printing method Printing Layer Thickness Support density Contact Size Plane distance Gradient Increaser Substrate Thickness Height above base Z-axis compression correction Early print layer consolidation SLA 0.10mm 1.00 0.70mm 5.00mm 1.00 1.50mm 5.00mm 0.75mm 0.30mm Among the parameters listed in Table 1 , the setting for print layer thickness depends on both the 3D printer and the type of resin being used. Various layer thicknesses have an impact on printing speed and Z-axis axial accuracy. Smaller layer thicknesses offer greater printing accuracy but result in longer printing times. Conversely, larger layer thicknesses boost printing speed but may compromise surface quality and fine details. For the specific 3D printer and resin utilized in this study, a layer thickness of 0.10 mm was selected for printing. This choice takes into consideration the balance between printing precision and speed. Adjusting support density involves altering the number of contact points between the support structure and the model. Inadequate support density can lead to unsuccessful printing while increasing it enhances part stability during the printing process and compensates for smaller contact points. The size of these contact points impacts both support stability and ease of removal. If the contact points are too small, the support is prone to breaking. Plane spacing plays a role in determining the tightness of the support structure. Smaller plane spacing offers more support but also extends the printing time. The Slope Increaser is a critical parameter used to control the density of sloped supports, particularly important for models with inclined surfaces. Choosing the appropriate value ensures stable support that can be easily removed. Proper substrate thickness guarantees that the model adheres securely to the build platform. An excessively thin substrate may lead to adhesion problems, while an overly thick one could interfere with part removal. The height above the substrate represents the distance from the substrate to the surface at the bottom of the model. This parameter influences support height and the flatness of the model's bottom surface. Ensuring a sufficient value is crucial to prevent unprintable supports or distorted parts. Z-axis compression correction is employed to rectify Z-axis compression discrepancies between hardware and consumables, ensuring dimensional accuracy. Early-stage merging of print layers is beneficial for resolving unevenness at the bottom of the part and ensuring a snug fit between the part and the build platform. Printed Products and Analyses The scaled-down model of the South Gate of Henan University, manufactured using SLA 3D printing technology, is presented in Fig. 9 . The printed solid model shows that the structural integrity is excellent, characterized by high precision and material density. Notably, 3D printing technology has faithfully reproduced intricate details of the South Gate of Henan University, such as the arch, as depicted in Fig. 9 (b). In contrast, employing traditional manual craftsmanship would be significantly more challenging, result in lower accuracy, and demand much longer working hours. The 3D printing process achieves completeness and superior accuracy and reduces production time to approximately three hours. Furthermore, the physical model generated through 3D printing serves as an exceptional cultural product, showcasing the full potential of 3D printing technology in safeguarding and promoting cultural heritage. It not only provides the public with a close opportunity for appreciating and learning about historical buildings but also serves as a powerful tool for the preservation, transmission, and popularization of historical cultural heritage buildings. Conclusion (1) The restoration of ancient heritage buildings is usually a reverse process, creating drawings based on existing buildings. After years of meticulous measurements, we have acquired detailed data about the South Gate of Henan University. Subsequently, we have generated architectural drawings of the structure. This improves the conservation and restoration archives of ancient heritage buildings and provides the basis for subsequent digital modeling. (2) By utilizing SketchUp software and employing specific modeling techniques, we successfully achieved the three-dimensional refinement of the historical building at Henan University’s South Gate. This modeling approach vividly illustrates the structural characteristics of these historic buildings. It not only effectively restores the appearance and internal composition of the historical structures but also provides a potent tool for further research and analysis. Such accessibility offers robust support for the preservation, research, and perpetuation of cultural heritage, with promising applications across various domains. (3) Considering the intricate nature of historical architectural models, the application of 3D printing technology enables us to precisely replicate these monolithic structures. In 3D printing, achieving high-precision reproduction of ancient architectural models hinges on the proper configuration of printing parameters. Incorrect parameter settings, including print thickness, support density, and contact point size, among others, can result in the omission of intricate details in complex model components like arches and roofs, thus affecting the detailed rendering and overall quality of the model, or even leading to print failure. (4) Three-dimensional model reconstruction serves not only as a means of replicating historical buildings but also as a method of preserving history and culture. It digitally embodies the historical significance, cultural symbolism, architectural styles, and technical intricacies of historical structures, allowing for a deeper understanding and scholarly examination of these invaluable legacies. Simultaneously, 3D model reconstruction offers invaluable insights for the conservation and restoration of historical buildings, aiding decision-makers in formulating more effective preservation policies and programs. Declarations Author Contribution Z.L. drafted the initial manuscript, Y.Z. conducted the software operations, and W.D. proposed the methodology and reviewed the manuscript. All authors contributed significantly to the study. Data Availability Statement Some or all data and models that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Acknowledgments The research described in this paper was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant No. U1704141, No. 52178172) and Henan University Science & Technology Innovation Team Support Program (Grant No. 22IRTSTHN019). References Jia Ke. Conservation Strategies for Historical Building[J]. Industrial Construction, 2022, 52(02): 243. Wei Mo, Cai Yabing. Protection and Utilization of the Historical Building: Link in History and Future. Advanced Materials Research. 2012(518–523): 4473–76. Ru Wang, Zhang Xiang, Han Tingting. 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Optimization and experimental research on treelike joints based on generative design and powder bed fusion. Engineering Structures. 2023(278): 115564. Quan Haoyuan, Zhang Ting, Xu Hang. Photo-curing 3D printing technique and its challenges. Bioactive Materials. 2020,5(1):110–115. Shakir F. Mustafa, Peter L. Evans, Adrian W. Sugar. Streamlining the manufacture of custom titanium orbital plates with a stereolithographic three-dimensional printed model. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2017,55(5):546–547. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3696342","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":256085022,"identity":"3b474e97-c110-4960-afba-5f612e7b835f","order_by":0,"name":"Zhihao Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Henan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhihao","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":256085023,"identity":"f1c7db53-8706-4b5d-863d-758200d85649","order_by":1,"name":"Yizhong Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Henan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yizhong","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":256085024,"identity":"b15a9536-f289-45ec-ba5c-3feff695f47b","order_by":2,"name":"Wenfeng Du","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA4wPDnyo+CdnAOYZWBCjhdnw4YwzB4wNGJhBWiSI0mJszNt2IHEDWAsDEVr4biSzSfOw3Unfzt5/dMOPAgkG/vbuBLxaJIFaJOfwPMvd2XOY7WYP0GESZ85uwKvF4Hb+MYk3Esy5G4B6b/AAtRhI5BLSkswmwWPAnG4A1HLzD5FamA15Eg4ngLTcJsoWyfuPGR/OOJBmuOHMYbPbMgYSPAT9wnfmMMOBj/9s5A2ONz67+eaPjRx/ey9+LRiAhzTlo2AUjIJRMAqwAgDIiU1O/6bIggAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Henan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenfeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Du","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-12-02 08:44:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3696342/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3696342/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":47742645,"identity":"b30fd7dc-411c-42e4-8c3c-a0720bd93853","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 20:02:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1042881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eSouth Gate of Henan University\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/6b94e90c38dd0224a8bdf031.png"},{"id":47743182,"identity":"c0d77bd9-50e7-4462-98fa-6bbd026ec705","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 20:10:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":697924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eMapping of the southern gate of Henan University: (a) Ground floor plan; (b) Roof plan; (c) Side elevation plan; (d) Front elevation plan.\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/c9398ea2267da5116c549e02.png"},{"id":47742643,"identity":"b8339cfe-3416-4fc4-9bf6-87fa01c5fb3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 20:02:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":223521,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eBasic modelling process.\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/a55af00466a6f2b03533e6d6.png"},{"id":47742641,"identity":"60d3a210-eb23-40c6-9d34-e174aedf0ff1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 20:02:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":619030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eThe building modeling process.\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/22d9dbc8902d2bada7bd0b38.png"},{"id":47743495,"identity":"483b2c88-fc3e-4f75-9495-4a8a389a3d68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 20:18:33","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":314330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eArch modeling process.\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/d9e8ae0fea90b7dcff31c6d2.png"},{"id":47742648,"identity":"7277f70e-25c2-477a-8615-e6578f46e718","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 20:02:33","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":755771,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eHipped roof modeling process.\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/40c5dfd80dc8e99f8b145f80.png"},{"id":47742642,"identity":"25c08c6a-4b52-44a8-9c8d-94e865b82bd5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 20:02:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":904700,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eThree-dimensional effect diagram of the south gate of Henan University. (a) Front view; (b) Left view; (c) Top view; (d) Axonometric drawing.\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/6448837ceabcbf37e225b6ba.jpeg"},{"id":47742650,"identity":"12b79d6e-7253-4cb8-a628-2ef4a7a3701b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 20:02:33","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1554679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003e3D printing process.\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/f24104e5d2febb1d1314b393.png"},{"id":47742646,"identity":"a6747d4b-d0f2-4727-aa72-a1d33f843201","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 20:02:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":416432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003ePrinting results of the south gate of Henan University: (a) Overall presentation; (b) Detailed presentation.\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/c0c6ca034e772a98528e967f.jpeg"},{"id":50070042,"identity":"c486e178-4144-431f-8f8a-3080de19e399","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 03:22:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4079760,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3696342/v1/04f8b291-ffbe-4506-be05-188729ed8e37.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Forward Modeling and 3D Printing of a Historical Building","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe historical building constitutes a vital component of humanity\u0026rsquo;s material and cultural heritage, encompassing profound historical, cultural, technical, and artistic significance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Nonetheless, the relentless passage of time has witnessed the gradual deterioration of numerous historical structures, succumbing to the forces of natural erosion and human-induced damage, thereby endangering their invaluable historical insights. Concurrently, the lack of detailed drawings and documentation of many ancient buildings due to their age has brought great obstacles to the preservation, research and promotion of the cultural heritage of ancient buildings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the advancement of modern science and technology, particularly the development of computer-based three-dimensional modeling technology, a novel approach has emerged for the preservation and study of historical buildings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The creation of three-dimensional digital models of historical buildings enables the comprehensive restoration of their structural composition and construction details, holding immense significance for the preservation of cultural relics and the establishment of cultural heritage archives. The modeling of historical buildings in three dimensions can be categorized into two main methods: forward modeling and reverse modeling. Forward modeling involves utilizing three-dimensional modeling software to construct three-dimensional models of historical buildings based on existing architectural data, drawings, or mapping information [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Reverse modeling entails the collection of three-dimensional data from historical buildings. This can be achieved through the use of three-dimensional laser scanners or photogrammetric equipment to capture point cloud data, images, and other relevant information from historical buildings. These collected data are subsequently employed to restore or reconstruct the three-dimensional models of the historical structures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Most existing research primarily focuses on the reverse modeling approach. For instance, Suo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] proposed a research concept that combines 3D laser scanning technology with modern measurement techniques and ontological reasoning and applied it to the off-site reconstruction project of the Butterfly Hall at Northwest University for Nationalities. Lin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] conducted a 3D laser scanning of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, obtained its point cloud data, and processed it to construct a 3D model of the pagoda using software such as Cyclone, AutoCAD, and 3ds-Max. Liu [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] explored 3D modeling of historical buildings through close-up photography using a multi-rotor UAV. The study introduced an autonomous flight strategy combined with manual multi-height and multi-angle photography techniques for 3D modeling of representative historical structures such as pagodas, Buddha statues, and temples. Additionally, Li [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] proposed a refined 3D modeling method based on wrap-around tilt photography, selecting a multi-rotor UAV and a micro-single camera as photographic equipment for the 3D stereoscopic photography and modeling of tower buildings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter a comprehensive review of existing studies, it becomes evident that the reverse modeling approach offers several advantages, including rapid data collection, non-invasiveness, and broad applicability. However, it also presents certain challenges, such as intricate data post-processing, reduced model accuracy, loss of construction details, and difficulties in model repair. In contrast, forward modeling, despite its drawbacks such as a high initial mapping workload and demanding technical requirements, offers distinct benefits. It avoids the need for complex post-processing, accurately reconstructs the construction process of historical buildings, captures internal details with precision, allows for error correction, provides flexible control over the modeling process, and facilitates a more intuitive understanding of the structural aspects of historical buildings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, it is worth highlighting the significant potential of 3D printing, an advanced digital fabrication technology, in the domains of historical building restoration, conservation, and research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. This technology boasts numerous advantages, including high-precision modeling, robust model construction, detailed restoration, and the capacity to visually represent historical buildings. These attributes greatly enhance our comprehension of the broader cultural heritage landscape, offering substantial support for heritage preservation and cultural legacy transmission. Furthermore, it serves as an effective means to showcase and disseminate the cultural value of historical buildings to the general public.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we conduct meticulous forward three-dimensional modeling of the historical building at the South Gate of Henan University. Additionally, we utilize SLA printing technology to fabricate a scaled-down model of the structure. This paper focuses on modeling methods and 3D printing techniques for complex ancient buildings. Through these methods, we aim to achieve the reconstruction of both the digital and physical models of the historical building situated at the South Gate of Henan University. This endeavor is designed to enhance the general public's intuitive perception of our cultural heritage and foster a comprehensive understanding of its entirety. Moreover, it is intended to facilitate the preservation and promotion of the legacy of historical architectural culture.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Overview of Henan University South Gate","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe South Gate of Henan University, constructed in 1936, showcases a simple yet elegant architectural style that exudes a sense of dignity and beauty, exemplifying a harmonious blend of both Chinese and Western architectural influences, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. This building, along with the school\u0026rsquo;s auditorium, eastern and western wings, collectively constitutes the \u0026lsquo;former site of Henan Preparatory School for Studying in Europe and America\u0026rsquo;. Recognized for its profound historical, technical, and artistic significance, the site was listed as a national key cultural relics protection site in 2006 and as a 20th-century architectural heritage in China in 2018 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe South Gate of Henan University is a structure characterized by two four-pillar, three-story pagoda-style roofs, featuring I-beam ridges. The north and south pagodas are interconnected by graceful round arches, with the primary floor situated at the center and secondary floors flanking it on either side, creating an imposing heavy-eaved effect. This architectural design represents a progressive iteration of China's traditional four-pillar, three-story pagoda, combining practicality with the preservation of its traditional elements. The upper section of the building is adorned with barrel-board tiles, and its exquisite animal sculptures grace the roof ridges. The lower part of the structure incorporates arch-bearing eaves, with rafters extending upward, forming wing-like shapes at the four corners. Above the main floor, a prominent plaque bears the inscription \u0026lsquo;Henan University\u0026rsquo;, while the second floor features intricate inlaid classical patterns. Additionally, the frontal squares and birdbaths beneath the eaves are adorned with beautifully executed colored paintings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBuilding Surveying\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we have processed the data gathered during the previous research and data review of the South Gate of Henan University. The key data comprises the following: the main building's height in the central section measures 10.39 meters, while the east and west wings span 13.4 meters. At its maximum depth, the structure extends 7.8 meters, and the width of the auricular rooms on the east and west sides is 6.1 meters. The auricular rooms have a depth of 4.8 meters, and the total area covers 114.5 square meters. The central arch-shaped doorway reaches a maximum height of 3.7 meters at its peak and has a central width of 3.6 meters. Additionally, rectangular pedestrian passages, 2.5 meters wide and 3 meters high, flank the southern entrance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince 2008, our research team has conducted comprehensive and detailed field measurements of the historical buildings at the South Gate of Henan University, along with other modern architectural complexes. We have produced detailed mapping drawings that illustrate the building's layout and elevation, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. These mapping drawings serve to authentically restore the characteristics of the historical buildings at the South Gate of Henan University, facilitating the establishment of a comprehensive preservation and restoration archive for historical architectural relics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3D Modelling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we employ SketchUp software to reconstruct a three-dimensional model of the South Gate of Henan University [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The reconstruction of the South Gate of Henan University in this paper is segmented into four parts: the foundation, the framework, the arch, and the roof. Following the structural characteristics of historical buildings and the modeling principles inherent to SketchUp software, we systematically model the South Gate of Henan University, progressing from the ground up, from comprehensive to specific, and from coarse to fine. This process entails the following steps:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInfrastructural\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the modeling process, we create a wall foundation, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea. The 3D object is formed by extending or extruding a planar shape along a predefined path or curve, resulting in a 3D object with a specific form [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. This is exemplified in the modeling process of the column foundation, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb. Subsequently, the models of the wall foundation and column base are integrated to generate the foundation model, as demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFramework\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrames consist of components such as columns, openings, beams, and walls, all of which have regular shapes. Once the cross-sectional shapes are drawn, the corresponding component models can be generated using the \u0026lsquo;push and pull\u0026rsquo; commands. The specific modeling process is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCupola\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe arch is a fundamental element of the South Gate of Henan University, serving essential functions such as load-bearing and decoration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. It primarily comprises horizontally positioned square blocks, rectangular arches, and diagonally arranged elements. In the modeling process, a model for each component is initially created, followed by their assembly, as demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRoof\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most intricate aspect of 3D modeling for historical buildings lies in modeling the roof. Roofs serve not only as enclosures within structures but also as critical elements shaping architectural aesthetics and accentuating architectural grandeur [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The detailed modeling process for a hipped roof is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBegin by creating a rectangle with the same length and width as the hipped roof (height 0.2 m). Scale down the lower part of the rectangle using a scale factor of 0.95, resulting in a four-pronged platform with a larger upper section and a smaller lower section (refer to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea). In the second step, draw arcs at the four corners of the four-pronged platform's sides. These arcs are crucial for creating the distinctive corner warping of the hipped roof. Afterward, delete some of the lines and surfaces of the model, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb. In step 3, eliminate any surplus lines and surfaces. Draw a right triangle at the center of the graphic and replace the hypotenuse with a circular arc, forming surface \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e, as displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ec. Use the 'path-following' command in step 4 to scan face \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e along the perimeter and extract the roof contour lines, as demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ed. Utilize the 'Plug-in Curve to Face' command in step 5 to generate a surface from the curve in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ed, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ee. In step 6, draw a plane perpendicular to the roof and duplicate it multiple times to cover the entire roof. Set the spacing between the faces to 200mm. Then, employ the 'model intersect' command where the plane intersects with the roof to create a series of intersecting lines, as displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ef and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eg. In step 7, draw a square octagon at the end of the intersecting lines from the previous step. Use the 'path-following' command to scan the octagon along the intersecting lines, forming a tiled roof, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eh and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ei. In Step 8, delete the lines around the contour line from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ed, leaving only the ridge line. Draw the I-beam ridge and apply trimming, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ej. Combine the roof with the ridge in Step 9 to obtain a hipped roof model, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ek and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003el.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTexture Mapping\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo enhance the sense of realism in the established three-dimensional model of a historical building, it becomes essential to apply textures to the surface of the structure. Surface mapping of materials serves to accentuate object details and create various effects, including reflection, refraction, convexity, concavity, and hollowing, among others. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the model of the South Gate building at Henan University from different perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3D Printing of Scaled Models\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e3D printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing technology, is a manufacturing method that transforms digital models into physical objects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. This technology allows for the production of intricate physical models of historical buildings, enabling the visual representation of architectural styles and structural features of historical cultural relics and enhancing their preservation. Moreover, these printed artifacts can serve as cultural products for promoting and showcasing the cultural heritage of historical buildings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation for Printing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we conducted the 3D printing and manufacturing of a scaled-down model of the historical building located at the South Gate of Henan University using Stereolithography Appearance (SLA) technology. SLA technology is an additive manufacturing-based rapid prototyping method, that operates on the fundamental principle of employing an ultraviolet laser beam to irradiate the surface of a liquid photosensitive resin, solidifying it layer by layer. This process subdivides the object into successive cross-sections, each built layer upon layer. A computer program precisely controls the path of the laser beam, ensuring the accuracy of the shape and position of each layer. As the layer-by-layer curing proceeds, a complete 3D solid model is ultimately created. SLA technology is widely utilized in manufacturing and rapid prototyping due to its high accuracy and outstanding surface quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the scaled model of the South Gate of Henan University was 3D printed using a Formlabs Form 2 3D printer, located at Henan University 3D Printing Laboratory. The pre-processing steps for SLA technology are as follows. Firstly, the solid model file of the South Gate of Henan University is converted into a binary STL file using SketchUp software. Next, the STL file is imported into the slicing software PreForm for code compilation. Finally, the generated code file is transferred to the 3D printer for the printing process. The 3D printing process of Henan University\u0026rsquo;s South Gate is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePrinting Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore commencing the printing process, it is imperative to confirm the resin type and associated printing parameters. This study utilizes white standard resin. Within the realm of 3D printing, several pivotal process parameters profoundly influence the quality of the printed output. These parameters encompass printing layer thickness, support density, contact point size, plane spacing, slope increaser, substrate thickness, height above the substrate, Z-axis compression correction, and pre-printing layer merging. Through a series of conducted printing tests, it has been deduced that the judicious adjustment of these process parameters is the linchpin for achieving high-quality models. The specific parameter configurations are delineated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain printing parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinting method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinting Layer Thickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupport density\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact Size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlane distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGradient Increaser\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstrate Thickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight above base\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ-axis compression correction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly print layer consolidation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSLA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the parameters listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the setting for print layer thickness depends on both the 3D printer and the type of resin being used. Various layer thicknesses have an impact on printing speed and Z-axis axial accuracy. Smaller layer thicknesses offer greater printing accuracy but result in longer printing times. Conversely, larger layer thicknesses boost printing speed but may compromise surface quality and fine details. For the specific 3D printer and resin utilized in this study, a layer thickness of 0.10 mm was selected for printing. This choice takes into consideration the balance between printing precision and speed. Adjusting support density involves altering the number of contact points between the support structure and the model. Inadequate support density can lead to unsuccessful printing while increasing it enhances part stability during the printing process and compensates for smaller contact points. The size of these contact points impacts both support stability and ease of removal. If the contact points are too small, the support is prone to breaking. Plane spacing plays a role in determining the tightness of the support structure. Smaller plane spacing offers more support but also extends the printing time. The Slope Increaser is a critical parameter used to control the density of sloped supports, particularly important for models with inclined surfaces. Choosing the appropriate value ensures stable support that can be easily removed. Proper substrate thickness guarantees that the model adheres securely to the build platform. An excessively thin substrate may lead to adhesion problems, while an overly thick one could interfere with part removal. The height above the substrate represents the distance from the substrate to the surface at the bottom of the model. This parameter influences support height and the flatness of the model's bottom surface. Ensuring a sufficient value is crucial to prevent unprintable supports or distorted parts. Z-axis compression correction is employed to rectify Z-axis compression discrepancies between hardware and consumables, ensuring dimensional accuracy. Early-stage merging of print layers is beneficial for resolving unevenness at the bottom of the part and ensuring a snug fit between the part and the build platform.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePrinted Products and Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe scaled-down model of the South Gate of Henan University, manufactured using SLA 3D printing technology, is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. The printed solid model shows that the structural integrity is excellent, characterized by high precision and material density. Notably, 3D printing technology has faithfully reproduced intricate details of the South Gate of Henan University, such as the arch, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e(b). In contrast, employing traditional manual craftsmanship would be significantly more challenging, result in lower accuracy, and demand much longer working hours. The 3D printing process achieves completeness and superior accuracy and reduces production time to approximately three hours. Furthermore, the physical model generated through 3D printing serves as an exceptional cultural product, showcasing the full potential of 3D printing technology in safeguarding and promoting cultural heritage. It not only provides the public with a close opportunity for appreciating and learning about historical buildings but also serves as a powerful tool for the preservation, transmission, and popularization of historical cultural heritage buildings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e(1) The restoration of ancient heritage buildings is usually a reverse process, creating drawings based on existing buildings. After years of meticulous measurements, we have acquired detailed data about the South Gate of Henan University. Subsequently, we have generated architectural drawings of the structure. This improves the conservation and restoration archives of ancient heritage buildings and provides the basis for subsequent digital modeling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) By utilizing SketchUp software and employing specific modeling techniques, we successfully achieved the three-dimensional refinement of the historical building at Henan University\u0026rsquo;s South Gate. This modeling approach vividly illustrates the structural characteristics of these historic buildings. It not only effectively restores the appearance and internal composition of the historical structures but also provides a potent tool for further research and analysis. Such accessibility offers robust support for the preservation, research, and perpetuation of cultural heritage, with promising applications across various domains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) Considering the intricate nature of historical architectural models, the application of 3D printing technology enables us to precisely replicate these monolithic structures. In 3D printing, achieving high-precision reproduction of ancient architectural models hinges on the proper configuration of printing parameters. Incorrect parameter settings, including print thickness, support density, and contact point size, among others, can result in the omission of intricate details in complex model components like arches and roofs, thus affecting the detailed rendering and overall quality of the model, or even leading to print failure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) Three-dimensional model reconstruction serves not only as a means of replicating historical buildings but also as a method of preserving history and culture. It digitally embodies the historical significance, cultural symbolism, architectural styles, and technical intricacies of historical structures, allowing for a deeper understanding and scholarly examination of these invaluable legacies. Simultaneously, 3D model reconstruction offers invaluable insights for the conservation and restoration of historical buildings, aiding decision-makers in formulating more effective preservation policies and programs.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ.L. drafted the initial manuscript, Y.Z. conducted the software operations, and W.D. proposed the methodology and reviewed the manuscript. All authors contributed significantly to the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome or all data and models that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research described in this paper was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant No. U1704141, No. 52178172) and Henan University Science \u0026amp; Technology Innovation Team Support Program (Grant No. 22IRTSTHN019).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJia Ke. Conservation Strategies for Historical Building[J]. Industrial Construction, 2022, 52(02): 243.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWei Mo, Cai Yabing. 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Bioactive Materials. 2020,5(1):110\u0026ndash;115.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShakir F. Mustafa, Peter L. Evans, Adrian W. Sugar. Streamlining the manufacture of custom titanium orbital plates with a stereolithographic three-dimensional printed model. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2017,55(5):546\u0026ndash;547.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Historical building, Forward modelling, 3D printing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3696342/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3696342/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMapping three-dimensional digital model of historical building is essential to the protection and utilization of historical architectural relics. This paper completed three-dimensional forward modeling and 3D printing of historical architectural models of Henan University\u0026rsquo;s South Gate, a nationally significant cultural relics protection site. Firstly, based on the measured data in the field, three-dimensional forward modeling of the south gate of Henan University was carried out using SketchUp software. Subsequently, a scaled-down model of Henan University\u0026rsquo;s South Gate was manufactured using 3D-printed technology. The study\u0026rsquo;s findings demonstrate that the integration of 3D forward modeling and 3D printing technology enables the reconstruction of digital and physical models of historical buildings at the South Gate of Henan University. This approach not only enhances the public's intuitive perception and overall understanding of cultural heritage but also provides effective tools and methods for the preservation of historical architectural cultural heritage.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Forward Modeling and 3D Printing of a Historical Building","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-12-06 20:02:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3696342/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"300ac136-9233-4899-8a1f-3c762a32de1a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 6th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":27046862,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Civil engineering"},{"id":27046863,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-24T03:14:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-12-06 20:02:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3696342","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3696342","identity":"rs-3696342","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}