Stakeholder Perceptions of the Teaching–Learning and Assessment Quality in Ethiopian Public Universities

Stakeholder Perceptions of the Teaching–Learning and Assessment Quality in Ethiopian Public Universities | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Stakeholder Perceptions of the Teaching–Learning and Assessment Quality in Ethiopian Public Universities Samuel Zinabu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8507731/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The quality of teaching, learning, and assessment processes is a critical determinant of higher education effectiveness and graduate competence. This study examined internal stakeholders’ perceptions of these processes in Ethiopian public higher education institutions (EHEIs), focusing on students, instructors, and university officials. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 1,518 participants across eight purposively and proportionally sampled universities. Structured questionnaires assessed teaching–learning and assessment practices using Likert-scale items. Descriptive statistics summarized perceptions, while independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA with post hoc analyses compared differences among stakeholder groups. Findings revealed generally positive perceptions of teaching–learning and assessment quality, with graduate students and officials/faculty members reporting more favorable views than undergraduate students. Statistically significant differences were observed between undergraduates and the other groups, whereas perceptions of graduate students and officials/faculty members were largely comparable. The results highlight perceptual gaps among stakeholders, suggesting the need for targeted quality improvement interventions, particularly in undergraduate programs, emphasizing student-centered pedagogy, diversified assessment practices, and enhanced faculty development. These findings contribute to understanding process-oriented quality in higher education and underscore the importance of incorporating multiple stakeholder perspectives in quality assurance initiatives. Teaching–learning quality Assessment practices Stakeholder perceptions Ethiopian public higher education institutions Introduction Higher education has evolved into a rapidly expanding service sector and an increasingly competitive arena, driven by technological advancement, globalization, and intensified competition among institutions to attract students (Chinta et al., 2016 ; Nadiria et al., 2009). Within this global context, service quality has emerged as a central concern for higher education institutions (HEIs), as it is a key determinant of institutional attractiveness, sustainability, and competitiveness (González-Chordá & Maciá-Soler, 2015 ; Husain & Syed, 2016; Lee & Diana, 1993; Makhoul, 2019 ). Consequently, HEIs worldwide have undertaken extensive reforms aimed at improving quality, with quality assurance becoming a core agenda in higher education systems (Chalmers, 2008 ; Gallifa & Batalle, 2010). In response, both international and national quality assurance agencies have been established to develop standards and support institutions and governments in meeting quality benchmarks. In Ethiopia, the expansion of higher education has been largely driven by strong political commitment that links increased access to national development priorities, including economic growth, poverty reduction, and the production of skilled human capital capable of competing in the global economy (Akalu, 2014 ). The government has demonstrated sustained commitment to widening participation in higher education (Semela & Ayalew, 2008 ), while simultaneously positioning graduate quality and employability at the center of national development and poverty eradication strategies (Tadesse et al., 2018 ). Despite these ambitious expansion efforts, the rapid growth in student enrollment has been accompanied by persistent concerns regarding educational quality. Several studies indicate that the expansion of HEIs and student populations has not been matched by proportional increases in financial, human, and physical resources, contributing to declining educational standards (Boateng, 2020 ; Yirdaw, 2016 ). The system has been characterized by politically driven mass expansion and sharply rising enrollment rates, which have placed considerable strain on institutional capacity (Akalu, 2014 ). As a result, concerns have intensified among employers, policymakers, and the public regarding the competence and labor-market productivity of university graduates (Tadesse et al., 2018 ; Yirdaw, 2016 ). The quality of higher education can be conceptualized through three interrelated dimensions: inputs, processes, and outputs (Florida & Quinto, 2015 ; Sahney et al., 2003 ). Input quality refers to the financial, physical, and human resources provided by institutions, while output quality reflects the outcomes of educational activities, such as graduate competence and learning achievement (Burke, 1998 ; Chinta et al., 2016 ). Although both dimensions are important, an exclusive focus on inputs or outputs provides only a partial understanding of quality. Adequate resources alone do not guarantee quality unless they are effectively utilized, and desirable outcomes cannot be fully understood without examining the processes that produce them. The process dimension of quality emphasizes the internal transformational activities through which institutions deliver education and achieve intended outcomes (Kundu, 2016 ). In higher education, this dimension primarily encompasses teaching-learning and assessment practices, which directly shape students’ learning experiences and competence development (Gallifa & Batalle, 2010). Quality, from a process perspective, is reflected in the extent to which instructional and assessment practices align with curricular goals and institutional expectations. Despite its centrality, the process dimension has often been overlooked in quality research, particularly in contexts where assessment relies heavily on input and output indicators. Teaching and learning constitute the core functions of higher education institutions, making them critical indicators of educational quality (Kahsay, 2012 ). Effective teaching-learning processes are characterized by the use of diverse, learner-centered pedagogical strategies that promote active engagement and deep learning (Chalmers, 2008 ). However, in Ethiopian higher education, quality challenges are frequently manifested in traditional, teacher-centered instructional approaches and conventional assessment practices that limit student participation (Boateng, 2020 ). Such practices constrain the development of higher-order competencies and undermine efforts to enhance educational quality. Assessment is an integral component of the teaching-learning process and plays a decisive role in shaping students’ learning approaches, motivation, and achievement (Kahsay, 2012 ). The effective use of assessment strategies aligned with curricular intentions is therefore essential for both evaluating learning outcomes and enhancing learning itself. Nevertheless, assessment practices are often treated as secondary to teaching or subsumed under output measures, resulting in limited attention to their role as a distinct and critical quality process (Kundu, 2016 ). While quality assurance efforts increasingly emphasize alignment between curriculum, teaching, and assessment, empirical studies frequently assess service quality from a single stakeholder perspective—most commonly that of students (Duzevic & Casni, 2015). However, higher education is a complex system involving multiple stakeholders whose experiences and perceptions provide valuable insights into quality. Faculty members, as primary actors in the teaching-learning process, exert substantial influence on instructional quality and student learning, yet their perspectives are often underrepresented (Chalmers, 2008 ). Similarly, university officials and academic leaders shape quality through governance, leadership, and institutional support structures (Bhayo et al., 2018 ; Yirdaw, 2016 ). Recognizing these limitations, this study adopts a multi-stakeholder perspective by examining the perceptions of students, instructors, and university officials regarding the quality of teaching-learning and assessment processes in Ethiopian public universities. Internal stakeholders are directly involved in educational processes and are therefore well positioned to evaluate process quality (Gallifa & Batalle, 2010). Because teaching, learning, and assessment are inseparable in formal educational settings, examining these processes jointly provides a more comprehensive understanding of educational quality. Although extensive research has been conducted on higher education quality, systematic comparisons of stakeholder perceptions—particularly in the Ethiopian context—remain limited (Kundu, 2016 ). Existing evidence suggests that students’ and instructors’ perceptions of quality often differ (Duzevic & Casni, 2015), while the perspectives of university leaders are rarely examined alongside those of other stakeholders. This study addresses this gap by comparatively analyzing the perceptions of students, instructors, and university officials, thereby contributing to a more holistic and process-oriented understanding of quality in Ethiopian public higher education institutions. Research Questions How do students, instructors, and university officials perceive the quality of teaching-learning and assessment processes in Ethiopian public HEIs? Is there a statistically significant difference between undergraduate and graduate students in their perception of the quality of teaching-learning and assessment processes in Ethiopian public HEIs? Is there a statistically significant variation among internal stakeholders—undergraduate students, graduate students, instructors, and university officials— in their perception of the quality of teaching-learning and assessment processes in Ethiopian public HEIs? Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Design This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey design using a quantitative research approach. The design was selected because the study sought to examine the perceptions of different stakeholder groups within their natural institutional settings without manipulating variables or influencing participants’ responses. Descriptive research is appropriate for systematically describing characteristics, attitudes, and perceptions of a population and for comparing responses across groups to identify patterns and variations. A cross-sectional survey design enables data to be collected from a defined population at a single point in time, allowing the assessment of multiple variables simultaneously (Ghanad, 2023 ). This approach is particularly suitable for higher education research, where the objective is to describe the current status of teaching–learning and assessment practices as they exist within institutions rather than to establish causal relationships. Accordingly, the design facilitated a comprehensive examination of the quality of teaching–learning and assessment processes as key indicators of educational quality in Ethiopian higher education institutions. 2.2 Sampling Techniques and Participants Public higher education institutions in Ethiopia are classified by the Ministry of Education (MoE) into four categories: research universities, applied sciences universities, comprehensive (general) universities, and specialized universities. At the time of the study, these categories comprised 9 research universities, 12 applied sciences universities, 12 comprehensive universities, and 12 specialized universities. A multi-stage sampling technique w as employed. In the first stage, universities were stratified based on their classification, and a proportional number of institutions were selected from each category using stratified sampling. As a result, eight public universities—Addis Ababa, Adama Science and Technology, Madda Walabu, Wachamo, Bahir Dar, Hawassa, Werabe, and Dire Dawa—were included in the study, representing approximately 18.36% of the total population of public universities. In the second stage, participants were selected from the sampled universities. Simple random sampling was used to select undergraduate and graduate students as well as instructors, while purposive sampling was employed to select university officials, including academic program directors, quality assurance directors, and college deans. All departments within the colleges of the selected universities were included, and proportional sampling was applied to determine the number of student and instructor participants from each department. Although quality in higher education involves both internal and external stakeholders, this study focused exclusively on internal stakeholders, namely students, faculty members, administrators, and staff. Students were included because their learning experiences directly reflect educational quality. Faculty members were included due to their central role in instruction and assessment. Administrators and staff were included because of their influence on policy implementation, resource allocation, and institutional support systems that shape the overall educational environment. 2.3 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents The study collected data from a total of 1,518 participants across the eight selected public universities. These participants included undergraduate students, graduate students, instructors, and university officials. Among undergraduate students (n = 791), 573 (72.4%) were male, 207 (26.2%) were female, and 11 (1.4%) did not report their gender. These students represented a wide range of academic units, including Agriculture, Business and Economics, Education and Behavioral Studies, Law, Medicine and Health Sciences, Natural and Computational Sciences, Engineering, Social Sciences and Humanities, and Institutes of Technology. The graduate student cohort consisted of 391 respondents, of whom 296 (75.7%) were male and 95 (24.3%) were female, drawn from various colleges across the universities. Data were also collected from 336 instructors, university officials, and staff members. Of these respondents, 293 (87.2%) were male and 43 (12.8%) were female. Their academic qualifications ranged from bachelor’s degrees (BA/BSc) to master’s degrees (MA/MSc), doctoral degrees (PhD), and professional qualifications such as MD and MPH. 2.4 Instruments for Data Collection Data were collected using structured questionnaires designed to capture stakeholders’ perceptions of the quality of teaching–learning and assessment practices. Two sets of questionnaires were developed: one focusing on teaching–learning processes and the other on assessment practices. To assess the quality of teaching and learning, 15 items were administered to students and 24 items to instructors and university officials. To assess the quality of assessment practices, 8 items were administered to all participant groups. All items were rated using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). 2.5 Data Analysis Procedures The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, were computed to summarize participants’ perceptions. Higher mean values indicated stronger agreement with the statements, while standard deviations reflected the degree of variability in responses. To examine differences between groups, an independent samples t-test was conducted to compare undergraduate and graduate students’ perceptions of teaching–learning and assessment practices. Additionally, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether significant differences existed among undergraduate students, graduate students, instructors, and university officials. Where significant differences were detected, post hoc tests were employed to identify specific group differences. Results are presented in relation to the study’s research questions and are discussed accordingly. Results This section presents the findings of the study based on the research questions. The perceptions of students, academic staff, and university officials regarding the quality of teaching–learning and assessment practices were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Mean scores were used to determine the level of agreement with the statements, while standard deviations indicated the degree of variability in responses. In addition, comparisons were made between undergraduate and graduate students, as well as among students, instructors, and university officials, to identify statistically significant differences in perceptions. 3.1. Stakeholders’ Assessment of the Quality of Teaching–Learning Processes in Ethiopian Public HEIs 3.1.1. Graduate Students’ Assessment of the Quality of Teaching–Learning in EHEIs One of the major objectives of the study was to examine graduate students’ perceptions of the quality of teaching and learning in Ethiopian public higher education institutions. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 15 items covering various dimensions of teaching–learning quality, rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, were computed to determine the level and consistency of agreement. Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the graduate students’ response on quality of teaching-learning in EHEIs N Mean Std. Deviation Item 1 386 3.7795 1.16383 Item 2 386 3.6780 1.13892 Item 3 386 3.6142 1.16472 Item 9 386 3.6911 1.15719 Item 10 386 3.5550 1.08607 Item 11 386 3.5372 1.13215 Item 12 386 3.5703 1.16037 Item 13 386 3.6138 1.15950 Item 14 386 3.5867 1.15874 Item 34 386 3.2665 1.18660 Item 35 386 3.1675 1.20527 Item 36 386 3.1873 1.21858 Item 37 386 3.1693 1.19432 Item 38 386 3.2586 1.18504 Item 39 386 3.2296 1.17885 Valid N (listwise) 386 As shown in Table 1 , the mean scores for all items were above the neutral midpoint (3.00), indicating that graduate students generally agreed with the statements related to the quality of teaching–learning processes. However, the level of agreement varied across items, as reflected by differences in mean scores and standard deviations. Items with relatively higher mean values and lower standard deviations suggest stronger and more consistent agreement among respondents, whereas items with lower mean values and higher variability indicate comparatively weaker agreement and more diverse opinions. Overall, the descriptive results indicate that graduate students held generally positive perceptions of the quality of teaching–learning processes in EHEIs, although some aspects exhibited moderate variation in responses. 3.1.2. Undergraduate Students’ Assessment of the Quality of Teaching–Learning Processes in EHEIs The study also examined undergraduate students’ perceptions of teaching–learning quality using the same 15-item questionnaire rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize their responses. Table 2 summarize the ratings given by undergraduate students for each of the 15 teaching and learning quality items. Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the undergraduate students’ response on quality of teaching-learning process in EHEIs N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Item 1 789 1.00 5.00 3.2647 1.23414 Item 2 789 1.00 5.00 3.2263 1.19056 Item 3 789 1.00 5.00 3.2602 1.16686 Item 9 789 1.00 5.00 3.3411 1.20452 Item 10 789 1.00 5.00 3.2077 1.15784 Item 11 789 1.00 5.00 3.2565 1.22045 Item 12 789 1.00 5.00 3.2546 1.20877 Item 13 789 1.00 5.00 3.1693 1.18961 Item 14 789 1.00 5.00 3.2094 1.19607 Item 34 789 1.00 5.00 3.0352 1.13998 Item 35 789 1.00 5.00 3.1374 1.16232 Item 36 789 1.00 5.00 3.0535 1.14706 Item 37 789 1.00 5.00 3.0649 1.16735 Item 38 789 1.00 5.00 2.9166 1.22866 Item 39 789 1.00 5.00 2.9627 1.24831 Valid N (listwise) 789 As presented in Table 2 , the mean scores for undergraduate students ranged from approximately 2.9 to 3.3. These values suggest that undergraduate students’ perceptions were generally neutral to moderately positive. The standard deviations, which ranged from about 1.1 to 1.2, indicate moderate variability in responses, reflecting differing experiences and interpretations among respondents. In summary, while undergraduate students tended to report neutral to somewhat favorable perceptions of teaching–learning quality, their responses were less positive and more varied compared to those of graduate students. 3.1.3. University Officials’ and Faculty Members’ Assessment of the Quality of Teaching–Learning in EHEIs University officials and faculty members were also surveyed to assess their perceptions of teaching–learning quality. A questionnaire containing 24 items rated on a five-point Likert scale was used. Table 3 Descriptive statistics of the undergraduate students’ response on quality of teaching-learning process in EHEIs N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Item 1 789 1.00 5.00 3.2647 1.23414 Item 2 789 1.00 5.00 3.2263 1.19056 Item 3 789 1.00 5.00 3.2602 1.16686 Item 9 789 1.00 5.00 3.3411 1.20452 Item 10 789 1.00 5.00 3.2077 1.15784 Item 11 789 1.00 5.00 3.2565 1.22045 Item 12 789 1.00 5.00 3.2546 1.20877 Item 13 789 1.00 5.00 3.1693 1.18961 Item 14 789 1.00 5.00 3.2094 1.19607 Item 34 789 1.00 5.00 3.0352 1.13998 Item 35 789 1.00 5.00 3.1374 1.16232 Item 36 789 1.00 5.00 3.0535 1.14706 Item 37 789 1.00 5.00 3.0649 1.16735 Item 38 789 1.00 5.00 2.9166 1.22866 Item 39 789 1.00 5.00 2.9627 1.24831 Valid N (listwise) 789 As shown in Table 3 , the mean scores for this group ranged from approximately 3.2 to 3.7, indicating generally positive perceptions of teaching–learning quality. The standard deviations ranged from about 0.9 to 1.2, suggesting moderate variability in responses. Overall, university officials and faculty members reported favorable views of teaching–learning processes in EHEIs, although some variation in perceptions across different dimensions was observed. 3.2. Stakeholders’ Assessment of the Quality of Assessment Processes in Ethiopian Public HEIs 3.2.1. Graduate Students’ Assessment of the Quality of Assessment in EHEIs Graduate students’ perceptions of assessment quality were examined using eight items rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize their responses. Table 4 Descriptive statistics of the graduate students’ response on quality of assessment in EHEIs N Mean Std. Deviation Item 4 387 3.6000 1.14990 Item 5 387 3.5963 1.17314 Item 6 387 3.5657 1.09123 Item 7 387 3.5474 1.12686 Item 8 387 3.5026 1.08868 Item 39 387 3.4569 1.14611 Item 40 387 3.3974 1.16178 Item 41 387 3.3653 1.17343 Valid N (listwise) 387 As indicated in Table 4 , all mean scores exceeded the neutral midpoint, ranging from approximately 3.36 to 3.60. This suggests that graduate students generally agreed with the statements related to assessment quality. The relatively low standard deviations indicate a reasonable level of consistency in responses. In general, graduate students expressed positive perceptions of assessment practices, with some variation across specific assessment dimensions. 3.2.2. Undergraduate Students’ Assessment of the Quality of Assessment in EHEIs Undergraduate students’ perceptions of assessment quality were also examined using the same eight-item scale. Table 5 Descriptive statistics of the undergraduate students’ response on quality of teaching-learning process in EHEIs N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Item 1 789 1.00 5.00 3.2647 1.23414 Item 2 789 1.00 5.00 3.2263 1.19056 Item 3 789 1.00 5.00 3.2602 1.16686 Item 9 789 1.00 5.00 3.3411 1.20452 Item 10 789 1.00 5.00 3.2077 1.15784 Item 11 789 1.00 5.00 3.2565 1.22045 Item 12 789 1.00 5.00 3.2546 1.20877 Item 13 789 1.00 5.00 3.1693 1.18961 Item 14 789 1.00 5.00 3.2094 1.19607 Item 34 789 1.00 5.00 3.0352 1.13998 Item 35 789 1.00 5.00 3.1374 1.16232 Item 36 789 1.00 5.00 3.0535 1.14706 Item 37 789 1.00 5.00 3.0649 1.16735 Item 38 789 1.00 5.00 2.9166 1.22866 Item 39 789 1.00 5.00 2.9627 1.24831 Valid N (listwise) 789 As shown in Table 5 , the mean scores ranged from approximately 3.1 to 3.3, indicating moderately positive perceptions of assessment quality. The standard deviations, ranging from about 1.1 to 1.2, reflect moderate variability in responses. These findings suggest that undergraduate students generally viewed assessment practices positively, although their perceptions were less favorable and more varied than those of graduate students. 3.2.3. University Officials’ and Faculty Members’ Assessment of the Quality of Assessment in EHEIs University officials and faculty members were surveyed using eight items to assess their views on assessment quality. Table 6 Descriptive statistics of the officials & faculty members’ response on quality of teaching and learning in EHEIs N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Item 1 321 1.00 5.00 3.6698 1.09971 Item 2 318 1.00 5.00 3.4748 1.04065 Item 3 318 1.00 5.00 3.4654 1.04944 Item 4 317 1.00 5.00 3.4574 1.04741 Item 5 319 1.00 5.00 3.5580 1.05311 Item 6 318 1.00 5.00 3.4591 .97762 Item 7 312 1.00 5.00 3.5609 1.10078 Item 8 319 1.00 5.00 3.3292 1.07346 Item 9 313 1.00 5.00 3.2236 1.02898 Item 10 316 1.00 5.00 3.4177 1.02176 Item 11 320 1.00 5.00 3.3063 1.06819 Item 12 314 1.00 5.00 3.2643 1.07700 Item 13 319 1.00 5.00 3.3918 1.11313 Item 14 311 1.00 5.00 3.4019 1.05457 Item 15 316 1.00 5.00 3.5032 1.07938 Item 16 317 1.00 5.00 3.3375 1.11503 Item 17 312 1.00 5.00 3.3654 1.17359 Item 18 316 1.00 5.00 3.3892 1.18873 Item 19 319 1.00 5.00 3.3918 1.13550 Item 20 321 1.00 5.00 3.3209 1.08965 Item 26 317 1.00 5.00 3.5174 1.18689 Item 27 312 1.00 5.00 3.4968 1.11407 Item 46 316 1.00 5.00 3.2532 .93562 Item 47 314 1.00 5.00 3.3217 .93991 Item 48 321 1.00 5.00 3.2523 1.04367 Item 49 321 1.00 5.00 3.2243 1.00910 Valid N (listwise) 235 As presented in Table 6 , mean scores ranged from approximately 3.3 to 3.5, indicating generally positive perceptions of assessment practices. Standard deviations were moderate, suggesting some variability in responses. Overall, officials and faculty members reported favorable perceptions of assessment quality in EHEIs. 3.3. Comparison of Graduate and Undergraduate Students’ Responses 3.3.1. Comparison of Teaching–Learning Quality An independent samples t-test was conducted to examine differences between graduate and undergraduate students’ perceptions of teaching–learning quality. Table 7 Group statistics of graduate and under graduate students’ responses on the quality of assessment in EHEIs Groups N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Sum graduate 387 28.0319 7.14921 .36341 undergraduate 793 25.7460 6.95390 .24694 The results (Tables 7 and 8) show a statistically significant difference between the two groups (t = 5.77, p < .001). Graduate students reported significantly higher mean scores than undergraduate students. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that graduate students perceived the quality of teaching–learning processes more positively than undergraduate students. 3.3.2. Comparison of Assessment Quality A separate independent samples t-test was conducted to compare graduate and undergraduate students’ perceptions of assessment quality. As shown in Tables 8, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t = 5.25, p < .001). Graduate students again reported higher mean scores, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This indicates that graduate students held more positive views of assessment quality than undergraduate students. 3.4. Comparisons among Students, Faculty Members, and University Officials 3.4.1. Teaching–Learning Quality A one-way ANOVA was conducted to compare perceptions of teaching–learning quality among undergraduate students, graduate students, and university officials/faculty members. Table 9 Descriptive statistics of graduate and undergraduate students’ rating on the quality of teaching learning in EHEIs Categories N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Scores Graduate 386 51.9046 13.17864 .67078 Under graduate 789 47.3601 12.42602 .44238 The ANOVA results (Table 8) revealed a statistically significant difference among the three groups (F = 932.48, p < .001). Post hoc LSD tests (Table 12) showed that officials/faculty members reported the highest mean scores, followed by graduate students, while undergraduate students reported the lowest mean scores. All pairwise differences were statistically significant. 3.4.2. Assessment Quality A one-way ANOVA was also conducted to compare perceptions of assessment quality among the three groups. Table 9 ANOVA Table (comparison among mean scores of under graduate students, graduate students and officials & faculty members’ responses on the quality of assessment in EHEIs) Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2046.629 2 1023.314 20.583 .000 Within Groups 77756.421 1564 49.716 Total 79803.050 1566 Table 10 Post Hoc Tests using LSD (Multiple comparisons among scores of under graduate students, graduate students and officials & faculty members’ responses on the quality of assessment in EHEIs) (I) Classification2 (J) Classification2 Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound UG PG -2.28585 * .43722 .000 -3.1434 -1.4282 OFM -2.28585 * .43722 .000 -3.1434 -1.4282 PG UG 2.28585 * .43722 .000 1.4282 3.1434 OFM .00000 .50688 1.000 − .9942 .9942 OFM UG 2.28585 * .43722 .000 1.4282 3.1434 PG .00000 .50688 1.000 − .9942 .9942 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. The results (Table 9) indicated a statistically significant difference (F = 20.58, p < .001). Post hoc analyses (Table 10) revealed that undergraduate students reported significantly lower mean scores than both graduate students and officials/faculty members. However, no significant difference was found between graduate students and officials/faculty members. 3.5. Summary of Results The findings indicate clear variations in perceptions of teaching–learning and assessment quality among different stakeholder groups in Ethiopian public HEIs. Overall, officials and faculty members reported the most positive perceptions, followed by graduate students, while undergraduate students consistently reported the lowest mean scores. Significant differences were observed between graduate and undergraduate students for both teaching–learning and assessment quality. These results highlight the existence of perceptual gaps among stakeholders regarding the quality of educational processes in EHEIs. 1. ANOVA Results The one-way ANOVA results indicate a statistically significant difference among the three groups—undergraduate students, postgraduate students, and officials/faculty members (F = 20.583, p < 0.001). The large F-value and the p-value below the 0.05 threshold confirm that at least one group’s mean score differs significantly from the others, justifying further post hoc analysis to identify the specific group differences. 2. Post Hoc Test Results Post hoc comparisons using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test were conducted to determine the source of the overall significant ANOVA result. The findings reveal that the mean score of undergraduate students is significantly lower than that of postgraduate students (Mean difference = − 2.28585, p < 0.001). Similarly, a significant difference was observed between undergraduate students and officials/faculty members (Mean difference = − 2.28585, p < 0.001), indicating that undergraduates reported significantly lower mean scores than officials/faculty members. In contrast, no statistically significant difference was found between postgraduate students and officials/faculty members (Mean difference = 0.00000, p = 1.000). The negative mean differences observed in comparisons involving undergraduates indicate that undergraduate students consistently reported lower mean scores compared to the other two groups. Overall, the post hoc results demonstrate that the significant differences identified by the ANOVA are attributable to the lower mean scores of undergraduate students, while postgraduate students and officials/faculty members exhibit comparable perceptions. 3.5. Summary of Results on Teaching–Learning and Assessment Based on the descriptive statistics and inferential analyses, the major findings are summarized as follows: Quality of Teaching–Learning in EHEIs Undergraduate students’ responses ranged from neutral to moderately positive, with mean scores between 2.9 and 3.3 on a five-point Likert scale and moderate variability. Postgraduate students generally agreed with the teaching–learning quality indicators, reporting mean scores above 3 with lower variability. Officials and faculty members expressed more favorable perceptions, with mean scores ranging from 3.2 to 3.7. The ANOVA and post hoc analyses revealed statistically significant differences among the three groups, with officials/faculty members reporting the highest mean scores, followed by postgraduate students, while undergraduate students reported the lowest mean scores. Quality of Assessment in EHEIs Undergraduate students reported generally positive perceptions of assessment quality, with mean scores ranging from 3.1 to 3.3 and moderate variability. Postgraduate students demonstrated stronger agreement, with mean scores between 3.4 and 3.6 and lower variability. Officials and faculty members also expressed positive views, with mean scores ranging from 3.3 to 3.5. The ANOVA and post hoc test results showed significant differences between undergraduate students and the other two groups. Undergraduate students reported significantly lower mean scores than both postgraduate students and officials/faculty members, while no significant difference was found between postgraduate students and officials/faculty members. Comparison of Group Responses The inferential analyses confirmed significant differences in perceptions among undergraduates, postgraduates, and officials/faculty members regarding both teaching–learning and assessment quality. For teaching–learning quality, officials/faculty members reported the most favorable perceptions, followed by postgraduate students, with undergraduates reporting the least favorable perceptions. For assessment quality, postgraduate students and officials/faculty members shared similar perceptions, both significantly more positive than those of undergraduate students. Overall, the findings reveal noticeable variations in stakeholder perceptions of teaching–learning, assessment, and research quality in Ethiopian public higher education institutions (EHEIs), with officials/faculty members and postgraduate students generally expressing more positive views than undergraduate students. Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations The findings of this study are consistent with prior research documenting challenges related to the quality of teaching, learning, assessment, and research in Ethiopian public higher education institutions. The observed variations in perceptions among undergraduate students, postgraduate students, and officials/faculty members align with existing literature emphasizing stakeholder differences in evaluating educational quality. Although both undergraduate and postgraduate students generally expressed favorable perceptions of teaching and learning, postgraduate students reported significantly higher ratings. This difference may be attributed to factors such as smaller class sizes, more specialized curricula, increased student–faculty interaction, and a stronger emphasis on research-oriented and participatory learning at the graduate level. Previous studies suggest that graduate-level pedagogy often incorporates active learning strategies, research-based tasks, and scholarly engagement, which may better align with students’ academic maturity and expectations (Brew, 2003 ; Mulryan-Kyne, 2010 ; Offerman, 2011 ; Zhao et al., 2005 ). The comparatively lower ratings reported by undergraduate students regarding teaching and learning quality reflect concerns raised in earlier studies about the dominance of teacher-centered instructional approaches in EHEIs. Scholars have noted that such approaches may limit the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical skills, particularly among undergraduate students (Semela, 2014 ; Tessema, 2009 ). Additional challenges—including large class sizes, limited resources, and inadequate infrastructure—have also been identified as factors negatively influencing the undergraduate learning experience (Akalu, 2016 ; Woldegiyorgis, 2020 ). Similarly, the study revealed significant differences in perceptions of assessment quality, with postgraduate students reporting more positive views than undergraduate students. Graduate-level assessment practices often involve more diverse and authentic evaluation methods, such as research projects, presentations, and comprehensive examinations, which are better aligned with program learning outcomes and advanced academic expectations (Offerdahl & Tomanek, 2011 ; Sambell & McDowell, 1998 ). The significant gap in assessment perceptions between undergraduate students and the other two groups corroborates earlier findings highlighting excessive reliance on traditional assessment methods, weak alignment with learning outcomes, and limited implementation of continuous assessment and feedback mechanisms in EHEIs (Anteneh, 2015 ; Assefa, 2018; Gebril, 2017 ; Hailu, 2019 ). These studies emphasize the need for strengthened assessment policies, faculty training, and the adoption of alternative assessment strategies. In line with the work of Taye and Semela ( 2021 ), the variations in stakeholder perceptions identified in this study underscore the need for a comprehensive approach to improving educational quality. Such an approach should address pedagogical practices, learning resources, faculty development, student support services, and quality assurance mechanisms. In conclusion, this study contributes to the growing body of literature on higher education quality in developing countries, particularly within the African context. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating the perspectives of diverse stakeholders in quality improvement efforts. While graduate-level programs appear to be more positively perceived, there is a pressing need to enhance the undergraduate experience, especially in teaching methodologies, assessment practices, and the integration of research into learning. Accordingly, the study recommends the implementation of continuous professional development programs for faculty members focused on student-centered and active learning approaches. It also emphasizes the importance of regular evaluation and feedback mechanisms involving external stakeholders, such as industry representatives, government officials, and community members, to support ongoing quality enhancement. Furthermore, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge sharing among faculty, researchers, and students is essential for promoting a more integrated and holistic teaching–learning and assessment environment. Finally, the study highlights the need for further explanatory research to investigate the underlying causes of the observed differences in stakeholder perceptions. Declarations Funding This research was funded by Hawassa university vice president for research and collaboration. However, the researchers did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Ethical clearance was obtained from College of education of Hawassa University research ethics review committee Clinical trial number is not applicable for this study Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were provided with detailed information regarding the purpose of the study, assured of confidentiality, and informed that their participation was voluntary and could be withdrawn at any stage without any consequence. Consent to publish is no applicable Ethical Approval This study was reviewed and determined to be exempt from formal ethical approval by the College Research Ethics Committee of the college of education and behavioral sciences of Hawassa University. The committee members were DR. Tesfaye Basha, Dr. Adnew Ontoro, Dr. Habtamu Gezahegn and Dr. Girma Moti. The exemption was granted under Approval Number HU- RERC-024-2025 in accordance with the ethical review guidelines of Hawassa University and the national research ethics regulations of Ethiopia. Data Availability The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Contribution of co-authors The co-authors made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, prepare the manuscript and approved the version to be published. They also agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Hawassa University for providing the necessary financial support for this study. They also extend their heartfelt appreciation to the instructors, students, and university officials of Addis Ababa, Adama Science and Technology, Madda Walabu, Wachamo, Bahir Dar, Hawassa, Werabe, and Dire Dawa Universities for their valuable cooperation, support, and willingness to participate, which were essential to the successful completion of this research. References Akalu GA. Higher education in Ethiopia: Trends, challenges, and prospects. In: Yeelen JL, editor. Higher education in Ethiopia: Trends, challenges, and prospects. Lambert Academic Publishing; 2016. pp. 35–60. Akalu GA. Higher education in Ethiopia: Expansion, quality assurance and institutional autonomy. High Educ Q. 2014;68(4):394–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12048 . Anteneh M. Assessment practices in Ethiopian higher education institutions: A review of practices, challenges, and opportunities. J Educ Pract. 2015;6(31):30–42. Asefa S. 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Looking beyond the numbers: Stakeholders and multiple school accountability (OECD Education Working Papers No. 85). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k91dl7ct6q6-en Hailu G. Rethinking assessment practices in Ethiopian higher education: Towards a more inclusive and authentic approach. High Educ Stud. 2019;9(2):55–72. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v9n2p55 . Husain SA, Hossain SS. Determinants of education quality: What makes students’ perception different? Open Rev Educational Res. 2016;3(1):52–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/23265507.2016.1155167 . Kahsay MN. (2012). Quality and quality assurance in Ethiopian higher education: Critical issues and practical implications (Doctoral dissertation, University of Twente). Kundu GK. Quality in higher education from different perspectives: A literature review. Int J Qual Res. 2016;11(1):17–34. Lee H, Green D. Defining quality, assessment and evaluation in higher education. Assess Evaluation High Educ. 1993;18(1):9–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293930180102 . Makhoul S. Higher education accreditation, quality assurance and their impact on teaching and learning enhancement. J Economic Administrative Sci. 2019;35(5):235–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-08-2018-0092 . Mulryan-Kyne C. Teaching large classes at college and university level: Challenges and opportunities. Teach High Educ. 2010;15(2):175–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562511003620001 . Nadiri H, Kandampully J, Hussain K. Students’ perceptions of service quality in higher education. Total Qual Manag. 2009;20(5):523–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360902863713 . Neyazi N, Arab M, Farzianpour F, Mahmoud M. Identifying weaknesses in undergraduate programs within the input–process–product framework. Korean J Med Educ. 2016;28(2):185–94. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2016.21 . Offerdahl EG, Tomanek D. Changes in instructors’ assessment thinking related to experimentation with new strategies. 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Work Study. 2003;52(6):297–309. Salih T. (2008). Total quality management in education. Zanco J, 36 . Sambell K, McDowell L. The construction of the hidden curriculum. Assess Evaluation High Educ. 1998;23(4):391–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293980230406 . Semela T. Breakneck expansion and quality assurance in Ethiopian higher education. High Educ Policy. 2011;24:399–425. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2011.10 . Semela T. Teacher preparation in Ethiopia: A critical analysis of reforms. Camb J Educ. 2014;44(1):113–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2013.860080 . Semela T, Ayalew E. Higher education in Ethiopia. In: Teferra D, Knight J, editors. The international dimension of higher education in Africa. Boston College; 2008. pp. 159–207. Tadesse T, Manathunga CE, Gillies RM. Making sense of quality teaching and learning in higher education in Ethiopia. J Univ Teach Learn Pract. 2018;15(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.53761/1.15.1.4 . Taye M, Semela T. Teaching and learning in Ethiopian higher education: Challenges and prospects. Afr Educational Res J. 2021;9(1):1–15. Tessema KA. The unfolding trends and consequences of expanding tertiary education in Ethiopia. High Educ Q. 2009;63(4):352–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2273.2009.00435.x . Trigwell K, Prosser M. Improving the quality of student learning. High Educ. 1991;22(3):251–66. Trigwell K, Prosser M, Waterhouse F. Relations between teachers’ approaches to teaching and students’ approaches to learning. High Educ. 1999;37(1):57–70. Umbach PD, Wawrzynski MR. Faculty do matter. Res High Educt. 2005;46:153–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-004-1598-1 . Woldegiyorgis AA. Quality of teaching and learning in Ethiopian higher education. In: Molla M, editor. Quality of teaching and learning in Ethiopian higher education. Palgrave Macmillan; 2020. pp. 61–86. Yirdaw A. Quality of education in private higher institutions in Ethiopia. SAGE Open. 2016;6(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015624950 . Zhao CM, Golde CM, McCormick AC. More than a signature. CBE—Life Sci Educ. 2005;4(2):141–2. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.04-10-0057 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8507731","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":588125567,"identity":"f0e76726-1625-4061-a14f-c39a39a2a624","order_by":0,"name":"Samuel Zinabu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAhDB+IDhYwOIkUCMFgMQwWzAOBOuhaA2qBZmXmK0yLefTpP4YGBnL9/ezPjZdsdhBn72HAOGjz/wmH8md5vkDIPkxA1nDjNL5545zCDZ88aAcQYeWwwYcrdJ8xgwJxhI5B+Qzm07zGBwI8eAmQefw/rfbpP+Y1BvLz//MfNvS6AWe5CWP3i0MNwA2sJgcJix4QYzmzQjyBYJoBZ83je48XazZY/BcaBfktkse9vSeSTOPCs42JOGz2G5G2/8qKgGhthh5hs/26zl+NuTNz74YYPHYeiAB0QcIEHDKBgFo2AUjAIsAACa50+4f1rNCgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Hawassa University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samuel","middleName":"","lastName":"Zinabu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-03 15:08:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8507731/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8507731/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102398248,"identity":"abb07d26-cb80-4819-9123-14c3671db9e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-11 10:21:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1633682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8507731/v1/8640c948-f52d-408d-8e21-352986d66153.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Stakeholder Perceptions of the Teaching–Learning and Assessment Quality in Ethiopian Public Universities","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHigher education has evolved into a rapidly expanding service sector and an increasingly competitive arena, driven by technological advancement, globalization, and intensified competition among institutions to attract students (Chinta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Nadiria et al., 2009). Within this global context, service quality has emerged as a central concern for higher education institutions (HEIs), as it is a key determinant of institutional attractiveness, sustainability, and competitiveness (Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Chord\u0026aacute; \u0026amp; Maci\u0026aacute;-Soler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Husain \u0026amp; Syed, 2016; Lee \u0026amp; Diana, 1993; Makhoul, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, HEIs worldwide have undertaken extensive reforms aimed at improving quality, with quality assurance becoming a core agenda in higher education systems (Chalmers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Gallifa \u0026amp; Batalle, 2010). In response, both international and national quality assurance agencies have been established to develop standards and support institutions and governments in meeting quality benchmarks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia, the expansion of higher education has been largely driven by strong political commitment that links increased access to national development priorities, including economic growth, poverty reduction, and the production of skilled human capital capable of competing in the global economy (Akalu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The government has demonstrated sustained commitment to widening participation in higher education (Semela \u0026amp; Ayalew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), while simultaneously positioning graduate quality and employability at the center of national development and poverty eradication strategies (Tadesse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite these ambitious expansion efforts, the rapid growth in student enrollment has been accompanied by persistent concerns regarding educational quality. Several studies indicate that the expansion of HEIs and student populations has not been matched by proportional increases in financial, human, and physical resources, contributing to declining educational standards (Boateng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Yirdaw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The system has been characterized by politically driven mass expansion and sharply rising enrollment rates, which have placed considerable strain on institutional capacity (Akalu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, concerns have intensified among employers, policymakers, and the public regarding the competence and labor-market productivity of university graduates (Tadesse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yirdaw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality of higher education can be conceptualized through three interrelated dimensions: inputs, processes, and outputs (Florida \u0026amp; Quinto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sahney et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Input quality refers to the financial, physical, and human resources provided by institutions, while output quality reflects the outcomes of educational activities, such as graduate competence and learning achievement (Burke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Chinta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Although both dimensions are important, an exclusive focus on inputs or outputs provides only a partial understanding of quality. Adequate resources alone do not guarantee quality unless they are effectively utilized, and desirable outcomes cannot be fully understood without examining the processes that produce them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe process dimension of quality emphasizes the internal transformational activities through which institutions deliver education and achieve intended outcomes (Kundu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In higher education, this dimension primarily encompasses teaching-learning and assessment practices, which directly shape students\u0026rsquo; learning experiences and competence development (Gallifa \u0026amp; Batalle, 2010). Quality, from a process perspective, is reflected in the extent to which instructional and assessment practices align with curricular goals and institutional expectations. Despite its centrality, the process dimension has often been overlooked in quality research, particularly in contexts where assessment relies heavily on input and output indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeaching and learning constitute the core functions of higher education institutions, making them critical indicators of educational quality (Kahsay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Effective teaching-learning processes are characterized by the use of diverse, learner-centered pedagogical strategies that promote active engagement and deep learning (Chalmers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). However, in Ethiopian higher education, quality challenges are frequently manifested in traditional, teacher-centered instructional approaches and conventional assessment practices that limit student participation (Boateng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Such practices constrain the development of higher-order competencies and undermine efforts to enhance educational quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment is an integral component of the teaching-learning process and plays a decisive role in shaping students\u0026rsquo; learning approaches, motivation, and achievement (Kahsay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The effective use of assessment strategies aligned with curricular intentions is therefore essential for both evaluating learning outcomes and enhancing learning itself. Nevertheless, assessment practices are often treated as secondary to teaching or subsumed under output measures, resulting in limited attention to their role as a distinct and critical quality process (Kundu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile quality assurance efforts increasingly emphasize alignment between curriculum, teaching, and assessment, empirical studies frequently assess service quality from a single stakeholder perspective\u0026mdash;most commonly that of students (Duzevic \u0026amp; Casni, 2015). However, higher education is a complex system involving multiple stakeholders whose experiences and perceptions provide valuable insights into quality. Faculty members, as primary actors in the teaching-learning process, exert substantial influence on instructional quality and student learning, yet their perspectives are often underrepresented (Chalmers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, university officials and academic leaders shape quality through governance, leadership, and institutional support structures (Bhayo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yirdaw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognizing these limitations, this study adopts a multi-stakeholder perspective by examining the perceptions of students, instructors, and university officials regarding the quality of teaching-learning and assessment processes in Ethiopian public universities. Internal stakeholders are directly involved in educational processes and are therefore well positioned to evaluate process quality (Gallifa \u0026amp; Batalle, 2010). Because teaching, learning, and assessment are inseparable in formal educational settings, examining these processes jointly provides a more comprehensive understanding of educational quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough extensive research has been conducted on higher education quality, systematic comparisons of stakeholder perceptions\u0026mdash;particularly in the Ethiopian context\u0026mdash;remain limited (Kundu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Existing evidence suggests that students\u0026rsquo; and instructors\u0026rsquo; perceptions of quality often differ (Duzevic \u0026amp; Casni, 2015), while the perspectives of university leaders are rarely examined alongside those of other stakeholders. This study addresses this gap by comparatively analyzing the perceptions of students, instructors, and university officials, thereby contributing to a more holistic and process-oriented understanding of quality in Ethiopian public higher education institutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch Questions\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow do students, instructors, and university officials perceive the quality of teaching-learning and assessment processes in Ethiopian public HEIs?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs there a statistically significant difference between undergraduate and graduate students in their perception of the quality of teaching-learning and assessment processes in Ethiopian public HEIs?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs there a statistically significant variation among internal stakeholders\u0026mdash;undergraduate students, graduate students, instructors, and university officials\u0026mdash; in their perception of the quality of teaching-learning and assessment processes in Ethiopian public HEIs?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey design using a quantitative research approach. The design was selected because the study sought to examine the perceptions of different stakeholder groups within their natural institutional settings without manipulating variables or influencing participants\u0026rsquo; responses. Descriptive research is appropriate for systematically describing characteristics, attitudes, and perceptions of a population and for comparing responses across groups to identify patterns and variations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey design enables data to be collected from a defined population at a single point in time, allowing the assessment of multiple variables simultaneously (Ghanad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This approach is particularly suitable for higher education research, where the objective is to describe the current status of teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment practices as they exist within institutions rather than to establish causal relationships. Accordingly, the design facilitated a comprehensive examination of the quality of teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment processes as key indicators of educational quality in Ethiopian higher education institutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Sampling Techniques and Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic higher education institutions in Ethiopia are classified by the Ministry of Education (MoE) into four categories: research universities, applied sciences universities, comprehensive (general) universities, and specialized universities. At the time of the study, these categories comprised 9 research universities, 12 applied sciences universities, 12 comprehensive universities, and 12 specialized universities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA multi-stage sampling technique \u003cb\u003ew\u003c/b\u003eas employed. In the first stage, universities were stratified based on their classification, and a proportional number of institutions were selected from each category using stratified sampling. As a result, eight public universities\u0026mdash;Addis Ababa, Adama Science and Technology, Madda Walabu, Wachamo, Bahir Dar, Hawassa, Werabe, and Dire Dawa\u0026mdash;were included in the study, representing approximately 18.36% of the total population of public universities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the second stage, participants were selected from the sampled universities. Simple random sampling was used to select undergraduate and graduate students as well as instructors, while purposive sampling was employed to select university officials, including academic program directors, quality assurance directors, and college deans. All departments within the colleges of the selected universities were included, and proportional sampling was applied to determine the number of student and instructor participants from each department.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough quality in higher education involves both internal and external stakeholders, this study focused exclusively on internal stakeholders, namely students, faculty members, administrators, and staff. Students were included because their learning experiences directly reflect educational quality. Faculty members were included due to their central role in instruction and assessment. Administrators and staff were included because of their influence on policy implementation, resource allocation, and institutional support systems that shape the overall educational environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study collected data from a total of \u003cb\u003e1,518 participants\u003c/b\u003e across the eight selected public universities. These participants included undergraduate students, graduate students, instructors, and university officials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong undergraduate students (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;791), 573 (72.4%) were male, 207 (26.2%) were female, and 11 (1.4%) did not report their gender. These students represented a wide range of academic units, including Agriculture, Business and Economics, Education and Behavioral Studies, Law, Medicine and Health Sciences, Natural and Computational Sciences, Engineering, Social Sciences and Humanities, and Institutes of Technology. The graduate student cohort consisted of 391 respondents, of whom 296 (75.7%) were male and 95 (24.3%) were female, drawn from various colleges across the universities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were also collected from 336 instructors, university officials, and staff members. Of these respondents, 293 (87.2%) were male and 43 (12.8%) were female. Their academic qualifications ranged from bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degrees (BA/BSc) to master\u0026rsquo;s degrees (MA/MSc), doctoral degrees (PhD), and professional qualifications such as MD and MPH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Instruments for Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected using structured questionnaires designed to capture stakeholders\u0026rsquo; perceptions of the quality of teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment practices. Two sets of questionnaires were developed: one focusing on teaching\u0026ndash;learning processes and the other on assessment practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the quality of teaching and learning, 15 items were administered to students and 24 items to instructors and university officials. To assess the quality of assessment practices, 8 items were administered to all participant groups. All items were rated using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Data Analysis Procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, were computed to summarize participants\u0026rsquo; perceptions. Higher mean values indicated stronger agreement with the statements, while standard deviations reflected the degree of variability in responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine differences between groups, an independent samples t-test was conducted to compare undergraduate and graduate students\u0026rsquo; perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment practices. Additionally, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether significant differences existed among undergraduate students, graduate students, instructors, and university officials. Where significant differences were detected, post hoc tests were employed to identify specific group differences. Results are presented in relation to the study\u0026rsquo;s research questions and are discussed accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis section presents the findings of the study based on the research questions. The perceptions of students, academic staff, and university officials regarding the quality of teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment practices were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Mean scores were used to determine the level of agreement with the statements, while standard deviations indicated the degree of variability in responses. In addition, comparisons were made between undergraduate and graduate students, as well as among students, instructors, and university officials, to identify statistically significant differences in perceptions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Stakeholders\u0026rsquo; Assessment of the Quality of Teaching\u0026ndash;Learning Processes in Ethiopian Public HEIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.1. Graduate Students\u0026rsquo; Assessment of the Quality of Teaching\u0026ndash;Learning in EHEIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the major objectives of the study was to examine graduate students\u0026rsquo; perceptions of the quality of teaching and learning in Ethiopian public higher education institutions. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 15 items covering various dimensions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning quality, rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, were computed to determine the level and consistency of agreement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of the graduate students\u0026rsquo; response on quality of teaching-learning in EHEIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7795\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08607\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2586\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18504\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17885\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the mean scores for all items were above the neutral midpoint (3.00), indicating that graduate students generally agreed with the statements related to the quality of teaching\u0026ndash;learning processes. However, the level of agreement varied across items, as reflected by differences in mean scores and standard deviations. Items with relatively higher mean values and lower standard deviations suggest stronger and more consistent agreement among respondents, whereas items with lower mean values and higher variability indicate comparatively weaker agreement and more diverse opinions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the descriptive results indicate that graduate students held generally positive perceptions of the quality of teaching\u0026ndash;learning processes in EHEIs, although some aspects exhibited moderate variation in responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2. Undergraduate Students\u0026rsquo; Assessment of the Quality of Teaching\u0026ndash;Learning Processes in EHEIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also examined undergraduate students\u0026rsquo; perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning quality using the same 15-item questionnaire rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize their responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e summarize the ratings given by undergraduate students for each of the 15 teaching and learning quality items.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of the undergraduate students\u0026rsquo; response on quality of teaching-learning process in EHEIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19607\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9627\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the mean scores for undergraduate students ranged from approximately 2.9 to 3.3. These values suggest that undergraduate students\u0026rsquo; perceptions were generally neutral to moderately positive. The standard deviations, which ranged from about 1.1 to 1.2, indicate moderate variability in responses, reflecting differing experiences and interpretations among respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, while undergraduate students tended to report neutral to somewhat favorable perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning quality, their responses were less positive and more varied compared to those of graduate students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.3. University Officials\u0026rsquo; and Faculty Members\u0026rsquo; Assessment of the Quality of Teaching\u0026ndash;Learning in EHEIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity officials and faculty members were also surveyed to assess their perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning quality. A questionnaire containing 24 items rated on a five-point Likert scale was used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of the undergraduate students\u0026rsquo; response on quality of teaching-learning process in EHEIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19607\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9627\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the mean scores for this group ranged from approximately 3.2 to 3.7, indicating generally positive perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning quality. The standard deviations ranged from about 0.9 to 1.2, suggesting moderate variability in responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, university officials and faculty members reported favorable views of teaching\u0026ndash;learning processes in EHEIs, although some variation in perceptions across different dimensions was observed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Stakeholders\u0026rsquo; Assessment of the Quality of Assessment Processes in Ethiopian Public HEIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1. Graduate Students\u0026rsquo; Assessment of the Quality of Assessment in EHEIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraduate students\u0026rsquo; perceptions of assessment quality were examined using eight items rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize their responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of the graduate students\u0026rsquo; response on quality of assessment in EHEIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14990\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14611\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, all mean scores exceeded the neutral midpoint, ranging from approximately 3.36 to 3.60. This suggests that graduate students generally agreed with the statements related to assessment quality. The relatively low standard deviations indicate a reasonable level of consistency in responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, graduate students expressed positive perceptions of assessment practices, with some variation across specific assessment dimensions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2. Undergraduate Students\u0026rsquo; Assessment of the Quality of Assessment in EHEIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate students\u0026rsquo; perceptions of assessment quality were also examined using the same eight-item scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of the undergraduate students\u0026rsquo; response on quality of teaching-learning process in EHEIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19607\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9627\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the mean scores ranged from approximately 3.1 to 3.3, indicating moderately positive perceptions of assessment quality. The standard deviations, ranging from about 1.1 to 1.2, reflect moderate variability in responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings suggest that undergraduate students generally viewed assessment practices positively, although their perceptions were less favorable and more varied than those of graduate students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3. University Officials\u0026rsquo; and Faculty Members\u0026rsquo; Assessment of the Quality of Assessment in EHEIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity officials and faculty members were surveyed using eight items to assess their views on assessment quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of the officials \u0026amp; faculty members\u0026rsquo; response on quality of teaching and learning in EHEIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6698\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4748\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.97762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5609\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11503\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2532\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.93562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.93991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2523\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem 49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid N (listwise)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, mean scores ranged from approximately 3.3 to 3.5, indicating generally positive perceptions of assessment practices. Standard deviations were moderate, suggesting some variability in responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, officials and faculty members reported favorable perceptions of assessment quality in EHEIs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Comparison of Graduate and Undergraduate Students\u0026rsquo; Responses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1. Comparison of Teaching\u0026ndash;Learning Quality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn independent samples t-test was conducted to examine differences between graduate and undergraduate students\u0026rsquo; perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup statistics of graduate and under graduate students\u0026rsquo; responses on the quality of assessment in EHEIs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.0319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.14921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.36341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eundergraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.7460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.95390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.24694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\"\u003e\u003cimg 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yPlKrJfK5bJzspEfvhqNBi5fvowffvgBjUYDR48eVWdbV3/+85+h63rHE2mQOLmv8IyOjsIwDJw7d85Vu7uNfB8AuHDhgqd8eXkZuq5jYGDAKQv6Ica2bQwNDWF2dhZLS0vOlbSgV1vm5uZw5MiRtvWD9mnJffxQE4jV9rXV7J+rfS8/uq5jfn6+pT1BdYpJUEG3QyqVwvj4eEsy/+c//9nzd1DlchlffvklTNOEEAJLS0uBEnQE3AbRaHRFQ73c8VPPVas9rwbZ/1WdjqnddOsPQfrbavaJlXAf7w4ePIh33nmnZajSWnXrq6uNsd+5XT1Wy+Pr008/7SnvptN5oNftkbnc+Pi4py/I/z/33HOu2htrtXnmulAHqQchb4bR2zzaSg78lzcNTDUfTRdv3mEub9JA82Yc992z7rt63cty30Qgy7TmI4Cy2WzbdZHkDWzuu6BLzUf/qDdx+d1UoJLLg3IzhpzffUODvOHAfeODvHFH3r1edz0SSsZIuG4A0ZuPVUo3H0UkyTi625VvPrbKfdNDt+XImLpjIW/UccdC3sglt4e8wQfNG1BkW2SZ0XzqifxXkuvjvmlFxsQdT831FAL15hhJbke5LPcNMXJ7yBunSqWSE+eZ5l3i8uYb9/aRbVD7lWy/O7Zo9kX1/f36hfumkyBx0pTHUsrt1458n3zzyQRym6z1fYJsh3rzKRJqLDTXEwMkuf073RgplP4tbxTKZrMin8/79m91eZrrSQFW84lOsp6sG6RPi+ZNTrItU1NTIt+8KcloPr4tSF+T66TGstv+qQryXnK7a8pTYmR7ZZncz93HEPfxqd3NhSJATESPjy2y3XLd8vm80F1PnHD39U7rLbnXV77yzad0yPjI91SPBUG2gdV8OpF7n3DHW5bJc2q6+USwbDbr9Imp5mNGg5xXV7v/q0odjqmizXFGBOwPQftbt30iaL9KpVLOPiD3N9n+evN8lWo+gnelOvW3bn21W4zl3+445X3O7e5jmnA9rcYdg6Cx6nQeWGt7/Lj7vdwW6WYeKAU9jvmR7S41j8/ufcS9ves+OZqcV1tBnrkeVpyky4OQ+6Xu7HVXwmkYhrBczzF23+070XxckTsQ7gDIHVy+1B3UfeBRdxA/luvZrGju/OpJfaH5GCG1TW7qesl1kJ3S/fIrcy9Haz52MZ1Oi2zzUUpTU1NOHOrKM3ZlZ5bk8uWBSK6LGo9Oy1HbIw9gaplcjjwoyDgZhiFSqZRzABRKrNV4qn1ILkMtE66d2PB5zrxUcp0c4fM8U3kCkAcU98HJb/uspEw0k3SjeYe/fB93LPzmlTrFSbjunpfT3QfUduT2cddd6/sE2Q5C6R9QEhFJjYU7Hqp6M/GXxwn3S3M9F91d7m7bVPO5vVrzKRwyaXK3I2ifLrkekyrjI2OlJht+fU3yi2Wn/bOdbu+lxsuvH8ptM+N6HrBhGM7xNa98GFJ1i4nfccSvTKxwO8j+oO5r7drXjvwgINuurpdfzNy6bQP5HrKPyvXVmo8VdR+n3UnpwsKC0355LHP3daPDeXU1+7+q1OWYKtq8T7f+IAXpb532Cb8+5FcmXOd0GVfhesKMrJsK8Nx4P+73g09/69RXu8VY9r1u53ah5BK6ktf4xcWvTAQ4D6ylPe24+4J8T/e2cK8nuhzHVPL8IfeRdvOqZdJq8sxeC4l/BoE2KTlOsVQqdRxaQesnFAohn88H/pqcgqtWq/if//kfHDt2zFNeq9WQzWbxxhtvsN/TqpmmiUcffbSlD1WrVbzwwgsbfpMYkcRzO2G9xqQTEa2VHI/u96ScaDQKXdd9H8NIFES5XMbIyIhvAjQwMIB4PK4WExFtKCbpm5y8mejvf/+7Ook2gLxR5s6dO+okWiN5A9pbb70F0zRRrVadJ1IUCgX84he/WNVj94jgurlueHgYxWIRtVoNtVoN5eYzz48fP67OQrRheG4nAOBwl00smUx6noZgGAZmZ2c9dWj9FAoFjI2Necq4O/VWtVrF5OSk86QATdNw4MABDnOhnigWi/jss88wPT0NNJ88cuDAAbz99tv8AEgPDM/tJDFJJyIiIiLqMxzuQkRERETUZ5ikExERERH1GSbpRERERER9hkk6EREREVGfYZJORERERNRnmKQTEREREfWZvkzSa7UaCoUCYrGY82MxaP4CYTgcRqFQ8NR/kOR6hkIhDA4OolqtqlVog5TLZYRCIU+fISIiItqM+jJJlyzLUot8yV+J22i5XA43b97E4uIiSqUSGo0Gzpw5o1ajHjBNUy1aV6FQqOtLflgsFAot00KhkLOsZDLZMq1QKLSdT311Ww4RERFtQaJPlUolAUCUSiV1Uot0Oh2oXq8BEPl8Xi2mHrMsSxiGoRavu3w+33Ybl0olzzrV63URj8cFADE1NeWpK4QQCwsLAoDQdV1YluWU1+t1oWma8NsV6/W6SKVSnr4t9wtN0zzLISIioq2lr6+kB2GaJsbHx9Vi2iJs20YqlVKLN8STTz6pFjkSiQT279/v/B2JRBCJRAAAjz76qKvmPw0MDAAAYrGY5+fGI5EI9u7d66r5/4lEInjjjTc8ZYlEAgCwd+9e/mw5ERHRFraiJL1arWJ4eNj5qj2TyWBwcBDlctnz1b38Cl6OEVa/lrdtG5lMBuFwGKFQCLFYrOtwBtu2YZomksmks6xisYiRkREAwL59+xAKhXD+/HnPcIBkMukswz1coNPwmHK5jMHBQYRCIYTDYWQyGdi27UyXywGAsbGxlvapisWis7xQKITh4WHP8mzbdpYZDoeRTCY962eaphOrwcFBZDIZZxqa28U9fy6X80zvNH+n9y6Xy852ktss1Nxe1WoVtm0jl8s586rb0D2P2u5arYZcLodwOAw0h4yEw+GW5SSTSVQqFczNzSGkbE+3Wq2GyclJz30MQd9jtUZHR9WinkskEk5i3km1WnXujYjFYhgcHFSrEBER0SYSOEmvVqsYGhrC0NAQhBCwLAvXr19HpVIBmgnLwsKCZ55EItFSBgAnT57E/Pw8KpUK6vU64vE4RkZGPImranl5GTt27MDc3JxTdvDgQZRKJQBAqVSCEAKZTMYpi8fjmJ2dderPzs4iHo9jZmambeJTLBbx7LPP4uzZsxBC4Ouvv3Y+HMj1m52dxT9HuwD5fB5CiLYJW61Ww6FDh3DkyBEIIVAqlTA9PY2PPvrIqfP666/jV7/6FYQQqFQqnjhUq1VkMhlUKhUIIfDqq6+iVqt5pr/wwgs4ceIEhBA4c+YMTp8+7Xxo6DZ/p/cGgOvXr6PRaODy5ct47733UK/XAQAvvPACPvroI7zyyiuo1+s4cOCAb/I/MDDgtHt+fh4vvvgiAOD+/fuwLAuNRgO5XA67d+/G119/7Xwocr+/YRgwDANCCM/2dLt//z6Wl5c99zEEfY+Vkh8I1pv6YauToaEhnDt3DkIIXLx4MfD9HERERNSn1PEv7ei6LrLZrKdMjtl1j5n1G8OrlqVSKZFKpZy/Z2ZmWpbTbky6uqx29eS6ucftWpYl4vG4p57Kr50TExMCgJiYmPCUq+viR45FXlhYcMri8bhnPLNhGJ5xzJZlOe0plUpC13VnmhDCUzeVSrWMgY7H40LTNCECzN/pveV0tZvI2PqVyXknJiZEOp321Mlms55YyHnq9bpTx2/ZhmEEGpPu1xeCvocfuTy/l992l7Hq9PJrR6f5/PgtB0pfV/sEERERbS6BrqRXq1VYloVnnnlGnbQqpmnCNE1nOMJLL72kVlmzV155BZqm4cMPP3TKLl++jP/7f/+vp55buVyGZVn4xS9+4Sk/fPgwAODLL7/0lAchryQPDAw4V+Tltw/S888/j0wmg0KhANu2EY1GnSv9jz/+ONAc9iGHcQwPDzvzTk9PY2RkxBlSEgqFUKlU0Gg0UKvVus7f6b3X4ssvv8T4+LhnvU6fPg0A+OGHHzx15Vhut07DkVZjLe8hvy2RL/lNTTvyWx311Y27br1eX9FY/FQqhQMHDjjDeNzbmIiIiDafQEn6P/7xD7VoTeRY5ng8jt27d+Pzzz9Xq6xZJBLBO++8g/HxcdRqNdi2jU8++SRQ8rK8vOz52y/BW4lyuYxYLIavvvoKJ06cgGEYnunHjh3D119/jStXrmDPnj2e8e2RSAR/+9vfsH//fjz77LNIJpMtz2JvlxRGo9Gu83d677VSk1v5CrIN+lkikcDu3bvV4p6KRCJ47rnn1OK2TNPEqVOncOLECcRiMRSLRbUKERERbSKBkvQdO3YAAO7du6dOWpUXX3wR8/PzuH37No4dO+Ysv9fcV9O//fbbwFcm7969qxYBAB5++GG1qKtyuYx9+/bh1KlTME2z7VXqRCKB2dlZfP755/jggw8845EjkQhGR0dx+/ZtPPzwwxgaGvKMK//mm2+c/0vuJK3b/J3eey2++OILtQi2bQe+gt3PNuKDxkrfY3h4GIuLi3jttddw6NAhJupERESbWKAk/ZFHHgEAfPbZZ+okX+4r0eqNiAAwNzeHI0eOrPkKdTfuq+knTpzAK6+8olbxSCQS0DQN4+PjnvWW/3df2fRrl5+rV68CXRIu99XrgwcP4p133nGGhpTLZSepjUQiME3TuZETzWEO4+PjLVfX//znPweav9N7r8Xzzz+PSqXS8hSVjz76yBmCs9lt1A2kcihSJ+7tODo6CsMwcO7cOU8dIiIi2jwCJenRaBSpVArT09MYHh5GuVyGaZq4cuWKWhW6rmN8fBzFYhGmaeLChQsAgCtXrjjJoqZp+OKLL2DbNmq1Gi5dugQAuHXrlpP03Lp1y/MvmmPjAeDmzZtO2UMPPQQ0k2G/q7Tyano8Hg/0XOnz58+j0Wjg5MmTsG0btm3j5MmTiMfjnkRbJrnudfGzc+dOwPWLmaZpYnFxEbZtY3JyErVaDVeuXHESMdu2cfPmTc+QmLfeestpl/xXPsP7+PHjaDQa+OUvf+mMLY/FYjh69Gig+Tu9tyyT/5dkm90fDOQHs7///e9Acxy/rusYGRlBsvnYzGQyiZ07dzofzuRy3NtMLsf9rc3DDz+Ma9euwbbtjleH/fpM0PfwI7+hUIc/obm8VCqFp59+GlBi5X5/ScZqcXHR8y1GrVbDtWvXAJ8PfrZto1Ao4M6dO07M5HKuXbvmWc4HH3zg9LFarYbFxUXPc9yJiIhok1HvJG2nXq+LdDot0PzVxKmpqZYneojmEzHkLyjKp6Romiay2azz9ImpqSmhaZrQNE1MTEwIy7KEpmnCMAxRr9ed5bqfiKE+acP9dAu5XupTWaRUKiVmZmbU4rZmZmaErusCzV92zGaznqeD+D2NQ326jFSv1536hmEIy7JENpsVmqY5T+BIp9PO+wEQqVTKeb9S85ct5TQZe7dSqeT82qWu6562dpu/03v7tVEty+fzLfGQTz6xLEukUimBZhzdT0Txm8evTDSfkKNpmtB13fOUHDe1z7Rbnl+ZH3eddi/ZB9X3li9JfU8037fdfOpL9q12yxGuJ/rA1WeJiIho8wqJII+daKNQKGBsbAylUqntWOt+MDg4iOvXr6vFRERERER9KdBwl83MNE28+uqrajERERERUd9aU5IedGzvRpucnEQymUQul8Mf/vAH5znnRERERESbwaqT9GQy6TwF5NChQz19vnYvzM3N4caNG5ienl73p8gQEREREfXSmsakExERERFR7636SjoREREREa2PrlfSQ6GQWkREREREROtApua8kk5ERERE1GcCXUnvUoV6QH5jwVjTSnD/JCIi2hrUXJBX0omIiIiI+gyTdCIiIiKiPsMknYiIiIiozzBJJyIiIiLqM0zSiYiIiIj6DJP0LSyZTCIUCrW8tpJcLodwOKwWB1Iul1ti0+7VS6ZpqkVEREREHkzSt7DZ2VlYlgVN0wAApVJpyz2u78aNG2g0GmpxYOl0GvV6HUIIJzaGYTh/W5aFeDyuzrZqtVoNFy9eVIuJiIiIPJikb3HRaBR79+4FACQSCXXyprd//37ouq4WB3L16lWcP38ekUhEneSIRqP4z//8T9i2rU5aMdu2kUql1GIiIiKiFkzSqUWhUEA4HEYoFMLg4CCq1apT7h4CUigUAGXYiCzrtBzbtjE5OYlYLIZyuYxisYhYLIZQKIRcLufM3205APAv//Ivnivdpml66mYyGWeaanR0VC3ydfDgQU8i32l9bNt2hhmFw2Ekk0mUy2WgOfyoUqlgbm4OoVAIyWTSmY+IiIjIjUk6eWQyGdy5cwe3b9+GZVkAgKGhIdi2jdHRUaTTaQBANpt1ktxEIoGZmRmkUimnrNNylpeXsby8DMuycOnSJXz//fe4ePEiUqkUTp8+7Ul6Oy0HAB577DE88cQTAIBqtYpMJoNKpQIhBF599VXUajVnWb3QbX1ef/11/OpXv4IQApVKxXMF/vr16zAMwxlOMzs760wjIiIi8hBdBKhCPQBg3WJtGEagZS8sLAhd1z1lMzMzAoCYmJgQQghRr9eFpmkinU576qXTaWFZlhABl1MqlQQAMTMz49SRZaVSSYiAy3ErlUot9aempjx/dwNAGIahFgsRcH0Mw/C8p2VZTnvk9HbLX40g25WIiIj6n5oL8ko6Oebm5mBZlmdIy6FDh4DmVWoAiEQieOeddzA+Pu5cpZZXi6PRaODlSDt27PD8jeZYcaxwOQDw+OOPA81hJXKIyfDwsFJr9YKsz/PPP49MJoNCoQDbthGNRrfkvQBERES0vpikk4f7ySbu1/nz5506hw8fBgB8+OGHAIALFy7g6NGjznQEXE4QK1lOJBLB3/72N+zfvx/PPvssksmkbzK/Ft3W59ixY/j6669x5coV7NmzxzNGn4iIiCgoJunkMTc35/skk2Kx6Pw/Go0inU5jfHwctm3jypUrLVeLgywniJUuJxKJYHR0FLdv38bDDz+MoaGhno5LD7I+iUQCs7Oz+Pzzz/HBBx/43gxLRERE1AmTdMLk5CRs24ZhGACAkydPeqb7JcTHjh0DmkNLXn75Zc+0lSynk5Uup1wuO8NcIpEITNNEo9HA5cuX1aqrEmR93FfODx48iHfeeQenT592yoiIiIiCYJK+xdVqNVy7dg1wjR2X5KMQv/vuO0QiEQwMDCCVSmF8fByxWAyFQgGZTAbnzp3DwYMHPfMODAzAMAxYloWnn366ZVq35dy6dQtwjT8HgHv37gEAlpeXAy9H9dZbbzmJuvz3ySefVGr5k78Euri42BIrBFyfK1euOOPRbdvGzZs3neQeAB5++GFcu3YNtm23/bBBREREBM9tpT4CVKEeUO/o7QX5VJduL/cTVur1ushms0LTNAFApNNpUa/XPcuVZmZmRD6fV4uF6LKcfD7veX/DMHzLui1HVSqVPG3WdT3w0138YuXXtm7rk06nha7rzjJSqZRn+sLCgtA0Tei6LhYWFpzy1UKP+wwRERE9GDJ3kELNwrZCoRC6VKEeCIVCwD+3jDqJqC3un0RERFuDmgtyuAsRERERUZ9hkk5ERERE1GeYpBMRERER9Rkm6UREREREfYZJOhERERFRn2GSTkRERETUZ5ikExERERH1GSbpRERERER9hkn6FlWtVjE8PIxQKIRwOIxcLqdW2dJqtRoKhQJisRjK5bJTbts2wuEwCoWCp/6DJNczFAphcHAQ1WpVrUJERETbDJP0LahWq2FoaAjHjx9HvV5HOp3G6dOne5r8lctlhEKhri93gvwgWJalFvmq1WoPZF1zuRxu3ryJxcVFlEolNBoNnDlzRq1GRERE2wyT9C3o8uXLaDQaGBgYQCQSwfvvvw8hBAYGBtSqq5ZIJCCEgGEYAIBSqQQhhOeVz+dx9epVddYNEY1G8eSTT6rFiEQiWFpawujoqKf8ww8/9Py9UU6fPo0nnngCaMZ0cXERpmmq1YiIiGibYZJOa7J//361yKEmwv3KNE2Mj4+rxUREREQPDJP0LUQOQRkbGwMAZ8iJZNs2crkcwuGwM/65WCw602u1mjPdtm0kk0mEw+E1DQNRE3X3WPlQKIRMJoPBwUGUy2UUCgWnXI4Zdw+rcY8jt20bmUzGaUssFut6Bdq2bZimiWQy6SyrWCxiZGQEALBv3z6EQiEkk0nPkB33+7rLOymXyxgcHESoeU9AJpOBbdvOdPkeADA2NtbyPkRERLS9MUnfQuQQlHw+DwDOsBMpmUyi0Wjg9u3bqNfrGBwcxKFDh5zk9v79+7AsC41GAxcuXMCbb74JXddx7949ZxlBFYvFluS+Wq1iaGgIQ0NDEELAsixcv34dlUoFaCb0CwsLnnkSiURLGQCcPHkS8/PzqFQqqNfriMfjGBkZ8STCquXlZezYsQNzc3NO2cGDB1EqlQDXkJ3Z2Vknhtls1vNBo16vQ9O0jmPdi8Uinn32WZw9exZCCHz99dfOhwO5frOzs862yefzEEK0fKAhIiKi7YtJ+jZhmiYqlQree+89RCIRRCIRvPfee9B1HZlMBgAwMDDgjI8+fPgwDh48iOvXr+PgwYPK0lrJq9DydejQIbUKXnjhBaTTaRw7dgxojhs/cuSIp47fuHm/sqWlJcTjcUSjUUQiEfz2t78FAPzwww9qVUc0Gg3UFjQ/MBiGgenpaU/5t99+i3Q6jWg06il3e/PNN5FOp5FIJIDmB40zZ86gUqng8uXLanUiIiKiFkzSt4mLFy9C13VEIhGnLBKJIJVKodFotFz17pSE+lFvHJVXoqVqtQrLsvDMM894ylfLNE2YpukM0XnppZfUKmt24sQJWJblGUZz8eJFvPLKK556buVyGZZl4Re/+IWn/PDhwwCAL7/80lNORERE5IdJ+jaytLSkFmHnzp1qUU/IpFT6xz/+4fl7reT4+ng8jt27d+Pzzz9Xq6xZIpGAYRg4ceIE0EzAH3744UAfYJaXlz1/uz8cEREREXXDJH0baTQabcdsP/TQQ2rRmkSjUWe4BwDs2LEDAFY1vt3Piy++iPn5edy+fRvHjh1zlt9r7qvply5dcobVdHP37l21CADw8MMPq0VERERELZikb0HqVVwAeP755wEAFy5c8JQvLy9D13Xfcd+9IG8gfeSRRwAAn332mVrFl7sNfh8s5ubmcOTIkXW/Qu2+mj4/P991THsikYCmaRgfH/est/z/c88911JGREREpGKSvsXYtu3c7Oj+hdHDhw8jHo/jgw8+cMafl8tljI+P49y5c069mzdvAgAmJyedsnZs28aVK1eANlfITdPEu+++i0QigWg0ilQqhenpaQwPD6NcLsM0TWd+N13XMT4+jmKxCNM0nQ8WV65ccdZd0zR88cUXsG0btVoNly5dAgDcunXLWfdbt255/oUrJrKdcH2LcPXqVdi23TI+X15N/4//+A9PeTvnz59Ho9HAyZMnYds2bNvGyZMnEY/HMTw87NSTN5G614WIiIgI+Odj+joKUIV6AMCaY10qlZzlyJdhGM70er0u0um0My0ej4tSqeRMNwzDM28+n3emqfzey+/lXob7/XVdF1NTUyKfzwsAnvUolUpC0zQBQGSzWSGEEJqmiWw2KyzLEkIIMTU1JTRNE5qmiYmJCWFZltA0TRiGIer1urNc+TIMo2Wd3bGR6yXfT6VpmqjX62pxWzMzM0LXdQHAWXf3/Gqs1RgEhTX2GSIiIuoPMh+QQs3CtkKhkOdZ27Q+5A/bbLdYFwoFjI2NoVQqecaw95NqtYrJyUmcP39enfTAcf8kIiLaGtRckMNdiLqYnJx0nu1OREREtBGYpNMDJW8Q9RvT/iBlMhkkk0nkcjksLS2t2421RERERH6YpNMDk0wmcfr0aQDAoUOHUCgU1CoPzNLSEubm5gAAf/zjH9XJREREROuKY9L7hDoOiSgI7p9ERERbg5oL8ko6EREREVGfYZJORERERNRnmKQTEREREfUZJulERERERH2GSTr1Ddu2EQ6H++opL0TUv6rVKoaHhxEKhRAOh5HL5dQqW1q1WkUmk0E4HPaUl8tlhEIhlMtlT/mDVCgUEIvFEAqFMDg4iGq1qlYhIgWTdGpRKBQQCoU8LzVxlicB+Uomk57pRLT5mKapFnW00vpBBF1mrVbD0NAQjh8/jnq9jnQ6jdOnT/c0+fM7Fvq9HqSlpSU0Gg212FetVnsgiXsul8PNmzexuLiIUqmERqOBM2fOONNt24ZpmhgcHEQoFEImk/HM7yeZTPbNNiBaN6KLAFWoBwD0VaxLpZKzTlNTU+pkIYQQlmUJXddFOp0W9XpdnUwboJ/6DG1ulmUJwzDU4rampqZEPp9Xi9dkJeuQz+c3pP/X63WhaZrve9XrdZFKpUSpVFInbZiVxCGdTj+QdQUQqK/ItgAQlmWpkx3u89PExIQ6mWjTUnNBXkknX4lEAul0Wi322LlzJzRNw/nz5xGJRNTJRLRJ2LaNVCqlFrclh1n00krXYaNEIhHs3btXLQaa09544w21uC+Zponx8XG1uO/E43EAwIcffqhOcpw6dco5P/385z9XJxNtGUzSqa23334bAHDixAl1EgDgwoULePXVVz1l7jGiIZ+xh6ZpIplMolAowDRNhMNhDA8PO193ymmSbdvOmMtQKIRYLOb5OrxcLiOTySCZTDp1ZT31a2913TKZDGzb9tQpFovOuEn1vdD82lbOn0wmMTk56ZlOtBklk0lUKhXMzc05fbsdOcyk0WhgbGwMIWU43Gr3oaDrIIfajY2NAc0f/wi5hjvUajXPfj48POw5FtRqNeRyOYTDYdi2jWQyiXA4vOphIIlEAolEwlNWLBadoRtyrLwcN+4eQiPj5h4+6I6lesxSj6d+arUaJicnEYvFnDYVi0WMjIwAAPbt2+fEVy5XfV93eSfyfULNba0Oi5TvAcC3r/g5cuQIdF3H+Pg4arWaOhnlchnRaBQ/+9nP1EmOQqHgnDPUmPXqnCL7Tqi5jZPJ5Kr7EFE7TNKprWg0inQ6DcuyWk60APDFF1/g8OHDnrIXXngBAFCv12FZFhqNhpPI27aNHTt2YG5uDjdv3sTy8jLS6TR++uknLC8vO9PcTp48ifn5eVQqFdTrdcTjcYyMjHiS6/n5edi2jZMnT+I3v/kNZmZmYFmWZ8xjtVrF0NAQhoaGIITAzMwMxsfHcfLkSaeOaZp49913MT8/j3q9jgMHDmBkZMQ58E5OTuLGjRuo1+uo1+uIRqNYXl525ifarK5fvw7DMGAYBoQQmJ2dVas4otEolpaWAAD5fB5CCIyOjgJr3IeCrkMikYAQAvl8Hvjn98LOr/PVajXE43FnP7csC5ZlYWhoyEmw7t+/7xybLly4gDfffBO6ruPevXue9wnC70ZV0zTx0ksv4ezZsxBC4Ouvv8b4+Lgzbnx0dBQLCwueeRKJREsZuhxP27l//z6Wl5dhWZZTdvDgQZRKJQBAqVRy4itjmM1mnW2I5vtpmuZZhiqXy+HTTz/F/Pw8hBD4j//4D4yNjXm+YZmdnXW2jdpXOjl16hTQvBCkOnXqFI4dO6YWOzKZDO7cuYPbt2876z80NOScM3p1Tnn99dfxq1/9CkIIVCqVlgs+RD3hGQzjI0AV6gF1HFK/sCxLABC6rnvK241H1TTNM0Ywm822tAuASKfTnjJJHbuYSqVEKpVy/p6ZmREAPOMqDcMQ8Xjc+VuWuce2plKplvfUNM2zbE3TPOMg6/W6AODUyefzLctoN15/o6ixJVotdZ/pRt1XRQ/2oZWsg99Y7HQ63XIsWFhY8KyDcM3badyzm2EYzjFafbnJ4+XMzIynXM7v5hc/tSzI8dQvDnLMtvs46Vcmmuvmd3zPZrOeMrd27UylUgKAWFhY8JSr7Wonn8879XRdF5qmee53KpVKTv+Q7Xa3Z2FhoaUt8pwh49irc4phGJ6+a1lWS2yJVko9rvBKOnXU7mr6H/7wB7zyyiueumg+aeDYsWPOV4anT59WqwBAx68q3UzThGmazlfUL730kloFaI4NVbmvyk9PT7e859LSktOmcrmMRqMBXdedr3l37doFAKhUKgCAJ598EqZpIpPJOF/DDg8Pu5ZItH31wz40Pj6OwcFBT9nAwADi8Timp6c95Wge31ZCNK/aCyFQr9dbxtB/++23QPPKdS8EPZ6uxYkTJ1qO7xcvXvQ9vkuXL18GADz22GOe8t/+9reAcuxdrVOnTjnfdkiXLl1qO/wSzfe1LMszXOfQoUNA89tU9PCc8vzzzyOTyaBQKMC2bUSj0ZZhT0RrxSSdulLHppvNR2X5HcRqtRqSySTeeustPPXUU87Xqatl2zZyuRzi8Th2796Nzz//XK3SU+6TsHwtLi4Cza+kZbKh67rvmHaircSd7IQ6jBN3U/efjd6H5FAcN79j1VpFIhE899xznrK7d+96/l6rXh9P/SQSCRiG4Rzfy+UyHn744UAfYO7fv+/5e8eOHZ6/12J4eBi6ruODDz6Abduo1Wqo1WpdE2E5XEp9nT9/HujhOeXYsWP4+uuvceXKFezZs6frWHui1WCSTl2pV9P/8Ic/OIm7m23biMfjiEajuH79ek+ukL344ouYn5/H7du3cezYsTWdBG7evKkWtYy1LxaLnr/Vsmg0ivPnz2NhYQHXr18PlLQQbVb5fN7zevnll9UqLR70PtRuHLWmaWrRmqnHuJ07dwLNY+FarcfxtB331fRLly45V8S7+cc//qEWAa44rJX7avqHH37Y8Sq6NDc35xt/2Qd7eU5JJBKYnZ3F559/jg8++MD3HgWitWCSToHIpDyTyWBwcND3KssPP/yARqOBo0ePqpNWbW5uDkeOHFnzlTDDMDA9Pe25+962bfzv//4v0DzYapqGd99913OAr9Vq+P7774HmTW9y2sDAAM6ePYtKpcI7+mnLGh0d9bw6JYobvQ/53bSdSqV8l2fbdsd1Xys55GH37t2AazhIN+42qInlehxP23FfTZ+fn+86XMcwDADAuXPnPOXy5tunn37aKVPbtRLuq+lBr6KjeXOom/tDYq/OKe4r5wcPHsQ777yzLsORaJvzjFj3EaAK9YB6s0A/SqfTAh1utpI3aMkbw+RNPmjeYDQzM+PU0XW95QeQ/G7w0jRNxONxUa/XhWVZzjpMTEyIiYkJUa/XfW8wisfjAoBTJm+a0jRNZLNZkc/nRTwe99zgNDEx4amTzWY965nP50UqlXLan8/nW953o/V7n6HNI5VKOf1ZvSHQj6Zpzo10sv5a96Gg6yD3eyg3KS4sLDjHDPkeExMTLTe0yhscg/wQjmVZQmv+mJG6r9frdc/NsO71yufzolQqiYmJCafMTR63ZmZmnBvxAQjDMESpVAp0PBVtbtaU28HdPrm8fD4v6vV6y02O8hgZJCbCdT6Q9S3LEvF4vOWGU7ku7uN6O+pNncI1v3t96/W6Ewt1fWU8dF13to37hs9enVMMw3BiWW/+qFXQm56J2oGSC3Y9w7sr0/pRN0w/sgL8GqB8+oCu66JUKjl3zmezWeck4H5J6jT5PlNTU0LTNKE1n3IgT5iGYYh688kR7pe6HFkmmomEPFmqCbrkPqEahtFy4pMH6k7L2EjuGBKthUxwdV0P1K+npqac/cSdzKxlHwqyDn77uPu4tLCw4CRwaCaH7gTdPQ1dnjoiE+duL3cC6X5/2T75t1upVHKSf5nYyg83cn07HU9Fm7ao6+xun0xI1URaUhPTbuSHLLmOasKsrh98ni4j2mxTWa9er3uetOJXF67Y1ut1kc1mnfVSfxG7V+eUdDrt9HM0+9lKYkfkR+3PoWZhW6FQCF2qUA+Emj/4wFjTSnD/JOp/yWQSc3Nzfb2vVqtVTE5OOjdYEtHGU3NBjkknIiLa5iYnJzv+SBARbTwm6UREROtI3jy5lpso10Mmk0EymUQul8PS0hIGBgbUKkT0ADFJJyIiWiehUMh5NvyuXbtanjzzIC0tLTk/0PPHP/5RnUxEDxjHpPcJdRwSURDcP4mIiLYGNRdkkt4n5IYhIiIiou2LSXqfUT89bXfsd8FshThthTZsFMZqY2z3OG/39oMxoAdEzQU5Jp2IiIiIqM8wSSciIiIi6jNM0omIiIiI+gyTdCIiIiKiPsMknYiIiIiozzBJJyIiIqJNoVqtYnh4GKFQCOFwGLlcTq3SolarYXJyErFYrK9+UKwbJulERERED5Bt28hkMgiHwwiFQkgmk6hWq2o1AEChUEAoFHJe4XAYtm0703O5HMLhMMLhMEzT9MzrlkwmUavV1OKOTNNEMpl03jsWi6FQKMC2bSdZVtdPtqcXarUahoaGcPz4cdTrdaTTaZw+fdo3Vmrbl5eXYVmWp6zfMUknIiIieoBkEnv79m3U63UAwNDQUEvyWavVcOXKFeTzeef1+eefIxKJAM3EdHx8HJVKBWfOnEEmk/Ek8FIul8OJEycQjUbVSb5s28bg4CAymQxefvll1Ot1CCHwt7/9Dbt378aePXtw48YNAMDo6Cgsy4Ku6wCAmZkZzM7OKktcncuXL6PRaGBgYACRSATvv/8+hBAYGBhQq+LEiRPO/6PRKJ588knP9E1BdBGgCvUAAMbahbEIZivEaSu0YaMwVhtju8d5u7dfbHAMpqamBABRr9edsnq9LgAIwzA8ddPptFhYWPCUuRmG4ZkHgJiYmPDUmZmZEfl83lPWSb1eF/F4XGia1va9FxYWRDwe95QZhtHzOObz+UDLTKfTLfVKpZIAIEqlkqe8n6i5IK+kExER0aZg27Yz5KJXQygetK+++goAnKvh8v+GYWBubs4pq9VqGB8fxwsvvIBMJhN4bPXy8rLz/1qths8++wyjo6OeOp1cuHABlUoF6XTa94o1AAwMDODIkSNqcWC1Ws0ZZx4KhTA8POz5FqFcLiMUCmFsbAxo/jKn/HVOVS6Xw/j4ONChXrFYRCwWQygUQqFQUCd7psdisZahMxuFSToRERGtG3W89eDgIIrFIorFYkuiWavVWspUe/fu9SSvm91PP/2kFgEA9u/fDzQTVAD48ccfkc1moWkaxsfHsW/fvkA3Te7cuRNwbYc//vGPapWOPvnkEwDAM888o07yWEni71ar1RCPxzE0NAQhBCzLgmVZnuE+iUQCQgjk83ngn5ea8c8Lz63ef//9jvW++eYb7NixA4uLi8hmsxgbG/OMzTdNE++++y7m5+dRr9dx4MABjIyMdO2X64FJOhEREa2bZDKJ69evo1KpQAiB6elpfPbZZzh06JBaFR9++KFa5BGJRAKPo94sZHvUJPDOnTsAgIceeghoJqrvv/8+rl+/DsuyYBgGTp8+jcnJSWeel19+GdeuXYNt2075008/DQA4efIk8vk8IpEITNMMdHMpAOdmy0QioU7qiQ8//BC6ruPYsWNAMx6ffvopGo0Gzpw5o1Zfs3/7t39z2iI/ePz444/O9Ewmg+npaUSjUUQiEbz33nsAgI8//tips1GYpBMREdG6KJfLqFQqOHv2rJOMRqNRmKaJVCrlqStvetxuZHL61ltvOVd0i8Ui5ufnoWma7xCTaDSK2dlZxONx/Nd//ZdTPjw8jHQ6jV27duH48eOYmppy4j0wMICBgQGUy2WMjIzgu+++w3fffffArhJL4+PjGBwc9JQNDAwgHo9jenraU94LO3bsUItw7949oNlfG40GdF13hsrs2rULAFCpVJS51h+TdCIiIlpXt27dUovwxhtvOP8vFosYGRkBAOzbtw+hUMhJHOXj/eRwmeHhYWe+rWBgYAAzMzNOcjg4OIj/9//+HyzL6trW//zP/2x5rKB84snS0pIztvsvf/mL82Hgm2++ga7rTtKu6zq++eYbzzLcNE0Dms8nXy9LS0tqkWeM/nr7/vvvPX/LYTLu1+LioqfORmCSTkREROsikUjAMAz87ne/w/DwsGfsbyKRcIYdHDx4EKVSCQBQKpUghHCmvf7665ifn0elUkG9Xkc4HHaWsVUcPHgQi4uLEELg+vXrWF5ehqZpePvtt9WqHjt27HCSaD+2bePMmTPOkA0AuHHjBmKxmPN3LBZzHp/oR35QWM/7ANQPGlKntq2nYrGoFvmWrTcm6URERLRuZmdnkc/nMT09DV3XkclkAv+IjmmamJ6e9h0jvFWZpomxsTF8/vnnXcff37p1C++8845a7Dh58iSOHz/uuSr9q1/9ynNVeHFxEb/61a+cv1Vvv/02NE3DBx980PFqei6X830mezepVAqVSqVlyI1t2y3fJLifVLMeEokENE3Du+++62lLrVZrudq+EZikExER0bqSP3CTTqcxPj4OXdcDPZnkq6++gq7rnmR1I4dBbBTbtlEsFpFMJpHJZFAqlXDw4EFPnXA4jFwu53zAmZycxN27d9s+VWVychJPPfVUy5j2Z555BpZloVqtolwuw7Ksjk9uiUaj+O6774DmDywVCgXPh6xisYjh4WH8+7//u7NtbNt2Pgh0uwJ9/PhxaJrmGZM/OTkJy7I83yTYtu2MUe/0YQGuJ9qUy2VUq1XUajVnyNXVq1edenIsujv5P3PmDCqVCvbs2YNcLodcLocDBw7glVdecepsGM9T1H0EqEI9oD7AfrtjLILZCnHaCm3YKIzVxtjucV7v9luWJVKplAAgstmsU+73YzPqj/NI8Pmhn15a7xi4yR/oicfjIp/Pe37UyC2bzTq5QjweF1NTU2oVx8LCgkin02qxY2pqSmiaJjRN67gcN8uyRDabFbquO+uh67pIp9PCsiynnmyP+9VtWy0sLDg/fgRApFIpzzJl3wi6TPcPME1NTbWsk2EYvmXSxMSE007DMNr+iFOvyXWRQs3CtkKhELpUoR6QD9tnrP+J/S6YrRCnrdCGjcJYbYztHudetr9cLuPevXstV4UBYHBw0Hkso6y7b98+lEolZzx6MpnEtWvXWm4sDIVCMAyjZz83r+plDIiCUnNBDnchIiKidfPZZ5+pRUAzSe92Y2A0GkWj0WgZr0y0HTBJJyIionUzPT3d8jPvk5OTGB8f99z0KH+05+rVq7BtG+Vy2blp8dlnn3USdTnGWdYBgEKh4HlsI9FWwCSdiIiI1s3MzAzeeOMNnDlzxvmBmE8//RRTU1Oemx4HBgaQTqcxNjaGjz76CIlEwrlpce/evdi3b5/z6EBN0zA4OOgk9jt37ux6VZ5os+GY9D6hjkPa7tjvgtkKcdoKbdgojNXG2O5x3u7tB2NAD4iaC/JKOhERERFRn2GSTkRERETUZ5ikExERERH1GSbpRERERER9hkk6ERER0TaRTCaRTCbVYqD5eMvBwUGEQiHEYjGYpgkAqFarGB4eRigUQjgcRi6XU2eldcAknYiIiGiTKJfLzqMs/V6Dg4PIZDIrfmZ8sVjEm2++idnZWViWhVgshkwmg1qthqGhIRw/fhz1eh3pdBqnT5/2PPee1gcfwdgn1MfubHfsd8FshThthTZsFMZqY2z3OG/39mOTxCCTyWB8fBz5fN553nytVsO1a9dw4sQJWJaFdDqN8+fPq7P6klfXZ2dnPeWFQgFjY2N9H4+tQM0FeSWdiIiIaJP5zW9+oxYhGo1ieHgYf/vb3xCPxzE+Po5CoaBWo02CSToREfWc/Ep+pV+5E1EwO3bsUIsckUgEn376KQDggw8+gG3bQHNISyaT8YxJLxQKCIVCmJubw9zcHEKhEJLJpLMPj42NAc2rvPJKLwDYto1MJuOUDw8PO+9Tq9WQy+UQDodh2zaSySTC4bBzPKhWq0gmkwj5jHEvl8vOOrrfIxaLtQyxkdPD4bCz3mqdYrGIWCzmLEOOs98MmKQTEVFg7hvLwuEwMpkMbNve1jeSFYtF56Y6+bP1ncikSL62ygcZd5vavXhVd+MMDAwgHo+j0Wjg22+/hW3b2LFjB+bn5z31RkdHIYSAYRgwDANCCMzOziKRSEAIgXw+DzSHYMhhGDLxHhgYgBACpVIJ8/PzePHFFwEA9+/fh2VZaDQauHDhAt58803ouo579+6hWq3ihRdewIkTJyCEwJkzZ3D69GlP35ifn4dt2zh58iR+85vfYGZmBpZl4cyZM04duQ4AcPv2bViWhWvXruGFF15w6pimiXfffRfz8/Oo1+s4cOAARkZGNs8+J7oIUIV6AABj7cJYBLMV4rQV2rBRHnSsZmZmBAAxMTHhlE1NTQlN04RhGJ66m9lq4lwqlZzj+NTUlDrZUa/XhaZpAoBIpVLq5L6wmvZL+XxeABD5fF6dJEql0qbpJ2uJwUaRfc4v1pJhGC11DMPw3Q7tyuU2dZuYmBDpdNpTls1mBQCxsLAghGs+y7I89VKpVMs+Eo/HhaZpzt+GYYh4PO6po67fxMSE0HXdUyeVSnmWo2ma5/3r9Xrf73vuWPNKOhERBXLu3DkYhoFjx445ZcPDw/juu+889bareDwOADhx4oQ6yXHhwgUMDw8DAJ544gl18qb35JNPqkWORCKB/fv3q8W0CX355ZcYHx/3fEty+vRpAMAPP/zgqRuNRj1/T09PY2RkxDNvpVJBo9FArVZz6kUiEc98ADA3N+f8/8svv2z55so0TSwtLQHNYTONRgO6rjvvs2vXLgBApVLxzNevmKQTEVFgi4uLzrhTaWBgwJN81Wo1TE5OIhaLtXyt7B4fqr7cJ+jNKBKJIJ1Ow7Is33Gvtm3jiy++wNGjR9VJjkKh4IyvHRwc9IyvVcffquNrVzKW90GRTyGxbdvTR3K5HEKhECYnJ2GaJpLJJAqFAkzTRDgcdj7YoNlOvyFXUrf5txMZl3/5l39RJ61ZPp93hsC4X0FiXSqVWuYTQrQk9L2gvocQAouLi2q1vsQknYiIApGPdduzZ09LEiqTLzTHoy4vL8OyLE+dYrGIQ4cO4dSpUxBCYGpqCgCQSqXW7QS90d5++20AwB/+8Ad1Ei5cuIBXX31VLXZkMhncuXPHGV8LAENDQ06idfLkSczPz6NSqaBeryMej2NkZMSToAYZy/sgyA9u0vLystNHLl26hH/7t3+DYRi4e/cuduzYgbm5Ody8eRPLy8tIp9P46aefgGYfevbZZ3H27FkIIfD11187Sblt286463bzbyfVahWVSgWapuHXv/61OnnNvvjiC7UItm23fDD3880336hFKBaLalFX165dU4tQq9U86+C3XL+yvuQZDOMjQBXqAXUc0nbHWASzFeK0FdqwUfohVgsLCyIejwsAQtf1lrGlkhwvWyqVnDLDMFrGkMoxs/1kNevjHm+dTqdb2l6v14Wu66Jer/uOJV5YWGiJjXoPQCqV8oylldPVGHcby9vNatovucfmqy917LSs69eHALSMeRZCCF3XRTab9ZRNTEx44iQ6zB/UWmKwUeT2V+Mqmv1N7qfuuIgO/SEej/uWy7HmbjLm6rbLZrOiXq8L0WYsu3CNG5dj1yX39vJbR/VY0e7+B/dyNE0T8XjcWSchhLAsq2WefiH3FYlX0omIKLCBgQFcv37duQo+MjISeDjFww8/3HJ1HQB0XVeLNjV5Nf3UqVNO2bfffovXXnvNd5wtmmNtLcvyDP85dOgQ0LwiiuYwDtM0ncfbvfTSS8pS/snvPdxjeTeCOhSiVCqpVRyPPvqoWgQA+NnPfub5u1wuw7Is/OIXv/CUHz58GGiOUXZT599q/vznP6tFsG0bpmni17/+NSqVCvL5vOceEtu2sbi42DJsTV51V8tt28b09LRTRzp8+DB0XcfIyIgztCiZTGLnzp1O/7t58yYAeL5BAYDjx4+j0Wjgl7/8JTKZDAqFAmKxmDMMTK7jtWvXWtbF/e8rr7wCTdMwNjbmLCeZTOKpp55y5jlz5gwqlQr27NmDXC6HXC6HAwcO4JVXXnHq9DVPCu8jQBXqAfXT03bHWASzFeK0FdqwUfoxVvLpLupTFPyupC8sLAhN05yrWOrf/WI1cVafXKJeTXdfzfO7kp7P51uuHKrq9brIZrNC0zQxMTHR9kq6uhz1CmQ3K6mr8mubpF519esjkt8yZH31yrBo1ne322/+lVhLDNZbp28rAIh4PC6y2WzLU1WEK9eQL+G6Iu1+5fN53/dxx9iyLJFKpQSAlv1Y9jn38txKpZLnG7mZmRlnmvqefush+8zCwoLzXu2+2ZNPgZHrr17B7yeyfc7fnqk+3JVp/agbZrtjLILZCnHaCm3YKA86VuowA8nva/d2CdjExETbE3u/WE2c1STdsiwnKZiamvKNjZqkA/B8LS/JBMZoDmVRk/3NkqSr/NZf8luGrO/XD6E8Vs9v/pVYSwyIVgtKLsjhLkREFMiNGzd8h7U89thjAICdO3eqkzzK5TK+/PJLmKYJIQSWlpY8N5xuJdFoFOl0GnNzczhx4kTXr9cNwwCaN4e6uW9wm5ubw5EjR3yHs2wW6g2kK5FIJKBpGsbHx32HQTz33HOu2kSbH5N0IiIKbGhoCKZpOolRrVZDKpWCpmnO2GAAuHXrludfALh69Srm5uaQTCadV6FQwOTkpCfpkj8h7i7rd7du3WoZzyvHAqtj0eWTLeSYXTTH+qdSKYyPjyMWi6FQKCCTyeDcuXM4ePAgAEDTNHzxxRewbRu1Wg2XLl0Cmu8tYxhkLO96km1bXl5WJ6FcLiOVSuHpp58GXH3j448/9tSTHwQ/+eSTlnU+f/48Go0GTp48Cbv5NJeTJ08iHo87j/7rND/RpuK5zu4jQBXqAfUrju2OsQhmK8RpK7RhozzoWMknN+TzeWeMp6ZpIp1Oe8a/qmNc5bAD+QQTOa/75R6ikUqlnCehPAgrjbPaFnVsrjs2al24hnu4x5yj+XQSdwzc4/8nJiaEZVlCa/7aq/wlRXW5fmXdYIXtl9T38nvJ7az2EVnut86qmZkZT/9zP1EkyPxBrHY+orVQ+2yoWdhWKBRClyrUA6FQCPjnllEnbUvsd8FshThthTZslM0eK9M08eijjyKRSHjKq9UqXnjhhb75gZHNHue12u7th+ucTPQgyP2PSXqfYJLuxX4XzFaI01Zow0bZzLEql8vYt29f2/UfHh5u+YGkB2Uzx7kXtnv7wRh0xfisDzUX5Jh0IiJad/fu3QOayXixWEStVnN+GTCTyeD48ePqLERE2xqvpPcJ9dPTdsd+F8xWiNNWaMNG2eyxKhaL+Oyzz5wfR9F1HQcOHMDbb7+NaDSqVn9gNnuc12q7tx+MQVeMz/pQc0Em6X1C3TDbHftdMFshTluhDRuFsdoY2z3O2739YAy6YnzWh5oLcrgLEREREVGfYZJORERERNRnmKQTEREREfUZJulERERERH2GSTpRF7ZtIxwOo1AoqJNoi6lWq8jlcgiHwyiXy+pkFItFDA4OIhQKIRaL9c1zvYOYnJx0fi79QSmXywiFQk5sbduGaZoYHBxc8/7lt+1yuRxqtZpatW91OtbYto1MJoNwOIxQKITh4WHnJ+83c79UJZNJJJNJtRgAUCgUEIvFEAqFMDg46PTnarWK4eFhhEIhhMNh5HI5dVaiTYlJ+jZXKBQQCoW6vrYi94FdnvTkiZ7+P5v5hL9SDz30EACg0Wiok1AsFvHmm29idnYWlmUhFoshk8mo1fqObdtIJpM4fPgwBgYGnDKZ0K42sVtp/XZ27NiBSqWiFq+Y37b7/e9/j2w2u6EfTrodU5PJ5Ko+PCSTSQwMDGBpaQkTExOYn5/H5cuX+65frlf7c7kcbt68icXFRZRKJTQaDZw5cwa1Wg1DQ0M4fvw46vU60uk0Tp8+vaHbHB3a7fdhn1q1i1+3Olue6CJAFeoBAA8s1vV6XcTjcQFAlEolz7RSqSQ0TfOUbYT1joVlWULTNJFOp0W9Xhei2VYZh81iI9ZV13W1qKc2og0rkc/nffcFwzCEYRieso22mlgZhtHSllQqJQzDEPl8XmSzWaFpmgAgJiYmPPU66WW/ACDy+bxavGJ+265erwtd14VlWZ66nawmzm7tjqkLCwsin8878Z6amvLM106pVGpZlrQe/bLf2i869BG5zXttNcus1+vCMIy267qVrCY+3bj7TbtjkayzVeMLJRfklXRCJBJBJBJRiwEAiUQCZ86cUYs3vcuXL6PRaOD8+fNO2xOJBGZnZ6Hrulp928pkMrAsSy2mTcI0Tdi2jUQi4ZTJK4+zs7MYHR3F+++/j++++w4A8F//9V+uudvbTP0iEongtdde29Cry5FIBAcOHFCLMTAwgNHRUXz33XfQNA0jIyNb8krrdm1/JBLB/v37AQBPPvmkOpm6iEQiOHLkCADg5z//uToZcOUr2yW+TNKpq2PHjqlFW4b6lag8oUtyzGwymWwZJ1qtVpFMJlu+fguFQj0bCvAg5XI5jI+PA80fWNiqXy2Wy2XPeN4vvvjCM11+xTo3N4e5uTmEml/ZbwYnTpxwTnpSNBpt2acHBgZgGAaWlpY85X7a9Qt1zLQ6hKZWq2FychKxWCxQYiaXJ9/DPQZb6rbtJMMwMDc317K/r6edO3eqRY6BgQHn4sepU6eADseaUCiEffv2AQD27duHUHMIRb/3y5W2H80hZZlMxtMOeYwFgLGxMYRCIRQKBef+hrGxMWATH6PcfTgcDiOTyTj9XB3eUS6XW845sq+4y6VO+1CtVnOGvMkhce3uxeln6n5jmqZz34I7lu57Vmzbdoa6xmIxFIvFlmX2S9yYpFNb1Wq1JTHdKl555RVomoZf/vKXKBQKnpP/6Oio8//l5WXs2LEDc3NzThlcVyOj0SiEEFhYWICmadA0DUIIDA8Pe+pvRu+//z7y+Tzwz+/e8M9v4raWarWKffv24dVXX4UQAhcvXmy5Qjw6OgohBAzDgGEYEEJgdnbWU6cfFYtFWJa1oitOQfptu35x8uRJzM/Po1KpoF6vIx6PY2RkxNm37t+/j+Xl5Zb4+pEnv4GBAQghUCqVMD8/jxdffNGpE2TbSXIs/uTkpDrpgTl8+DAAYG5uDrVare2xRrYfAEqlEoQQSCQSm7ZfSmr7bdvGjh07MD8/76k3Ozvr9LF8Pg8hBEZHR5FIJCCE8O2Lm0WxWMSzzz6Ls2fPQgiBr7/+2kk4bdvG6Oio0758Pu9825vNZgEAU1NTzvlqdnYW8Xjc6Svd9qH79+/Dsiw0Gg1cuHABb775JnRdx71795z12wyWl5eBZj+6cuUK7t69i4sXLyKVSmF8fBwnT54Emu29ceMGGo0GPvroI/z2t7/F1NQUlpaWcOjQIeceiX6LG5N08pBXakKhEH75y1+qk7eMSCSC27dvI5VKYWxsDHv27GlJ1tG86njw4EFPGVzDZd5++22gmQS88847aDQa6/aJmnrvhRdeQDqddq4sJxIJpNNptdqm9P333wOuGyo7sW0bi4uLTn9ejaWlJcTjcUSjUUQiEfz2t78FAPzwww9Acx8J+oHh8uXLGBwcbNku7qvhK912uq7j+vXravED4x5i+OOPP7Y91mxVavsjkQgSiQRisZin3lb25ptvIp1OO8PREs3hpZVKBZcvXwaaFwl0XcfNmzed+X7/+99D0zT87//+r1Nm2zYGBwedZXXbhwYGBvDEE08AzQ9MBw8exPXr1zddH4xGo87FhV/96lfOBzjTNGEYBsbHx1Gr1ZBIJJyhSL///e9x8OBBDA8P4+uvvwYAfPjhh0Afxo1JOnnIKzVCCExNTamTt5RIJALTNFEqlbB3714nWQ8yVEV+lfvjjz+qk/DII4+oRdSHqtUqLMvCU0895Snv9DX9ZnLlyhXAdRW5kwsXLuDUqVOIRqPqpMBM04Rpms7XwS+99JJaJbAvv/wS4+Pjnq/1T58+DTST/tVsu1gs1pOnyBD1QrlchmVZ+MUvfuEpl98wfPnll07Za6+9hunpac8TcXRdx/j4uHNh6cKFCzh69Kgzvds+5LaW/b6fqPv/888/D/icp90fEBOJBDRNc2Lbb3Fjkk5tBfnqeyuQXyGWSiXouo6RkZGWMWqqw4cPIx6P4+OPP4Zt27BtG1988QUMw9iQHZfW7v79+wCARx99VJ20rVSrVezevbtlf1fHvoa6jPe1m491jMfj2L17Nz7//HO1yorIoQ3qa3h4eEtsO/e3do8//rhn2naw3dsvyeEakjuBlGTiLq+uX758GdPT02g0Gvj222+B5odyeRVd6rQPbQftbj5V7d271/N3P8WNSTp15B6fvZX4DW2RyToAnDt3zjNNFYlE8Omnn+Knn37Cnj17sGvXLgwODuJPf/qTWpX63K1bt9SibaNareIf//iH78nn5ZdfRj6f97w6efHFFzE/P4/bt2/j2LFj2LFjh1plRfxuArVt2zOcbDNvO5lwGYbhm5htddu9/dLdu3fVIgDAww8/7Pw/Go0ilUrhk08+gW3buHv3rlN24sQJFItF56qxW5B9qF91G+Md5BvrbsuQ1Fygn+LGJJ22LXmScItEItB13XOA9GPbtvMYu6WlJQghPI9zpP4nD/Lur5U7UQ/k/U6Ov2x3YpEJeruxlMPDwxgdHfW8Opmbm8ORI0d6sg88//zzqFQqLUPPPvroIzz++OMr3nZobr+NfLyqeoXUrVqt4vjx40Dzql03nZKNfu2XvWx/pzZ2ep9+VK1WUSwWnWEW7iErcLX1ueeec80F/Pa3v4VlWXjxxRfxyiuveMrefPNN52q71G0f6lf/8i//AgD461//qk4Cmg9tuHbtWqBvrP/85z9D1/WWbxjcarUaKpUKXn75ZaAP48YknWA3h2sAwN///nd18pb1u9/9DoVCwXNXt3z+8xtvvOHUkzequW/c+eGHH9BoNDA4OIhk82esc7mcZ3loDhmQj2rajOQYv3K5jGq16mnbZheNRpHNZjE3N+c8qsu2bWcs961bt5z2VqtVVCoVLC4ubpptKW/S9EvwyuUyxsbG8P3336NQKDivTCYT6Akofv1C0zR88cUXsG0btVoNly5dAppxlMuUV77dV8D99q/Dhw87Q8/ko9WSySR27tyJSCSyom0nVSoV32d3rwfbtlueUoJmQlAoFDA0NAQAmJmZ8dwz4BcLAPjss88An28O2vVL+ei+dh/Q1ttq2283b2BW2yMvqKhxsW0b09PTgCt2aPbLkOvxhBvF3Qf99rtisYgXXnjB+WB8/vx5NBoNnDx50unDJ0+eRDweb/l26+DBg84FJJmgHjx4EJqm4cCBAy0fjrvtQ3DFM8g+v1EOHjyIeDyO06dPe77xtpuPWozH4zh//rw6GwDggw8+cPp8uVzG+Pi477fi7mNGNpv1xLvv4ub5qSMfAapQD6i/MrVR5K+1qa8Hbb3XIZ/Pi3q9LqamppxfOAMgUqmU5xfy5C/9yZf8ZT/5q2fueeVL0zTnV0xTqZTQdd35u9fWO06ynZqmrejXAVdivdvQjfsXENPptMhmsyIej4upqSlRr9d995EH9Wt3K42Vrust6zozM9PSHvcrSF/16xdTU1NC0zShaZqYmJhwftXXMAzfOObz+Zb9y90+y7JEKpUSaO5TajtEgG0nLSwsCLT5xU4/7vVYKbWd6sswDDExMdESZzUW8lijzi/Xze99ZIwmJiaEpmmB26uS77EafuvlfrVrv/Bpq2j+oqpaXiqVWuIlly1cv5Td7lcrg5DvH1S3dstXNpv1zDczMyN0XRdo9vNsNusbG9F8D3WbZrNZsbCw4CmTOu1Dalz99q9OVhqflZDHC/f5VdO0lvOzG5rbX8ZS13UxMzPjqSO3UTqddpbr/tVxaT3j1o1crhRqFrYVCoXQpQr1gLwpi7H+p37vd9VqFf/zP//T8qMwtVoN2WwWb7zxRsev2Hql3+MUxFZow0ZZaaxM08Qf/vCHvnr04IMwOTmJL7/8MvBzxFca561mu7cfjEFX/RafUCiEfD7fcVheoVDA2NhYX623Ss0FOdyFaIXs5nh0vzvHo9EodF0PdFML0XobHh6Grutdn1a0ldm2jU8//bTtV+RERP2KSTrRCskbld566y2YpolqtQq7eed3oVDAL37xi0A3tRBthD/+8Y84d+6cZ8zudvLRRx/h008/5T5JtEXJceh37txRJ3nI+wXU+1X6GYe79An1K47trt/7XbVaxeTkJEzTRKPRcG7e2ahhLlK/xymIrdCGjbKWWE1OTuLpp5/eVsnqatu8ljhvBdu9/WAMuuqX+MghLG5+6yVzLKnb0JgHRc0FAyXpRERERES0vtxpeaAkvUsV6gHG2YvxCGYrxGkrtGGjMFYbY7vHebu3H4xBV4zP+lDjyjHpRERERER9hkk6EREREVGfYZJORERERNRnmKQTEREREfWZbZOkV6tVZDIZhMNhdRIRERERUV/pWZJeKBQQCoW6vh6kpaUlNBoNtZiIiIiIqK/0LEkfHR1FvV6HpmlA8zmP7le9XkcqlXJ+GWqjDQwM4IknnlCLiYiIiIj6Ts+SdACIRCLYu3evWgw0p73xxhtqMRERERERKXqapHeTSCRafjK9WCxicHAQoVAI4XAYuVzOGTeeTCadYTLyCrx7WI37qrx7OaFQCMPDw7Bt25lORERERLRZbFiSnsvl1CKYpomXXnoJZ8+ehRACX3/9NcbHx51x47Ozs5iYmPDMMzo62lJWq9Vw6NAhHDlyBEIIlEolTE9P46OPPvLUIyIiIiLaDNYtSVdvGD19+rRneq1Ww8jICD7//HPn6noikWgZLvPzn//c87df2f379wEAhmEAzeXE43HcuHHDU4+IiIiIaDNYtyTd76ZRt2+//RYAcPDgQU/5agwMDEAIgYGBAZimiWQyiUqlolYjIiIiItoU1i1Jd4tEInjuuec8ZXfv3vX8vVblchmxWAxfffUVTpw44VxVJyIiIiLabDYkSQeA4eFhz987d+4EgJ7c3Fkul7Fv3z6cOnUKpmm23JxKRERERLSZbFiSLhUKBdi2jd27dwMALl++rFbxde/ePd//A8DVq1cBnw8CRERERESbUU+T9FqthmvXrgE+V8ht20ahUMCdO3cQiUTw9NNPQ9d1/O53v0OhUEC5XMbk5CQWFxc98z3yyCMAgHfffRflchmFQgF//etfAQDffPMNqtWqc1XeNE3n38XFRdi2jcnJSdRqNQDAzZs3AQDVarW5dCIiIiKi/tOzJL1QKEDXdefxibt27fI83WXXrl0YGxvD0aNHgeY49f/+7/+GYRgYGxvDW2+9hX/9139FLBbzLDcajWJiYgKVSgXPPvssdu/ejWeeeQa6rmP37t149NFHcfjwYRiGgZGRESSTSezduxepVAqWZWHnzp2IRqNIJpOYnp4GAPzyl79EoVDwvA8RERERUb8ICSGEWugWCoXQpUpPJZNJzM3Nbeh79oONjnO/YzyC2Qpx2gpt2CiM1cbY7nHe7u0HY9AV47M+1Lj27Eo6ERERERH1Rt8l6XIsuzqmnYiIiIhou+irJD0UCjk/QrRr1y6Uy2W1ChERERHRltd3Y9K3K8bZi/EIZivEaSu0YaMwVhtju8d5u7cfjEFXjM/6UOPaV1fSiYiIiIiISToRERERUd9hkk5ERERE1GeYpBMRERER9ZlNl6QXCgWEw2E+opGIiIiItqxNl6TT+shkMgiFQs6rUCioVTwKhYKnfrv51OmmaXqmbzYrjZObaZrOfFKtVmuJkfvVy8eQBt1mKnW+WCzmmV4ul1uWGQqFkEwmPfV6Tb5POzK26vrCp1+6X+4+qm5vv2X5UZdZq9U80/22+3amxkKNlx912/j142Qy6anTj8cfv74QZL9X25bJZNQqLfvueu+Tq+UXg5WQsfCLgRSLxRBq0082C9nOIP3DTfYD9fjld+wOsu9tFX79biWxDdJX3TFeVWxFFwGqUA88yDgbhiF0XXf+LpVKAoDI5/Oeem75fL7rOhuGIaamppy/0+m0AOApa6fbsh+E1cRJsixLABCGYQRqW5D4ihXGKegy3UqlkqfNsh1+cSiVSk7ZSqx0nWQ75MuP7GvqunYyNTUlAAjLsoRwLcNN1/WOy5PxcfcJuRy5XBkv934QtF8EqbOZBImXnyD7oq7rwjAM52+5ffvt+KPrumffkX2h0/6Uz+dFOp12/pZtc5fJ/UTGUcbaXaedjWz/WvYH0Wyn3C/btS2dTjvLDHK8Fhscg25kjOSrU99QyXnVfUY02+jez2SMOu17Uj/FZ7XUfU8ee7rFN8g5SJKxX21cOy/dZwZaHw8qzu0SrHQ63bJDu60m4evXk0QQq42TZBiGSKfTgeO2HnEK+t7dqElUu9gEtZJ1cp/Q27VHJiylUinw9hE+SZ3fSV8uu5127wdXcmAYhud9hGvf6JZAdnrvzShIvFTt+pt7WeoHLskv9n4eZJxl+9q1vx2ZqErwOYaoiXs7G9l+v20SdH+Q9UrNiwlqe4Urnn4fCDvZyBh0I7dlu77fia7rzoc6v33NzX3s7Kaf4tMr7vNLO0HOQVK6+eGw3fHIj7q8ng13Ub96k18ZuL9uc5fJr57C4TByuZyznFqthlwu54w7TyaTCIfDKJfLqFarzjS3YrGIwcFB532Gh4edMeu2bWNychKxWAzlchnFYtF5b/f7+i0rHA63fDVm27bna1b3ewFAtVp1lh+LxTA4OOiZv99cvXoVAJBIJDzlTz31FCzLWt3XM1vQWuJkmibm5uZw/vx5dZIv2efefvttddK2l0gkIITA8PCwOskxPDwMIUTLturENE1YloUTJ044ZbFYDPPz8556Fy9ehK7rnjK3+fl5HDhwQC2GYRi4cuUKAGBubg779+/3TI9Go9B1HX/5y1885VtdkHipguyLf/nLX6DrOqLRqKfO/v37MTc35ynbiuTx6KmnnvKUP/nkkwCAH3/80VP+IK1lf8hkMkin0y19we3ll19GPp9v6QubiRAi8PnDTZ5LRkdH1Um0SkHOQWgOcxkfH1/VdnPrWZL+pz/9CfF4HAAwMzPj7DSjo6PIZrOYmJhAIpGAaZoYGxvDxYsXIYTAO++8g9OnT6NYLAIA7t+/D8uy0Gg0cOHCBbz55pvQdR337t3zTJNqtRoOHTqEI0eOQAiBUqmE6elpfPTRRwCA5eVlLC8vw7IsXLp0Cd9//z0uXryIVCqF06dPo1qtOssyTRMvvfQSzp49CyEE0uk0xsbGnHGM8kPDwMCA817z8/N48cUXnWUMDQ3h3LlzEELg4sWLsCzLmdaP7ty5oxZ5dDuYuz+YdRvveO3aNcDnxLEZrCVOIyMjmJqaUovb+uSTT2AYxrqdVFayzfzMz8/7JkD79u3zLHszkcm3+2Q/OzsLy7IQal5giMVimJubw+Liomdet077++LiYscPc3AlV9tFt3j5CbIvdotjt+kPkvwQIhPqIGq1GizLavnAc/fuXc/fjzzyCADg73//u6f8Qem2HTpND3LxYzsnqbVazcm1gqjVahgZGYFhGB0/9Gxl+/btg67rXRPwIHr14bBnSXokEsHZs2cBAPfu3fNMu3HjBo4dOwY0k2ZN05xO8MorrwAAvv/+ewDAwMAAnnjiCQDA4cOHcfDgQVy/fh0HDx5EIpFwpkn3798Hmlde0PyUE4/HcePGDaD5iVwe7H7zm99gdHQUiUQCb7zxhmd+ND+Vnz9/3lm3f//3fwea6wwAly9fxuDgoNOWRCKBdDqNubk5J9lvNBp47LHHnOmdDiD9wu/K4KOPPqoWeYyOjkL8c7iU84Flbm6uY9J34sSJnu0AD8Jq4pTJZGAYRuA2+13R7ZXVbDOVXL9Tp045ZfLKgvuF5oeBzaBcLmNubs7TJkkIAV3XsW/fPliWFejD1s9+9jO1qOVAvXv3bs/faF65346CxEsVZF/0i6df3PvN2NjYihOlDz/8EHB9+xaNRmEYBsbGxnzr9Ru/7eK3/dy6XfxYaZK61QT5lqHmunFS13UYhoHZ2Vm12pbmvrCk63rbiwMr0csPhz1L0tE8WRuG4UkwyuUynn/+eefvY8eOYWlpyRmG8utf/9qZpup2oEYzqRdCYGBgAKZpIplMolKpqNUAADt27FCLnKsW5XIZjUbDc6CXy5ZJ+Zdffonx8XHPRj19+jQA4IcffgAApFIpHDhwwLn6HjQ5e5D8rmat9EpLIpFAPp/H3Nyc79WPTCYDy7Jahg9sJiuN02q+7vK7orteum0zlbzSkk6nu/brUqkENJP6fnfp0iXAZ1+VT+N57bXXIITA1NQURkZGun6o8bvSq8ZXvcKJDleOt7og8VIF2Rf94ukX934i+9ZKEiXTNDE+Po6pqSnPOXN2dha6rvt+u6V+oHnQ/LaL3/aTglz8CJKkblVBvmVAM8dyX1yJRqMI9elTkNaLu/2vvfYaQmt8AlCvPxz2NElH8xK/ZVnORv74449x+PBhT53JyUns2bMHd+/e7UnSJr+K/uqrr3DixAnnqvp6yOfzLVcNhWt8kmmaOHXqFE6cOIFYLOYM4+lXflex3OTXo0H4XQ1B82A5Pj6OUqkU6INXP1pNnOQHQPeJUl7ZCvk8LqzTFd310m6bqWq1mnOlpduBH23i0Y9qtRrGx8eRz+dbykdGRpDP552rIcPDw863D+1OYn5XeKVYLNa1/3ebvtV0i5efIPtitzh2m/4gJJNJzM3N+X4Aacc0Taef+iWsi4uLnvPU0aNHgT7aP7tth3bT5+fnMTc35/kAYlmWcxFNHkvVi2poflMRWu3j8DYJOZbf3fbx8XFn+F67JFQe23uVYG42o6Oj0HUdn3zyiTopMDms1z38c2RkBGge77pd5FH1PEkfHh6Gruv4wx/+gFqthnA4jEgk4kwvFAo4fvw4vvvuO7z//vttd8KgyuUy9u3bh1OnTsE0zTV/ar5165Za5Dkhf/HFF55paI5Vdz9bc3h4GIuLi3jttddw6NChvk7U5VAg9/qjuZPrPuOOO5EHBvc8hULBSdDXum0epNXESR1eIoRwkkHhcyOQTM79TrbrxW+b+VnpV6HyQNVvV+xU8ut/9UKCvMdAHRfcLbk5cOCA74UH981xfjdF1ppjijfj/RprESReqiD7Yrsbuq9cubKuF3FWK5PJOAl6t31RKpfLLR8ku7l06dK63u+yGqvZH9QPH6I5LC2dTkM0bxpXp4vmMDx5oa2fYtBr58+fb2l7Op2GrusQQnTsL50+OG8H7S4OBCUfXOB+yWFZlmUFPoc6PM968RGgSouJiQkBQMTj8ZZHzvg9bgnKY5E6PdZGnab+LXzew++xRepjrur1utA0TWiaJur1ulNvYWFBTExMCOFql/p4nmw268yjPt5JXZd21DZsJPXRXX7PE1brqOsr5/Hbjmq8glCX3w/UGPjFCc1norbj119Fm+dFB+G3rHbUun7bTH28omjO1+nRXYZhePYt2ZZOcXBT1yuodrF06/bYMfg8pk7ya4MaH0N5nrN6XPGr49dv1L7VTrf2bja9ipdfHXX7yf7Sb4+Xk32q03qp7ZVxa9d3/ah9t5ONbL/ftlPb61dHpbd5BKOb2tc62cgYBOWXy7jLO7VNPRaWlN/AECs8Z/djfFZCnqfc/M6Jal90C3IOEh0eCetHXV7XpaszBCETXvUEJ4QQqVRKaJomFhYWRL1edxLfdPMZ0rIOACc5VucHIBYWFoTwSZynpqaErusiHo+LiYkJYVmWU8cd+JmZGQFAZLNZp0wGXG8+VzSbzQrDMJwEvF6vC13XBZoH/3w+7/wraZrmrItlWc6yullNnHtJtku+1IOA2lFlrDrNo053v7p11gcdj3a6xQk+iZ1bu516JSdQN79ltRNkm6nr4TePfMkTojxBuF9B+ry0kjb4vZd8uY8B6jT5crdXtk2NgZs6P5R1VRNK4bOOfgd4dR079Rk39b22gm7xapegddsXhc/2C7p/bVScZaLQ7iWpx1/Z7/xeMk5qHTWunbjfeyN02x/a9QE3fQsn6eo2li/1GNypbWqSLsvUZfrtR376KT6r5Xd+U/uYuu+px6tO80p9l6SL5tVlv429sLDgHFzlFeh4PC50XRcLCwstBxZ3p1OnlUolUa/XnXLDMIRlWSKbzTrJsroRZFKtlkn5fF5omiYAiFQq5bmqLpoHVflBQdO0lp0iHo8782ua5vkQ0AlWGeetivEIZivEaSu0YaMwVhtju8d5u7dfMAZdMT7rQ41rqFnYVigUQpcq1AOMsxfjEcxWiNNWaMNGYaw2xnaP83ZvPxiDrhif9aHGtec3jhIRERER0dowSSciIiIi6jNM0omIiIiI+gyTdCIiIiKiPsMknYiIiIiozzBJJyIiIiLqM0zSiYiIiIj6DJN0IiIiIqI+wyR9DWzbhmmaSCaTSCaT6mQiIiIiolVhkr5Ge/fuxdzcnFpMRERERLRqTNLXIBKJIBqNqsVERERERGvCJJ2IiIiIqM/0NEmvVqsYHh5GKBRCKBTC4OAgqtWqp04ul3OmJ5NJTE5OeuaPxWIIhUKIxWIYHBwEABQKBWeeQqEAACiXyy1ltVoNuVwOsVgM5XIZhUIB4XAY4XAYpmkCACYnJxEOhxEKhZDL5Zz3lorFomcd5HySbdvI5XLOMoaHhz3TiYiIiIjWqqdJ+gsvvAAAqNfrsCwLjUYDr776qjN9cnISN27cQL1eR71eRzQaxfLysjN9aGgI586dgxACFy9ehGVZAIDR0VEsLCw49QAgkUi0lN2/fx+NRgOWZeHSpUs4fPgwlpaWcODAAYyMjCCXy+HnP/85lpaWkM/ncfr0ac+HCNM08e6772J+fh71et2Zr1wuO3Vef/11zM/Po1KpoF6vIxwOO9OIiIiIiHqhp0n60tIShoaGnLHaqVQKlUrFmb68vIxoNIpIJIJIJILz589j9+7dzvRGo4HHHnsMaCbh58+fd6YNDAw4/29XNjAwgJ/97GcAgKNHjzrjxd944w0AwDPPPINEIgEAePLJJwHAc9NnJpPB9PS0s47vvfceAODjjz8Gmkn89PS0bx0iIiIiol7peZJ+7NgxlMtlZDIZnD592jP9ySefhGmayGQyqNVqAOAZLpJKpXDgwAFniMlGDiUpl8toNBrQdd0ZRrNr1y4AcD5ofPXVV9B13XOzaCQScf5PRERERNQLPU3Sa7Uakskk3nrrLTz11FPI5/Oe6YlEwkl4dV1HJpOBbdvOdNM0cerUKZw4cQKxWAzFYtE198YQQrS8FhcXAQA//fQTYrGYOgsRERERUU/1LEm3bRvxeBzRaBTXr19vexU8Go3i/PnzWFhYwPXr11t+BGh4eBiLi4t47bXXcOjQoQ1P1P3ez1127do1zzQiIiIiol7rWZL+ww8/oNFo4OjRo+okx+TkpHPlfGBgAGfPnkWlUnFuzJRPaUHzZlHDMHDu3DmnDM1x7ZL7KvxaJRIJaJqGd99917PcWq2G77//Hmh+wGg0Gp4bSYmIiIiIeq1nSfpDDz0EALh06RLQHON95coVoHklulgsYnl5Ga+//rozHv3q1avQNA2PP/44AOCDDz5wxqPXajUsLi5i//79zXf45xCZ8fFxFItFmKaJCxcuAACuXLniJM537twBANy7d8+Z79atW55/3dNlfQA4c+YMKpUK9uzZg1wuh1wuhwMHDuCVV14BALz99tvQNA3PPvus837yKrtt20zeiYiIiKg3RBcBqjiy2awAIHRdF6VSSczMzAgAIpvNCiGEmJiYEPF4XAAQAEQ8HhcLCwvO/PF4XGiaJgAITdOc+aRSqeRMl9NkPcuyhGEYzrIBiHw+31JmGIbI5/MtZdLExITQdd0pd6+fEEIsLCw4y9R1XczMzAhN00Q6nW6puxJYQZy3A8YjmK0Qp63Qho3CWG2M7R7n7d5+wRh0xfisDzWuoWZhW6FQCF2qUA8wzl6MRzBbIU5boQ0bhbHaGNs9ztu9/WAMumJ81oca154NdyEiIiIiot5gkk5ERERE1GeYpBMRERER9ZlAY9KJiIiIiGh9udPyQEl6lyrUA4yzF+MRzFaI01Zow0ZhrDbGdo/zdm8/GIOuGJ/1ocaVw12IiIiIiPoMk3QiIiIioj7DJJ2IiIiIqM8wSSciIiIi6jPbJkmvVqvIZDIIh8PqJCIiIiKivtKzJL1QKCAUCnV9PUhLS0toNBpqMRERERFRX+lZkj46Oop6vQ5N04Dmcx7dr3q9jlQqhXK5rM66IQYGBvDEE0+oxUREREREfadnSToARCIR7N27Vy0GmtPeeOMNtZiIiIiIiBQ9TdK7SSQSSCQSnrJisYjBwUGEQiGEw2Hkcjln3HgymXSGycgr8O5hNe6r8u7lhEIhDA8Pw7ZtZzoRERER0WaxYUl6LpdTi2CaJl566SWcPXsWQgh8/fXXGB8fd8aNz87OYmJiwjPP6OhoS1mtVsOhQ4dw5MgRCCFQKpUwPT2Njz76yFOPiIiIiGgzWLckXb1h9PTp057ptVoNIyMj+Pzzz52r64lEomW4zM9//nPP335l9+/fBwAYhgE0lxOPx3Hjxg1PPSIiIiKizWDdknS/m0bdvv32WwDAwYMHPeWrMTAwACEEBgYGYJomkskkKpWKWo2IiIiIaFNYtyTdLRKJ4LnnnvOU3b171/P3WpXLZcRiMXz11Vc4ceKEc1WdiIiIiGiz2ZAkHQCGh4c9f+/cuRMAenJzZ7lcxr59+3Dq1CmYptlycyoRERER0WayYUm6VCgUYNs2du/eDQC4fPmyWsXXvXv3fP8PAFevXgV8PggQEREREW1GPU3Sa7Uarl27BvhcIbdtG4VCAXfu3EEkEsHTTz8NXdfxu9/9DoVCAeVyGZOTk1hcXPTM98gjjwAA3n33XZTLZRQKBfz1r38FAHzzzTeoVqvOVXnTNJ1/FxcXYds2JicnUavVAAA3b94EAFSr1ebSiYiIiIj6T8+S9EKhAF3Xnccn7tq1y/N0l127dmFsbAxHjx4FmuPU//u//xuGYWBsbAxvvfUW/vVf/xWxWMyz3Gg0iomJCVQqFTz77LPYvXs3nnnmGei6jt27d+PRRx/F4cOHYRgGRkZGkEwmsXfvXqRSKViWhZ07dyIajSKZTGJ6ehoA8Mtf/hKFQsHzPkRERERE/SIkhBBqoVsoFEKXKj2VTCYxNze3oe/ZDzY6zv2O8QhmK8RpK7RhozBWG2O7x3m7tx+MQVeMz/pQ49qzK+lERERERNQbfZeky7Hs6ph2IiIiIqLtoq+S9FAo5PwI0a5du1Aul9UqRERERERbXt+NSd+uGGcvxiOYrRCnrdCGjcJYbYztHuft3n4wBl0xPutDjWtfXUknIiIiIiIm6UREREREfYdJOhERERFRn2GSTkRERETUZzZdkl4oFBAOh/mIRiIiIiLasjZdkk5EREREtNXxEYx9gnH2YjyC2Qpx2gpt2CiM1cbY7nHe7u0HY9AV47M+1LjySjoRERERUZ/pWZKeTCYRCoWcl/y10EKh4FsWi8UQCoUQDoeRy+Wc5dRqNeRyOWfceTKZRDgcRrlcRrVadaa5FYtFDA4OOu8zPDzsjFm3bRuTk5OIxWIol8soFovOe7vf129Z4XAYhULBM922bWQyGd/3AoBqteosPxaLYXBw0DM/EREREVE3PUvS//SnPyEejwMAZmZmkEgkAACjo6PIZrOYmJhAIpGAaZoYGxvDxYsXIYTAO++8g9OnT6NYLAIA7t+/D8uy0Gg0cOHCBbz55pvQdR337t3zTJNqtRoOHTqEI0eOQAiBUqmE6elpfPTRRwCA5eVlLC8vw7IsXLp0Cd9//z0uXryIVCqF06dPo1qtOssyTRMvvfQSzp49CyEE0uk0xsbGYJom0EzQk8kkBgYGnPean5/Hiy++6CxjaGgI586dgxACFy9ehGVZzjQiIiIioiB6lqRHIhGcPXsWAHDv3j3PtBs3buDYsWNAM2nWNM1J4l955RUAwPfffw8AGBgYwBNPPAEAOHz4MA4ePIjr16/j4MGDSCQSzjTp/v37AADDMAAAiUQC8XgcN27cAABEo1E8+eSTAIDf/OY3GB0dRSKRwBtvvOGZHwAymQzOnz/vrNu///u/A811BoDLly9jcHDQaUsikUA6ncbc3JyT7DcaDTz22GPO9PPnzzeXTkREREQUTM+SdDSTUsMwcOLECaesXC7j+eefd/4+duwYlpaWnGEov/71r51pqmg0qha1kFe1BwYGYJomkskkKpWKWg0AsGPHDrUIV69eBZrr2Wg08OijjzrT5LJlUv7ll19ifHzcM6zn9OnTAIAffvgBAJBKpXDgwAHn6vvw8LCzPCIiIiKiIHqapAPAyy+/DMuynCT1448/xuHDhz11JicnsWfPHty9exfz8/OeaatRLpcRi8Xw1Vdf4cSJE85V9fWQz+chhGh5yWTcNE2cOnUKJ06cQCwWc4bxEBEREREF1fMkfXh4GLqu4w9/+ANqtRrC4TAikYgzvVAo4Pjx4/juu+/w/vvvB7pa3km5XMa+fftw6tQpmKbpDFVZrVu3bqlFzgcOAPjiiy8809Acqy5vikUzBouLi3jttddw6NAhJupEREREtCI9T9IB4D/+4z9QqVSQSqXw9ttve6ZduXIFe/fuxcDAgKd8teRwlbUOK3n88cehaRqOHz/e8rQWOSb9+eefR6VS8STtAPDRRx/h8ccfB5ofQqTR0VEYhoFz5865ahMRERERdbYuSfrhw4ehaRoikUjLlfKHH34Y165dQ7VadcalA8CdO3ecBPfmzZtAc1iMSk6TN2ru3LkTcF3tNk0Ti4uLzrJrtZpzdVwm9HDd3CoT8EgkgnfeeQeNRgO//vWvUSgUkMvlMDY25gzXOXz4MHRdx8jICJLJJAqFApLJJHbu3Ol8W/DBBx8461Kr1bC4uIj9+/c770tERERE1JXoIkAVX9lsVpRKJbVYLCwsCF3XBQCRzWZFvV4X8Xhc6LouFhYWhGEYAoDzyufzzrzqtFKpJOr1ulNuGIawLEtks1mhaZqYmpoS+XzeM49hGL5lUj6fF5qmCQAilUqJer3uTBNCCMuyRCqVEgCEpmme9RNCiHg87syvaZrIZrOe6e1glXHeqhiPYFYSJ7Xfy5fah1XqfLquq1WEaK6L+2VZllrF10raEIS6Hu7X1NSUWl2USqWWdbYsq2Ve98vv2KaSx7lOcZDLC2oldTcTNb6dYial02nPPH79WD1n+G1/PxsZZ7++FqR/qW1Lp9NqlZZ9132u62Qj2y/axGAlZCz8YiDJ/dGvn/hZ6TpsBNnOIP3DTfYD9djtPvbJV5B9T/RpfFbKr9+tJLbt+qq638lXkL6nLq916Qp1BlofjLMX4xHMSuIkDxwrUSqVPAd2eVDzK3MfgGQCFeSAv9J1Wo2pqam264Nm8tJuuluQGMr3ki+/ZaoH8aBWUnczWG3fMQzD0wdlsuFejq7rnqRUbpcgifpGxlnXdU9iECQRy+fznoRUts1dJvuY+sGzUyIrbWT75bZzbxcZgyDy+bzQdV3out62bel02llmkERJbHAMulGT6U59QyXnVfcZ0Wyjez8LcmFB6qf4rJa678ljT7f4djt+BzlPtKPO13Up6gy0PhhnL8YjmJXEaS0HDjc1iUqn0y0Hf9FctyAnxF6sUzdqwibJk3enJN4NXZIcd9LZbpnupGSl22QldTeD1fQdGT/1ROpeVrvYG4bh2w9UDzLOfh84gpCJquTXV9XEvZ2NbL/fNpH7UbcPVLKevJigtle44un3gbCTjYxBN3Jbtuv7nei67nyo89vX3Pr1g+xG8fvAqApy/G5XHoQ637qMSSei7WN+fh4HDhxQi2EYBq5cuaIWbzjTNGFZluf3G9B8MtT4+HjgHxyT98yoN8O7RaNRCCEwOjqqTnIkEgkI12Nbt7PV9B15b5H6JK+nnnoKlmWhVqvhL3/5C3Rdb7knav/+/Zibm/OUbUW1Wg1oxsRN/rDfjz/+6Cl/kObm5lru24pGo9B1HX/5y1885apMJoN0Ot3SF9xefvll5PP5lr6wmQghAh+n3OQxq9PxiFZmo4/fTNKJthn3j3Elk0l1clfz8/OeBMiyLLWKY3FxUS3acBcvXoSu6y0n8pWevD/55BMYhhG4PnW3mr5z584dtcjjxx9/dJLUdrpNf5DkhxCZUAdRq9VgWVbLB567d+96/n7kkUcAAH//+9895Q9Kt+3Qabppmpibm+uYvG7nJLVWq2FsbAwXL15UJ7UlPxTt3btXnbQt7Nu3D7qu9ywBX+u5FkzSibaP0dFRCNcPcJVKJczNza3o4CGvSp86dcpT/rOf/czzNwL+YvB6K5fLmJuba1nflZ68212Np7VbTd/RdV0t8vxaNADEYjHP3wCwe/dutajvjI2NwTCMlg+VnXz44YeA61ueaDQKwzAwNjbmW6/f+G0Xv+3nNjIygqmpKbXYsZokdSsJ8i2DW61Ww/j4ONLpdNf9bytxJ9K6rre9OLASvTjXSkzSibapRCKBfD6Pubm5jlespFqthpGREaTT6ZYrDX5XN4Msc71dunQJUH5HYTUn73ZX42ntVtN3/K7Aq1eH/U626pXlfiNP4rOzs+qktkzTxPj4OKampjzJ1ezsLHRd9yQhkvqB5kHz2y5+20/KZDIwDKPlOOS20iR1KwnyLYPqwIED0HV9RfNsBe5k+rXXXkMoFPL83k0vrPRc68YknWgb87uC5adWq0HXdRiG0XIQ97uqKXW7Grae5JWhfD7vKb927RrQ/GpTJi8jIyNAsy3q1Y52V+Np7VbTd/yuvLs98sgjXa8Edpv+ICSTSczNzfl+AGnHNE2MjIwgn8/7JqyLi4ueJOTo0aOAa9jLg9ZtO7SbPj8/j7m5Oc8HEMuyMD4+jlAo5Oyz8m/3h5SxsTGEQqEVJ0ubiRy24m77+Pg4LMvyTUJjsRgsy+r4wWg7GB0dha7r+OSTT9RJaxb0XKtikk60jcmDebuToSQTdL8rfAcOHMD8/Lxa7HtD2EaSX+3LHyOThoeHPYmLEML52tyyrJY2yuTcLwmitVlN35FjtcvlsqfcfbOo+yZStytXrsAwDE9ZP8hkMk6C3m1flMrlspOgBx22denSpb67r8LvJmE5xl698VVSP3wIIaDrOtLpNIQQzs196gsA8vk8hBB9FYNeO3/+fEvb0+k0dF2HUG5sTyaTsCzLic921+7iwFoFPde28DzrxUeAKtQDjLMX4xHMSuKk1pWP23I/kkx9vKJoztfp0V1+j4xbyXOOg9ZbKfg8gq6ddo/s6/bYtk7tbLdMt5U+qmsldTeDIH3H77Fw6uMG/erA54fqEPDxdRsZ5yDPZlbbK+MWtH+LNvt2OxvZfr9tp7bXr46q3SMY3dS+1slGxiCodo9g9NuPVH6PYJT7WpA+oerH+KyEPLa7+Z0T1b7o1u74rZb5Lbcddd7WpSvUGWh9MM5ejEcwK4mTPKC4X+rBXj2R+80jX+4TojxJyFe7g5qflbQhqJUkZKJDQq3GQ6UmlPLA7/eSB2g1Vu5XpyRErFOsHjQ1HmrfaZeg6c0fXpEvv22txrfddlRtVJw79Rf3OqiJgux3fi8ZJ7WOGtdO3O+9EeQ2li/1uent+oDbVk7S1W0sX7K9q0nS1f3O/QrSV/opPqvld35T+5i673WKm5zXb7l+xyc/alxDzcK2QqEQulRZN7VaDT/++OO2uPHjQca5HzEewWyFOG2FNmwUxmpjbPc4b/f2gzHoivFZH2pc+3pMer8+LoqIiIiIaD31bZIuHytFRERERLTd9CxJr9VqyOVyCIfDQPPHQsLhMMLhMEzT9NS1bdupGwqFMDg4iGKx6EwvFovOI9HkY9LUO/mJiIiIiLaqniXp9+/fh2VZaDQayOVy2L17N77++muEw2FkMhlP3WQyiUajgdu3b6Ner2NwcBCHDh1ykvmDBw+iVCoBAEqlEkTzkUpERERERNtBz5L0gYEBPPHEEwCA3//+9xgeHkYikcBrr72GRqPh1DNNE5VKBe+99x4ikQgikQjee+896LrekswTEREREW1HPUvS3SKRiFrkDFeRP6/trhOJRJBKpdBoNDishYiIiIi2vXVJ0rtZWlpSi7Bz5061iIiIiIhoW3ogSXqj0YBt22oxAOChhx5Si4iIiIiItpUNT9Kff/55AMCFCxc85cvLy9B1HQMDA55yIiIiIqLtpqdJ+s2bNwHX+HM0k28AuHfvHgDg8OHDiMfj+OCDD5x65XIZ4+PjOHfunDOfvKJ+9epV2LbNsepEREREtG2ERJffdVV/orSdZDKJubk55+98Po8rV660lI2OjsK2bZw8edL5saJ4PI6zZ8+2PGYxk8lgfHwc2WwW77//vmfaVhM0ztsF4xHMVojTVmjDRmGsNsZ2j/N2bz8Yg64Yn/WhxrVnSTqtDePsxXgEsxXitBXasFEYq42x3eO83dsPxqArxmd9qHHt6XAXIiIiIiJaOybpRERERER9hkk6EREREVGfYZJORERERNRnmKQTEREREfUZJulERERERH2GSToRERERUZ9hkk5ERERE1GeYpK+BbdswTRPJZBLJZFKdTERERES0KkzS12jv3r2Ym5tTi4mIiIiIVo1J+hpEIhFEo1G1mIiIiIhoTZikExERERH1mZ4m6dVqFcPDwwiFQgiFQhgcHES1WvXUyeVyzvRkMonJyUnP/LFYDKFQCLFYDIODgwCAQqHgzFMoFAAA5XK5paxWqyGXyyEWi6FcLqNQKCAcDiMcDsM0TQDA5OQkwuEwQqEQcrmc895SsVj0rIOcT7JtG7lczlnG8PCwZzoRERER0Vr1NEl/4YUXAAD1eh2WZaHRaODVV191pk9OTuLGjRuo1+uo1+uIRqNYXl52pg8NDeHcuXMQQuDixYuwLAsAMDo6ioWFBaceACQSiZay+/fvo9FowLIsXLp0CYcPH8bS0hIOHDiAkZER5HI5/PznP8fS0hLy+TxOnz7t+RBhmibeffddzM/Po16vO/OVy2Wnzuuvv475+XlUKhXU63WEw2FnGhERERFRL/Q0SV9aWsLQ0JAzVjuVSqFSqTjTl5eXEY1GEYlEEIlEcP78eezevduZ3mg08NhjjwHNJPz8+fPOtIGBAef/7coGBgbws5/9DABw9OhRZ7z4G2+8AQB45plnkEgkAABPPvkkAHhu+sxkMpiennbW8b333gMAfPzxx0AziZ+envatQ0RERETUKz1P0o8dO4ZyuYxMJoPTp097pj/55JMwTROZTAa1Wg0APMNFUqkUDhw44Awx2cihJOVyGY1GA7quO8Nodu3aBQDOB42vvvoKuq57bhaNRCLO/4mIiIiIeqGnSXqtVkMymcRbb72Fp556Cvl83jM9kUg4Ca+u68hkMrBt25lumiZOnTqFEydOIBaLoVgsuubeGEKIltfi4iIA4KeffkIsFlNnISIiIiLqqZ4l6bZtIx6PIxqN4vr1622vgkejUZw/fx4LCwu4fv16y48ADQ8PY3FxEa+99hoOHTq04Ym63/u5y65du+aZRkRERETUaz1L0n/44Qc0Gg0cPXpUneSYnJx0rpwPDAzg7NmzqFQqzo2Z8iktaN4sahgGzp0755ShOa5dcl+FX6tEIgFN0/Duu+96llur1fD9998DzQ8YjUbDcyMpEREREVGv9SxJf+ihhwAAly5dAppjvK9cuQI0r0QXi0UsLy/j9ddfd8ajX716FZqm4fHHHwcAfPDBB8549FqthsXFRezfv7/5Dv8cIjM+Po5isQjTNHHhwgUAwJUrV5zE+c6dOwCAe/fuOfPdunXL8697uqwPAGfOnEGlUsGePXuQy+WQy+Vw4MABvPLKKwCAt99+G5qm4dlnn3XeT15lt22byTsRERER9YboIkAVRzabFQCEruuiVCqJmZkZAUBks1khhBATExMiHo8LAAKAiMfjYmFhwZk/Ho8LTdMEAKFpmjOfVCqVnOlymqxnWZYwDMNZNgCRz+dbygzDEPl8vqVMmpiYELquO+Xu9RNCiIWFBWeZuq6LmZkZoWmaSKfTLXVXAiuI83bAeASzFeK0FdqwURirjbHd47zd2y8Yg64Yn/WhxjXULGwrFAqhSxXqAcbZi/EIZivEaSu0YaMwVhtju8d5u7cfjEFXjM/6UOPas+EuRERERETUG0zSiYiIiIj6DJN0IiIiIqI+E2hMOhERERERrS93Wt41SSciIiIioo3F4S5ERERERH2GSToRERERUZ/5/wM2PsK2VJoHRAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results (Tables\u0026nbsp;7 and 8) show a statistically significant difference between the two groups (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.77, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Graduate students reported significantly higher mean scores than undergraduate students. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that graduate students perceived the quality of teaching\u0026ndash;learning processes more positively than undergraduate students.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2. Comparison of Assessment Quality\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA separate independent samples t-test was conducted to compare graduate and undergraduate students\u0026rsquo; perceptions of assessment quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;8, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.25, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Graduate students again reported higher mean scores, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This indicates that graduate students held more positive views of assessment quality than undergraduate students.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Comparisons among Students, Faculty Members, and University Officials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1. Teaching\u0026ndash;Learning Quality\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA one-way ANOVA was conducted to compare perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning quality among undergraduate students, graduate students, and university officials/faculty members.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of graduate and undergraduate students\u0026rsquo; rating on the quality of teaching learning in EHEIs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScores\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.9046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.17864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnder graduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.3601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.42602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;The ANOVA results (Table 8) revealed a statistically significant difference among the three groups (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;932.48, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Post hoc LSD tests (Table 12) showed that officials/faculty members reported the highest mean scores, followed by graduate students, while undergraduate students reported the lowest mean scores. All pairwise differences were statistically significant.\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2. Assessment Quality\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA one-way ANOVA was also conducted to compare perceptions of assessment quality among the three groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eANOVA Table (comparison among mean scores of under graduate students, graduate students and officials \u0026amp; faculty members\u0026rsquo; responses on the quality of assessment in EHEIs)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBetween Groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2046.629\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1023.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWithin Groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77756.421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79803.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost Hoc Tests using LSD (Multiple comparisons among scores of under graduate students, graduate students and officials \u0026amp; faculty members\u0026rsquo; responses on the quality of assessment in EHEIs)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(I) Classification2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(J) Classification2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Difference (I-J)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower Bound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper Bound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.28585\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.1434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.28585\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.1434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28585\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.9942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.9942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28585\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.9942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.9942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results (Table\u0026nbsp;9) indicated a statistically significant difference (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.58, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Post hoc analyses (Table\u0026nbsp;10) revealed that undergraduate students reported significantly lower mean scores than both graduate students and officials/faculty members. However, no significant difference was found between graduate students and officials/faculty members.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Summary of Results\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate clear variations in perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment quality among different stakeholder groups in Ethiopian public HEIs. Overall, officials and faculty members reported the most positive perceptions, followed by graduate students, while undergraduate students consistently reported the lowest mean scores. Significant differences were observed between graduate and undergraduate students for both teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment quality. These results highlight the existence of perceptual gaps among stakeholders regarding the quality of educational processes in EHEIs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1. ANOVA Results\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe one-way ANOVA results indicate a statistically significant difference among the three groups\u0026mdash;undergraduate students, postgraduate students, and officials/faculty members (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.583, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The large F-value and the p-value below the 0.05 threshold confirm that at least one group\u0026rsquo;s mean score differs significantly from the others, justifying further post hoc analysis to identify the specific group differences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. Post Hoc Test Results\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePost hoc comparisons using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test were conducted to determine the source of the overall significant ANOVA result. The findings reveal that the mean score of undergraduate students is significantly lower than that of postgraduate students (Mean difference\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.28585, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Similarly, a significant difference was observed between undergraduate students and officials/faculty members (Mean difference\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.28585, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), indicating that undergraduates reported significantly lower mean scores than officials/faculty members.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, no statistically significant difference was found between postgraduate students and officials/faculty members (Mean difference\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00000, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.000). The negative mean differences observed in comparisons involving undergraduates indicate that undergraduate students consistently reported lower mean scores compared to the other two groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the post hoc results demonstrate that the significant differences identified by the ANOVA are attributable to the lower mean scores of undergraduate students, while postgraduate students and officials/faculty members exhibit comparable perceptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Summary of Results on Teaching\u0026ndash;Learning and Assessment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on the descriptive statistics and inferential analyses, the major findings are summarized as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuality of Teaching\u0026ndash;Learning in EHEIs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate students\u0026rsquo; responses ranged from neutral to moderately positive, with mean scores between 2.9 and 3.3 on a five-point Likert scale and moderate variability. Postgraduate students generally agreed with the teaching\u0026ndash;learning quality indicators, reporting mean scores above 3 with lower variability. Officials and faculty members expressed more favorable perceptions, with mean scores ranging from 3.2 to 3.7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe ANOVA and post hoc analyses revealed statistically significant differences among the three groups, with officials/faculty members reporting the highest mean scores, followed by postgraduate students, while undergraduate students reported the lowest mean scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuality of Assessment in EHEIs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate students reported generally positive perceptions of assessment quality, with mean scores ranging from 3.1 to 3.3 and moderate variability. Postgraduate students demonstrated stronger agreement, with mean scores between 3.4 and 3.6 and lower variability. Officials and faculty members also expressed positive views, with mean scores ranging from 3.3 to 3.5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe ANOVA and post hoc test results showed significant differences between undergraduate students and the other two groups. Undergraduate students reported significantly lower mean scores than both postgraduate students and officials/faculty members, while no significant difference was found between postgraduate students and officials/faculty members.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of Group Responses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe inferential analyses confirmed significant differences in perceptions among undergraduates, postgraduates, and officials/faculty members regarding both teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment quality. For teaching\u0026ndash;learning quality, officials/faculty members reported the most favorable perceptions, followed by postgraduate students, with undergraduates reporting the least favorable perceptions. For assessment quality, postgraduate students and officials/faculty members shared similar perceptions, both significantly more positive than those of undergraduate students.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings reveal noticeable variations in stakeholder perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning, assessment, and research quality in Ethiopian public higher education institutions (EHEIs), with officials/faculty members and postgraduate students generally expressing more positive views than undergraduate students.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study are consistent with prior research documenting challenges related to the quality of teaching, learning, assessment, and research in Ethiopian public higher education institutions. The observed variations in perceptions among undergraduate students, postgraduate students, and officials/faculty members align with existing literature emphasizing stakeholder differences in evaluating educational quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough both undergraduate and postgraduate students generally expressed favorable perceptions of teaching and learning, postgraduate students reported significantly higher ratings. This difference may be attributed to factors such as smaller class sizes, more specialized curricula, increased student\u0026ndash;faculty interaction, and a stronger emphasis on research-oriented and participatory learning at the graduate level. Previous studies suggest that graduate-level pedagogy often incorporates active learning strategies, research-based tasks, and scholarly engagement, which may better align with students\u0026rsquo; academic maturity and expectations (Brew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Mulryan-Kyne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Offerman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe comparatively lower ratings reported by undergraduate students regarding teaching and learning quality reflect concerns raised in earlier studies about the dominance of teacher-centered instructional approaches in EHEIs. Scholars have noted that such approaches may limit the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical skills, particularly among undergraduate students (Semela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Tessema, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Additional challenges\u0026mdash;including large class sizes, limited resources, and inadequate infrastructure\u0026mdash;have also been identified as factors negatively influencing the undergraduate learning experience (Akalu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Woldegiyorgis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the study revealed significant differences in perceptions of assessment quality, with postgraduate students reporting more positive views than undergraduate students. Graduate-level assessment practices often involve more diverse and authentic evaluation methods, such as research projects, presentations, and comprehensive examinations, which are better aligned with program learning outcomes and advanced academic expectations (Offerdahl \u0026amp; Tomanek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Sambell \u0026amp; McDowell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe significant gap in assessment perceptions between undergraduate students and the other two groups corroborates earlier findings highlighting excessive reliance on traditional assessment methods, weak alignment with learning outcomes, and limited implementation of continuous assessment and feedback mechanisms in EHEIs (Anteneh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Assefa, 2018; Gebril, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Hailu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These studies emphasize the need for strengthened assessment policies, faculty training, and the adoption of alternative assessment strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn line with the work of Taye and Semela (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), the variations in stakeholder perceptions identified in this study underscore the need for a comprehensive approach to improving educational quality. Such an approach should address pedagogical practices, learning resources, faculty development, student support services, and quality assurance mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study contributes to the growing body of literature on higher education quality in developing countries, particularly within the African context. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating the perspectives of diverse stakeholders in quality improvement efforts. While graduate-level programs appear to be more positively perceived, there is a pressing need to enhance the undergraduate experience, especially in teaching methodologies, assessment practices, and the integration of research into learning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, the study recommends the implementation of continuous professional development programs for faculty members focused on student-centered and active learning approaches. It also emphasizes the importance of regular evaluation and feedback mechanisms involving external stakeholders, such as industry representatives, government officials, and community members, to support ongoing quality enhancement. Furthermore, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge sharing among faculty, researchers, and students is essential for promoting a more integrated and holistic teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment environment. Finally, the study highlights the need for further explanatory research to investigate the underlying causes of the observed differences in stakeholder perceptions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by Hawassa university vice president for research and collaboration. However, the researchers did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical clearance was obtained from College of education of Hawassa University research ethics review committee\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical trial number is not applicable for this study\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformed consent\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were provided with detailed information regarding the purpose of the study, assured of confidentiality, and informed that their participation was voluntary and could be withdrawn at any stage without any consequence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Consent to publish is no applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was reviewed and determined to be exempt from formal ethical approval by the College Research Ethics Committee of the college of education and behavioral sciences of Hawassa University. The committee members were DR. Tesfaye Basha, Dr. Adnew Ontoro, Dr. Habtamu Gezahegn and Dr. Girma Moti. The exemption was granted under Approval Number HU- RERC-024-2025 in accordance with the ethical review guidelines of Hawassa University and the national research ethics regulations of Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Availability\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContribution of co-authors\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe co-authors made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, prepare the manuscript and approved the version to be published. They also agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Hawassa University for providing the necessary financial support for this study. They also extend their heartfelt appreciation to the instructors, students, and university officials of Addis Ababa, Adama Science and Technology, Madda Walabu, Wachamo, Bahir Dar, Hawassa, Werabe, and Dire Dawa Universities for their valuable cooperation, support, and willingness to participate, which were essential to the successful completion of this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkalu GA. Higher education in Ethiopia: Trends, challenges, and prospects. In: Yeelen JL, editor. 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CBE\u0026mdash;Life Sci Educ. 2005;4(2):141\u0026ndash;2. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.04-10-0057\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1187/cbe.04-10-0057\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"diedu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Education](https://www.springer.com/journal/44217)","snPcode":"44217","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44217/3","title":"Discover Education","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Teaching–learning quality, Assessment practices, Stakeholder perceptions, Ethiopian public higher education institutions","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8507731/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8507731/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe quality of teaching, learning, and assessment processes is a critical determinant of higher education effectiveness and graduate competence. This study examined internal stakeholders\u0026rsquo; perceptions of these processes in Ethiopian public higher education institutions (EHEIs), focusing on students, instructors, and university officials. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 1,518 participants across eight purposively and proportionally sampled universities. Structured questionnaires assessed teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment practices using Likert-scale items. Descriptive statistics summarized perceptions, while independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA with post hoc analyses compared differences among stakeholder groups. Findings revealed generally positive perceptions of teaching\u0026ndash;learning and assessment quality, with graduate students and officials/faculty members reporting more favorable views than undergraduate students. Statistically significant differences were observed between undergraduates and the other groups, whereas perceptions of graduate students and officials/faculty members were largely comparable. The results highlight perceptual gaps among stakeholders, suggesting the need for targeted quality improvement interventions, particularly in undergraduate programs, emphasizing student-centered pedagogy, diversified assessment practices, and enhanced faculty development. These findings contribute to understanding process-oriented quality in higher education and underscore the importance of incorporating multiple stakeholder perspectives in quality assurance initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Stakeholder Perceptions of the Teaching–Learning and Assessment Quality in Ethiopian Public Universities","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-11 05:58:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8507731/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-17T15:23:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-13T08:08:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-12T06:47:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-08T15:07:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"4086147312920158107757275472835115265","date":"2026-02-08T10:21:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"11488937104480530633411651832886844323","date":"2026-02-08T06:21:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"256467884190181493694073988734641956150","date":"2026-02-06T12:25:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"195752060625966371868090057046555648997","date":"2026-02-06T06:28:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-06T05:32:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-30T05:14:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-13T08:31:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T12:28:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Education","date":"2026-01-09T12:15:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"diedu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Education](https://www.springer.com/journal/44217)","snPcode":"44217","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44217/3","title":"Discover Education","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84ab1566-692a-4e09-b93c-0e3e8d65c26e","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 11th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-05T14:53:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-11 05:58:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8507731","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8507731","identity":"rs-8507731","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}