Epidemiological Landscape and Zoonotic Risks of Poultry Diseases in Ethiopia: Implications for Public Health and Poultry Production

Poultry production in Ethiopia plays a vital role in providing high-quality protein and economic opportunities, yet it faces significant challenges due to prevalent infectious diseases that impact both animal health and human well-being. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology and zoonotic risks associated with major poultry pathogens in Ethiopia, focusing on bacterial and viral agents. In Ethiopia, poultry production predominantly consists of traditional scavenging systems in rural areas, alongside a growing intensive farming sector utilizing exotic breeds. Despite efforts to improve biosecurity and vaccination practices, the proximity of intensively reared chickens to smallholder and backyard flocks poses challenges. This environment facilitates the transmission of pathogens such as Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., leading causes of foodborne illnesses in humans. Viral diseases like Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) also pose significant threats to poultry health and production. These viruses not only cause substantial economic losses but can potentially infect humans, highlighting the interconnectedness of animal and human health in poultry farming settings. This review underscores the importance of integrated disease management strategies encompassing enhanced biosecurity, regular surveillance, and vaccination programs tailored to local contexts. Furthermore, the adoption of molecular epidemiology approaches could provide deeper insights into pathogen circulation and evolution, aiding in targeted control measures. Addressing the complex challenges of poultry diseases in Ethiopia requires interdisciplinary collaboration between veterinary, public health, and agricultural sectors. By mitigating disease risks in poultry populations, Ethiopia can enhance food security, improve public health outcomes, and sustainably support its growing poultry industry.