Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Internet Gaming disorder, and Suicidal Ideation among Saudi Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Gender and Self-Control

Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Internet Gaming disorder, and Suicidal Ideation among Saudi Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Gender and Self-Control | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Internet Gaming disorder, and Suicidal Ideation among Saudi Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Gender and Self-Control Mogeda El Keshky This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4818995/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Psychology → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Adolescence is characterized by behaviors as well as, in some, internet gaming disorders, that may lead to suicidal ideation. Prior research has documented the relationships between oppositional defiant disorder and internet gaming addiction with suicidal ideation among adolescents, but none has studied the potential mediating role of self-control nor the moderation role of gender. Objective This study investigated the relationships between oppositional defiant disorder, internet gaming disorder, and suicidal ideation, and applied a moderated mediation model including the roles of gender and self-control. Method 273 adolescents (mean age = 15.47, 57% females) participated in this study. Respondents completed the Suicidal Ideation Scale, the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form, the Oppositional Defiant Scale, and the Self-Control Scale, as well as a set of socio-demographic questions. A moderated mediation model was applied using the PROCESS software package. Results As expected, oppositional defiant disorder and internet addiction were positively related with suicidal ideation. Self-control was found to mediate these relationships. Further, it was found that these relationships were stronger in females compared to males. Conclusions Efforts to reduce suicidal ideation among adolescents with defiant behaviors and gaming disorder should be directed at enhancing their self-control and should be gender mindful. oppositional defiant disorder internet gaming disorder self-control suicidal ideation adolescents Saudi Arabia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Every 40 seconds someone is dying by suicide somewhere in the world and there are countless unknown suicide attempts ( 1 ). Suicide is a major public health problem worldwide ( 2 ) (Lindstrom & Rosvall, 2018) with around 703,000 deaths every year ( 3 ). Suicide deaths have, arguably, more deleterious impacts on society than any other deaths. In fact, for every suicide death, it is believed that around 135 persons directly or indirectly get affected and may need health care services ( 4 ). Previous studies showed that suicidal ideation precedes suicide plan, attempt, and behavior ( 5 , 6 ). In fact, among all predictors of suicide, suicidal ideation is thought of as the biggest predictor of a subsequent suicidal event ( 7 ). Klonsky and colleagues claimed that intervention should focus on prevention of ideation, rather than on much more serious suicidal behaviors ( 8 ). Adolescence is a period in which, among the various stages of life, one may be most exposed to suicide. A survey by Avenevoli and colleagues reported that 16% of students between the grades of 9 and 12 had seriously thought of committing suicide, and eight percent had attempted suicide in the previous 12 months ( 9 ). Studies focusing on adolescence and young adulthood have shown that suicide was related to oppositional defiant disorder, other conduct and psychological disorders, aggression, substance use, and internet gaming disorder or internet addiction ( 10 – 12 ). It was argued that self-control was a protective factor of suicidal ideation ( 13 ), but to date no study has investigated the mediation role of self-control in the relationships between oppositional defiant disorder, internet gaming disorders, and suicidal ideation. Further, gender differences have been reported in the incidence of suicidal ideation ( 14 ), but no prior study has examined an interaction with gender among Saudi adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among oppositional defiant disorder, internet gaming disorder, and suicidal ideation, and to test a moderated mediation model of gender and self-control among Saudi adolescents. Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Suicidal Ideation Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is, typically, a childhood disorder whose characteristics include persistent defiant and antagonistic behavior, irritability, anger, and argumentativeness ( 15 , 16 ). A meta-analysis that examined ODD among samples around the world reported that around 3.3% of children and adolescents had symptoms of this disorder ( 17 ). Boylan et al. (2007) studied clinic samples and reported much higher estimates, a prevalence of ODD in between 28% and 65% of children ( 18 ). When ODD is not treated in early childhood, it may be a predictor of behavioral and psychological issues during adolescence ( 19 , 20 ). Oppositional defiant disorder has been associated with social impairment, problematic interaction with others, even online, and conflict with authority figures, that is, overall, individuals with ODD encounter various challenges in their lives ( 21 ) which may lead to suicidal ideation. Others have reported that the irritability nature of ODD was related to suicidal ideation among detained teen offenders ( 22 ). Among children with ADHD, research showed that ODD was related to suicidal ideation ( 23 ). Thus, our first hypothesis for our study is as follows: H1: Oppositional defiant disorder is positively related to suicidal ideation Internet Gaming Disorder and Suicidal Ideation Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been claimed as a public health problem worldwide. Previous studies have found that, more generally, internet addiction was related to suicidal ideation ( 24 – 26 ). Other studies demonstrated that people with increased IGD have high odds of thinking about suicide than their counterparts ( 27 ). Junus and colleagues found that adolescents with IGD had higher lifetime suicide attempts as compared to their counterparts ( 28 ). Cheng and colleagues carried out a meta-analysis of 15 studies and concluded that those who were addicted to internet gaming had higher odds of suicide ideation ( 27 ). A systematic literature review by Erevik and colleagues, involving 12 studies, also found a positive relationship between problem gaming and suicidal ideation and/or attempts ( 29 ). Thus, our second hypothesis: H2: Internet gaming disorder is positively related to suicidal ideation The Mediation Role of Self-Control Self-control can be defined as “the ability to change or override one’s inner responses, as well as to interrupt undesired behavioral tendencies (such as impulses) and refrain from acting on them” ( 30 , p. 274). Prior studies reported that people with increased self-control exhibited lower levels of depression ( 31 ). Conversely, adolescents with low self-control reported increased depression ( 32 ). High self-control has been related to additional positive outcomes, including better mental and physical health, healthy relationships, and academic success ( 30 , 33 ). Others revealed that high self-control was related to reduced levels of IGD ( 34 ). Previous studies have indicated that self-control can be protective with regard to suicidality; Martin and colleagues, for example, found that self-control was negatively related to suicidal ideation ( 13 ). H3: Self-control mediates the association between oppositional defiant disorder and suicidal ideation H4: Self-control mediates the association between internet gaming disorder and suicidal ideation The Moderation Role of Gender It has been shown empirically that the occurrence of suicidal ideation is different for females and males. Blum and colleagues and Peltzer and Pengpid found that females were more likely to have higher rates of suicide ideation( 35 , 36 ). Previous research also showed gender differences with regard to self-control: females had higher self-control than males, as well as less delinquent behavior ( 37 , 38 ). On the other hand, males adolescents have higher oppositional defiant behaviors and excessive gaming behaviors ( 39 – 41 ). Given these gender differences, one might expect the relationships between ODD, IGD, and suicidal ideation to be different in females and in males. H5: Gender moderates the mediation of self-control between oppositional defiant disorder and suicidal ideation H6: Gender moderates the mediation of self-control between internet gaming disorder and suicidal ideation Methods Participants This study adopted a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling in order to reach as many and diverse participants as possible. Permission to conduct this study was obtained from King AbdulAziz University. A link to the questionnaire was sent to respondents via email and social media. Around 550 participants returned the survey, but 273 had no missing data and were used in this study. All participants were Saudis. The mean age was 15.47 (SD = 2.65, range = 12–19). Around 57% were females, 39.2% were middle school students, 35.6% were high school students, and 25.3% were college students. Regarding their parent’s education, 15% had mothers with less than high school education, 18.9% of the mothers had high school education, 50.3% had a university degree, and 15.8% possessed a postgraduate degree. Around 13.2% had fathers with less than high school education, 19.5% with high school education, 49.1% with a university degree, and 18.2% had fathers with a postgraduate degree. Instruments The measures used in this study included the Suicidal Ideation Scale ( 42 ), the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form ( 43 ), the Oppositional Defiant Scale ( 21 ), and the Self-Control Scale ( 30 ). The questionnaire also included demographic questions about the participants. The Suicidal Ideation Scale The Suicidal Ideation Scale ( 42 ) is a brief measure with 10 items scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging between 1 (never or none of the time) and 5 (always or a great many times). Possible total scores, the sum of all the item scores, range between 10 and 50, where higher scores indicate greater suicidal ideation ( 42 ). This scale has demonstrated good psychometric properties ( 44 ). In this study, the internal consistency reliability was good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.94). The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form ( 43 ) is a brief instrument that assesses addiction to internet gaming. The scale consists of 9 items scored on five-point Likert scale between 1 (never) and 5 (very often). Possible total scores range between 9 and 45, where higher scores indicate higher severity of IGD ( 43 ). In this study, the internal consistency reliability was good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87). The Oppositional Defiant Scale The Oppositional Defiant Scale ( 21 ) is a brief measure consisting of 8 items in the form of questions that ask respondents how frequently they experienced specific symptoms. Examples are: “how often do you lose your temper?” and “how often do you defy or refuse to comply with rules and requests from people in authority?” ( 21 ). The scale is scored on five-point Likert scale ranging between 1 (never) and 5 (very often). Possible total scores range between 8 and 40, where higher scores indicate higher oppositional defiant behavior. The internal consistency reliability was good in this study (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.80). The Self-Control Scale Self-Control was measured through the Self-Control Scale ( 30 ).The scale consists of 13 items that measure the degree of one’s self-control. It is scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging between 1 (not at all) and 5 (very much). Items are negatively worded and are reversely scored except three items. Possible total scores range between 13 and 65, where higher scores indicate greater self-control. The internal consistency reliability in this study was fairly good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.72). Data analysis All data analyses were carried out using RStudio statistical software ( 45 ). The first phase consisted of descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations analyses. The second phase consisted of internal consistency reliabilities for the scales using the “psych” software package ( 46 ). The third phase consisted of the mediation model and the moderated mediated model using the PROCESS macro software package developed by Hayes ( 47 ).For the mediation analysis, model 4 of the PROCESS macro was preferred and for the moderated mediation analysis, model 8 was preferred. 95% confidence intervals with 10,000 bootstrap samples were set during analysis. 95% confidence intervals that do not contain 0 are significant and indicate significant conditional indirect effects. In PROCESS ( 47 ), variables that are part of the product terms are centered in order to set conditional effects for different levels of the moderator variable. Results Descriptive statistics The descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients are displayed in Table 1 . The mean scores were 15.92 (SD = 8.75) for suicidal ideation, 15.92 (SD = 4.50) for ODD, 16.97 (SD = 7.06) for IGD, and 41.72 (SD = 7.27) for self-control. As expected, suicidal ideation was positively correlated with ODD (r = 0.48, p < 0.001), positively correlated with IGD (r = 0.25, p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with self-control (r = -0.40, p < 0.001). Further, self-control was negatively correlated with both ODD (r = -0.53, p < 0.001) and IGD (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). Table 1 Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation Variables Mean SD 1 2 3 4 1. Suicidal ideation 15.92 8.75 1 2. ODD 15.92 4.50 0.48*** 1 3. IGD 16.97 7.06 0.25*** 0.43*** 1 4. Self-control 41.72 7.27 -0.40*** -0.53*** -0.55*** 1 Notes: *** p < 0.001; SD = standard deviation; column heading numbers refer to the variables with matching row heading numbers Mediation Model The summary of the mediation model is displayed in Table 2 . We used model 4 of PROCESS to test the mediation role of self-control in the relationship between ODD and suicidal ideation, and between IGD and suicidal ideation, with age as a covariate. The findings indicated that both ODD and IGD were positively associated with suicidal ideation (β = 0.89, p < 0.001 and β = 0.31, p < 0.001 , respectively) in the absence of the mediator variable. When the mediator was included in the model, only ODD was associated with suicidal ideation (β = 0.37, p < 0.001). Also in this model, ODD and IGD negatively predicted self-control (β = -0.50, p < 0.001 and β = -0.52, p < 0.001 , respectively). Table 2 Mediation role of self-control between ODD, IGD, and suicidal ideation Outcome variable Independent variable β SE t p LLCI ULCI Suicidal ideation Intercept 11.32 3.34 3.23 p < 0.001 5.03 20.4 ODD 0.89 0.10 8.66 p < 0.001 0.43 0.98 IGD 0.31 0.06 4.71 p < 0.001 0.15 0.44 Age -0.21 0.18 -1.17 p = 0.234 -0.23 0.12 Suicidal ideation Intercept 12.67 4.36 2.90 p < 0.001 4.09 21.26 ODD 0.37 0.10 6.78 p < 0.001 0.21 0.65 IGD 0.06 0.06 0.09 p = 0.360 -0.07 0.21 Self-control -0.20 0.07 -3.51 p < 0.001 -0.38 -0.10 Age 0.03 0.16 0.63 p = 0.520 -0.21 0.42 Self-control Intercept 43.70 2.43 17.93 p < 0.001 38.91 48.50 ODD -0.50 0.07 -11.30 p < 0.001 -0.76 -0.43 IGD -0.52 0.04 -10.88 p < 0.001 -0.61 -0.42 Age 0.24 0.12 5.50 p = 0.434 0.06 0.30 Notes: The β values are standardized coefficients; LLCI = lower limit of confidence interval; ULCI = upper limit of confidence interval Nonetheless, in the mediation model using bootstrapping methods, the indirect relationships through self-control were significant for both ODD (β ind = 0.10, CI = 0.03 to 0.18) and IGD (β ind = 0.19, CI = 0.12 to 0.26). These confidence intervals do not contain 0, indicating that the indirect relationships between both ODD and IGD and suicidal ideation through self-control were significant. Thus, Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2 are supported. The results are displayed in Table 3 . Table 3 Bootstrapping indirect effect and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the mediation model Indirect path Standardized estimated effect BootSE 95% CI ODD = > self-control = > suicidal ideation 0.10 0.03 [0.03, 0.18] IGD = > self-control = > suicidal ideation 0.19 0.03 [0.12, 0.26] Notes: BootSE = bootstrapping standard error; CI = confidence intervals. Confidence intervals that do not contain 0 are significant. The Moderated Mediation Models We used model 8 of PROCESS to test the moderated mediation model. The results are summarized in Table 4 . In this model, ODD negatively predicted self-control (β = -1.43, CI = -1.83 to -1.04) and the interaction with gender was significant (β = 0.45, CI = 0.17 to 0.74). IGD negatively predicted self-control (β = -0.62, CI = -0.92 to -0.32), but the interaction with gender was not significant. ODD positively predicted suicidal ideation (β = 1.04, CI = 0.42 to 1.45), but the interaction was not significant. IGD also positively predicted suicidal ideation (β = 1.08, CI = 0.65 to 1.46) and the interaction with gender was significant (β = -0.70, CI = -0.92 to -0.46). The interaction with gender was significant for the relationship between ODD and self-control and for the relationship between IGD and suicidal ideation. Therefore, Hypotheses 3 and 4 were supported. Table 4 Moderated mediation model of gender and self-control Outcome variable Independent variable β BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI Self-control Intercept 32.14 2.01 28.30 36.20 ODD -1.43 0.19 -1.83 -1.04 IGD -0.62 0.16 -0.92 -0.32 Gender -0.75 0.62 -2.01 0.44 ODD x gender 0.45 0.14 0.17 0.74 IGD x gender 0.07 0.11 -0.14 0.28 Age 0.65 0.10 0.43 0.86 Suicidal ideation Intercept 35.76 4.50 27.06 44.72 ODD 1.04 0.32 0.42 1.65 IGD 1.08 0.20 0.65 1.46 Gender -5.81 0.76 -7.34 -4.33 ODD x gender -0.30 0.18 -0.66 0.06 IGD x gender -0.70 0.11 -0.92 -0.46 Age -0.03 0.16 -0.36 0.26 Notes: the coefficients are unstandardized; SE = standard errors; LLCI = low limit of confidence interval; ULCI = upper limit of confidence interval Table 5 summarizes the conditional indirect relationships for males and females separately. The indirect relationship between ODD and suicidal ideation through self-control was stronger in females than males (β ind = 0.25, CI = 0.10 to 0.44 in females versus β ind = 0.13, CI = 0.05 to 0.24 in males), and the index of moderated mediation was significant as well. The indirect relationship between IGD and suicidal ideation through self-control was slightly stronger in females than in males (β ind = 0.22, CI = 0.14 to 0.32 in females versus β ind = 0.19, CI = 0.11 to 0.29), and the index of moderated mediation was significant. Therefore, Hypotheses 5 and 6 were also supported. These conditional relationships in females and males are plotted in Figs. 1 and 2 . Table 5 Conditional indirect relationship of ODD, IGD, and suicidal ideation for males and females Classification Indirect effects BootSE 95% CI ODD = > self-control = > suicidal ideation Females 0.25 0.08 [0.10,0.44] Males 0.13 0.05 [0.05,0.24] Index of moderated mediation -0.12 0.06 [-0.26, -0.02] IGD = > self-control = > suicidal ideation Females 0.22 0.04 [0.14,0.32] Males 0.19 0.04 [0.11,0.29] Index of moderated mediation -0.03 0.04 [-0.12,0.05] Notes : BootSE = bootstrapping standard error; CI = confidence intervals. Confidence intervals that do not contain 0 are significant. Discussion This study applied a moderated mediation model according to Hayes and investigated a moderated mediation of gender and self-control in the relationships between ODD and suicidal ideation and between IGD and suicidal ideation among Saudi adolescents. The findings showed that ODD and IGD were positively associated with suicidal ideation. Further, self-control mediated these relationships. In addition, these relationships were stronger in females compared to males. ODD predicted suicidal ideation in adolescents. These results corroborate those of prior research ( 22 , 23 ). Among adolescents who were diagnosed with ODD, a high prevalence of suicidal ideation was reported by Hardan and Sahl ( 48 ). In another study among hospitalized adolescents, ODD was associated with episodes of suicidal ideation ( 49 ). This association may be due to the comorbidity between ODD and other types of psychopathology. Longitudinal prospective studies have related ODD to ADHD, anxiety, and depression symptoms ( 50 , 51 ). It has been argued that depressive students may use self-harming behaviors and suicidal ideation in an attempt to internalize their negative emotions and decrease their anxiety ( 52 ). Our study also found a positive association between IGD and suicidal ideation. This is also in line with previous research ( 27 – 29 ). Jeong and colleagues also found that online gaming overuse was associated with suicidal ideation ( 53 ). Among Chinese adolescents, Peng and colleagues found that adolescents with IGD were more likely to experience suicidal ideation ( 54 ). It is possible that adolescents who become addicted to internet gaming tend to be prone to depersonalization, affecting their overall social functioning, which makes them fail to satisfy their sense of belonging, leading to episodes of suicidal ideation ( 55 ). Our study revealed that self-control played a mediating role in the association between ODD and IGD. These results echo previous research that self-control plays a protective role against many negative outcomes ( 56 – 58 ), including specifically suicide ideation and depression ( 13 , 59 ). In the presence of self-control in the model, IGD was no longer a predictor of suicidal ideation, showing that self-control can protect online gamers from developing suicidal ideation. It has been argued that self-control facilitates healthy adjustment, good interpersonal relationships, and social integration ( 30 ), which reduces the likelihood of developing suicidal ideation. The results also showed that the mediation role of self-control in the relationships among ODD, IGD, and suicidal ideation was stronger in females than in males. Prior research has reported gender differences with respect to suicidal ideation, generally, where females had higher odds of developing suicidal ideation ( 14 ). The explanation could be that females and males deal with and manage emotions very differently ( 60 , 61 ). Others have claimed that females are more prone to negative affectivity because they are more likely to focus on internal emotions and thoughts ( 62 ). Similarly, it may be possible that these gender differences are due to differences in interpersonal socialization, where girls are more pressured to create and maintain social relationships ( 63 , 64 ), which may increase their vulnerability to life stressors. This study has limitations that have to be acknowledged. The study was cross-sectional. Longitudinal designs are recommended for future research. Further, this study used a convenience sample; random sampling is recommended for future research. Finally, this study was conducted online, thus we cannot know the situations respondents were involved in while completing the questionnaire. Conclusions The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between both oppositional defiant disorder and internet gaming disorder and suicidal ideation, and the mediating role of self-control, as well as the moderation role of gender. This study found that oppositional defiant disorder and internet gaming disorder predicted suicidal ideation. Further, self-control played a protective role for gamers and those with defiant behaviors with regard to developing suicidal ideation. Females seemed to be more affected by these relationships. Implications The findings of this study suggest that self-control can mitigate the impact of ODD and IGD on suicidal ideation among adolescents. Efforts to counteract suicidal ideation in adolescents with behavioral problems and/or a gaming disorder might place emphasis on developing and enhancing self-control in these populations. This is important for school psychologists, parents, and educators in planning effective training and interventions. The results of this study also suggest that efforts to reduce suicidal ideation among adolescents should be gender mindful, as females were found to be more highly affected. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics Board approval was obtained from the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (GPIP: 1783-246-2024). All participants were informed about the aim of the study and their right to withdraw from the study at any time and informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures followed were carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Consent for publication Not applicable. c. Availability of data and materials The data set used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the author on request. d. Competing interests The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. e. Funding The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia has funded this Project under grant no. (GPIP: 1783-246-2024). f. Authors' contributions A. wrote the main manuscript text and A. prepared figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript. g. Acknowledgements The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia has funded this Project under grant no. (GPIP: 1783-246-2024). The author, therefore, acknowledge with thanks to DSR for their technical and financial support. References Ali E, Maksud M, Zubyra S, Hossain MS, Debnath PR, Alam A, et al. Suicide by hanging : a study of 334 cases. Bangladesh Med J. 2014;43(2):90–3. M. Lindstrom, Rosvall M. Economic stress in childhood and suicide thoughts and suicide attempts : a population-based study among adults. Public Health. 2018;163:42–5. World Health Organization. Suicide worldwide in 2019: global health estimates [Internet]. World Health Organization,Geneva. 2021. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1350975/retrieve Cerel J, Brown MM, Maple M, Singleton M, van de Venne J, Moore M, et al. 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Pers Individ Dif [Internet]. 2012;53(7):832–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.025 Cataldo MG, Nobile M, Lorusso ML, Battaglia M, Molteni M. Impulsivity in depressed children and adolescents: A comparison between behavioral and neuropsychological data. Psychiatry Res. 2005;136(2–3):123–33. Boals A, vanDellen MR, Banks JB. The relationship between self-control and health: The mediating effect of avoidant coping. Psychol Heal. 2011;26(8):1049–62. Xiang GX, Gan X, Jin X, Zhang YH, Zhu CS. Developmental Assets, Self-Control and Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescence: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model in a Longitudinal Study. Front Public Heal. 2022;10:1–30. Blum R, Ph D, Sudhinaraset M, Ph D, Emerson MR. Youth at Risk : Suicidal Thoughts and Attempts in Vietnam , China , and Taiwan. JAH [Internet]. 2012;50(3):S37–44. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.006 Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Suicidal ideation and associated factors among students aged 13 – 15 years in Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) member states , 2007 – 2013. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract [Internet]. 2017;21(3):201–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2017.1301486 Turner MG, Piquero AR. The stability of self-control. J Crim Justice. 2002;30(6):457–71. Winfree LT, Taylor TJ, He N, Esbensen FA. Self-control and variability over time: Multivariate results using a 5-year, multisite panel of youths. Crime Delinq. 2006;52(2):253–86. Fam JY. Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in adolescents: A meta-analysis across three decades. Scand J Psychol. 2018;59(5):524–31. Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry: 60, 837-844. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(8):837–844. Maughan B, Rowe R, Messer J, Goodman R, Meltzer H. Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in a national sample: Developmental epidemiology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2004;45(3):609–21. Rudd MD. The Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation among College Students. Suicide Life‐Threatening Behav. 1989;19(2):173–83. Pontes HM, Griffiths MD. Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Comput Human Behav [Internet]. 2015;45:137–43. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006 Fitriana E, Purba FD, Salsabila SP, Danasasmita FS, Afriandi I, Tarigan R, et al. Psychometric Properties of the Suicidal Ideation Scale in the Indonesian Language. J Prim Care Community Heal. 2022;13:1–9. Posit team R. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA [Internet]. 2023. Available from: http://www.posit.co/ Revelle W. Using the psych package to generate and test structural models [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://personality-project.org/r/psych_for_sem.pdf Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: The Guilford Press; 2013. 335–337 p. Hardan A, Sahl R. Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents with developmental disorders. Res Dev Disabil. 1999;20(4):287–96. Frazier EA, Liu RT, Massing-Schaffer M, Hunt J, Wolff J, Spirito A. Adolescent but Not Parent Report of Irritability Is Related to Suicidal Ideation in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents. Arch Suicide Res. 2016;20(2):280–9. Nock MK, Kazdin AE, Hiripi E, Kessler RC. Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2007;48(7):703–13. Burke JD, Loeber R, Lahey BB, Rathouz PJ. Developmental transitions among affective and behavioral disorders in adolescent boys. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2005;46(11):1200–10. Nock MK, Prinstein MJ. A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(5):885–90. Jeong YW, Han YR, Kim SK, Jeong HS. The frequency of impairments in everyday activities due to the overuse of the internet, gaming, or smartphone, and its relationship to health-related quality of life in Korea. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–16. Peng C, Wang M, Cheng J, Tan Y, Huang Y, Rong F, et al. Association between internet addiction and suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents with and without parental migration. Comput Human Behav [Internet]. 2021;125(July):106949. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106949 Stewart SM, Eaddy M, Horton SE, Hughes J, Kennard B. The Validity of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in Adolescence: A Review. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2017;46(3):437–49. Marr JC, Pettit N, Thau S. After the fall: How perceived self-control protects the legitimacy of higher-ranking employees after status loss. Organ Sci. 2019;30(6):1165–88. Orkibi H, Ronen T. High self-control protects the link between social support and positivity ratio for Israeli students exposed to contextual risk. J Sch Psychol [Internet]. 2015;53(4):283–93. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2015.06.001 Hirtenlehner H, Bacher J, Leitgöb H, Schartmueller D. Do Morality and Self-Control Protect from Criminogenic Peer Influence? Testing Multidimensional Person–Environment Interactions. Justice Q [Internet]. 2022;39(1):78–112. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2021.1903069 Li J bin, Delvecchio E, Lis A, Nie Y gang, Di D. Parental attachment , self-control , and depressive symptoms in Chinese and Italian adolescents : Test of a mediation model. J Adolesc [Internet]. 2015;43:159–70. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.006 Nolen-Hoeksema S, Aldao A. Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Pers Individ Dif [Internet]. 2011;51(6):704–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012 Nolen-Hoeksema S. Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8:161–87. Cao Q, Xu X, Xiang H, Yang Y, Peng P, Xu S. Bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among Chinese left-behind children: Mediating effect of loneliness and moderating effect of gender. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;111(February). Baron-cohen S, Wheelwright S. The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34(2). Eder D. The Cycle of Popularity : Interpersonal Relations Among Female Adolescents. Sociol Educ. 1985;58(3):154–65. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Psychology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 29 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4818995","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":333868859,"identity":"19c28ca8-990f-48a6-af13-737aaef9d3de","order_by":0,"name":"Mogeda El Keshky","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA2CSmYEfRCUUkKJFsgGkxYAULQZgBjFa+G6fTnz4pcJa3vj86sQPDwwY5PnFDuDXInkud7OxzJl0w2033m6WADrMcObsBPxaDM7wbpOWbDvMuO3G2Q0gLQkGt4nS8u+w/eYZZzf/IFqL5MeGw4kb+Hu3EWeL5BnezcYMx9KTZ9zg3WaRYCBB2C98Z3g3PvxRY23b3392880fFTby/NIEtIAAMw+IlACrlCCsHAQYf4BI/gPEqR4Fo2AUjIKRBwCf3EkbYKMMwQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"King Abdulaziz University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mogeda","middleName":"El","lastName":"Keshky","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-29 04:30:54","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4818995/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4818995/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02181-y","type":"published","date":"2024-11-21T15:57:45+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63122789,"identity":"12dd10f7-0ae0-43e1-98cb-3bf83df780ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-23 11:30:14","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship between ODD and self-control in females and males\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e: ODDtot = oppositional defiant disorder; SCStotN = self-control; 1 = females; 2 = males\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4818995/v1/8c491da162832d8e3880bb8b.png"},{"id":63122352,"identity":"cfe862a5-0e41-4355-a9dd-d62d9ca31fcf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-23 11:22:14","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship between IGD and suicidal ideation in females and males\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes:\u003c/em\u003e IGDStot = internet gaming disorder ; SIStot = suicidal ideation; 1 = females; 2 = males\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4818995/v1/054c8e26fe426c3b3d325385.png"},{"id":69834918,"identity":"5f80d2b0-e6d7-4b5e-a960-6db49698f7bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-25 16:10:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":987732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4818995/v1/2c3871dd-7e0d-4525-8e9f-0a2316b4cefc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Internet Gaming disorder, and Suicidal Ideation among Saudi Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Gender and Self-Control","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eEvery 40 seconds someone is dying by suicide somewhere in the world and there are countless unknown suicide attempts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Suicide is a major public health problem worldwide (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) (Lindstrom \u0026amp; Rosvall, 2018) with around 703,000 deaths every year (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Suicide deaths have, arguably, more deleterious impacts on society than any other deaths. In fact, for every suicide death, it is believed that around 135 persons directly or indirectly get affected and may need health care services (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies showed that suicidal ideation precedes suicide plan, attempt, and behavior (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, among all predictors of suicide, suicidal ideation is thought of as the biggest predictor of a subsequent suicidal event (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Klonsky and colleagues claimed that intervention should focus on prevention of ideation, rather than on much more serious suicidal behaviors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescence is a period in which, among the various stages of life, one may be most exposed to suicide. A survey by Avenevoli and colleagues reported that 16% of students between the grades of 9 and 12 had seriously thought of committing suicide, and eight percent had attempted suicide in the previous 12 months (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Studies focusing on adolescence and young adulthood have shown that suicide was related to oppositional defiant disorder, other conduct and psychological disorders, aggression, substance use, and internet gaming disorder or internet addiction (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was argued that self-control was a protective factor of suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e), but to date no study has investigated the mediation role of self-control in the relationships between oppositional defiant disorder, internet gaming disorders, and suicidal ideation. Further, gender differences have been reported in the incidence of suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), but no prior study has examined an interaction with gender among Saudi adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among oppositional defiant disorder, internet gaming disorder, and suicidal ideation, and to test a moderated mediation model of gender and self-control among Saudi adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOppositional Defiant Disorder and Suicidal Ideation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is, typically, a childhood disorder whose characteristics include persistent defiant and antagonistic behavior, irritability, anger, and argumentativeness (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). A meta-analysis that examined ODD among samples around the world reported that around 3.3% of children and adolescents had symptoms of this disorder (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Boylan et al. (2007) studied clinic samples and reported much higher estimates, a prevalence of ODD in between 28% and 65% of children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). When ODD is not treated in early childhood, it may be a predictor of behavioral and psychological issues during adolescence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOppositional defiant disorder has been associated with social impairment, problematic interaction with others, even online, and conflict with authority figures, that is, overall, individuals with ODD encounter various challenges in their lives (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) which may lead to suicidal ideation. Others have reported that the irritability nature of ODD was related to suicidal ideation among detained teen offenders (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Among children with ADHD, research showed that ODD was related to suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, our first hypothesis for our study is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eH1: Oppositional defiant disorder is positively related to suicidal ideation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInternet Gaming Disorder and Suicidal Ideation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternet gaming disorder (IGD) has been claimed as a public health problem worldwide. Previous studies have found that, more generally, internet addiction was related to suicidal ideation (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Other studies demonstrated that people with increased IGD have high odds of thinking about suicide than their counterparts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Junus and colleagues found that adolescents with IGD had higher lifetime suicide attempts as compared to their counterparts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). Cheng and colleagues carried out a meta-analysis of 15 studies and concluded that those who were addicted to internet gaming had higher odds of suicide ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). A systematic literature review by Erevik and colleagues, involving 12 studies, also found a positive relationship between problem gaming and suicidal ideation and/or attempts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, our second hypothesis:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eH2: Internet gaming disorder is positively related to suicidal ideation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Mediation Role of Self-Control\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-control can be defined as “the ability to change or override one’s inner responses, as well as to interrupt undesired behavioral tendencies (such as impulses) and refrain from acting on them” (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, p. 274). Prior studies reported that people with increased self-control exhibited lower levels of depression (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, adolescents with low self-control reported increased depression (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). High self-control has been related to additional positive outcomes, including better mental and physical health, healthy relationships, and academic success (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Others revealed that high self-control was related to reduced levels of IGD (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies have indicated that self-control can be protective with regard to suicidality; Martin and colleagues, for example, found that self-control was negatively related to suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eH3: Self-control mediates the association between oppositional defiant disorder and suicidal ideation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eH4: Self-control mediates the association between internet gaming disorder and suicidal ideation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Moderation Role of Gender\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been shown empirically that the occurrence of suicidal ideation is different for females and males. Blum and colleagues and Peltzer and Pengpid found that females were more likely to have higher rates of suicide ideation(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Previous research also showed gender differences with regard to self-control: females had higher self-control than males, as well as less delinquent behavior (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, males adolescents have higher oppositional defiant behaviors and excessive gaming behaviors (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR40\" citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). Given these gender differences, one might expect the relationships between ODD, IGD, and suicidal ideation to be different in females and in males.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eH5: Gender moderates the mediation of self-control between oppositional defiant disorder and suicidal ideation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eH6: Gender moderates the mediation of self-control between internet gaming disorder and suicidal ideation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study adopted a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling in order to reach as many and diverse participants as possible. Permission to conduct this study was obtained from King AbdulAziz University. A link to the questionnaire was sent to respondents via email and social media. Around 550 participants returned the survey, but 273 had no missing data and were used in this study. All participants were Saudis. The mean age was 15.47 (SD = 2.65, range = 12–19). Around 57% were females, 39.2% were middle school students, 35.6% were high school students, and 25.3% were college students. Regarding their parent’s education, 15% had mothers with less than high school education, 18.9% of the mothers had high school education, 50.3% had a university degree, and 15.8% possessed a postgraduate degree. Around 13.2% had fathers with less than high school education, 19.5% with high school education, 49.1% with a university degree, and 18.2% had fathers with a postgraduate degree.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInstruments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe measures used in this study included the Suicidal Ideation Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e), the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e), the Oppositional Defiant Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e), and the Self-Control Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). The questionnaire also included demographic questions about the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Suicidal Ideation Scale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Suicidal Ideation Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e) is a brief measure with 10 items scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging between 1 (never or none of the time) and 5 (always or a great many times). Possible total scores, the sum of all the item scores, range between 10 and 50, where higher scores indicate greater suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e). This scale has demonstrated good psychometric properties (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the internal consistency reliability was good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.94).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e) is a brief instrument that assesses addiction to internet gaming. The scale consists of 9 items scored on five-point Likert scale between 1 (never) and 5 (very often). Possible total scores range between 9 and 45, where higher scores indicate higher severity of IGD (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the internal consistency reliability was good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Oppositional Defiant Scale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Oppositional Defiant Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) is a brief measure consisting of 8 items in the form of questions that ask respondents how frequently they experienced specific symptoms. Examples are: “how often do you lose your temper?” and “how often do you defy or refuse to comply with rules and requests from people in authority?” (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). The scale is scored on five-point Likert scale ranging between 1 (never) and 5 (very often). Possible total scores range between 8 and 40, where higher scores indicate higher oppositional defiant behavior. The internal consistency reliability was good in this study (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.80).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Self-Control Scale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Control was measured through the Self-Control Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e).The scale consists of 13 items that measure the degree of one’s self-control. It is scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging between 1 (not at all) and 5 (very much). Items are negatively worded and are reversely scored except three items. Possible total scores range between 13 and 65, where higher scores indicate greater self-control. The internal consistency reliability in this study was fairly good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.72).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data analyses were carried out using RStudio statistical software (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e). The first phase consisted of descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations analyses. The second phase consisted of internal consistency reliabilities for the scales using the “psych” software package (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e). The third phase consisted of the mediation model and the moderated mediated model using the PROCESS macro software package developed by Hayes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e).For the mediation analysis, model 4 of the PROCESS macro was preferred and for the moderated mediation analysis, model 8 was preferred. 95% confidence intervals with 10,000 bootstrap samples were set during analysis. 95% confidence intervals that do not contain 0 are significant and indicate significant conditional indirect effects. In PROCESS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e), variables that are part of the product terms are centered in order to set conditional effects for different levels of the moderator variable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive statistics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients are displayed in Table \u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The mean scores were 15.92 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.75) for suicidal ideation, 15.92 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.50) for ODD, 16.97 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.06) for IGD, and 41.72 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.27) for self-control. As expected, suicidal ideation was positively correlated with ODD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.48, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), positively correlated with IGD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.25, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and negatively correlated with self-control (r = -0.40, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Further, self-control was negatively correlated with both ODD (r = -0.53, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and IGD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.55, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics and Pearson correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Suicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. ODD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. IGD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Self-control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.40***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.53***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.55***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotes: *** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard deviation; column heading numbers refer to the variables with matching row heading numbers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMediation Model\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe summary of the mediation model is displayed in Table \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. We used model 4 of PROCESS to test the mediation role of self-control in the relationship between ODD and suicidal ideation, and between IGD and suicidal ideation, with age as a covariate. The findings indicated that both ODD and IGD were positively associated with suicidal ideation (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e and \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.31, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e, respectively) in the absence of the mediator variable. When the mediator was included in the model, only ODD was associated with suicidal ideation (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.37, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/em\u003e Also in this model, ODD and IGD negatively predicted self-control (\u0026beta; = -0.50, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e and \u0026beta; = -0.52, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMediation role of self-control between ODD, IGD, and suicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutcome variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLLCI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eULCI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIGD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.234\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIGD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.360\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.520\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIGD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.434\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotes: The \u0026beta; values are standardized coefficients; LLCI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;lower limit of confidence interval; ULCI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;upper limit of confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNonetheless, in the mediation model using bootstrapping methods, the indirect relationships through self-control were significant for both ODD (\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003eind =\u003c/sub\u003e 0.10, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03 to 0.18) and IGD (\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003eind =\u003c/sub\u003e 0.19, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12 to 0.26). These confidence intervals do not contain 0, indicating that the indirect relationships between both ODD and IGD and suicidal ideation through self-control were significant. Thus, Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2 are supported. The results are displayed in Table \u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBootstrapping indirect effect and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the mediation model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndirect path\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandardized estimated effect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBootSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;self-control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;suicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.03, 0.18]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIGD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;self-control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;suicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.12, 0.26]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotes: BootSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bootstrapping standard error; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence intervals. Confidence intervals that do not contain 0 are significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThe Moderated Mediation Models\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe used model 8 of PROCESS to test the moderated mediation model. The results are summarized in Table \u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. In this model, ODD negatively predicted self-control (\u0026beta; = -1.43, CI = -1.83 to -1.04) and the interaction with gender was significant (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.45, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.17 to 0.74). IGD negatively predicted self-control (\u0026beta; = -0.62, CI = -0.92 to -0.32), but the interaction with gender was not significant. ODD positively predicted suicidal ideation (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.04, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.42 to 1.45), but the interaction was not significant. IGD also positively predicted suicidal ideation (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.08, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.65 to 1.46) and the interaction with gender was significant (\u0026beta; = -0.70, CI = -0.92 to -0.46). The interaction with gender was significant for the relationship between ODD and self-control and for the relationship between IGD and suicidal ideation. Therefore, Hypotheses 3 and 4 were supported.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerated mediation model of gender and self-control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutcome variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBootSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBootLLCI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBootULCI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIGD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODD x gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIGD x gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIGD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODD x gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIGD x gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotes: the coefficients are unstandardized; SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard errors; LLCI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;low limit of confidence interval; ULCI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;upper limit of confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the conditional indirect relationships for males and females separately. The indirect relationship between ODD and suicidal ideation through self-control was stronger in females than males (\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003eind =\u003c/sub\u003e 0.25, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10 to 0.44 in females versus \u0026beta;\u003csub\u003eind =\u003c/sub\u003e 0.13, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 to 0.24 in males), and the index of moderated mediation was significant as well. The indirect relationship between IGD and suicidal ideation through self-control was slightly stronger in females than in males (\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003eind =\u003c/sub\u003e 0.22, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.14 to 0.32 in females versus \u0026beta;\u003csub\u003eind =\u003c/sub\u003e 0.19, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.11 to 0.29), and the index of moderated mediation was significant. Therefore, Hypotheses 5 and 6 were also supported. These conditional relationships in females and males are plotted in Figs. \u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConditional indirect relationship of ODD, IGD, and suicidal ideation for males and females\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClassification\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndirect effects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBootSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;self-control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;suicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.10,0.44]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.05,0.24]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndex of moderated mediation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[-0.26, -0.02]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIGD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;self-control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;suicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.14,0.32]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.11,0.29]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndex of moderated mediation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[-0.12,0.05]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e: BootSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bootstrapping standard error; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence intervals. Confidence intervals that do not contain 0 are significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study applied a moderated mediation model according to Hayes and investigated a moderated mediation of gender and self-control in the relationships between ODD and suicidal ideation and between IGD and suicidal ideation among Saudi adolescents. The findings showed that ODD and IGD were positively associated with suicidal ideation. Further, self-control mediated these relationships. In addition, these relationships were stronger in females compared to males.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eODD predicted suicidal ideation in adolescents. These results corroborate those of prior research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). Among adolescents who were diagnosed with ODD, a high prevalence of suicidal ideation was reported by Hardan and Sahl (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e). In another study among hospitalized adolescents, ODD was associated with episodes of suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e). This association may be due to the comorbidity between ODD and other types of psychopathology. Longitudinal prospective studies have related ODD to ADHD, anxiety, and depression symptoms (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e). It has been argued that depressive students may use self-harming behaviors and suicidal ideation in an attempt to internalize their negative emotions and decrease their anxiety (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study also found a positive association between IGD and suicidal ideation. This is also in line with previous research (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Jeong and colleagues also found that online gaming overuse was associated with suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e). Among Chinese adolescents, Peng and colleagues found that adolescents with IGD were more likely to experience suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e). It is possible that adolescents who become addicted to internet gaming tend to be prone to depersonalization, affecting their overall social functioning, which makes them fail to satisfy their sense of belonging, leading to episodes of suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study revealed that self-control played a mediating role in the association between ODD and IGD. These results echo previous research that self-control plays a protective role against many negative outcomes (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR57\" citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e), including specifically suicide ideation and depression (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e). In the presence of self-control in the model, IGD was no longer a predictor of suicidal ideation, showing that self-control can protect online gamers from developing suicidal ideation. It has been argued that self-control facilitates healthy adjustment, good interpersonal relationships, and social integration (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), which reduces the likelihood of developing suicidal ideation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results also showed that the mediation role of self-control in the relationships among ODD, IGD, and suicidal ideation was stronger in females than in males. Prior research has reported gender differences with respect to suicidal ideation, generally, where females had higher odds of developing suicidal ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The explanation could be that females and males deal with and manage emotions very differently (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e). Others have claimed that females are more prone to negative affectivity because they are more likely to focus on internal emotions and thoughts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, it may be possible that these gender differences are due to differences in interpersonal socialization, where girls are more pressured to create and maintain social relationships (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e), which may increase their vulnerability to life stressors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has limitations that have to be acknowledged. The study was cross-sectional. Longitudinal designs are recommended for future research. Further, this study used a convenience sample; random sampling is recommended for future research. Finally, this study was conducted online, thus we cannot know the situations respondents were involved in while completing the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to examine the relationships between both oppositional defiant disorder and internet gaming disorder and suicidal ideation, and the mediating role of self-control, as well as the moderation role of gender. This study found that oppositional defiant disorder and internet gaming disorder predicted suicidal ideation. Further, self-control played a protective role for gamers and those with defiant behaviors with regard to developing suicidal ideation. Females seemed to be more affected by these relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study suggest that self-control can mitigate the impact of ODD and IGD on suicidal ideation among adolescents. Efforts to counteract suicidal ideation in adolescents with behavioral problems and/or a gaming disorder might place emphasis on developing and enhancing self-control in these populations. This is important for school psychologists, parents, and educators in planning effective training and interventions. The results of this study also suggest that efforts to reduce suicidal ideation among adolescents should be gender mindful, as females were found to be more highly affected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics Board approval was obtained from the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (GPIP: 1783-246-2024). All participants were informed about the aim of the study and their right to withdraw from the study at any time and informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures followed were carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003ec. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Availability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data set used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the author on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia has funded this Project under grant no. (GPIP: 1783-246-2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Authors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA. wrote the main manuscript text and A. prepared figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Acknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia has funded this Project under grant no. (GPIP: 1783-246-2024). The author, therefore, acknowledge with thanks to DSR for their technical and financial support. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli E, Maksud M, Zubyra S, Hossain MS, Debnath PR, Alam A, et al. Suicide by hanging : a study of 334 cases. Bangladesh Med J. 2014;43(2):90\u0026ndash;3. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Lindstrom, Rosvall M. 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Sociol Educ. 1985;58(3):154\u0026ndash;65. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"oppositional defiant disorder, internet gaming disorder, self-control, suicidal ideation, adolescents, Saudi Arabia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4818995/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4818995/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescence is characterized by behaviors as well as, in some, internet gaming disorders, that may lead to suicidal ideation. Prior research has documented the relationships between oppositional defiant disorder and internet gaming addiction with suicidal ideation among adolescents, but none has studied the potential mediating role of self-control nor the moderation role of gender.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the relationships between oppositional defiant disorder, internet gaming disorder, and suicidal ideation, and applied a moderated mediation model including the roles of gender and self-control.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e273 adolescents (mean age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.47, 57% females) participated in this study. Respondents completed the Suicidal Ideation Scale, the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form, the Oppositional Defiant Scale, and the Self-Control Scale, as well as a set of socio-demographic questions. A moderated mediation model was applied using the PROCESS software package.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs expected, oppositional defiant disorder and internet addiction were positively related with suicidal ideation. Self-control was found to mediate these relationships. Further, it was found that these relationships were stronger in females compared to males.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEfforts to reduce suicidal ideation among adolescents with defiant behaviors and gaming disorder should be directed at enhancing their self-control and should be gender mindful.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Internet Gaming disorder, and Suicidal Ideation among Saudi Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Gender and Self-Control","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-23 11:22:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4818995/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-07-30T16:55:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-29T09:17:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-29T09:15:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2024-07-29T04:29:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e631c8a5-f294-415f-b3f5-008bdba1e4d4","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-25T16:03:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4818995","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02181-y","journal":{"identity":"bmc-psychology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Psychology"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-21 15:57:45","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 21st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-23 11:22:10","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40359-024-02181-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02181-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4818995","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4818995","identity":"rs-4818995","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}