AGRICULTURAL SOIL AS A CARBON SINK      

AGRICULTURAL SOIL AS A CARBON SINK | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 27 May 2025 V2 Latest version Share on AGRICULTURAL SOIL AS A CARBON SINK Author : Sergio Santangelo 0009-0003-2717-1184 [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.173921761.13400981/v2 655 views 135 downloads Contents Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract CO2Fixator is the commercial name of a mix of bacterial strains and a fungal one. CO2Fixator exploits microbial competition towards bacterial strains, already present in the soil substrate, to avoid the emission of greenhouse gases due to the fermentation of plant residues in the soil. The CO2Fixator transforms agricultural soil into a Carbon Sink simultaneously improving its quality. Compared to other CO2 capture techniques and systems, such as reforestation, algae cultivation, air filtration or conversion of CO2 into fuel, CO2Fixator can be applied wherever there is soil, whether agricultural or not, including organic waste, sewage sludge and organic fertilizer. Introduction The regeneration of agricultural soil and its transformation into a carbon sink is an innovative and sustainable strategy to combat climate change. This approach not only improves soil fertility and its ability to produce abundant crops, but also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving soil structure and its ability to retain nutrients and water. The issue of CO2 absorption and release from cultivated fields is complex and multifactorial. As plants grow, they absorb CO2 through the process of photosynthesis, which helps reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. However, once crops are harvested, common agricultural practices such as burning crop residues, plowing residues into the soil, or biodigestion can actually release significant amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere at a ratio of nearly 1:1, essentially a break-even ratio between absorbed and re-emitted CO2. “This cycle of carbon absorption and release is a critical aspect in the sustainable management of agricultural land as a carbon sink”. Current research explores alternative methods to manage both crop residues so that the carbon captured by plants is not released back into the atmosphere and residues of animal (e.g. manure) or human (e.g. sewage sludge) origin. The aim is to develop agricultural systems that avoid releasing CO2 and can also act as carbon sinks, thus contributing to climate change mitigation. This requires a change in traditional agricultural practices and the adoption of innovative technologies, such as CO2Fixator, that can be scaled up. CO2Fixator, the subject of this study, presents an approach that avoids the release of CO2 and other polluting gases (measurable as CO2 equivalents) and ensures the development of simpler and more sustainable agricultural practices. The agricultural sector has many margins for crop innovation and profit: the use of agricultural waste as fertilizer and the generation of carbon credits represent a significant opportunity. This process of quantification and certification is essential for the creation of a reliable and transparent carbon credit market. Furthermore, the Public Registry of Carbon Credits Generated on a Voluntary Basis by the National Agroforestry Sector has been established, with the aim of valorising sustainable agricultural and forestry management practices. This registry allows farmers to register the carbon credits generated and participate in a national voluntary market, in line with the provisions relating to the National Registry of Agro-Forestry Carbon Sink. The use of agricultural waste as fertilizer and the generation of carbon credits are concrete examples of how agriculture can evolve towards a more sustainable and profitable model. Materials and methods Using closed chambers, a controlled environment is created to monitor emissions. These chambers, made from inverted plastic containers, are sealed to the ground to capture gases emitted by buried and decaying crop residues. Holes have been drilled into the chambers to allow gas exchange with the outside. “SCD30” CO2 gas sensors within the chambers record gas concentrations over time, providing valuable data on the dynamics of emissions and the effectiveness of CO2Fixator in mitigating environmental impact. The experiment was conducted in duplicate both in the agricultural field and in the laboratory. In the laboratory, the tests were performed in perforated capsules at constant temperature and humidity. The soil, both for the field tests and for the laboratory tests, was prepared in such a way as to obtain a composition of 5:1 between inorganic matter and dry organic matter on all samples, corresponding to approximately 27,778 tons of dry organic matter on a hectare and approximately 100g in a container in the laboratory. Laboratory analyses are essential to determine: the quantity of organic matter and whether the introduction of CO2Fixator into the soil can improve the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which are vital for plant growth. In addition, the soil's ability to retain water is another important indicator of soil health, as it directly affects the resistance of plants to drought conditions. Monitoring these parameters will provide data on the effectiveness of bioaugmentation techniques and their long-term sustainability. RESULTS Soil analysis at the beginning of the experiment: Initial state Test description Valore U.M. U LQ Metodo pH 6,9 unità di pH DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met III.1 Assimilable phosphorus 451 mg/Kg di P2O5 DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met XV.3 Exchangeable Potassium * 393 mg/Kg MEP-S-05 rev. 0 del 22/04/2013 Calcium carbonate 32 g/Kg di CaCO3 DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met V.2 Total limestone* 76 g/Kg di CaCO3 D.M. 13/09/99 SO n° 185 GU n° 248 21/10/1999 Met. V.1 Organic carbon Organic matter 138 238 g/Kg g/Kg DM 13/09/1999 SO n°185 GU n° 248 21/10/1999 Met.VII 3 DM25/03/2002GU n°84 10/04/2002 Cation exchange capacity* 9,5 meq/100g DM 13/09/1999 SO n°185 GU n°248 21/10/1999 Met XIII.2 DM 25/03/2002 GU n° 84 10/04/2002 Total nitrogen 10,7 g/Kg ± 0,7 DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met XIV.2 + XIV.3 + DM 25/03/2002 GU n 84 10/04/2002 LQ: Limit of Quantification – UM: Unit of Measurement – U: Uncertainty Soil analysis at the end of the experiment: Control not treated with CO2Fixator Test description Valore U.M. U LQ Metodo pH 7,1 unità di pH DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met III.1 Assimilable phosphorus 808 mg/Kg di P2O5 5 DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met XV.3 Exchangeable Potassium * 491 mg/Kg 40 MEP-S-05 rev. 0 del 22/04/2013 Calcium carbonate 39 g/Kg di CaCO3 DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met V.2 Total limestone* 83 g/Kg di CaCO3 D.M. 13/09/99 SO n° 185 GU n° 248 21/10/1999 Met. V.1 Organic carbon Organic matter 122,8 222,2 g/Kg g/Kg DM 13/09/1999 SO n°185 GU n° 248 21/10/1999 Met.VII 3 DM25/03/2002GU n°84 10/04/2002 Cation exchange capacity* 8,4 meq/100g DM 13/09/1999 SO n°185 GU n°248 21/10/1999 Met XIII.2 DM 25/03/2002 GU n° 84 10/04/2002 Total nitrogen 11,8 g/Kg ± 0,7 DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met XIV.2 + XIV.3 + DM 25/03/2002 GU n 84 10/04/2002 LQ: Limit of Quantification – UM: Unit of Measurement – U: Uncertainty Soil analysis at the end of the experiment: Sample treated with CO2Fixator Test description Valore U.M. U LQ Metodo pH 7,7 unità di pH DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met III.1 Assimilable phosphorus 783 mg/Kg di P2O5 5 DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met XV.3 Exchangeable Potassium * 114 mg/Kg 40 MEP-S-05 rev. 0 del 22/04/2013 Calcium carbonate 44 g/Kg di CaCO3 DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met V.2 Total limestone* 111 g/Kg di CaCO3 D.M. 13/09/99 SO n° 185 GU n° 248 21/10/1999 Met. V.1 Organic carbon Organic matter 140,6 244,4 g/Kg g/Kg DM 13/09/1999 SO n°185 GU n° 248 21/10/1999 Met.VII 3 Cation exchange capacity* 9,9 meq/100g DM 13/09/1999 SO n°185 GU n°248 21/10/1999 Met XIII.2 Total nitrogen 12,2 g/Kg ± 0,7 DM 13/09/1999 SO n 185 GU n 248 21/10/1999 Met XIV.2 + XIV.3 LQ: Limit of Quantification – UM: Unit of Measurement – U: Uncertainty Table 1. Emissions detected in the field: Numero di Misurazioni Medie CONTROLLO (ppm) Non trattato con CO2Fixator CAMPIONE 1 ppm CO2Fixator CAMPIONE 2 ppm CO2Fixator CAMPIONE3 ppm CO2Fixator 1 545,65 31,83 70,47 20,13 2 329,86 28,15 102,53 17,49 3 651,54 31,09 105,38 31,09 4 1682,4 29,96 113,19 83,51 5 451,4 37,03 117,21 21,1 6 408,05 29,87 108,78 23,76 7 1230,02 31,55 112,85 70,7 8 1444,9 31,36 112,18 73,27 9 349,51 29,83 112,68 17,37 10 354,28 30,24 114,22 12,43 11 5892,06 43,81 142,08 215,45 12 860,79 35,42 116,18 28,63 13 630,33 28,83 108,88 24,32 14 2157,55 50,03 134,13 97,23 15 862,17 31,31 114,02 36,58 16 718,34 29,81 114,54 23,81 17 762,38 27,35 115,58 25,82 18 645,06 28,86 109 28,86 19 964,17 30,01 111,3 30,01 20 444,32 28,94 111,21 17,03 21 1142,24 34,32 116,65 39,91 22 703,57 34,63 123,95 26,35 23 293,49 30,22 112,07 10,92 24 605,16 27,37 113,31 17,98 25 337,03 30,38 112,65 14,64 26 1154,07 30,17 111,87 49,7 27 568,28 29,07 113,86 20,49 28 3005,85 32,42 113,95 118,09 29 379,56 27,1 106,12 14,76 30 846,26 29,12 111,92 24,65 31 922,94 31,12 123,91 36,46 32 934,88 26,07 107,91 35,88 33 343,86 24,9 101,47 12,32 34 238,07 29,89 117,07 12,29 35 2310,83 28,19 116,7 86,4 36 1344,86 31,42 112,36 56,68 37 454,15 29,39 115,09 22,02 38 1023,67 27,98 107,74 38,52 39 5848,64 41,16 128,99 270,31 40 1624,96 37,03 128,19 79,25 41 1034,56 38,6 127,08 44,66 42 747,81 40,51 135,9 38,56 43 434,89 48,96 205,13 23,74 44 489,3 51,19 244 28,1 45 393,37 51,15 236,96 25,1 46 444,13 51,1 243,57 28,05 47 797,01 51,35 244,77 44,66 48 831,15 49,08 238,04 44,69 49 6424 61,31 251,88 375,71 50 2453,33 56,26 238,29 145,69 51 900,86 49,05 224,52 56,17 52 479,76 46,85 211,85 31,44 53 639,28 43,19 202,28 37,23 54 541,78 44,93 194,62 29,95 55 541,03 44,87 188,5 29,91 Table 2. Emissions detected in the laboratory Misurazioni medie Controllo Campione 1 Campione 2 Campione 3 1 567,15 23,74 34,07 24,77 2 597,99 23,74 34,07 28,02 3 537,56 23,74 34,07 22,75 4 490,91 23,74 34,07 20,85 5 518,51 22,75 34,07 22,75 6 499,98 22,75 34,07 21,79 7 455,88 22,75 34,07 19,94 8 406,96 22,75 32,8 18,21 9 430,89 22,75 34,07 19,06 10 391,58 22,75 34,07 16,58 11 1418,31 21,79 32,8 67,54 12 455,88 22,75 32,8 22,75 13 414,82 21,79 32,8 20,85 14 384,05 21,79 32,8 19,94 15 255,22 21,79 32,8 12,95 16 490,91 20,85 32,8 19,94 17 384,05 20,85 32,8 17,38 18 223,82 20,85 32,8 11,05 19 686,63 21,79 31,55 44 20 1862,48 21,79 32,8 83,34 21 1418,31 21,79 32,8 67,54 22 384,05 30,34 39,53 19,06 23 327,74 26,9 36,73 16,58 24 308,32 26,9 36,73 16,58 25 289,78 25,82 35,39 15,8 26 233,95 23,74 34,07 12,95 27 260,75 24,77 35,39 12,29 28 1259,32 22,75 34,07 59,54 29 587,57 29,16 45,57 28,02 30 406,96 29,16 47,17 19,06 31 430,89 28,02 47,17 22,75 32 327,74 26,9 36,73 16,58 33 641,12 52,22 40,98 31,55 34 228,84 30,34 47,17 12,29 35 218,88 29,16 47,17 11,05 36 209,25 29,16 47,17 10,47 37 295,87 28,02 47,17 17,38 38 1081,16 28,02 45,57 40,98 39 675,02 29,16 47,17 28,02 40 557,15 29,16 45,57 24,77 41 490,91 29,16 45,57 22,75 42 447,43 28,02 45,57 19,94 43 473,14 28,02 45,57 22,75 44 1185,42 28,02 45,57 53,99 45 341,19 29,16 47,17 16,58 46 289,78 28,02 47,17 14,33 47 283,79 26,9 45,57 14,33 48 327,74 26,9 45,57 20,85 49 289,78 26,9 47,17 13,63 50 430,89 26,9 47,17 21,79 51 1639,69 26,9 45,57 47,17 52 308,32 26,9 40,98 19,06 53 348,07 25,82 40,98 19,06 54 177,97 25,82 42,47 8,83 55 266,37 29,16 44 15,05 Table 3. Gain/Loss Percentages: Value Control Sample Phosphorus +79% +74% Potassium +24% -71% Calcium carbonate +22% +37,5% Total limestone +9% +46% Organic carbon -6,7% +2% Organic matter -6,7% +2,5% Cation exchange capacity -12% +4% Nitrogen +10% +14% Emissions measured in the field (average over 24000 measurements) ppm Emissions measured in the laboratory (average over 24000 measurements) ppm Gain/loss of control and samples compared to the initial state DISCUSSION The element of greatest interest in this study is organic carbon, a component of the soil organic substance consisting essentially of carbon present in organic compounds, including carbon in molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These residues undergo processes of decomposition, fermentation and transformation operated by living organisms present in the soil. The decrease in the organic component in the control sample clearly suggests that this substance was metabolized by the bacterial component of the soil with the production of CO2 as a catabolite. On the contrary, both the field sample and the laboratory sample treated with the CO2Fixator show an increase in the organic carbon component. The data obtained with the specific sensor for CO2 "SCD30" clearly indicate that the concentration of CO2 (expressed in ppm, parts per million) in the control sample is higher than that of the treated samples. It is observed that, while the control sample emits CO2 discontinuously and in high quantities compared to the treated samples that emit CO2 continuously and in significantly lower quantities. In the graph of gains/losses of substances expressed as a percentage compared to the initial state, organic carbon increases significantly in the samples treated with the CO2Fixator. The development of new seedlings was observed in the control and in the sample, in the control the development of new seedlings did not affect the compensation of CO2 emissions from the soil, indicating that the rate of decomposition of the organic component of the soil exceeds the activity of CO2 fixation by the new organic substance. On the contrary, in the treated sample the development of new seedlings adds and fixes more CO2. The laboratory data provide us with clear indications of the effects of the CO2Fixator also in other aspects. An increase in the cation exchange capacity is recorded in the treated sample, which allows the retention of essential nutrients that can be released to the plants when necessary. It is also an indication of a greater soil structure with water retention capacity, while in the untreated sample a reduction of the same is evident compared to the sample of the initial state. The same can be said of the total limestone component that has influenced the pH, alkalizing the soil, and of total nitrogen. The decomposition process brought phosphorus to the control and treated samples, it is noted that potassium in the control has slightly increased while in the treated sample it has drastically decreased, this is due to the development of new seedlings that are qualitatively superior to the seedlings grown in the control sample. CONCLUSIONS CO2Fixator is an innovative product composed of a mix of bacteria and the fungus Trichoderma viride, designed to fix CO2 to the soil and improve the quality of the soil. The technology behind CO2Fixator exploits the synergistic effect between bacteria and the fungus Trichoderma viride. The synergistic action of the CO2Fixator promotes soil reconstruction by preventing erosion, water retention prevents soil leaching and the loss of mineral salts and organic matrix, an increase in soil volume corresponds to an increase in soil fertility. The CO2Fixator transforms agricultural soil into a Carbon Sink of choice, simultaneously improving its quality. 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LV Wake - 1972 - unsworks.unsw.edu.au Soil Science Society of America Journal: https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14353043 Journal of Soil and Water Conservation: https://www.jswconline.org/ Soil Biology and Biochemistry: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/soil-biology-and-biochemistry/ Geoderma: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/geoderma/ Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/agriculture-ecosystems-and-environment/ Plant and Soil: https://www.springer.com/journal/11104 Applied Soil Ecology: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/applied-soil-ecology/ Soil and Tillage Research: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/soil-and-tillage-research/ European Journal of Soil Science: https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652389 Journal of Agricultural Science: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 10 February 2025 V2 Version 2 27 May 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License Keyword soil organic carbon Authors Affiliations Sergio Santangelo 0009-0003-2717-1184 [email protected] View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 655 views 135 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Sergio Santangelo. 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