Seasonal Limnological Dynamics and Surface Zooplankton Responses in a Small Tectonic Lake in Turkiye

Seasonal Limnological Dynamics and Surface Zooplankton Responses in a Small Tectonic Lake in Turkiye | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Seasonal Limnological Dynamics and Surface Zooplankton Responses in a Small Tectonic Lake in Turkiye Pınar Gürbüzer, Okan Külköylüoğlu, Ahmet Altındağ This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6513490/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Diversity → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In freshwater ecosystems, zooplankton play a crucial role in pelagic food web and serve as indicators of ecosystem responses to temperature shifts, hydrodynamics, and seasonal meteorological changes. Changes in water temperature, water movements with the environmental factors affect the zooplankton distrubution and occurences. In this study, the epilimnetic zooplankton fauna of Karamurat Lake, Bolu, Türkiye, a small tectonic temperate region lake, was tried to be determined with by rainfall events and wind existence. The samples were taken seasonally and horizontally using a plankton net. A total of 74 zooplanktonic taxa were identified. Of these, 54 species with a new record ( Testudinella greeni ) belong to the Turkish Rotifera fauna and 20 species from crustaceans, including 16 species from Cladocera and 4 species from Copepoda. Multivariate analyses revealed that electrical conductivity, water temperature, and precipitation were key drivers shaping community structure. The findings suggest that wind induced surface mixing and rainfall events enhance vertical distribution, facilitating the appearance of taxa such as rotifers and small bodied cladocerans in the epilimnion. It has been understood in this study the importance of sampling methods in shallow lake and contributes new faunistic data to the zooplankton diversity of Anatolian lakes. Zooplankton richness small tectonic lake wind effect precipitation effect Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 INTRODUCTION Despite lakes cover about 3.7% of terrestrial ecosystems (Verpoorter et al. 2014), they have been characterized as sentinels for monitoring climate change, anthropogenic impacts and agricultural impacts (Adrian et al. 2009). Although About the 90% of the world lakes are small limnetic areas they are play a significant role for biodiversity, global cycles, nutrient deposition etc… (Downing et al. , 2006) and also species richness inversely proportional of the lake area (Downing 2010). Mostly microscopic animals survive in different aquatic habitats, including seas, lakes, ponds, dams, rivers, lagoons, sinkholes, swamps, cave waters, troughs, creek (Ustaoǧlu et al. 2012; Durmaz et al. 2022; Gürbüzer et al. 2023). Since zooplanktonic organisms move passively, the study of their community structure is an ideal group to observe changes in water quality (Padovesi-Fonseca 2020; Muñoz-Colmenares et al. 2021). Some studies on the shallow lakes have shown that abiotic parameters (including light, water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, nutrient levels, turbidity, etc.) are more effective in the distribution of zooplanktonic organisms, while other studies have suggested that biotic factors (such as predation and interspecific or intraspecific competition) have a greater influence (Jeppesen et al. 2000; Gyllström et al. 2005; Kaya et al. 2010; Altındağ et al. 2011). Furthermore, the distribution of zooplankton is significantly impacted by factors such as climate, land use, hydrological conditions, and macrophytes etc. (Özdemir et al. 2021). Stratification does not occur in shallow lakes compared to deep lakes and it is also suggested that abiotic factors are more effective in the distribution of zooplanktonic organisms (Ramore et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2023). Zooplanktonic organisms, which are not commercially caught in freshwater ecosystems, are among the rare organisms where climate change can be monitored. Changes in water temperature and indirectly changing salinity affect the poikilothermic zooplankton physiologically. Due to these effects, changes in zooplankton body size are known to affect the food pyramid and population distribution (Williamson et al. 2002; Beklioğlu et al. 2020). The focus of community studies of planktonic organisms is on how phyto- and zooplanktonic organisms change seasonally in lakes or reservoirs throughout the year (Apaydın Yağcı 2013; Gürbüzer et al. 2017; Çelekli and Lekesiz 2021). It is also reported that hydrological conditions (flood, precipitation, glaciation, etc.) reshape the community structure, especially in the upper layers of the lake (Galir Balkić et al. 2018). Since zooplankton succession change in dimictic and/or polymictic lakes is shaped by the nutrient availability in the lake, more diverse zooplankton groups are expected in polymictic lakes (Haberman and Haldna 2017). Weather conditions are much more effective in shallow lakes and zooplankton in the subsurface of the lakes may vary according to weather conditions. In this study, the succession of the seasonal distribution of subsurface zooplankton in a small temperate region lake during the year depending on conditions such as rain and wind was investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Lake Karamurat is a small and shallow lake in the western part of Bolu, Turkey. The lake’s origin is Tectonic with an area of 0.05 km 2 (Özdemir Mis et al. 2017) and a maximum depth of 9.25m (Külköylüoğlu 2023). It lies at 705m a.s.l. and surrounded by coniferous forest and hills. The climate of Karamurat Lake region is “Temperate oceanic climate”, Cfb, (warm temperate, fully humid, warm summer) according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification (Kottek et al. 2006). We sampled the lake seasonally between May 2019 and February 2020. In addition to seasonal lake sampling, we also collected samples from two inflowing spring during the summer and winter. In March 2020 and April 2020, the sampling procedure could not be implemented due to Covid-19 conditions. Sampling locations and the lake region are given in Figure 1. While four stations were selected from the littoral region to represent the entire surroundings of the lake, two stations were selected from the limnetic region of the lake. We collected several physico-chemical variables and zooplanktonic organisms. Water samples for dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, water temperature (WT), total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity (Sal) were measured with a YSI Professional Plus-Multiprobe in situ . For measuring water transparency, a Secchi disk (20 cm) was used. Precipitation and wind speed data was obtained from the nearest stations of the Turkish State Meteorological Service and also wind speed measured in the field using Kestrel Anamometer. Zooplankton samples were taken from epilimnetic region in the lake. They were taken horizontally from a depth of 0.5 m below lake surface using Hydro-Bios Plankton Net (mesh size 55 and 25cm diameter) for approximately 5 minutes and fixed with formaldehyde solution to a final concentration of 4%. To identify collected zooplankton species, inverted microscopy Leica DMSL was used and Ward and Whipple, 1918; Whipple and Ward, 1959; Harding and Smith, 1974; Kolisko, 1974; Koste, 1978; Nogrady, Pourriot and Segers, 1995; Segers, 1995; Smirnow, 1996, were utilised. We tested the zooplankton communities responses to environmental factors in different season with multivariate analysis models using CANOCO software version 4.5 (Lepš and Šmilauer 2003). Before the analysis, all data (except pH and precipitation) were first log 10 (x +1) transformed for approximate a normal distribution, and for the selection of model detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) has been applied to species parameters. The result of the DCA analysis, the longest gradient was found 5.423 and the data showed unimodal responses. Therefore, we chose canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for the species distribution model. To evaluate statistical differences between seasons and stations, a random Monte Carlo permutation (n = 999) test was used. Additionally, Shannon–Weaver species diversity index (Shannon and Weaver 1949), Margalef species richness index (Margalef 1958) calculations and visualizations of seasonal species presence-absence data were performed using R software with the “vegan” package (R Core Team 2024). RESULTS Environmental characteristics of lakes measured in the field and given in Table 1. The lake has two inflows and one outflow. The maximum water temperature of the lake during summer was 25.1 ˚C, and it was classified as a temperate lake (Moss et al. 2003). The pH value of the lake reveals an alkaline profile. Table 1: Environmental characteristics of lake and species diversity and richness indexes W F SP SM Mean Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Min Max T 7,21 4,6 11,2 13,73 9,6 20,6 17,44 11,6 19,5 22,04 11,9 25,1 DO 12,15 9,6 18,99 7,88 1,34 12,26 7,79 6,4 9,98 6,76 3,42 12,98 EC 148,16 122,8 208,1 160,68 138,2 218,3 115,52 105,9 127 147,15 107 198,4 TDS 144,95 125,45 183,95 136,44 116,35 224,15 88,01 83,85 92,3 101,83 87,1 139,1 SAL 0,11 0,09 0,14 0,10 0,09 0,11 0,06 0,06 0,07 0,07 0,06 0,1 pH 7,41 5,71 8,51 8,22 7,75 8,7 8,40 8,28 8,46 8,44 8,14 8,69 Wind 0,88 7,02 0,01 0,53 2,4 0,01 2,14 8,6 0,3 0,91 2,4 0,01 S 47 26 20 58 H'(log2) 5,55 4,70 4,32 5,86 d 11,95 7,67 6,34 14,04 Table 1: Minimum, maximum and mean value of environmental parameters and index results of studied lake. The units of environmental parameters are Water temperature (°C), dissolved oxygen (mg L -1 ), electrical conductivity (mS cm -1 ), total dissolved solids (mg L -1 ), and salinity (ppt). Abbrevations: S; Total number of species, H'; Shannon-Weaver Index of Diversity with log 2 , d; Margalef Richness. The daily precipitation and wind speed value graphs obtained by the Turkish State Meteorological Service is shown in Figure 2. According to the precipitation data of both meteorological stations, the month with the highest rainfall was February and the month with the highest rainfall per unit of time was June and late July. Both stations showed a marked decrease in precipitation during the fall, followed by an increase in January and February. It is also wind speed data that have been measured during the field study, and it has been observed to be generally breezy. The maximum wind speed recorded was 16.8 m sn -1 (6-7 Bofour) on May 21st, and August was identified as the windiest month of the year, particularly in late May and August. The wind speed time series revealed notable daily fluctuations, with higher intensities observed in early summer and mid-winter, and calmer conditions in late autumn. In the studied region, a total of 74 taxa were identified. Of these, 54 species with a new record ( Testudinella greeni ) belong to the Turkish Rotifera fauna and 20 species from crustaceans, including 16 species from Cladocera and 4 species from Copepoda. All speciemens were given in Table 3. In terms of species diversity and richness, the surface zooplankton diversity was found to be quite high in the summer and winter seasons (as shown in Table 1 and Figure 3). 58 individuals were identified in the summer period, while 47 were observed in the winter, and 26 and 20 individuals in the fall and spring, respectively. Both fall and spring had comparatively lower richness for all groups. A total of 40 rotifer species were recorded during summer, followed 32 in winter. Cladoceran richness peaked in summer, while copepods show low diversity across all seasons. The following species have been observed throughout the year: Keratella cochlearis , Lepadella patella , and Polyarthra vulgaris from the rotifer group, and Acroperus harpae and Alonella nana from the cladocerans. Interstingly, there were not observed or recorded any calanoid copepods of any season. Table 2: List of zooplankton taxa found in the Karamurat Lake Rotifera Abbr. SP SM F W Abbr. SP SM F W Anureopsis fissa (Gosse, 1851) af X Lecane lunaris (Ehrenberg, 1832) llu X X X Ascomorpha ecaudis Perty, 1850 ae X X X Lepadella acuminata (Ehrenberg, 1834) la X X Asplanchna priodonta Gosse, 1850 ap X X Lepadella ovalis (Müller, 1786) lo X Brachionus angularis Gosse, 1851 ba X Lepadella patella (Müller, 1773) lp X X X X Cephalodella catellina (Müller, 1786) cc X X Lepadella triptera (Ehrenberg, 1830) lt X X Cephalodella gibba (Ehrenberg, 1830) cg X X Lophocharis salpina (Ehrenberg, 1834) ls X Cephalodella hoodii (Gosse, 1886) ch X X Mytilina ventralis (Ehrenberg, 1830) mv X Collotheca pelagica (Rousselet, 1893) cp X X X Notholca acuminata (Ehrenberg, 1832) na X Collotheca mutabilis (Hudson, 1885) cm X X Notholca squamula (Müller, 1786) ns X Colurella adriatica Ehrenberg, 1831 ca X X X Philodina megalotrocha Ehrenberg, 1832 pm X X X Colurella colurus (Ehrenberg, 1830) cco X X Platyias quadricornis (Ehrenberg, 1832) pq X Encentrum mustela (Milne, 1885) em X X Polyarthra dolichoptera Idelson, 1925 pd X X Euchlanis deflexa Gosse, 1851 ed X Polyarthra vulgaris Carlin, 1943 pv X X X X Euchlanis dilatata Ehrenberg, 1830 edi X X X Pompholyx sulcata Hudson, 1885 ps X X Filinia longiseta (Ehrenberg, 1834) fl X Rotaria rotatoria (Pallas, 1766) rr X Filinia opoliensis (Zacharias, 1898) fo X X Synchaeta oblonga Ehrenberg, 1832 so X Dicranophorus epicharis Harring & Myers, 1928 de X Synchaeta pectinata Ehrenberg, 1832 sp X X X Gastropus stylifer Imhof, 1891 gs X X Testudinella greeni Koste, 1981 * tg X X Habrotrocha tripus (Murray, 1907) ht X Testudinella patina (Hermann, 1783) tp X Itura aurita (Ehrenberg, 1830) ia X Trichocerca capucina (Wierzejski & Zacharias, 1893) tc X X X Keratella cochlearis (Gosse, 1851) kc X X X X Trichocerca cylindrica (Imhof, 1891) tc X X Lecane bulla (Gosse, 1851) lb X Trichocerca porcellus (Gosse, 1851) tpo X X Lecane closterocerca (Schmarda, 1859) lc X X Trichocerca pusilla (Jennings, 1903) tpu X Lecane flexilis (Gosse, 1886) lf X Trichocerca rattus (Müller, 1776) tr X Lecane hamata (Stokes, 1896) lh X X X Trichocerca similis (Wierzejski, 1893) ts X Lecane inermis (Bryce, 1892) li X Trichocerca tenuior (Gosse, 1886) ttn X X X Lecane luna (Müller, 1776) ll X Trichotria tetractis (Ehrenberg, 1830) tt X X Cladocera Abbr. SP SM F W Abbr. SP SM F W Acroperus harpae (Baird, 1834) ah X X X X Bosmina longirostris (O.F. Müller, 1785) bl X Alona affinis (Leydig, 1860) af X X Chydorus ovalis Kurz, 1875 co X X X Alona costata G.O. Sars, 1862 ac X X X Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Müller, 1776) cs X X X Alona guttata G.O. Sars, 1862 ag X X X Macrothrix laticornis (Jurine, 1820) ml X X X Coronatella rectangula (G.O. Sars, 1862) cr X X Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine, 1820) pa X X X Alonella excisa (Fischer, 1854) aex X X Peracantha truncata (O.F. Müller, 1785) pt X Alonella exigua (Lilljeborg, 1853) aexi X Scapholeberis mucronata (O.F. Müller, 1776) sm X X X Alonella nana (Baird, 1843) an X X X X Simocephalus vetulus (O.F. Müller, 1776) sv X X Copepoda Abbr. SP SM F W Abbr. SP SM F W Canthocamptus staphylinus staphylinus Jurine, 1820 ct X X X Paracyclops fimbriatus fimbriatus (Fischer, 1853) pf X Thermocyclops dybowskii dybowskii (Landé, 1890) td X X X Megacyclops viridis viridis (Jurine, 1820) mvr X X X Abbr: W: Winter, F: Fall, SP: Spring, SM: Summer and *: new record for the Turkish Rotifera fauna and Palearctic Region. Abbreviations of the species are provided for use in CCA triplots. The CCA triplot explains 42.7 % of the variation in species distribution based on environmental variables. In the microcrustacean CCA triplot (Figure 4), summer samples were clustered around higher EC and water temperature, and were associated with the species such as C. ovalis and B. longisrostris . In contrast, winter samples were positioned near the DO and precipitation, and were positively correlated with species such as P. truncata and P. fimbriatus . In the rotifer triplot (Figure 5), rotifer taxa were positively correlation with DO, precipitation and wind speed, with the most of these species associated with the samples from the winter and spring seasons. Each season grouped distinct clusters in the triplots, based on taxonomic compositon. Spring and summer samples were located in the same region, near the temperature eigenvector, while winter and fall samples grouped in areas associated with lower temperature and higher DO value. DISCUSSION This study focuses on the zooplankton community patterns of a small lake, Lake Karamurat, and the environmental parameters that may be effective on species diversity, richness, distribution, etc. These microscopic animal diversities depending on some abiotic and biotic parameters as well as lake area, meteorological conditions, pray and predator interactions, water temperature, etc. Although the lake covers a small area, zooplankton diversity quite high. Species richness of microcrustaceans is positively influenced by lake area (Heuschele et al. 2024), however, our study revealed that, despite the small surface area of the lake, it exhibited high richness in both microcrustaceans and rotifers. In a study conducted by Özdemir Mis et al. (2017) in the Western Black Sea region, including Lake Karamurat, 13 to 41 taxa were identified in lakes with surface areas ranging from 0.05 to 15.62 km 2 across 13 different lakes. In the same region, Lake Poyrazlar has 57 zooplankton taxa with 0.6 km 2 (Gürbüzer et al. 2017). In our study, 74 taxa were identified, which is quite high compared to the rates in the region. Rotifera dominated the zooplankton community, comprising 72.97% of the identified taxa, followed by Cladocera (21.62%) and Copepoda (5.40%). The majority of the identified rotifer species belonged to the cosmopolitan genera Trichocerca, Lecane, Lepadella, and Cephalodella, which are commonly associated with lentic systems characterized by submerged aquatic plants. In Lake Rotifera community , Testudinella greeni is the new record for the Turkish Rotifera fauna. T . greeni has been recorded by researchers from Nigeria, Australia, Malaysia, Thailand, Argentina and India (Sanoamuang 1998; Segers 2007; Ferrando and Claps 2014; Sharma 2015; Sharma and Sharma 2018; Sharma and Sharma 2019; Sharma and Sharma 2021). In Segers' 2007 publication, it was reported that this species is found in Afrotropical, Australian, Neotropical and Oriental regions. It is understood that this species is not only for the Turkiye but also a new record for the Palearctic region. Previously, studies were focused on cladoceran fauna in 1997, on both physico-chemical and zooplankton fauna in 2017, and finally on the limoecological characteristics of the Lake Karamurat and Ostracoda fauna in 2023 (Gündüz 1997; Özdemir Mis et al. 2017; Külköylüoğlu 2023). Gündüz (1997) identified Daphnia longispina species in his study and Mis et al in 2017 found D. longispina and D. cucullata species from Daphnia longispina complex. However, we did not find any Daphnia species in the lake during our study after the last ten years. Although the species belonging to the D. longispina complex are pelagic, this may be due to diurnal vertical migration (avoiding predation or tracking food) and their preference for the hypolimnion zone. We think that the same situation may also be possible for D. brachyurum , a large-bodied cladocer previously reported by Gündüz (1997). However, even though we conducted our study in the subsurface area of the lake, we found quite high numbers of Cladocera species. Only 1 of the 16 species, S. vetulus , has the structure of a large-bodied cladocer. Perhaps, with wind and rainfall, rotifers and small-bodied cladocers tend to be more abundant in the epilimnion. During seasonal sampling in the lake, nauplii and copepodites were detected in the coastal region (sampling points 1, 2, 3, and 4, Figure 1). However, neither large nor small-bodied calanoid species were observed, and Acanthodiaptomus denticornis , previously reported in the lake, was not found in our study. It is known that A. denticornis shows shore avoidance behavior and populates open water (Schabetsberger and Jersabek 2004). Despite sampling the pelagic zone (sampling points 5 and 6, Figure 1), neither nauplii nor copepodites were found, and the absence of calanoid species may be attributed to phototactic behavior, similar to what was observed in D. longispina . Probably, due to its large body size, A. denticornis has been more vulnerable to fish predation, and due to competition with cyclopoids, it has declined over the years. The absence of calanoids in shallow, alkaline lakes (pH>6) is an indicator of trophic status (Min et al. 2021). Therefore, the disappearance of these organisms over the years may be attributed to the eutrophication of Karamurat Lake's trophic structure. According to the 2019 report of the General Directorate of Meteorology (GDM), it is stated that there is a temperature anomaly of 1.1 to 2 °C in the region where Karamurat Lake is located, and the precipitation regime is within seasonal norms (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and GDM 2019). The effect of temperature changes on zooplanktonic organisms has been studied by various researchers. Accordingly, it is predicted that the body size of organisms decreases with increasing temperature, cold stenotherms may disappear, and zooplankton richness and evenness may decrease with increasing salinity as a secondary effect (Kaya et al. 2010; Kirillin 2010; Laugaste et al. 2010; Beklioğlu et al. 2020). In addition, it is suggested that warmer winters will affect the mixing regime of small lakes (Kirillin 2010). It is estimated that affecting the mixing regime may influence the benthic zone zooplanktonic organisms during the stagnation period and therefore other organisms in the lake will be impacted by this change. In terms of species diversity, the Shannon-Weaver index reveals a highly diverse and rich zooplankton community even in the subsurface of a small temperate lake. Generally, a Shannon-Weaver diversity index exceeding 2.5 indicates a moderately diverse in zooplankton community. The Margalef Richness index also supports this finding, with high values that are not surprising given the number of species present. It is well-known that species richness is linked to habitat diversity, macrophyte presence, the abundance of edible algae, etc. (Hessen et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2023). Additionally, various studies have reported a positive correlation between species richness and lake area (O’Brien et al. 2004; Hoffmann and Dodson 2005). However, despite being a small lake (approximately 0.05 km²), Lake Karamurat exhibits exceptionally high diversity and richness. We attribute this to the significant impact of detailed zooplankton collection from the surface on species diversity, even though the lake is small. The meteorological data suggest that the summer months, especially June and July, were dominated by rainfall events, which are characterized by short duration and high intensity. The simultaneous occurrence of precipitation peaks and wind speed maxima, particularly in late spring and winter, could indicate surface mixing patterns. These environmental drivers are likely to influence zooplankton distribution in the studied lake. The seasonal trend in species richness reflects ecological responses to shifting environmental conditions throughout the year (Figure 3). The elevated diversity of rotifers and cladocerans in summer and winter suggests their elasticity to the thermal and mixing fluctuations, likely supported by higher nutrient turnover or favorable temperature ranges. Periods of increased zooplankton richness (summer and winter) coincided with higher wind activity and precipitation events, particularly in June and January-February. When we look at the distribution of subsurface zooplankton in CCA triplot (Figure 4 and Figure 5) and list of zooplankton taxa (Table 2), it is seen that the species richness (Table 1 and Figure 3) was highest in summer and winter months. These meteorological conditions may have enhanced water column mixing, favoring small-bodied zooplankton such as rotifers. Conversely, calmer and drier periods in spring and fall may have corresponded with reduced richness, supporting the role of meteorological dynamics in structuring seasonal zooplankton communities. Conclusion Climate change is causing a modification in precipitation regimes and it is expected that snowfall will be replaced by more rain and warmer winters. With this situation, the trophic structure of the lake may change along with the surface water. Rotifer and cladocer species with small bodies may be affected by wind current patterns and may be found in the epilimnion rather than the hypolimnion. In zooplankton studies, the most important factor that ensures the understanding of species richness is the suitability of the sampling method. In this study, we have seen that even in a small lake with horizontal sampling, we have found much more species than we expected. Moreover, one of the species we identified is a new record not only for Turkiye but also for the Palaeoarctic region. Declarations Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflict of Interest : The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Ethical approval : Not applicable. This study did not involve any experiments on human or animals. Informed consent : Not applicable. Author contribution : Pınar Gürbüzer conceptualized the paper, conducted data analysis, and wrote the paper. Ahmet Altındağ participated in field data collection, species identification, and revised the paper. Okan Külköyluoğlu was involved in the field study and conducted data analysis. 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Aquat Ecol 55:1241–1252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-021-09877-y Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, GDM (2019) Türkiye 2019 İklim Raporu Moss B, Stephen D, Alvarez C, Becares E, Van De Bund W, Collings SE, Van Donk E, De Eyto E, Feldmann T, Fernández-Aláez C, Fernández-Aláez M, Franken RJM, García-Criado F, Gross EM, Gyllström M, Hansson LA, Irvine K, Järvalt A, Jensen JP, Jeppesen E, Kairesalo T, Kornijów R, Krause T, Künnap H, Laas A, Lill E, Lorens B, Luup H, Miracle MR, Nõges P, Nõges T, Nykänen M, Ott I, Peczula W, Peeters ETHM, Phillips G, Romo S, Russell V, Salujõe J, Scheffer M, Siewertsen K, Smal H, Tesch C, Timm H, Tuvikene L, Tonno I, Virro T, Vicente E, Wilson D (2003) The determination of ecological status in shallow lakes - A tested system (ECOFRAME) for implementation of the European Water Framework Directive. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13:507–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.592 Muñoz-Colmenares ME, Soria JM, Vicente E (2021) Can zooplankton species be used as indicators of trophic status and ecological potential of reservoirs? Aquat Ecol 55:1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-021-09897-8 Nogrady T, Pourriot R, Segers H (1995) Rotifera 3. Notommatidae and Scaridiidae. In: Dumont H, Nogrady T (eds) Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World 8. SPB Academic Publishing BV, p 248 O’Brien WJ, Barfield M, Bettez ND, Gettel GM, Hershey AE, McDonald ME, Miller MC, Mooers H, Pastor J, Richards C, Schuldt J (2004) Physical, chemical, and biotic effects on arctic zooplankton communities and diversity. Limnol Oceanogr 49:1250–1261. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.4_part_2.1250 Özdemir CD, Saygi Y, Gündüz E, Demirkalp FY, Karacaoğlu Ç (2021) Assessment of the zooplankton community structure of the coastal uzungöl lagoon (Kızılırmak delta, turkey) based on community indices and physicochemical parameters. Turkish J Zool 45:33–45. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-2006-9 Özdemir Mis D, Aygen C, Ustaoğlu MR, Balık S, Sarı HM (2017) A preliminary study on the zooplankton composition of some lakes in the Western Black Sea Region (Turkey). Ege J Fish Aquat Sci 34:311–320. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.3.10 Padovesi-Fonseca C (2020) Potential Use of Zooplankton as Ecological Quality Indicator According to Water Framework Directive (WFD) in Central Brazilian Reservoir. Oceanogr Fish Open access J 11. https://doi.org/10.19080/ofoaj.2020.11.555814 R Core Team (2024) R: A language and environment for statistical computing Ramore P, Berg S, Lauridsen T, Jeppesen E (2003) Spatial and temporal distribution of fish and zooplankton in a shallow lake. Freshw Biol 48:1353–1362. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01081.xo Ruttner-Kolisko A (1974) Plankton Rotifers Biology and Taxonomy. Die Binnergewasser 26:146 Sanoamuang LO (1998) Rotifera of some freshwater habitats in the floodplain of the River Nan, northern Thailand. Hydrobiologia 387–388:27–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4782-8_5 Schabetsberger R, Jersabek CD (2004) Shallow males, deep females: Sex-biased differences in habitat distribution of the freshwater calanoid copepod Arctodiaptomus alpinus. Ecography (Cop) 27:506–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03776.x Segers H (1995) Rotifera 2. The Lecanidae (Monogononta). In: Dumont H, Nogrady T (eds) Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World 6. SPB Academic Publishing BV, p 226 Segers H (2007) Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution Shannon CE, Weaver W (1949) The mathematical theory of communication. University Press, Illionis, Urbana Sharma BK (2015) Biodiversity of freshwater rotifers (Rotifera: Eurotatoria) of Mizoram, Northeast India: composition, new records and interesting features. Int J Aquat Biol 3:301–313 Sharma BK, Sharma S (2019) Thebiodiverse rotifers (Rotifera: Eurotatoria) of the floodplain wetlands of Barak valley of Assam, Northeast India. Opusc Zool 50:3–15. https://doi.org/10.18348/opzool.2019.1.3 Sharma BK, Sharma S (2018) The Indian species of Testudinella ( Rotifera : Flosculariacea : Testudinellidae ) and their distribution. Int J Aquat Biol 6:15–20 Sharma BK, Sharma S (2021) Biodiversity of Indian Rotifers (Rotifera) with remarks on biogeography and richness in diverse ecosystems. Opusc Zool 52:69–97. https://doi.org/10.18348/opzool.2021.1.69 Smirnow NN (1996) Cladocera: The Chydorinae and Sayciinae (Chydoridae) of the World. In: Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World 11. SPB Academic Publishing BV, p 197 Ustaoǧlu MR, Altindaǧ A, Kaya M, Akbulut N, Bozkurt A, Özdemir Mis D, Atasagun S, Erdoǧan S, Bekleyen A, Saler S, Okgerman HC (2012) A Checklist of Turkish Rotifers. Turkish J Zool 36:607–622. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1110-1 Verpoorter C, Kutser T, Seekell DA, Tranvik LJ (2014) A global inventory of lakes based on high-resolution satellite imagery. Geophys Res Lett 41:6396–6402. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060641 Wang C, Li E, Zhang L, Wei H, Zhang L, Wang Z (2023) Long-term succession characteristics and driving factors of zooplankton communities in a typical subtropical shallow lake, central China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:49435–49449 Ward HB, Whipple GC (1918) Fresh-water biology. John Wiley and Sons., New York, NY, USA Whipple GC, Ward HB (1959) Freshwater Biology, 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, NY, USA Williamson CE, Grad G, De Lange HJ, Gilroy S, Karapelou DM (2002) Temperature dependent ultraviolet responses in zooplankton: Implications of climate change. Limnol Oceanogr 47:1844–1848. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.6.1844 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Diversity → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6513490","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":490790525,"identity":"7f72c6ec-f0a0-4360-b474-a4392f856f32","order_by":0,"name":"Pınar Gürbüzer","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxsYDPAYMcgzMUG4DEVoaQFqMkbQwE9Z0gIeBIRFmOGEt5hLJDQfeFNSlz2/nPfi4gMFGdsMB/mMf8GmxnJHYcHCOAVvuhsN8ycYzGNKMNxxgZp6BT4vBjcSGwzwGPLkbmHnMpHkYDieCtOB1GFSLRLp8M1jLf6K1GCQwHAZrOUBYi2XPQ5BfEgw3HOYxNp5hkGw88zCzMV4t5uzpDx+8+VMnL99/xvBxQYWdbN/xxsf4HSaQgOAwMxiASfzAgP8AspZRMApGwSgYBVgAAFfDRpnVVm5EAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6298-8905","institution":"Sinop University: Sinop Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pınar","middleName":"","lastName":"Gürbüzer","suffix":""},{"id":490790526,"identity":"f80fbd90-8fdf-4003-992c-fd6ed864a15c","order_by":1,"name":"Okan Külköylüoğlu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University: Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Okan","middleName":"","lastName":"Külköylüoğlu","suffix":""},{"id":490790527,"identity":"8171fdd8-8381-4cfc-b775-9c1d71500d1a","order_by":2,"name":"Ahmet Altındağ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ankara University: Ankara Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmet","middleName":"","lastName":"Altındağ","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-23 14:18:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6513490/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6513490/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d18010055","type":"published","date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87826277,"identity":"80532a6e-217f-4713-ba38-0194a767a807","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 11:51:41","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":471634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of lake region and sampling point\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6513490/v1/dcbd45d90117762722f0ddd3.png"},{"id":87826273,"identity":"b2992ca3-fbbf-4a1f-a0d7-9733954e72e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 11:51:41","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":281592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTime series of daily precipitation from two meteorological stations and daily wind speed from May 2019 to February 2020 around the lake stations\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6513490/v1/b33ff06f695748f9061e986a.png"},{"id":87826270,"identity":"9a42edb6-0f86-4e6b-88d7-b06504845d29","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 11:51:41","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":99260,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSeasonal species richness of zooplankton groups in the studied lake. The heatmap represents the number of taxa observed in each group during sampling seasons.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6513490/v1/d2d7ead28d6d4bc294cb543e.png"},{"id":87826266,"identity":"730cdd8d-d30b-45b0-85ce-3444de1a6724","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 11:51:41","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":137240,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrocrustacean CCA triplot diagram showing the seasonal distribution of Cladocera and Copepoda taxa in environmental variables. Summer samples are associated with higher EC and temperature, while winter samples are related to DO and precipitation. Abbreviations of taxa were given in Table 3\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6513490/v1/d73b9dce48a93d46f21f5313.png"},{"id":87829790,"identity":"09081e0a-e01d-464f-9086-66d39bf945a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 12:15:41","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":171167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRotifer CCA triplot diagram showing the distribution of rotifer taxa by season and environmental gradients. Rotifer communities are positively correlated with DO, precipitation and wind, especially during winter and spring. Abbreviations of taxa were given in Table 3\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6513490/v1/8f6121ccc83a6d34724f2807.png"},{"id":100998785,"identity":"988b9c45-32cc-4061-9029-f36b04f17a6c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 15:58:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1807301,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6513490/v1/2e0615e7-de0c-45e1-8e14-961845bb9da4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Seasonal Limnological Dynamics and Surface Zooplankton Responses in a Small Tectonic Lake in Turkiye","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite lakes cover about 3.7% of terrestrial ecosystems (Verpoorter et al. 2014), they have been characterized as sentinels for monitoring climate change, anthropogenic impacts and agricultural impacts (Adrian et al. 2009). Although About the 90% of the world lakes are small limnetic areas they are play a significant role for biodiversity, global cycles, nutrient deposition etc\u0026hellip; (Downing \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2006) and also species richness inversely proportional of the lake area (Downing 2010). Mostly microscopic animals survive in different aquatic habitats, including seas, lakes, ponds, dams, rivers, lagoons, sinkholes, swamps, cave waters, troughs, creek (Ustaoǧlu et al. 2012; Durmaz et al. 2022; G\u0026uuml;rb\u0026uuml;zer et al. 2023). Since zooplanktonic organisms move passively, the study of their community structure is an ideal group to observe changes in water quality (Padovesi-Fonseca 2020; Mu\u0026ntilde;oz-Colmenares et al. 2021). Some studies on the shallow lakes have shown that abiotic parameters (including light, water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, nutrient levels, turbidity, etc.) are more effective in the distribution of zooplanktonic organisms, while other studies have suggested that biotic factors (such as predation and interspecific or intraspecific competition) have a greater influence \u0026nbsp;(Jeppesen et al. 2000; Gyllstr\u0026ouml;m et al. 2005; Kaya et al. 2010; Altındağ et al. 2011). Furthermore, the distribution of zooplankton is significantly impacted by factors such as climate, land use, hydrological conditions, and macrophytes etc. (\u0026Ouml;zdemir et al. 2021). Stratification does not occur in shallow lakes compared to deep lakes and it is also suggested that abiotic factors are more effective in the distribution of zooplanktonic organisms (Ramore et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZooplanktonic organisms, which are not commercially caught in freshwater ecosystems, are among the rare organisms where climate change can be monitored. Changes in water temperature and indirectly changing salinity affect the poikilothermic zooplankton physiologically. Due to these effects, changes in zooplankton body size are known to affect the food pyramid and population distribution (Williamson et al. 2002; Beklioğlu et al. 2020). The focus of community studies of planktonic organisms is on how phyto- and zooplanktonic organisms change seasonally in lakes or reservoirs throughout the year (Apaydın Yağcı 2013; G\u0026uuml;rb\u0026uuml;zer et al. 2017; \u0026Ccedil;elekli and Lekesiz 2021). It is also reported that hydrological conditions (flood, precipitation, glaciation, etc.) reshape the community structure, especially in the upper layers of the lake\u0026nbsp;(Galir Balkić et al. 2018).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince zooplankton succession change in dimictic and/or polymictic lakes is shaped by the nutrient availability in the lake, more diverse zooplankton groups are expected in polymictic lakes (Haberman and Haldna 2017). Weather conditions are much more effective in shallow lakes and zooplankton in the subsurface of the lakes may vary according to weather conditions. In this study, the succession of the seasonal distribution of subsurface zooplankton in a small temperate region lake during the year depending on conditions such as rain and wind was investigated. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eLake Karamurat is a small and shallow lake in the western part of Bolu, Turkey. The lake\u0026rsquo;s origin is Tectonic with an area of 0.05 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (\u0026Ouml;zdemir Mis et al. 2017) and a maximum depth of 9.25m (K\u0026uuml;lk\u0026ouml;yl\u0026uuml;oğlu 2023). It lies at 705m a.s.l. and surrounded by\u0026nbsp;coniferous forest and hills. The climate of Karamurat Lake region is \u0026ldquo;Temperate oceanic climate\u0026rdquo;, Cfb, (warm temperate, fully humid, warm summer) according to the K\u0026ouml;ppen-Geiger Climate Classification\u0026nbsp;(Kottek et al. 2006).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe sampled the lake seasonally between May 2019 and February 2020. In addition to seasonal lake sampling, we also collected samples from two inflowing spring during the summer and winter. In March 2020 and April 2020, the sampling procedure could not be implemented due to Covid-19 conditions. Sampling locations and the lake region are given in Figure 1. While four stations were selected from the littoral region to represent the entire surroundings of the lake, two stations were selected from the limnetic region of the lake. We collected several physico-chemical variables and zooplanktonic organisms. Water samples for dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, water temperature (WT), total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity (Sal) were measured with a YSI Professional Plus-Multiprobe \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e. For measuring water transparency, a Secchi disk (20 cm) was used. Precipitation and wind speed data was obtained from the nearest stations of the Turkish State Meteorological Service and also wind speed measured in the field using Kestrel Anamometer.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZooplankton samples were taken from epilimnetic region in the lake. They were taken horizontally from a depth of 0.5 m below lake surface using Hydro-Bios Plankton Net (mesh size 55 and 25cm diameter) for approximately 5 minutes and fixed with formaldehyde solution to a final concentration of 4%. To identify collected zooplankton species, inverted microscopy Leica DMSL was used and Ward and Whipple, 1918; Whipple and Ward, 1959; Harding and Smith, 1974; Kolisko, 1974; Koste, 1978; Nogrady, Pourriot and Segers, 1995; Segers, 1995; Smirnow, 1996, were utilised.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe tested the zooplankton communities responses to environmental factors in different season with multivariate analysis models using CANOCO software version 4.5 (Lep\u0026scaron; and \u0026Scaron;milauer 2003). Before the analysis, all data (except pH and precipitation) were first log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e (x +1) transformed for approximate a normal distribution, and for the selection of model detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) has been applied to species parameters. The result of the DCA analysis, the longest gradient was found 5.423 and the data showed unimodal responses. Therefore, we chose canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for the species distribution model. To evaluate statistical differences between seasons and stations, a random Monte Carlo permutation (n = 999) test was used. Additionally, Shannon\u0026ndash;Weaver species diversity index (Shannon and Weaver 1949), Margalef species richness index (Margalef 1958) calculations and visualizations of seasonal species presence-absence data were performed using R software with the \u0026ldquo;vegan\u0026rdquo; package (R Core Team 2024).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental characteristics of lakes measured in the field and given in Table 1. The lake has two inflows and one outflow. The maximum water temperature of the lake during summer was 25.1 ˚C, and it was classified as a temperate lake (Moss et al. 2003). The pH value of the lake reveals an alkaline profile.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Environmental characteristics of lake and \u0026nbsp;species diversity and richness indexes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"645\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13,73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17,44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18,99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160,68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115,52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105,9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147,15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144,95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125,45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183,95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136,44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116,35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224,15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83,85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101,83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWind\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH\u0026apos;(log2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Minimum, maximum and mean value of environmental parameters and index results of studied lake. The units of environmental parameters are Water temperature (\u0026deg;C), dissolved oxygen (mg L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), electrical conductivity (mS cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), total dissolved solids (mg L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), and salinity (ppt). Abbrevations: S; Total number of species, H\u0026apos;; Shannon-Weaver Index of Diversity with log\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, d; Margalef Richness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe daily precipitation and wind speed value graphs obtained by the Turkish State Meteorological Service is shown in Figure 2. According to the precipitation data of both meteorological stations, the month with the highest rainfall was February and the month with the highest rainfall per unit of time was June and late July. Both stations showed a marked decrease in precipitation during the fall, followed by an increase in January and February. It is also wind speed data that have been measured during the field study, and it has been observed to be generally breezy. The maximum wind speed recorded was 16.8 m sn\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (6-7 Bofour) on May 21st, and August was identified as the windiest month of the year, particularly in late May and August. The wind speed time series revealed notable daily fluctuations, with higher intensities observed in early summer and mid-winter, and calmer conditions in late autumn.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the studied region, a total of 74 taxa were identified. Of these, 54 species with a new record (\u003cem\u003eTestudinella greeni\u003c/em\u003e) belong to the Turkish Rotifera fauna and 20 species from crustaceans, including 16 species from Cladocera and 4 species from Copepoda. All speciemens were given in Table 3. In terms of species diversity and richness, the surface zooplankton diversity was found to be quite high in the summer and winter seasons (as shown in Table 1 and Figure 3). 58 individuals were identified in the summer period, while 47 were observed in the winter, and 26 and 20 individuals in the fall and spring, respectively. Both fall and spring had comparatively lower richness for all groups. A total of 40 rotifer species were recorded during summer, followed 32 in winter. Cladoceran richness peaked in summer, while copepods show low diversity across all seasons. The following species have been observed throughout the year: \u003cem\u003eKeratella cochlearis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLepadella patella\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePolyarthra vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e from the rotifer group, and \u003cem\u003eAcroperus harpae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAlonella nana\u003c/em\u003e from the cladocerans. Interstingly, there were not observed or recorded any calanoid copepods of any season.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: List of zooplankton taxa found in the Karamurat Lake\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"637\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRotifera\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbr.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbr.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnureopsis fissa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Gosse, 1851)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLecane lunaris\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1832)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ellu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAscomorpha ecaudis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePerty, 1850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepadella acuminata\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1834)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ela\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAsplanchna priodonta\u003c/em\u003e Gosse, 1850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepadella ovalis\u003c/em\u003e (M\u0026uuml;ller, 1786)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrachionus angularis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGosse, 1851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepadella patella\u003c/em\u003e (M\u0026uuml;ller, 1773)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCephalodella catellina\u003c/em\u003e (M\u0026uuml;ller, 1786)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepadella triptera\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1830)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCephalodella gibba\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1830)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLophocharis salpina\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1834)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003els\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCephalodella hoodii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Gosse, 1886)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ech\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMytilina ventralis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Ehrenberg, 1830)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emv\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCollotheca pelagica\u003c/em\u003e (Rousselet, 1893)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotholca acuminata\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1832)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCollotheca mutabilis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Hudson, 1885)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotholca squamula\u003c/em\u003e (M\u0026uuml;ller, 1786)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColurella adriatica\u003c/em\u003e Ehrenberg, 1831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eca\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhilodina megalotrocha\u003c/em\u003e Ehrenberg, 1832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColurella colurus\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1830)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlatyias quadricornis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Ehrenberg, 1832)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epq\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEncentrum mustela\u003c/em\u003e (Milne, 1885)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolyarthra dolichoptera\u003c/em\u003e Idelson, 1925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuchlanis deflexa\u003c/em\u003e Gosse, 1851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolyarthra vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e Carlin, 1943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epv\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuchlanis dilatata\u003c/em\u003e Ehrenberg, 1830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eedi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePompholyx sulcata\u003c/em\u003e Hudson, 1885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eps\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFilinia longiseta\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1834)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRotaria rotatoria\u003c/em\u003e (Pallas, 1766)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFilinia opoliensis (Zacharias, 1898)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSynchaeta oblonga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEhrenberg, 1832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eso\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDicranophorus epicharis\u003c/em\u003e Harring \u0026amp; Myers, 1928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ede\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSynchaeta pectinata\u003c/em\u003e Ehrenberg, 1832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGastropus stylifer\u003c/em\u003e Imhof, 1891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTestudinella greeni\u003c/em\u003e Koste, 1981 *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabrotrocha tripus\u003c/em\u003e (Murray, 1907)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eht\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTestudinella patina\u003c/em\u003e (Hermann, 1783)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eItura aurita\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1830)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichocerca capucina\u003c/em\u003e (Wierzejski \u0026amp; Zacharias, 1893)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKeratella cochlearis\u003c/em\u003e (Gosse, 1851)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ekc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichocerca cylindrica\u003c/em\u003e (Imhof, 1891)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLecane bulla\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Gosse, 1851)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichocerca porcellus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Gosse, 1851)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etpo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLecane closterocerca\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Schmarda, 1859)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichocerca pusilla\u003c/em\u003e (Jennings, 1903)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etpu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLecane flexilis\u003c/em\u003e (Gosse, 1886)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichocerca rattus\u003c/em\u003e (M\u0026uuml;ller, 1776)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLecane hamata\u003c/em\u003e (Stokes, 1896)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichocerca similis\u003c/em\u003e (Wierzejski, 1893)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLecane inermis\u003c/em\u003e (Bryce, 1892)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eli\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichocerca tenuior\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Gosse, 1886)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ettn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLecane luna\u003c/em\u003e (M\u0026uuml;ller, 1776)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichotria tetractis\u003c/em\u003e (Ehrenberg, 1830)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ett\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCladocera\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbr.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbr.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcroperus harpae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Baird, 1834)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eah\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBosmina longirostris\u003c/em\u003e (O.F. M\u0026uuml;ller, 1785)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlona affinis\u003c/em\u003e (Leydig, 1860)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChydorus ovalis\u003c/em\u003e Kurz, 1875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlona costata\u003c/em\u003e G.O. Sars, 1862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eac\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChydorus sphaericus\u003c/em\u003e (O.F. M\u0026uuml;ller, 1776)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlona guttata\u003c/em\u003e G.O. Sars, 1862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eag\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMacrothrix laticornis\u003c/em\u003e (Jurine, 1820)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoronatella rectangula\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(G.O. Sars, 1862)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePleuroxus aduncus\u003c/em\u003e (Jurine, 1820)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlonella excisa\u003c/em\u003e (Fischer, 1854)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeracantha truncata\u003c/em\u003e (O.F. M\u0026uuml;ller, 1785)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlonella exigua\u003c/em\u003e (Lilljeborg, 1853)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaexi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScapholeberis mucronata\u003c/em\u003e (O.F. M\u0026uuml;ller, 1776)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlonella nana\u003c/em\u003e (Baird, 1843)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSimocephalus vetulus\u003c/em\u003e (O.F. M\u0026uuml;ller, 1776)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esv\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCopepoda\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbr.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbr.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCanthocamptus staphylinus staphylinus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJurine, 1820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParacyclops fimbriatus fimbriatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Fischer, 1853)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThermocyclops dybowskii dybowskii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Land\u0026eacute;, 1890)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMegacyclops viridis viridis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Jurine, 1820)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emvr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbr: W: Winter, F: Fall, SP: Spring, SM: Summer and *: new record for the Turkish Rotifera fauna and Palearctic Region. Abbreviations of the species are provided for use in CCA triplots.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CCA triplot explains 42.7 % of the variation in species distribution based on environmental variables. In the microcrustacean CCA triplot (Figure 4), summer samples were clustered around higher EC and water temperature, and were associated with the species such as C. \u003cem\u003eovalis\u003c/em\u003e and B. \u003cem\u003elongisrostris\u003c/em\u003e. In contrast, winter samples were positioned near the DO and precipitation, and were positively correlated with species such as P. \u003cem\u003etruncata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand P. \u003cem\u003efimbriatus\u003c/em\u003e. In the rotifer triplot (Figure 5), rotifer taxa were positively correlation with DO, precipitation and wind speed, with the most of these species associated with the samples from the winter and spring seasons. Each season grouped distinct clusters in the triplots, based on taxonomic compositon. Spring and summer samples were located in the same region, near the temperature eigenvector, while winter and fall samples grouped in areas associated with lower temperature and higher DO value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study focuses on the zooplankton community patterns of a small lake, Lake Karamurat, and the environmental parameters that may be effective on species diversity, richness, distribution, etc. These microscopic animal diversities depending on some abiotic and biotic parameters as well as lake area, meteorological conditions, pray and predator interactions, water temperature, etc. Although the lake covers a small area, zooplankton diversity quite high. Species richness of microcrustaceans is positively influenced by lake area (Heuschele et al. 2024), however, our study revealed that, despite the small surface area of the lake, it exhibited high richness in both microcrustaceans and rotifers.\u0026nbsp;In a study conducted by \u0026Ouml;zdemir Mis et al. (2017) in the Western Black Sea region, including Lake Karamurat, 13 to 41 taxa were identified in lakes with surface areas ranging from 0.05 to 15.62 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e across 13 different lakes. In the same region, Lake Poyrazlar has 57 zooplankton taxa with 0.6 km\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(G\u0026uuml;rb\u0026uuml;zer et al. 2017). In our study, 74 taxa were identified, which is quite high compared to the rates in the region.\u0026nbsp;Rotifera dominated the zooplankton community, comprising 72.97% of the identified taxa, followed by Cladocera (21.62%) and Copepoda (5.40%). The majority of the identified rotifer species belonged to the cosmopolitan genera Trichocerca, Lecane, Lepadella, and Cephalodella, which are commonly associated with lentic systems characterized by submerged aquatic plants.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Lake Rotifera community\u003cem\u003e, Testudinella greeni\u003c/em\u003e is the new record for the Turkish Rotifera fauna. T\u003cem\u003e. greeni\u003c/em\u003e has been recorded by researchers from Nigeria, Australia, Malaysia, Thailand, Argentina and India (Sanoamuang 1998; Segers 2007; Ferrando and Claps 2014; Sharma 2015; Sharma and Sharma 2018; Sharma and Sharma 2019; Sharma and Sharma 2021). In Segers\u0026apos; 2007 publication, it was reported that this species is found in Afrotropical, Australian, Neotropical and Oriental regions. It is understood that this species is not only for the Turkiye but also a new record for the Palearctic region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreviously, studies were focused on cladoceran fauna in 1997, on both physico-chemical and zooplankton fauna in 2017, and finally on the limoecological characteristics of the Lake Karamurat and Ostracoda fauna in 2023 (G\u0026uuml;nd\u0026uuml;z 1997; \u0026Ouml;zdemir Mis et al. 2017; K\u0026uuml;lk\u0026ouml;yl\u0026uuml;oğlu 2023). G\u0026uuml;nd\u0026uuml;z (1997) identified \u003cem\u003eDaphnia longispina\u003c/em\u003e species in his study and Mis et al in 2017 found D. \u003cem\u003elongispina\u003c/em\u003e and D. \u003cem\u003ecucullata\u003c/em\u003e species from \u003cem\u003eDaphnia longispina\u003c/em\u003e complex. However, we did not find any Daphnia species in the lake during our study after the last ten years. Although the species belonging to the D. \u003cem\u003elongispina\u003c/em\u003e complex are pelagic, this may be due to diurnal vertical migration (avoiding predation or tracking food) and their preference for the hypolimnion zone. We think that the same situation may also be possible for D. \u003cem\u003ebrachyurum\u003c/em\u003e, a large-bodied cladocer previously reported by G\u0026uuml;nd\u0026uuml;z (1997). However, even though we conducted our study in the subsurface area of the lake, we found quite high numbers of Cladocera species. Only 1 of the 16 species, S. \u003cem\u003evetulus\u003c/em\u003e, has the structure of a large-bodied cladocer. Perhaps, with wind and rainfall, rotifers and small-bodied cladocers tend to be more abundant in the epilimnion.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring seasonal sampling in the lake, nauplii and copepodites were detected in the coastal region (sampling points 1, 2, 3, and 4, Figure 1). However, neither large nor small-bodied calanoid species were observed, and \u003cem\u003eAcanthodiaptomus denticornis\u003c/em\u003e, previously reported in the lake, was not found in our study. It is known that A. \u003cem\u003edenticornis\u003c/em\u003e shows shore avoidance behavior and populates open water (Schabetsberger and Jersabek 2004). Despite sampling the pelagic zone (sampling points 5 and 6, Figure 1), neither nauplii nor copepodites were found, and the absence of calanoid species may be attributed to phototactic behavior, similar to what was observed in D. \u003cem\u003elongispina\u003c/em\u003e. Probably, due to its large body size, A. \u003cem\u003edenticornis\u003c/em\u003e has been more vulnerable to fish predation, and due to competition with cyclopoids, it has declined over the years. The absence of calanoids in shallow, alkaline lakes (pH\u0026gt;6) is an indicator of trophic status (Min et al. 2021). Therefore, the disappearance of these organisms over the years may be attributed to the eutrophication of Karamurat Lake\u0026apos;s trophic structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the 2019 report of the General Directorate of Meteorology (GDM), it is stated that there is a temperature anomaly of 1.1 to 2 \u0026deg;C in the region where Karamurat Lake is located, and the precipitation regime is within seasonal norms (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and GDM 2019). The effect of temperature changes on zooplanktonic organisms has been studied by various researchers. Accordingly, it is predicted that the body size of organisms decreases with increasing temperature, cold stenotherms may disappear, and zooplankton richness and evenness may decrease with increasing salinity as a secondary effect (Kaya et al. 2010; Kirillin 2010; Laugaste et al. 2010; Beklioğlu et al. 2020). In addition, it is suggested that warmer winters will affect the mixing regime of small lakes (Kirillin 2010). It is estimated that affecting the mixing regime may influence the benthic zone zooplanktonic organisms during the stagnation period and therefore other organisms in the lake will be impacted by this change.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of species diversity, the Shannon-Weaver index reveals a highly diverse and rich zooplankton community even in the subsurface of a small temperate lake. Generally, a Shannon-Weaver diversity index exceeding 2.5 indicates a moderately diverse in zooplankton community. The Margalef Richness index also supports this finding, with high values that are not surprising given the number of species present. It is well-known that species richness is linked to habitat diversity, macrophyte presence, the abundance of edible algae, etc. (Hessen et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2023). Additionally, various studies have reported a positive correlation between species richness and lake area (O\u0026rsquo;Brien et al. 2004; Hoffmann and Dodson 2005). However, despite being a small lake (approximately 0.05 km\u0026sup2;), Lake Karamurat exhibits exceptionally high diversity and richness. We attribute this to the significant impact of detailed zooplankton collection from the surface on species diversity, even though the lake is small.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe meteorological data suggest that the summer months, especially June and July, were dominated by rainfall events, which are characterized by short duration and high intensity. The simultaneous occurrence of precipitation peaks and wind speed maxima, particularly in late spring and winter, could indicate surface mixing patterns. These environmental drivers are likely to influence zooplankton distribution in the studied lake. The seasonal trend in species richness reflects ecological responses to shifting environmental conditions throughout the year (Figure 3). The elevated diversity of rotifers and cladocerans in summer and winter suggests their elasticity to the thermal and mixing fluctuations, likely supported by higher nutrient turnover or favorable temperature ranges. Periods of increased zooplankton richness (summer and winter) coincided with higher wind activity and precipitation events, particularly in June and January-February. When we look at the distribution of subsurface zooplankton in CCA triplot (Figure 4 and Figure 5) and list of zooplankton taxa (Table 2), it is seen that the species richness (Table 1 and Figure 3) was highest in summer and winter months. These meteorological conditions may have enhanced water column mixing, favoring small-bodied zooplankton such as rotifers. Conversely, calmer and drier periods in spring and fall may have corresponded with reduced richness, supporting the role of meteorological dynamics in structuring seasonal zooplankton communities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eClimate change is causing a modification in precipitation regimes and it is expected that snowfall will be replaced by more rain and warmer winters. With this situation, the trophic structure of the lake may change along with the surface water. Rotifer and cladocer species with small bodies may be affected by wind current patterns and may be found in the epilimnion rather than the hypolimnion. In zooplankton studies, the most important factor that ensures the understanding of species richness is the suitability of the sampling method. In this study, we have seen that even in a small lake with horizontal sampling, we have found much more species than we expected. Moreover, one of the species we identified is a new record not only for Turkiye but also for the Palaeoarctic region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/b\u003e: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical approval\u003c/b\u003e: Not applicable. This study did not involve any experiments on human or animals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInformed consent\u003c/b\u003e: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/b\u003e: Pınar G\u0026uuml;rb\u0026uuml;zer conceptualized the paper, conducted data analysis, and wrote the paper. Ahmet Altındağ participated in field data collection, species identification, and revised the paper. Okan K\u0026uuml;lk\u0026ouml;yluoğlu was involved in the field study and conducted data analysis. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/b\u003e: The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe thank to \u0026Ccedil;ağdas G\u0026uuml;le\u0026ccedil;, Filiz Batmaz, \u0026Ccedil;ağatay \u0026Ccedil;apraz, Ahmet \u0026Ouml;zdilek and Alper Ataman for their help during the field works.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdrian R, O\u0026rsquo;Reilly CM, Zagarese H, Baines SB, Hessen DO, Keller W, Livingstone DM, Sommaruga R, Straile D, Van Donk E, Weyhenmeyer GA, Winder M (2009) Lakes as sentinels of climate change. 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Limnol Oceanogr 47:1844\u0026ndash;1848. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.6.1844\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Zooplankton richness, small tectonic lake, wind effect, precipitation effect","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6513490/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6513490/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn freshwater ecosystems, zooplankton play a crucial role in pelagic food web and serve as indicators of ecosystem responses to temperature shifts, hydrodynamics, and seasonal meteorological changes. Changes in water temperature, water movements with the environmental factors affect the zooplankton distrubution and occurences. In this study, the epilimnetic zooplankton fauna of Karamurat Lake, Bolu, T\u0026uuml;rkiye, a small tectonic temperate region lake, was tried to be determined with by rainfall events and wind existence. The samples were taken seasonally and horizontally using a plankton net. A total of 74 zooplanktonic taxa were identified. Of these, 54 species with a new record (\u003cem\u003eTestudinella greeni\u003c/em\u003e) belong to the Turkish Rotifera fauna and 20 species from crustaceans, including 16 species from Cladocera and 4 species from Copepoda. Multivariate analyses revealed that electrical conductivity, water temperature, and precipitation were key drivers shaping community structure. The findings suggest that wind induced surface mixing and rainfall events enhance vertical distribution, facilitating the appearance of taxa such as rotifers and small bodied cladocerans in the epilimnion. It has been understood in this study the importance of sampling methods in shallow lake and contributes new faunistic data to the zooplankton diversity of Anatolian lakes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seasonal Limnological Dynamics and Surface Zooplankton Responses in a Small Tectonic Lake in Turkiye","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-29 11:51:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6513490/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"066bf472-1e06-436a-878f-9dbd6d2a7516","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-23T15:58:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6513490","link":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d18010055","journal":{"identity":"diversity","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Diversity"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-20 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 20th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-29 11:51:36","video":"","vorDoi":"10.3390/d18010055","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d18010055","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6513490","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6513490","identity":"rs-6513490","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}