Socio-Demographic Profiles and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Adult Male Outpatients in a Nigerian Tertiary Care Centre

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Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a useful indicator of overall health and has gained widespread acceptance as a patient-centred approach to assessing overall health status. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between HRQOL, its sociodemographic determinants, and healthcare disparities among outpatient adult males attending a primary care clinic at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin. Methods An interviewer-administered structured and semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 392 adult male patients at the general outpatient clinic of UITH. The HRQOL was assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life abridged version (WHOQOL-BREF). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T-test were used to determine the mean difference between sociodemographic characteristics and mean HRQOL scores. Results Respondents thrived best in the physical domain, 65.35 ± 11.12 and fared least in the environmental domain, 50.22 ± 8.44. A statistically significant relationship was observed between all the sociodemographic variables and HRQOL domain indices (p < 0.05): respondents younger than 30, those who earned more than 30,000 naira monthly and had tertiary education fared best across all HRQOL domains. Single respondents thrived best in the physical and psychological domains, while separated/divorced respondents had the highest mean scores in the environmental domain. The retired respondents fared poorly across all domains (p < 0.05). Conclusion The study population fared best in the physical domain, and all the sociodemographic characteristics were found to be significantly associated with HRQOL domain indices. Adult Male Health-Related Quality of Life Healthcare Disparities Sociodemographic Profiles Social Determinants INTRODUCTION The origin of the term quality of life (QOL) can be traced back to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health as “the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity”. 1 QOL became more important in healthcare as medical treatment became able to extend the length of life. 2 In addition, with the upsurge in the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCD), it comes as no surprise that the HRQOL of people suffering from these maladies will be widely studied and documented. 3 Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is described as how well a person functions in his or her life, and their perceived well-being in physical, mental, and social domains of health. 3 HRQOL is a useful overall indicator of health, and it is gaining worldwide acceptance as a patient-centred clinical approach in any healthcare intervention. 3 Measuring HRQOL is an important component of evaluating primary care services, and assessing it captures the patient’s perspective, which is a vital component of providing patient-centred, collaborative care. 4 According to the WHO European Region's review of the social determinants of health, men's poorer survival rates “reflect several factors - greater levels of occupational exposure to physical and chemical hazards, behaviours associated with male norms of risk-taking and adventure, health behaviour paradigms related to masculinity and the fact that men are less likely to visit a doctor when they are ill and, when they see a doctor, are less likely to report on the symptoms of disease or illness”. 5 Thus, the significance of men's health should be acknowledged and underlined, as it is currently a worldwide public concern. 6 Several factors may affect HRQOL, such as demographic profiles, clinical factors and personality characteristics. 7 No consensus exists on the specific relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and HRQOL 7 It, however, stands to reason that many studies have found young age, being married, and better socioeconomic class to be positively associated with better indices of HRQOL as these characteristics confer the advantage of better functional capacity, social support, sexual activities and access to healthcare services. 7 – 9 Evidence from the literature suggests that men exhibit poor health-seeking behaviour despite their educational level and socioeconomic status 10 . Some studies have attempted to assess HRQOL in chosen medical conditions or among the elderly, however, there is a paucity of studies assessing HRQOL of a heterogeneous group of men. 11 , 12 , 13 Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the trend and sociodemographic factors influencing HRQOL in men. METHODS This was part of a larger study to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its relationship with HRQOL. This hospital-based cross-sectional study of 392 adult males was carried out from March 2021 to May 2021 at the General Outpatient Clinic of UITH, a tertiary hospital located in the North-Central region of Nigeria. All consenting sexually active adult males aged ≥18 years who came to the General Outpatient Clinic (GOPC) for consultations were included in the study. However, those who required urgent medical care, had profound mental illness, and respondents who were not sexually active in the preceding 6 months were excluded. The systematic sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants, and the required sample size (n) was calculated using Leslie Kish’s formula. 14 n = Z²pq/d², where n = desired sample size (when target population > 10,000), z = the standard normal deviation, usually set at 1.96, which corresponds to a 95% confidence level, p = expected proportion in a previous similar study conducted at Uyo Teaching Hospital (41.5%). 15 q = 1 - p, and q is the proportion of male patients who do not have erectile dysfunction; q = 1 - p. Thus, q = 0.585. d = degree of accuracy desired, usually set at 5% (0.05). Therefore, n = 1.96² x 0.415 x (1.0- 0.415) approximately, n = 373, 0.05 x 0.05 As a cross-sectional study, patients were recruited during regular clinic hours, to address incomplete or missing data, a 95% response rate was assumed. Therefore, the final sample size was adjusted to compensate for the response rate using the formula. 14 : ns = n/r, where ns = adjusted sample size of the response rate, n = calculated sample size = 373, and r = response ratio = 0.95. Thus, ns = 373/0.95 = 392. The final sample size was 392. The investigator and a trained research assistant obtained the information from the participants, and the sociodemographic data of the participants were obtained with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires. The World Health Organization quality of life abridged form, WHOQOL-BREF, was used in assessing HRQOL. It is a short and practical version of the WHOQOL-100, which tests four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items) and environmental health (8 items). 4 The raw score of items within each domain was used to calculate the mean domain score. After computing the scores, they were transformed linearly to a 0-100 scale using the guidelines by multiplying the mean score of each domain by 4 to make it comparable to the scores in WHOQOL-100. 16 It has been used in studies in Nigeria for assessing HRQOL. 17 The domain scores of HRQOL are scaled in a positive direction. As such, higher scores in a domain indicate a higher quality of life in that domain. 16 In addition, one item question examine the general quality of life: the question asks about an individual’s overall perception of quality of life. The separate item overall QOL question was graded into 2 subgroups of “good’ and ‘poor” as follows: participants who rated their overall QOL as either “poor” or “very poor” were categorized as having poor overall QOL, while those who rated their overall QOL as either “neither poor nor good”, “good” or “very good” were categorized as having good overall QOL. 16 The physical domain measures activities of daily living (ADL), work capacity, pain and discomfort, sleep and rest, mobility, and dependence on medicinal substances and medical aid. The psychological domain assesses negative/positive feelings, self-esteem, bodily image, spirituality, thinking, learning, memory and concentration. The social domain identifies; personal relationships, social support, and sexual satisfaction, while the environmental domain assesses; physical safety and security, physical environment, financial resources, home environment, accessibility to quality health and social care, transport, participation in leisure and recreational activities and opportunity for acquiring new skills and information. 18 The collected data was sorted, coded and entered into the computer and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-24). The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and T-test were used to assess the mean difference between sociodemographic characteristics and the HRQOL mean domain scores. A confidence interval of 95% was used, and the level of statistical significance was set at less than 0.05. RESULTS Table 1 shows the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. The mean age of participants was 45 ± 16.49 years, with the majority (25.8%) aged 31 to 40 years. The larger proportion of the respondents (73.2%) were Muslims, while the bulk of the respondents (83.7%) were from the Yoruba ethnic group. Most of the respondents (78.1%) were married, and 18.1% were single, while more than half of the respondents (55.6%) had a tertiary level of education. Almost a quarter of the respondents (23.2%) were traders, and more than half (57.9%) earned above 30,000 Naira (the minimum wage in Nigeria at the time of research). Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents Variables Frequency(n) Percentage (%) Age Groups ≤ 30 81 20.7 31–40 101 25.8 41–50 77 19.6 51–60 53 13.5 ≥ 61 80 20.4 Mean ± SD (Range) 45 ± 16.49 (19–97) Religion Christianity 104 26.5 Islam 287 73.2 Traditional 1 0.3 Ethnicity Yoruba 327 83.4 Igbo 19 4.8 Hausa 5 1.3 Others 41 10.5 Marital Status Single 71 18.1 Married 306 78.1 Separated /Divorced 6 1.5 Widower 9 2.3 Level of Education None 46 11.7 Primary 48 12.3 Secondary 80 20.4 Tertiary 218 55.6 Occupation Civil servant 55 14.0 Trader 91 23.2 Artisan 56 14.3 Farmer 41 10.5 Retired 45 11.5 Unemployed 15 3.8 Teacher 22 5.6 Others 67 17.1 Average monthly income in Naira < 30,000 165 42.1 ≥ 30,000 227 57.9 Table 2 shows the mean raw HRQOL scores of the respondents transformed to a scale of 0 to 100. The highest mean transformed health-related quality of life score was recorded in the physical domain (65.35 ± 11.12) while the lowest was in the environmental domain (50.22 ± 8.44). The mean transformed health-related quality of life scores in the other domains include 53.86 ± 6.57 in the social domain and 58.45 ± 12.94 in the psychological domain. Table 2 HRQOL mean Scores of respondents N = 392 Transformed on scale of WHO-QOL-100 Raw Score Transformed Score on a scale of 4–20 Transformed Score on a scale of 0 -100 HRQOL Domain Minimum Maximum Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Physical 27 80 28.59 ± 4.86 16.33 ± 2.78 65.35 ± 11.12 Psychological 18 80 21.92 ± 4.85 14.61 ± 3.23 58.45 ± 12.94 Social Relation 32 80 10.09 ± 1.23 13.46 ± 1.64 53.86 ± 6.57 Environmental 26 96 25.13 ± 4.35 12.54 ± 2.05 50.22 ± 8.44 SD = standard deviation Table 3 depicts the relationship between the sociodemographic variables and the mean HRQOL domain scores using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the sociodemographic variables and HRQOL domain indices as follows: respondents younger than 30, who earned more than 30,000 naira monthly and had tertiary education, fared best across all HRQOL domains. Single respondents thrived best in the physical and psychological domains, while separated/divorced respondents had the highest mean scores in the environmental domain. The retired respondents fared poorly across all domains (p < 0.05). Table 3 Relationship between the mean HRQOL scores and socio-demographic characteristics, N = 392 Socio-demographic variables N Physical Mean ± SD Psychological Mean ± SD Social Mean ± SD Environment Mean ± SD Age Groups ≤ 30 81 70.41 ± 7.64 62.62 ± 9.64 55.24 ± 6.27 52.42 ± 7.37 31–40 101 67.06 ± 11.02 59.99 ± 13.62 53.91 ± 6.44 49.35 ± 8.92 41–50 77 66.17 ± 9.60 59.12 ± 9.56 54.37 ± 5.93 51.74 ± 7.24 51–60 53 64.65 ± 10.74 59.67 ± 12.64 54.54 ± 5.88 51.47 ± 7.01 ≥ 61 80 57.77 ± 12.09 50.87 ± 15.04 51.47 ± 7.50 46.83 ± 9.64 f-test P-value f = 16.461 p = 0.001 f = 10.411 p = 0.001 f = 3.928 p = 0.004 f = 6.103 p = 0.001 Marital Status Single 71 69.57 ± 7.37 62.42 ± 11.37 55.36 ± 5.66 52.20 ± 7.80 Married 306 64.75 ± 11.55 57.96 ± 13.02 53.51 ± 6.78 49.84 ± 8.39 Separated /Divorced 6 58.29 ± 8.88 56.44 ± 10.18 55.11 ± 4.35 55.00 ± 8.64 Widower 9 57.14 ± 12.31 45.33 ± 13.27 53.33 ± 5.96 44.67 ± 11.18 f-test P-value f = 6.390 p = 0.001 f = 5.707 p = 0.001 f = 1.630 p = 182 f = 3.517 p = 0.015 Level of Education None 46 53.96 ± 12.48 50.67 ± 14.52 50.67 ± 7.44 44.08 ± 9.39 Primary 48 62.38 ± 11.27 55.72 ± 14.35 52.11 ± 7.23 48.08 ± 7.78 Secondary 80 65.77 ± 10.71 57.13 ± 12.83 53.73 ± 6.83 50.53 ± 8.36 Tertiary 218 68.26 ± 9.12 61.19 ± 11.43 54.97 ± 6.83 50.53 ± 8.36 f-test P-value f = 26.558 p = 0.001 f = 10.500 p = 0.001 f = 7.177 p = 0.001 f = 13.084 p = 0.001 Occupation Civil servant 55 69.36 ± 7.85 62.50 ± 9.21 55.27 ± 5.56 53.78 ± 7.49 Trader 91 65.51 ± 11.19 57.99 ± 12.93 52.86 ± 6.09 49.49 ± 8.28 Artisan 56 68.12 ± 9.96 60.00 ± 13.35 54.00 ± 7.48 50.21 ± 8.46 Farmer 41 64.78 ± 13.26 58.41 ± 12.43 53.20 ± 7.20 49.76 ± 9.60 Retired 45 57.04 ± 10.77 48.65 ± 14.99 51.67 ± 5.89 47.20 ± 9.06 Unemployed 15 67.05 ± 7.00 61.69 ± 9.17 58.67 ± 4.03 51.20 ± 6.79 Teacher 22 66.39 ± 8.36 63.27 ± 12.54 55.03 ± 4.47 49.55 ± 7.28 Others 67 64.75 ± 11.99 58.78 ± 11.93 54.37 ± 7.49 50.63 ± 8.20 f-test P-value f = 5.663 p = 0.0001 f = 5,588 p = 0.0001 f = 2.830 p = 0.007 f = 2.472 p = 0.017 Income (‘000) < 30 165 61.77 ± 12.32 56.31 ± 13.77 53.53 ± 7.28 48.67 ± 8.61 ≥ 30 227 67.96 ± 9.38 60.08 ± 12.09 54.11 ± 6.00 51.39 ± 8.14 t-test P-value t=-5.647 p = 0.0001 t=-2.282 p = 0.0001 t=-0.865 p = 0.007 t=-3.126 p = 0.017 N = total number of respondents, n = number of respondents in various groups, SD = standard deviation, Table 4 shows a significant association between age, marital status, level of education, income and graded overall QOL question; respondents younger than 30 years, who were single, had tertiary education, and earned above 30,000 Naira, all had the highest proportion with good overall QOL. Table 4 Relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and Overall Quality of Life Variables Overall quality of Life χ² Ρ-value Poor n (%) Good n (%) Age Groups 31.706 0.001 ≤ 30 10 (12.3) 71 (87.7) 31–40 24 (23.8) 77 (76.2) 41–50 19 (24.7) 58 (75.3) 51–60 12 (22.6) 41 (77.4) ≥ 61 40 (50.0) 40 (50.0) Marital Status 7.485 f 0.044 Single 11 (15.5) 60 (84.5) Married 89 (29.1) 217 (70.9) Separated /Divorced 3 (50.0) 3 (50.0) Widower 2 (22.2) 7 (77.8) Level of Education 32.227 0.001 None 23 (50.0) 23 (50.0) Primary 21 (43.8) 27 (56.2) Secondary 25 (31.3) 55 (68.8) Tertiary 36 (16.5) 182 (83.5) Occupation 10.770 0.149 Civil servant 7 (12.7) 48 (87.3) Trader 32 (35.2) 59 (64.8) Artisan 13 (23.2) 43 (76.8) Farmer 11 (26.8) 30 (73.2) Retired 15 (33.3) 30 (66.7) Unemployed 3 (20.0) 12 (80.0) Teacher 5 (22.7) 17 (77.3) Others 19 (28.4) 48 (71.6) Income (‘000) 8.749 0.003 < 30 57 (34.5) 108 (65.5) ≥ 30 48 (21.1) 179 (78.9) N = total number of respondents, n = number of respondents in various groups, SD = standard deviation,, ᶠ=Fischer’s exact, χ²=chi square DISCUSSION A large percentage of respondents were in the young age group, which may explain why their HRQOL pattern indicated that they performed best in the physical domain. On the other hand, the environmental domain performed the worst. Although more research is required, the lowest mean score in the environmental domain might reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic's economic hardships, current exponential inflation rates, and the insecurity problems plaguing the entire nation. 19 Age was associated with HRQOL indices, with younger respondents having better indices in HRQOL. This finding is similar to the finding by Datta and colleagues, who found better HRQOL scores in all domains with decreasing age. 20 With increasing age comes more responsibility, and as age further advances, so does the decline in functional capacity, mental capacity and social as this could explain the findings in the index study. 20 However, a slightly different finding was reported by Iqbal et al in a study to assess HRQOL among patients on warfarin, and reported that older respondents had better HRQOL indices in the social, psychological, and environmental domains. 21 Iqbal et al attributed their findings to older people having better feelings and understandings of their social, psychological and environmental life as they are more satisfied despite being on warfarin. 21 In terms of marital status, single respondents had better indices in physical and psychological domains, while separated/divorced respondents surprisingly had better indices in the environmental domain. This finding is at variance with the findings reported by Ha et al, who found married respondents had better indices across all domains. 22 Married people are expected to enjoy better social support, interpersonal relationships and sexual activity, which should in turn positively impact their HRQOL. 23 However, marriage can be stressful, burdened with several responsibilities and expectations, especially when compounded with marital discord, which could paradoxically negatively impact the HRQOL. Also, single men are usually young people who may not have chronic medical conditions, have less financial/social pressure and have better coping mechanisms to stress, which could have accounted for their better indices in physical and psychological domains. With regards to educational status, respondents with tertiary education fared better across all domains. This finding was similar to the one reported by Morgan and colleagues, who found better HRQOL indices with respondents who had tertiary education. 24 This is also similar to literature reports of social factors such as education being ‘fundamental’ causes of poor health and disease because they determine access to a multitude of material and non-material resources such as income, safe neighbourhoods, or healthier lifestyles, all of which protect or enhance health. 25 Conversely, Akinboro et al found respondents with no formal education to have better HRQOL indices, however, their study population included PLWHA, and they explained that ignorance about the disease and its complications could explain why those without formal education had better HRQOL indices findings. 26 In terms of occupation, respondents in various occupational categories had relatively close mean scores, however, retirees had statistically significantly lower indices across all domains. This is explainable as retired persons may have lost their sources of steady income and are likely to be older persons with increased risks of chronic medical conditions, who may have also lost their spouses, leading to social isolation. The respondents with income above minimum wage had better HRQOL indices across all domains. This finding is similar to those reported in many studies that found better HRQOL indices with higher income. 9 , 20 , 27 This finding is expected and in keeping with the literature. 28 Income, as a basic indicator of social class, plays a dominant role in the maintenance of people’s health. 28 Higher income is related to better health conditions and lower health risks, while lower income means more exposure to health risk factors. A higher absolute income means better access to resources that benefit health, such as medical services, better nutrition and resources embedded in social networks. 28 CONCLUSION Men's health is now a global public issue, and the importance of men's health should be recognized and emphasized. This is one of the few studies that have assessed the HRQOL and sociodemographic determinants in men. The various patterns of association between HRQOL and sociodemographic factors show the capricious nature of the subject matter. The pattern of HRQOL among the different populations has varied tremendously depending on several factors such as geographical location, characteristics of the study population, and methodology of the research study. As far as the researchers of this study know, very few hospital-based studies have assessed HRQOL in a heterogeneous male population consisting of all categories of patients, as against assessing HRQOL in a specific disease entity. It is therefore imperative to conduct more surveys that will address the limitations of this study. LIMITATION: It is impossible to overlook the study's limitations because it was conducted at a tertiary care facility, and its findings might not be generalizable to a larger population. A large sample of the community could shed more light on this connection. Furthermore, the paucity of literature on the assessment of HRQOL in men of all ages or the general population without a specific disease/symptom impacted a very rich and specific comparative discussion with literature. Despite the aforementioned limitations, our study is one of the few studies assessing the HRQOL among a heterogeneous group of men as well as their sociodemographic associations, and thus provides data on the subject matter. Declarations ETHICAL APPROVAL : The authors confirm that the research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee (ERC) of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital for the study (ERC number- NHREC/02/05/2010). CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE : Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants before the questionnaires were administered. Participation was voluntary, and all participants were informed of the purpose of the study and their roles and rights, including that they could withdraw their participation at any time during data collection and before data analysis commenced CONSENT TO PUBLISH Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER Not applicable DUAL PUBLICATION This manuscript has not been published elsewhere, nor is it under consideration by any other publisher THRID PARTY MATERIAL All materials are owned by the authors FUNDING This research was self-funded AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION Sanni NZ: Conceptualization of the work, review of literature, design of methodology, data collection and analysis, presentation and discussion of findings, manuscript writing, and final authorization of completed work Kuranga IS: Conceptualization of the work, design of methodology, supervision of work, manuscript editing and final authorization of completed work Ibrahim IL: Conceptualization of the work, design of methodology, manuscript writing and editing, and final authorization of completed work Amoko A: Conceptualization of the work, design of methodology, supervision of work and final authorization of completed work Ibraheem AS: Conceptualization of the work, review of literature, manuscript editing, and final authorization of completed work Data Availability All Data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article References Witt CM, Chiaramonte D, Berman S, Chesney MA, Kaplan GA, Stange KC, et al. 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Income gradient in health-related quality of life - The role of social networking time. Int J Equity Health. 2019;18(1):1–10. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 28 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 13 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 01 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6965183","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":502334231,"identity":"4d4b33cc-99bc-4830-95a0-f1a491a0764a","order_by":0,"name":"Zuliat Nihinlola Sanni","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZh6GAwwFDDIQnoENA4MEUVoMGHigWtKI0AJWDNfCcJiwFnN23oOHCwxsePj7Dz97XFBwPrF/dvPBBww1NtG4tFg28yUcnmGQxiNxI83ceIbB7cQZd44lGzAcS8ttwKHF4DAPBDHcYDCT5gFqabiRYybB2HCYsBb588e/AbWcS5xPtBaDAzkgWw4kbiBSSxqP4Y2cMqCWZOONN9KSDRLw+eX8GePPPBU2cnLnj2+T5vljJzvvRvLBBx9qbHBqwQCOYJUJxCoHAXtSFI+CUTAKRsHIAAB4W1Zj0t7ltwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Medical Centre","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zuliat","middleName":"Nihinlola","lastName":"Sanni","suffix":""},{"id":502334232,"identity":"447be1c8-af7b-4635-83d3-e26eae5fc363","order_by":1,"name":"Ibrahim Suleiman Kuranga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibrahim","middleName":"Suleiman","lastName":"Kuranga","suffix":""},{"id":502334233,"identity":"71b16348-e9fa-438c-99e7-b923abbe4c82","order_by":2,"name":"Ibrahim Layi Salau","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Medical Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibrahim","middleName":"Layi","lastName":"Salau","suffix":""},{"id":502334234,"identity":"493392b6-4dfb-4f55-b56a-ff2bf8f7309c","order_by":3,"name":"Ampitan Amoko","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ampitan","middleName":"","lastName":"Amoko","suffix":""},{"id":502334235,"identity":"cfffb92c-fafa-43e2-b0ce-42a7e207c1c9","order_by":4,"name":"AbdulRauf Segun Ibraheem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Teaching Hospital Birnin Kebbi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"AbdulRauf","middleName":"Segun","lastName":"Ibraheem","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-24 11:23:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6965183/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6965183/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89547218,"identity":"f7921aa4-48a2-4f64-85f9-92280f613b6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 07:30:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1125670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6965183/v1/ae8b92b7-803a-41d6-af1d-8dc6b846fb5f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSocio-Demographic Profiles and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Adult Male Outpatients in a Nigerian Tertiary Care Centre\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe origin of the term quality of life (QOL) can be traced back to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health as “the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity”.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e QOL became more important in healthcare as medical treatment became able to extend the length of life.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In addition, with the upsurge in the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCD), it comes as no surprise that the HRQOL of people suffering from these maladies will be widely studied and documented.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is described as how well a person functions in his or her life, and their perceived well-being in physical, mental, and social domains of health.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e HRQOL is a useful overall indicator of health, and it is gaining worldwide acceptance as a patient-centred clinical approach in any healthcare intervention.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Measuring HRQOL is an important component of evaluating primary care services, and assessing it captures the patient’s perspective, which is a vital component of providing patient-centred, collaborative care.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the WHO European Region's review of the social determinants of health, men's poorer survival rates “reflect several factors - greater levels of occupational exposure to physical and chemical hazards, behaviours associated with male norms of risk-taking and adventure, health behaviour paradigms related to masculinity and the fact that men are less likely to visit a doctor when they are ill and, when they see a doctor, are less likely to report on the symptoms of disease or illness”.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Thus, the significance of men's health should be acknowledged and underlined, as it is currently a worldwide public concern.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral factors may affect HRQOL, such as demographic profiles, clinical factors and personality characteristics.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e No consensus exists on the specific relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and HRQOL\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e It, however, stands to reason that many studies have found young age, being married, and better socioeconomic class to be positively associated with better indices of HRQOL as these characteristics confer the advantage of better functional capacity, social support, sexual activities and access to healthcare services.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Evidence from the literature suggests that men exhibit poor health-seeking behaviour despite their educational level and socioeconomic status\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Some studies have attempted to assess HRQOL in chosen medical conditions or among the elderly, however, there is a paucity of studies assessing HRQOL of a heterogeneous group of men.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the trend and sociodemographic factors influencing HRQOL in men.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis was part of a larger study to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its relationship with HRQOL. This hospital-based cross-sectional study of 392 adult males was carried out from March 2021 to May 2021 at the General Outpatient Clinic of UITH, a tertiary hospital located in the North-Central region of Nigeria. All consenting sexually active adult males aged \u0026ge;18 years who came to the General Outpatient Clinic (GOPC) for consultations were included in the study. However, those who required urgent medical care, had profound mental illness, and respondents who were not sexually active in the preceding 6 months were excluded. The systematic sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants, and the required sample size (n) was calculated using Leslie Kish\u0026rsquo;s formula.\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e n = Z\u0026sup2;pq/d\u0026sup2;, where n = desired sample size (when target population \u0026gt; 10,000), z = the standard normal deviation, usually set at 1.96, which corresponds to a 95% confidence level, p = expected proportion in a previous similar study conducted at Uyo Teaching Hospital (41.5%).\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e q = 1 - p, and q is the proportion of male patients who do not have erectile dysfunction; q = 1 - p. Thus, q = 0.585. d = degree of accuracy desired, usually set at 5% (0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, n = \u003cu\u003e1.96\u0026sup2; x 0.415 x (1.0- 0.415)\u003c/u\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;approximately, n = 373,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.05 x 0.05 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a cross-sectional study, patients were recruited during regular clinic hours, to address incomplete or missing data, a 95% response rate was assumed. Therefore, the final sample size was adjusted to compensate for the response rate using the formula.\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e : ns = n/r, where ns = adjusted sample size of the response rate, n = calculated sample size = 373, and r = response ratio = 0.95. Thus, ns = 373/0.95 = 392. The final sample size was 392.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe investigator and a trained research assistant obtained the information from the participants, and the sociodemographic data of the participants were obtained with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires.\u0026nbsp;The World Health Organization quality of life abridged form, WHOQOL-BREF, was used in assessing HRQOL. It is a short and practical version of the WHOQOL-100, which tests four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items) and environmental health (8 items).\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e The raw score of items within each domain was used to calculate the mean domain score. After computing the scores, they were transformed linearly to a 0-100 scale using the guidelines by multiplying the mean score of each domain by 4 to make it comparable to the scores in WHOQOL-100.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e It has been used in studies in Nigeria for assessing HRQOL.\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e The domain scores of HRQOL are scaled in a positive direction. As such, higher scores in a domain indicate a higher quality of life in that domain.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e In addition, one item question examine the general quality of life: the question asks about an individual\u0026rsquo;s overall perception of quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe separate item overall QOL question was graded into 2 subgroups of \u0026ldquo;good\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;poor\u0026rdquo; as follows: participants who rated their overall QOL as either \u0026ldquo;poor\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;very poor\u0026rdquo; were categorized as having poor overall QOL, while those who rated their overall QOL as either \u0026ldquo;neither poor nor good\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;good\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;very good\u0026rdquo; were categorized as having good overall QOL.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe physical domain measures activities of daily living (ADL), work capacity, pain and discomfort, sleep and rest, mobility, and dependence on medicinal substances and medical aid. The psychological domain assesses negative/positive feelings, self-esteem, bodily image, spirituality, thinking, learning, memory and concentration. The social domain identifies; personal relationships, social support, and sexual satisfaction, while the environmental domain assesses; physical safety and security, physical environment, financial resources, home environment, accessibility to quality health and social care, transport, participation in leisure and recreational activities and opportunity for acquiring new skills and information.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe collected data was sorted, coded and entered into the computer and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-24). The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and T-test were used to assess the mean difference between sociodemographic characteristics and the HRQOL mean domain scores. A confidence interval of 95% was used, and the level of statistical significance was set at less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. The mean age of participants was 45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.49 years, with the majority (25.8%) aged 31 to 40 years. The larger proportion of the respondents (73.2%) were Muslims, while the bulk of the respondents (83.7%) were from the Yoruba ethnic group. Most of the respondents (78.1%) were married, and 18.1% were single, while more than half of the respondents (55.6%) had a tertiary level of education. Almost a quarter of the respondents (23.2%) were traders, and more than half (57.9%) earned above 30,000 Naira (the minimum wage in Nigeria at the time of research).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of the respondents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency(n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (Range)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(19\u0026ndash;97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraditional\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoruba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIgbo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHausa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparated /Divorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtisan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeacher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage monthly income in Naira\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the mean raw HRQOL scores of the respondents transformed to a scale of 0 to 100. The highest mean transformed health-related quality of life score was recorded in the physical domain (65.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.12) while the lowest was in the environmental domain (50.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.44). The mean transformed health-related quality of life scores in the other domains include 53.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.57 in the social domain and 58.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.94 in the psychological domain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHRQOL mean Scores of respondents N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;392\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransformed on scale of WHO-QOL-100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaw Score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransformed Score on a scale of 4\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransformed Score on a scale of 0 -100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHRQOL Domain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial Relation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard deviation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e depicts the relationship between the sociodemographic variables and the mean HRQOL domain scores using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the sociodemographic variables and HRQOL domain indices as follows: respondents younger than 30, who earned more than 30,000 naira monthly and had tertiary education, fared best across all HRQOL domains. Single respondents thrived best in the physical and psychological domains, while separated/divorced respondents had the highest mean scores in the environmental domain. The retired respondents fared poorly across all domains (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelationship between the mean HRQOL scores and socio-demographic characteristics, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;392\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic variables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironment\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef-test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.461\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.411\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.928\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.103\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparated /Divorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef-test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.390\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.707\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.630\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;182\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.517\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of Education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef-test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26.558\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.500\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.177\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.084\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtisan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeacher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef-test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.663\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5,588\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.830\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.472\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome (\u0026lsquo;000)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et-test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et=-5.647\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et=-2.282\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et=-0.865\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et=-3.126\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total number of respondents, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of respondents in various groups, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard deviation,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows a significant association between age, marital status, level of education, income and graded overall QOL question; respondents younger than 30 years, who were single, had tertiary education, and earned above 30,000 Naira, all had the highest proportion with good overall QOL.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelationship between socio-demographic characteristics and Overall Quality of Life\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall quality of Life\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eΡ-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge Groups\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.706\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (87.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (76.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (75.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (77.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.485\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.044\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (84.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89 (29.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217 (70.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparated /Divorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of Education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (43.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (56.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55 (68.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182 (83.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (87.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (35.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59 (64.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtisan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (76.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (26.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (73.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (80.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeacher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (77.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (71.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome (\u0026lsquo;000)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.749\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (34.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108 (65.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (21.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179 (78.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total number of respondents, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of respondents in various groups, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard deviation,, ᶠ=Fischer\u0026rsquo;s exact, χ\u0026sup2;=chi square\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eA large percentage of respondents were in the young age group, which may explain why their HRQOL pattern indicated that they performed best in the physical domain. On the other hand, the environmental domain performed the worst. Although more research is required, the lowest mean score in the environmental domain might reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic's economic hardships, current exponential inflation rates, and the insecurity problems plaguing the entire nation.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge was associated with HRQOL indices, with younger respondents having better indices in HRQOL. This finding is similar to the finding by Datta and colleagues, who found better HRQOL scores in all domains with decreasing age.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e With increasing age comes more responsibility, and as age further advances, so does the decline in functional capacity, mental capacity and social as this could explain the findings in the index study.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e However, a slightly different finding was reported by Iqbal et al in a study to assess HRQOL among patients on warfarin, and reported that older respondents had better HRQOL indices in the social, psychological, and environmental domains.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Iqbal et al attributed their findings to older people having better feelings and understandings of their social, psychological and environmental life as they are more satisfied despite being on warfarin.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of marital status, single respondents had better indices in physical and psychological domains, while separated/divorced respondents surprisingly had better indices in the environmental domain. This finding is at variance with the findings reported by Ha et al, who found married respondents had better indices across all domains.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Married people are expected to enjoy better social support, interpersonal relationships and sexual activity, which should in turn positively impact their HRQOL.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e However, marriage can be stressful, burdened with several responsibilities and expectations, especially when compounded with marital discord, which could paradoxically negatively impact the HRQOL. Also, single men are usually young people who may not have chronic medical conditions, have less financial/social pressure and have better coping mechanisms to stress, which could have accounted for their better indices in physical and psychological domains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith regards to educational status, respondents with tertiary education fared better across all domains. This finding was similar to the one reported by Morgan and colleagues, who found better HRQOL indices with respondents who had tertiary education.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This is also similar to literature reports of social factors such as education being \u0026lsquo;fundamental\u0026rsquo; causes of poor health and disease because they determine access to a multitude of material and non-material resources such as income, safe neighbourhoods, or healthier lifestyles, all of which protect or enhance health.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Conversely, Akinboro et al found respondents with no formal education to have better HRQOL indices, however, their study population included PLWHA, and they explained that ignorance about the disease and its complications could explain why those without formal education had better HRQOL indices findings.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of occupation, respondents in various occupational categories had relatively close mean scores, however, retirees had statistically significantly lower indices across all domains. This is explainable as retired persons may have lost their sources of steady income and are likely to be older persons with increased risks of chronic medical conditions, who may have also lost their spouses, leading to social isolation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe respondents with income above minimum wage had better HRQOL indices across all domains. This finding is similar to those reported in many studies that found better HRQOL indices with higher income.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This finding is expected and in keeping with the literature.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Income, as a basic indicator of social class, plays a dominant role in the maintenance of people\u0026rsquo;s health.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Higher income is related to better health conditions and lower health risks, while lower income means more exposure to health risk factors. A higher absolute income means better access to resources that benefit health, such as medical services, better nutrition and resources embedded in social networks.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eMen's health is now a global public issue, and the importance of men's health should be recognized and emphasized. This is one of the few studies that have assessed the HRQOL and sociodemographic determinants in men. The various patterns of association between HRQOL and sociodemographic factors show the capricious nature of the subject matter. The pattern of HRQOL among the different populations has varied tremendously depending on several factors such as geographical location, characteristics of the study population, and methodology of the research study. As far as the researchers of this study know, very few hospital-based studies have assessed HRQOL in a heterogeneous male population consisting of all categories of patients, as against assessing HRQOL in a specific disease entity. It is therefore imperative to conduct more surveys that will address the limitations of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLIMITATION: It is impossible to overlook the study's limitations because it was conducted at a tertiary care facility, and its findings might not be generalizable to a larger population. A large sample of the community could shed more light on this connection. Furthermore, the paucity of literature on the assessment of HRQOL in men of all ages or the general population without a specific disease/symptom impacted a very rich and specific comparative discussion with literature. Despite the aforementioned limitations, our study is one of the few studies assessing the HRQOL among a heterogeneous group of men as well as their sociodemographic associations, and thus provides data on the subject matter.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETHICAL APPROVAL\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that the research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee (ERC) of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital for the study (ERC number- NHREC/02/05/2010).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT TO PARTICIPATE\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants before the questionnaires were administered. Participation was voluntary, and all participants were informed of the purpose of the study and their roles and rights, including that they could withdraw their participation at any time during data collection and before data analysis commenced\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT TO PUBLISH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDUAL PUBLICATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript has not been published elsewhere, nor is it under consideration by any other publisher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTHRID PARTY MATERIAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll materials are owned by the authors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFUNDING\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was self-funded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAUTHORS\u0026rsquo; CONTRIBUTION\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSanni NZ: Conceptualization of the work, review of literature, design of methodology, data collection and analysis, presentation and discussion of findings, manuscript writing, and final authorization of completed work\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKuranga IS: Conceptualization of the work, design of methodology, supervision of work, manuscript editing and final authorization of completed work\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIbrahim IL: Conceptualization of the work, design of methodology, manuscript writing and editing, and final authorization of completed work\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmoko A: Conceptualization of the work, design of methodology, supervision of work and final authorization of completed work\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIbraheem AS: Conceptualization of the work, review of literature, manuscript editing, and final authorization of completed work\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll Data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWitt CM, Chiaramonte D, Berman S, Chesney MA, Kaplan GA, Stange KC, et al. 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Utilisation of SF-36 and WHOQOL-BREF in assessing health related quality of life of people living with sickle cell disease in Nigeria. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2015;25(1):28\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). WHOQOL-BREF: introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment: field trial version, December 1996. 2012. Available at: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHOQOL-BREF\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHOQOL-BREF\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed on February 15, 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUsman SО, Esоmchі ОS, Nasiru IM, Daniel AV. An assessment of COVID-19 and its impact on Nigeria\u0026rsquo;s socio-economic development. Cogent Social Sci. 2024;10(1):2306700.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDatta D, Datta P, Majumdar K. Association of quality of life of urban elderly with socio-demographic factors. Int J Med Public Heal. 2015;5(4):274.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIqbal MS, Kassab YW, Al-Saikhan FI, Almalki ZS, Haseeb A, Iqbal MZ, et al. Assessing quality of life using WHOQOL-BREF: A cross-sectional insight among patients on warfarin in Malaysia. Saudi Pharm J. 2020;28(8):936\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHa NT, Duy HT, Le NH, Khanal V, Moorin R. Quality of life among people living with hypertension in a rural Vietnam community. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVo T, Hoang H, Thanh Nguyen N. Prevalence and associated factors of erectile dysfunction among married men in Vietnam. Front Public Heal. 2017;5:94.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMorgan MU-O, Festus EEA. Sociodemographic factors affecting the quality of life of elderly persons attending the general outpatient clinics of a tertiary hospital, South-South Nigeria. Niger Med J. 2017;58(4):138\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRaghupathi V, Raghupathi W. The influence of education on health: An empirical assessment of OECD countries for the period 1995\u0026ndash;2015. Arch Public Heal. 2020;78(1):1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkinboro AO, Akinyemi SO, Olaitan PB, Raji AA, deniy., Popoola AA et al. detay., Awoyemi OR oselin.,. Quality of life of Nigerians living with human immunodeficiency virus. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;18:234.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIwuozo EU, Obiako RO, Igbudu TJ, Ogunniyi A. Relationship between Demographic, Clinical, Psychosocial Factors and Health-related Quality of Life among Persons with Epilepsy in Zaria, Northern Nigeria. J Adv Med Med Res. 2020;32(7):73\u0026ndash;82.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang S, Xiang W. Income gradient in health-related quality of life - The role of social networking time. Int J Equity Health. 2019;18(1):1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adult Male, Health-Related Quality of Life, Healthcare Disparities, Sociodemographic Profiles, Social Determinants","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6965183/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6965183/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearches indicate that men exhibit poor health-seeking behaviour despite their educational and socioeconomic status. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a useful indicator of overall health and has gained widespread acceptance as a patient-centred approach to assessing overall health status. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between HRQOL, its sociodemographic determinants, and healthcare disparities among outpatient adult males attending a primary care clinic at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn interviewer-administered structured and semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 392 adult male patients at the general outpatient clinic of UITH. The HRQOL was assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life abridged version (WHOQOL-BREF). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T-test were used to determine the mean difference between sociodemographic characteristics and mean HRQOL scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondents thrived best in the physical domain, 65.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.12 and fared least in the environmental domain, 50.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.44. A statistically significant relationship was observed between all the sociodemographic variables and HRQOL domain indices (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05): respondents younger than 30, those who earned more than 30,000 naira monthly and had tertiary education fared best across all HRQOL domains. Single respondents thrived best in the physical and psychological domains, while separated/divorced respondents had the highest mean scores in the environmental domain. The retired respondents fared poorly across all domains (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study population fared best in the physical domain, and all the sociodemographic characteristics were found to be significantly associated with HRQOL domain indices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Socio-Demographic Profiles and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Adult Male Outpatients in a Nigerian Tertiary Care Centre","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-21 07:14:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6965183/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-02T15:54:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-28T13:06:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"205262107153610857233247998330915502003","date":"2025-11-28T12:53:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T17:42:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247911471985787466363490291237653766364","date":"2025-10-16T17:49:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"47234720853402271120167263889599901769","date":"2025-10-13T20:41:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"202987949243386727827117094348679825004","date":"2025-09-18T17:56:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-14T03:41:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-14T03:41:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-01T17:48:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-23T07:48:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Public Health","date":"2025-07-23T07:45:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4a0a86f7-0763-448d-88d4-b14fa38406b4","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-09T10:39:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-21 07:14:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6965183","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6965183","identity":"rs-6965183","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}