Use of and Confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT in Surgical Teaching and Training

Use of and Confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT in Surgical Teaching and Training | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Use of and Confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT in Surgical Teaching and Training Stefan Tajsic, Imre Stjern-Vik, Dana Meknas, Martin Bruusgaard Harbitz This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6277236/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Medical Education → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Today, YouTube and ChatGPT are used for a wide variety of purposes, ranging from entertainment to complex teaching. The content needs neither external approval nor quality assurance. We investigated how often doctors used YouTube and ChatGPT, how widespread their use was and the degree of confidence doctors had in these resources for teaching and training surgical procedures. Methods In November 2023, we conducted a survey among doctorsworking in all the surgical departments of the University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø. Thequestionnaire assessed use of and confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT and background data. For our analysis, we used frequency tables and association analysis. The study formed the basis for the second-year thesis of the first authors. Results Out of a total of 152 doctors, 96 participated. Among the participants, 97% used YouTube and 14% used ChatGPT for teaching or training. There was no significant correlation between work experience and use (YouTube: p = 0.14, ChatGPT: p = 0.88). YouTube was used every month by 48%, while 2% used ChatGPT monthly. Sixty percent of the doctors had a medium level of confidence that the content of YouTube was consistent with Norwegian procedures and standards, while 69% had low confidence in this aspect for ChatGPT. Conclusions In November 2023, there was frequent and widespread use of YouTube to teach and train surgical procedures. The ChatGPT language model was rarely used, and the doctors had low confidence in its content. The future use of online learning platforms, language models and artificial intelligence for surgery training has an uncertain potential that warrants further research. Surgical training medical education YouTube ChatGPT Artificial intelligence Background YouTube is a video-sharing service founded in 2005 ( 1 ). It is the largest video platform on the Internet and can be used for educational purposes ( 2 ). A study of surgical trainees in various surgical departments in the UK showed that up to 87% routinely use online videos for learning, and that YouTube is one of the most frequently used platforms ( 3 ). A cross-sectional study among medical students in the US states in its title: “YouTube is the most frequently used educational video source for surgical preparation” ( 4 ). This is despite the fact that the content of YouTube is not peer-reviewed before publication ( 2 ). Artificial intelligence (AI) has already gained a foothold in the healthcare sector ( 5 ). It may be assumed that the use of AI and online learning videos will play a leading role in our future work as doctors ( 6 ). The Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is an example of an AI tool that has increased the use of artificial intelligence since its launch in November 2022 ( 7 ). It is becoming increasingly important to gain knowledge and insight into how doctors can use AI in their everyday clinical practice ( 8 ), particularly since AI is seen as a potential catalyst for the fourth industrial revolution ( 9 ). As a form of information technology, AI can today perform tasks that normally require human intelligence ( 10 ). New tools based on AI software are playing a key role in a variety of fields, including medicine ( 11 , 7 ). The aim of this study was to examine the frequency and extent of doctors’ use of YouTube and ChatGPT for the teaching and training of surgical procedures, in addition to their confidence in these two platforms for this purpose. Methods The aim of this study was to examine the frequency and extent of doctors’ use of YouTube and ChatGPT for the teaching and training of surgical procedures, in addition to their confidence in these two platforms for this purpose. We conducted a cross-sectional study in November and December 2023. It was an exploratory study ( 12 ) with a sample consisting of consultants and specialist registrars at all ten surgical departments of the University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø (UNN Tromsø). Questionnaire We collected data with a non-validated questionnaire, which we had designed ourselves. The design was inspired by a previously published international study ( 4 ), and was piloted on one surgeon, one registrar and one GP. The questionnaire was created on the online survey tool nettskjema.no The questions concerned the frequency and extent of the use of YouTube and ChatGPT for the teaching and training of surgical procedures, in addition to the doctor’s level of confidence that the content was consistent with Norwegian procedures and standards. See Appendix 1 for further details of the questions asked. Study population The study population consisted of doctors from all surgical departments at UNN Tromsø who were present at the morning surgical meetings and understood written Norwegian. The heads of each department had agreed in advance to participation by their staff. At the morning meetings, the doctors were informed of the aim of the study and given a QR code for access to the questionnaire, which they completed on their own mobile phone or one provided by the researchers. Analysis The statistical analyses were performed using the software Jamovi (version 2.4) and Microsoft Excel (version 16.81). Background variables were presented in frequency tables. Our null hypothesis was that there was no association between the use of YouTube or ChatGPT and length of work experience in terms of the different groups shown in Table 3 . Fisher’s exact test was used to test the null hypothesis, using cross-tabulation (Table 3 ). This was due to larger tables than 2x2 and because several groups had an expected value < 5 (the Cochran criterion). The significance level was set at 5%. Results A total of 96 out of 152 (63%) doctors working in all ten surgical departments of the hospital participated in the study. These consisted of specialist registrars, 11 (12%) at level 1, 12 (13%) at level 2 and 23 (24%) at level 3, in addition to 50 consultants (52%). Table 1 presents the characteristics of the sample. The findings revealed that 93 (97%) of the respondents had used YouTube for teaching and training purposes in the past year (Table 2). The figure for ChatGPT was much lower at 13 (14%). We found no statistically significant correlation between the frequency of use of the platforms and the length of work experience, p = 0.14 for YouTube and p = 0.88 for ChatGPT. Frequency of use of the platforms varied. YouTube was used every month by 48% percent, while 2% reported monthly use of ChatGPT, see Table 3 . Confidence that the content was consistent with Norwegian procedures and standards was medium for 60% of respondents regarding YouTube and low for 69% regarding ChatGPT, see Table 2. We also found that 35 (37%) of the doctors in the surgical departments believed that AI would be fully implemented in their practice within 3–5 years. By contrast, 12 (13%) doctors considered that it would never be realised in their practice (Table 2). Discussion This cross-sectional study among surgeons at UNN Tromsø revealed that 97% had used YouTube and 14% ChatGPT for the teaching and training of surgical procedures. YouTube has existed longer than ChatGPT and the findings on its use concur with previous research ( 4 ). Online learning videos have been shown to be useful for understanding complex three-dimensional concepts related to surgical procedures ( 4 ). For example, in cardiac surgery, where spatial awareness is essential, the use of multimedia significantly improved student learning ( 13 ). Our study shows that almost all the surgeons, regardless of work experience, used YouTube in their practice, which may be partly because surgery is a practical skill-based subject, where techniques are more effectively learned through visualisation ( 14 ). Several lecturers at UiT the Arctic University of Norway even encourage medical students to watch YouTube as a supplement to the curriculum. However, the content of YouTube videos is of variable quality ( 2 ) and peer review or similar processes should be considered as a form of quality assurance ( 4 ). Doctors who use YouTube must currently assess the content themselves and determine whether it complies with established national and international guidelines for surgical practice. We believe that the low frequency of use of ChatGPT may be due to limited experience with this new service. In 2023, it was primarily a platform for the general public, answering people’s wide-ranging questions as if they were talking to another person ( 15 ). Perhaps this indicates a greater barrier to the use of ChatGPT by surgeons for medical questions than its use by the general public? Initially, ChatGPT scored rather poorly (63%) on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE), but it has now improved and achieves a score of 90% ( 16 ). The low score of ChatGPT in 2023 is probably part of the explanation for the low frequency of use found in our study. In 2024, the version of ChatGPT that scored 90% on the USMLE was offered free of charge ( 17 ), which suggests that a higher number of doctors using ChatGPT could be expected only one year after the study. We found that the doctors had a low level of confidence in the content of ChatGPT. This may partly be explained by the findings of Au et al., who argue that ChatGPT has potential as an aid in surgical diagnosis and treatment but limitations in communication skills and understanding of human language ( 18 ). A global study conducted in 2024 explored awareness and use of ChatGPT and other major language models among urologists. Fifty-nine percent of the participants felt that ChatGPT could not be used in clinical care due to the lack of validation ( 19 ). Reliable references should therefore perhaps be used as a supplement to the text-generated answers provided by ChatGPT. This could rapidly increase confidence and popularity of ChatGPT ( 20 ). A recent study among German-speaking orthopaedic surgeons shows that most expect AI to have a significant impact on orthopaedic surgery in the near future (5–10 years) ( 21 ). UNN Tromsø has facilitated the integration of AI into everyday clinical practice. The Norwegian Centre for Clinical Artificial Intelligence is a collaboration between the UNN Health Trust, UiT The Arctic University of Norway and the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority ( 22 ). One of its main tasks is “to facilitate and contribute to research, testing, innovation and implementation of AI in healthcare services to enhance everyday clinical care” ( 22 ). Whether AI will be fully implemented in surgical practice within 3–5 years remains to be seen, but it is without doubt playing an ever greater role in specialist healthcare. A strength of our study is the high response rate by surgeons. All surgical departments at UNN Tromsø participated in the study. Since we have studied the use of the platforms in a facility that is both a university hospital and a local hospital, where all the surgical departments were represented, we consider our results to be generalisable to similar hospitals in Norway. The population of the catchment area of UNN is much smaller than that of other hospitals in Norway. Could this be a factor in the doctors’ frequent use of YouTube? The questionnaire we used was based on an exploratory design, which may have reduced validity and reliability ( 12 ). In the first year following the launch of ChatGPT, we had already investigated how doctors in surgical departments at UNN Tromsø viewed the platform. This study therefore provides highly relevant insight into the potential role, development and use of ChatGPT among doctors in the years to come. Conclusion Our findings indicate frequent and widespread use of YouTube by doctors to teach and train surgical procedures. In November 2023, the ChatGPT language model was used to a small extent, and the doctors had low confidence in its content. Our findings imply a clear need and potential to investigate further how online learning platforms, language models and AI are used in teaching and training in hospitals, primary care and medical degree programmes. Declarations The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures related to this study. Privacy and ethical considerations The survey was voluntary, anonymous and did not contain personally identifiable data. All participants provided informed consent to use their data in research and publication. To ensure privacy, the study was reported to the Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research (SIKT), which approved its application for data processing and storage before the study commenced (Ref. No. 759254). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The dataset can be made available on reasonable request to the main authors. We declare no competing interests. Funding for this project was provided by the Norwegian Centre for Rural Medicine. All authors contributed to the design, analysis and writing of the scientific paper. The first authors conducted the data collection. We would like to thank Paul Farmer for perspective language editing and the Norwegian Centre for Rural Medicine for enabling this study. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the design, analysis and writing of the scientific paper. The first authors ST and IS-V conducted the data collection. Acknowledgement We would like to thank Paul Farmer for perspective language editing and the Norwegian Centre for Rural Medicine for enabling this study. Data Availability The dataset can be made available on reasonable request to the main authors. References Holm A, Ervik A. YouTube [Internet]. Oslo: Store Norske Leksikon [The Big Norwegian Encyclopaedia]; [updated 2 August 2023; accessed 12 February 2024]. 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Tidsskriftet Den norske legeforening [Internet]. 2013 Apr [cited 2024 Nov 27]; Available from: https://tidsskriftet.no/2013/04/kommentar/hypotesetestende-og-eksplorerende- studier Friedl R, Höppler H, Ecard K, Scholz W, Hannekum A, Ochsner W, Stracke S. Multimedia-driven teaching significantly improves students' performance when compared with a print medium. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006 May;81(5):1760-6. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.09.048 . PMID: 16631668. Shariff U, Seretis C, Lee D, Balasubramanian SP. The role of multimedia in surgical skills training and assessment. Surgeon. 2016;14(3):150 – 63. 10.1016/j.surge.2015.10.003 . Epub 2015 Nov 11. PMID: 26577145. Nettavisen. Alt du trenger å vite om ChatGPT. Norsk app og guide [All you need to know about ChatGPT: A Norwegian app and guide]. [Internet]. Nettavisen; [cited 2024 Dec 01]. Available from: https://www.nettavisen.no/okonomi/alt-du-trenger-a-vite-om-chatgpt-norsk-sprak- app-og-guide/s/5-95-1152057 Brin D, Sorin V, Vaid A, Soroush A, Glicksberg BS, Charney AW, Nadkarni G, Klang E. Comparing ChatGPT and GPT-4 performance in USMLE soft skill assessments. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16492. 10.1038/s41598-023-43436-9 . PMID: 37779171; PMCID: PMC10543445. Aftenposten. Eksklusiv ChatGPT-versjon blir gratis for alle [An exclusive version of ChatGPT will be free of charge]. [Internet]. Oslo: Aftenposten; 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.aftenposten.no/kultur/i/lwAryA/eksklusiv-chatgpt-versjon-blir-gratis-for- alle. Au K, Yang W. Auxiliary use of ChatGPT in surgical diagnosis and treatment. Int J Surg. 2023;109(12):3940–3. 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000686 . PMID: 37678271; PMCID: PMC10720849. Eppler M, Ganjavi C, Ramacciotti LS, Piazza P, Rodler S, Checcucci E et al. 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The Norwegian centre for clinical artificial intelligence. https://spki.no/en/about-spki/#tasks . Accessed 17.Dec.2024. Tables Table 1 : Descriptive characteristics of the study population Category Response options Frequency n (%) Position Level 1 11 (11.5) Level 2 12 (12.5) Level 3 23 (23.9) Consultant 50 (52.1) Age (years) 24-30 18 (18.8) 31-37 29 (30.2) 38-44 22 (22.9) 45-51 10 (10.4) 52-58 7 (7.3) >58 10 (10.4) Work experience (years) 0-4 36 (37.5) 5-10 18 (18.8) 11-20 24 (25.0) 21-30 13 (13.5) >30 5 (5.2) Table 2 Use of and confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT Category Response options Frequency n (% ) Use of YouTube Never 3 (3.1) Once a year 11 (11.5) One or more times in six months 36 (37.5) One or more times a month 34 (35.4) Several times a week 12 (12.5) Every day 0 Confidence in YouTube Low 28 (29.2) Medium 58 (60.4) High 10 (10.4) Use of ChatGPT Never 83 (86.5) Once a year 5 (5.2) One or more times in six months 6 (6.3) One or more times a month 2 (2.1) Several times a week 0 Every day 0 Confidence in ChatGPT Low 66 (68.8) Medium 30 (31.3) High 0 Future implementation of AI (years) Never 1 1-2 14 (14.6) 3-5 35 (36.5) >5 34 (35.4) Table 3 Use of YouTube and ChatGPT in relation to doctors’ work experience Work experience (years) Use of YouTube 0-4 5-10 11-20 21-30 >30 Total Never 0 1 1 1 0 3 Once a year 1 2 2 4 2 11 One or more times in six months 14 6 10 4 2 36 One or more times a month 17 8 6 2 1 34 Several times a week 4 1 5 2 0 12 Every day 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 36 18 24 13 5 96 P-value using Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.135 Work experience (years) Use of ChatGPT 0-4 5-10 11-20 21-30 >30 Total Never 31 15 20 12 5 83 Once a year 2 2 1 0 0 5 One or more times in six months 3 1 2 0 0 6 One or more times a month 0 0 1 1 0 2 Several times a week 0 0 0 0 0 0 Every day 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 36 18 24 13 5 96 P-value using Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.878 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Medical Education → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Accepted 08 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 09 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6277236","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":502548232,"identity":"b9f9a69d-f699-4c30-a7ba-34e37cf07bd6","order_by":0,"name":"Stefan Tajsic","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCDxDqABBWHIAwH+BTz8bAOANISUC0nDnAwAPSkkCcFiBgbINoYcCnRX5+88GGnzsY6vgbjz888HPeHTl7scMPgbbckcOlxeAYW2Jj7xkGCYkDZwwO9m57ZswjnWYA1PLMGKcWNh7zB7xtQIcdOMNwmHHb4cQe6QSQlsOJDbgc1sb/sfEvUIv8geMPDjPOAWlJ/4BXC8MxHsZmkC0GBw4YHGZsAGnJwW+LwbE0w2bZNgnJjSC/9Bw7bMxzO6fgQILBYZx+kW8+/LDxbZsNv9yN448//Kg5LMc+O33zhw8Vh3GGGBQAo0XiAIrtBDSAAT8ut4+CUTAKRsGIBwD/HGWc3GMWVgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stefan","middleName":"","lastName":"Tajsic","suffix":""},{"id":502548233,"identity":"587debe0-81f9-4677-a5d4-a72e5669d596","order_by":1,"name":"Imre Stjern-Vik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Imre","middleName":"","lastName":"Stjern-Vik","suffix":""},{"id":502548234,"identity":"64f0378f-86f9-4353-a08e-f2cf6d7d5ed5","order_by":2,"name":"Dana Meknas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University Hospital of North Norway","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dana","middleName":"","lastName":"Meknas","suffix":""},{"id":502548235,"identity":"0b3059b7-b56e-42a4-b5d1-26891334a32e","order_by":3,"name":"Martin Bruusgaard Harbitz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Martin","middleName":"Bruusgaard","lastName":"Harbitz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-21 11:38:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6277236/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6277236/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07992-0","type":"published","date":"2025-10-28T15:58:10+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95040642,"identity":"3248f395-a457-4425-b864-4ee6b2fde8df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 16:10:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":542392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6277236/v1/5be0bc53-d498-40ad-99d9-6881176ec2bd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Use of and Confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT in Surgical Teaching and Training","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eYouTube is a video-sharing service founded in 2005 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). It is the largest video platform on the Internet and can be used for educational purposes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). A study of surgical trainees in various surgical departments in the UK showed that up to 87% routinely use online videos for learning, and that YouTube is one of the most frequently used platforms (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). A cross-sectional study among medical students in the US states in its title: \u0026ldquo;YouTube is the most frequently used educational video source for surgical preparation\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This is despite the fact that the content of YouTube is not peer-reviewed before publication (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtificial intelligence (AI) has already gained a foothold in the healthcare sector (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). It may be assumed that the use of AI and online learning videos will play a leading role in our future work as doctors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is an example of an AI tool that has increased the use of artificial intelligence since its launch in November 2022 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). It is becoming increasingly important to gain knowledge and insight into how doctors can use AI in their everyday clinical practice (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), particularly since AI is seen as a potential catalyst for the fourth industrial revolution (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). As a form of information technology, AI can today perform tasks that normally require human intelligence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). New tools based on AI software are playing a key role in a variety of fields, including medicine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to examine the frequency and extent of doctors\u0026rsquo; use of YouTube and ChatGPT for the teaching and training of surgical procedures, in addition to their confidence in these two platforms for this purpose.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to examine the frequency and extent of doctors\u0026rsquo; use of YouTube and ChatGPT for the teaching and training of surgical procedures, in addition to their confidence in these two platforms for this purpose. We conducted a cross-sectional study in November and December 2023. It was an exploratory study (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) with a sample consisting of consultants and specialist registrars at all ten surgical departments of the University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u0026oslash; (UNN Troms\u0026oslash;).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestionnaire\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe collected data with a non-validated questionnaire, which we had designed ourselves. The design was inspired by a previously published international study (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), and was piloted on one surgeon, one registrar and one GP. The questionnaire was created on the online survey tool nettskjema.no The questions concerned the frequency and extent of the use of YouTube and ChatGPT for the teaching and training of surgical procedures, in addition to the doctor\u0026rsquo;s level of confidence that the content was consistent with Norwegian procedures and standards. See Appendix 1 for further details of the questions asked.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStudy population\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study population consisted of doctors from all surgical departments at UNN Troms\u0026oslash; who were present at the morning surgical meetings and understood written Norwegian. The heads of each department had agreed in advance to participation by their staff. At the morning meetings, the doctors were informed of the aim of the study and given a QR code for access to the questionnaire, which they completed on their own mobile phone or one provided by the researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe statistical analyses were performed using the software Jamovi (version 2.4) and Microsoft Excel (version 16.81). Background variables were presented in frequency tables. Our null hypothesis was that there was no association between the use of YouTube or ChatGPT and length of work experience in terms of the different groups shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test was used to test the null hypothesis, using cross-tabulation (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This was due to larger tables than 2x2 and because several groups had an expected value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 (the Cochran criterion). The significance level was set at 5%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 96 out of 152 (63%) doctors working in all ten surgical departments of the hospital participated in the study. These consisted of specialist registrars, 11 (12%) at level 1, 12 (13%) at level 2 and 23 (24%) at level 3, in addition to 50 consultants (52%). Table\u0026nbsp;1 presents the characteristics of the sample.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings revealed that 93 (97%) of the respondents had used YouTube for teaching and training purposes in the past year (Table\u0026nbsp;2). The figure for ChatGPT was much lower at 13 (14%). We found no statistically significant correlation between the frequency of use of the platforms and the length of work experience, p = 0.14 for YouTube and p = 0.88 for ChatGPT. Frequency of use of the platforms varied. YouTube was used every month by 48% percent, while 2% reported monthly use of ChatGPT, see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConfidence that the content was consistent with Norwegian procedures and standards was medium for 60% of respondents regarding YouTube and low for 69% regarding ChatGPT, see Table\u0026nbsp;2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe also found that 35 (37%) of the doctors in the surgical departments believed that AI would be fully implemented in their practice within 3–5 years. By contrast, 12 (13%) doctors considered that it would never be realised in their practice (Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study among surgeons at UNN Troms\u0026oslash; revealed that 97% had used YouTube and 14% ChatGPT for the teaching and training of surgical procedures. YouTube has existed longer than ChatGPT and the findings on its use concur with previous research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Online learning videos have been shown to be useful for understanding complex three-dimensional concepts related to surgical procedures (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). For example, in cardiac surgery, where spatial awareness is essential, the use of multimedia significantly improved student learning (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Our study shows that almost all the surgeons, regardless of work experience, used YouTube in their practice, which may be partly because surgery is a practical skill-based subject, where techniques are more effectively learned through visualisation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Several lecturers at UiT the Arctic University of Norway even encourage medical students to watch YouTube as a supplement to the curriculum. However, the content of YouTube videos is of variable quality (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and peer review or similar processes should be considered as a form of quality assurance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Doctors who use YouTube must currently assess the content themselves and determine whether it complies with established national and international guidelines for surgical practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe believe that the low frequency of use of ChatGPT may be due to limited experience with this new service. In 2023, it was primarily a platform for the general public, answering people\u0026rsquo;s wide-ranging questions as if they were talking to another person (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Perhaps this indicates a greater barrier to the use of ChatGPT by surgeons for medical questions than its use by the general public? Initially, ChatGPT scored rather poorly (63%) on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE), but it has now improved and achieves a score of 90% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). The low score of ChatGPT in 2023 is probably part of the explanation for the low frequency of use found in our study. In 2024, the version of ChatGPT that scored 90% on the USMLE was offered free of charge (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e), which suggests that a higher number of doctors using ChatGPT could be expected only one year after the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe found that the doctors had a low level of confidence in the content of ChatGPT. This may partly be explained by the findings of Au et al., who argue that ChatGPT has potential as an aid in surgical diagnosis and treatment but limitations in communication skills and understanding of human language (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). A global study conducted in 2024 explored awareness and use of ChatGPT and other major language models among urologists. Fifty-nine percent of the participants felt that ChatGPT could not be used in clinical care due to the lack of validation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Reliable references should therefore perhaps be used as a supplement to the text-generated answers provided by ChatGPT. This could rapidly increase confidence and popularity of ChatGPT (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). A recent study among German-speaking orthopaedic surgeons shows that most expect AI to have a significant impact on orthopaedic surgery in the near future (5\u0026ndash;10 years) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUNN Troms\u0026oslash; has facilitated the integration of AI into everyday clinical practice. The Norwegian Centre for Clinical Artificial Intelligence is a collaboration between the UNN Health Trust, UiT The Arctic University of Norway and the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). One of its main tasks is \u0026ldquo;to facilitate and contribute to research, testing, innovation and implementation of AI in healthcare services to enhance everyday clinical care\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Whether AI will be fully implemented in surgical practice within 3\u0026ndash;5 years remains to be seen, but it is without doubt playing an ever greater role in specialist healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA strength of our study is the high response rate by surgeons. All surgical departments at UNN Troms\u0026oslash; participated in the study. Since we have studied the use of the platforms in a facility that is both a university hospital and a local hospital, where all the surgical departments were represented, we consider our results to be generalisable to similar hospitals in Norway. The population of the catchment area of UNN is much smaller than that of other hospitals in Norway. Could this be a factor in the doctors\u0026rsquo; frequent use of YouTube?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire we used was based on an exploratory design, which may have reduced validity and reliability (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). In the first year following the launch of ChatGPT, we had already investigated how doctors in surgical departments at UNN Troms\u0026oslash; viewed the platform. This study therefore provides highly relevant insight into the potential role, development and use of ChatGPT among doctors in the years to come.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur findings indicate frequent and widespread use of YouTube by doctors to teach and train surgical procedures. In November 2023, the ChatGPT language model was used to a small extent, and the doctors had low confidence in its content. Our findings imply a clear need and potential to investigate further how online learning platforms, language models and AI are used in teaching and training in hospitals, primary care and medical degree programmes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures related to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrivacy and ethical considerations \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey was voluntary, anonymous and did not contain personally identifiable data. All participants provided informed consent to use their data in research and publication. To ensure privacy, the study was reported to the Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research (SIKT), which approved its application for data processing and storage before the study commenced (Ref. No. 759254). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset can be made available on reasonable request to the main authors. We declare no competing interests. Funding for this project was provided by the Norwegian Centre for Rural Medicine. All authors contributed to the design, analysis and writing of the scientific paper. The first authors conducted the data collection. We would like to thank Paul Farmer for perspective language editing and the Norwegian Centre for Rural Medicine for enabling this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the design, analysis and writing of the scientific paper. The first authors ST and IS-V conducted the data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank Paul Farmer for perspective language editing and the Norwegian Centre for Rural Medicine for enabling this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset can be made available on reasonable request to the main authors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHolm A, Ervik A. YouTube [Internet]. Oslo: Store Norske Leksikon [The Big Norwegian Encyclopaedia]; [updated 2 August 2023; accessed 12 February 2024]. 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AGA-Komitee Innovation und Translation. Orthopaedic surgeons display a positive outlook towards artificial intelligence: A survey among members of the AGA Society for Arthroscopy and Joint Surgery. J Exp Orthop. 2024;11(3):e12080. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1002/jeo2.12080\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/jeo2.12080\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. PMID: 38974054; PMCID: PMC11227606.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Norwegian centre for clinical artificial intelligence. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://spki.no/en/about-spki/#tasks\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://spki.no/en/about-spki/#tasks\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 17.Dec.2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e: Descriptive characteristics of the study population\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Response options \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Frequency n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePosition \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Level 1 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 11 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Level 2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 12 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Level 3 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 23 (23.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Consultant \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;50 (52.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 24-30 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;18 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 31-37 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;29 (30.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 38-44 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;22 (22.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 45-51 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;10 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 52-58 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;7 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;58 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;10 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWork experience (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0-4 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 36 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 5-10 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 18 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 11-20 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;24 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 21-30 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;13 (13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;30 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;5 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e Use of and confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Response options \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Frequency n (%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse of YouTube \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Once a year 11 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One or more times in six months \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;36 (37.5) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One or more times a month 34 (35.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Several times a week 12 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Every day 0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConfidence in YouTube\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLow \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 28 (29.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Medium 58 (60.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High 10 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse of ChatGPT \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 83 (86.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Once a year 5 (5.2) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One or more times in six months \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;6 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One or more times a month 2 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Several times a week 0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Every day 0 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConfidence in ChatGPT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLow \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 66 (68.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Medium 30 (31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High 0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuture implementation of AI (years) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1-2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 14 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-5 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 35 (36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;34 (35.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e Use of YouTube and ChatGPT in relation to doctors\u0026rsquo; work experience\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"739\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork experience (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse of YouTube\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0-4 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5-10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11-20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21-30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026gt;30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce a year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne or more times in six months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne or more times a month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeveral times a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvery day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value using Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test: \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.135 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork experience (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse of ChatGPT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0-4 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5-10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11-20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21-30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026gt;30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce a year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne or more times in six months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne or more times a month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeveral times a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvery day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP-value using Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test: p = 0.878\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Surgical training, medical education, YouTube, ChatGPT, Artificial intelligence","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6277236/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6277236/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eToday, YouTube and ChatGPT are used for a wide variety of purposes, ranging from entertainment to complex teaching. The content needs neither external approval nor quality assurance. We investigated how often doctors used YouTube and ChatGPT, how widespread their use was and the degree of confidence doctors had in these resources for teaching and training surgical procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn November 2023, we conducted a survey among doctorsworking in all the surgical departments of the University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø. Thequestionnaire assessed use of and confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT and background data. For our analysis, we used frequency tables and association analysis. The study formed the basis for the second-year thesis of the first authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of a total of 152 doctors, 96 participated. Among the participants, 97% used YouTube and 14% used ChatGPT for teaching or training. There was no significant correlation between work experience and use (YouTube: p = 0.14, ChatGPT: p = 0.88). YouTube was used every month by 48%, while 2% used ChatGPT monthly. Sixty percent of the doctors had a medium level of confidence that the content of YouTube was consistent with Norwegian procedures and standards, while 69% had low confidence in this aspect for ChatGPT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn November 2023, there was frequent and widespread use of YouTube to teach and train surgical procedures. The ChatGPT language model was rarely used, and the doctors had low confidence in its content. The future use of online learning platforms, language models and artificial intelligence for surgery training has an uncertain potential that warrants further research.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Use of and Confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT in Surgical Teaching and Training","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-21 08:03:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6277236/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accepted","date":"2025-09-08T06:14:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-23T15:49:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"74347134514857236610723777217355410144","date":"2025-08-21T21:45:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T10:14:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"177641568371217253911665604276226910284","date":"2025-08-21T09:53:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T13:04:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-07T17:37:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-09T09:10:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-07T10:02:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Medical Education","date":"2025-04-07T10:00:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"380d4216-a022-4d80-a01e-b9d08b9ae395","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-03T16:07:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6277236","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07992-0","journal":{"identity":"bmc-medical-education","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Medical Education"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-28 15:58:10","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 28th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-21 08:03:31","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12909-025-07992-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07992-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6277236","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6277236","identity":"rs-6277236","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}