Investigation of UV shielding of bio-based superhydrophobic outdoor wood paint properties

Investigation of UV shielding of bio-based superhydrophobic outdoor wood paint properties | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Investigation of UV shielding of bio-based superhydrophobic outdoor wood paint properties Belgheis Mashalavi, Saeed Masoum This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4743237/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study presents the development of a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating a superhydrophobic coating on wood surfaces. The resulting coating exhibited a high water contact angle of 160°, a low water slide angle of 6°, excellent durability, and effective UV shielding and resistance. In this research ZnO-TiO 2 nanostructured material was prepared using the sol-gel method and incorporated into a paint mixture consisting of natural bio-based ingredients such as linseed oil and beeswax. This mixture, along with epoxy resin (E06) and hardener (5161), was applied to wood surface to enhance durability and provide a low surface free energy substance. Furthermore, the treated wood exhibited improved physical properties, including better UV shielding and resistance. The developed superhydrophobic coating paint is easy to apply and significantly increases the lifetime of wood. The superhydrophobic coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Physical sciences/Chemistry Physical sciences/Materials science Superhydrophobic coating UV shielding Outdoor wood coating Micro-nano structures Linseed oil Beeswax Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction The idea of natural self-cleaning surface can be a suitable alternative to toxic cleaners and reduce environmental impacts. Self-cleaning can be achieved through two methods: hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. Hydrophobicity is one of the surface physical properties of a material. Hydrophobic materials, due to their micro and nanoscale surface roughness, do not allow water to spread or be absorbed, resulting in droplet formation and rolling off. Superhydrophobic surfaces are surfaces with a contact angle greater than 150° and a low contact angle hysteresis. Due to their unique characteristics, such as the rapid sliding of droplets on their surface, they have recently received attention [ 1 – 9 ]. Resin-based composite materials have been widely used in various industries for several years due to their desirable properties such as strength, hardness, thermal and dimensional stability. With the emergence and application of nanotechnology, resin-based nanocomposites will become even more attractive. Resin based nanocomposites are multiphase materials that contain nanoparticles within their structure. These materials offer numerous advantages such as effectiveness, easy accessibility, and renewability. However, bio-based materials are easily influenced by environmental factors, leading to a decrease in their lifespan and durability. The two main environmental factors that affect the performance and lifespan of renewable bio-based materials are water and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The presence of water provides a breeding ground for fungal growth, leading to discoloration, mold growth, deterioration, and decay. One of the most effective methods to address this issue is to create a protective coating on the surface. The most common and widely used coating is oil-based paint, which, however, leads to the loss of the natural beauty and aesthetics of the surfaces. Oil-based paint contains toxic chemicals that degrade under UV light which have a polymer or non-polymer base. These materials have created new opportunities in the field of materials engineering. Various methods have been used to create water-repellent surfaces and one of the most important and practical ways is the production of water-repellent resin based nanocomposites [ 10 – 12 ]. In addition, the use of wood is limited due to its susceptibility to degradation from factors such as fungal growth, surface erosion, and weathering, leading to undesirable changes in its appearance and loss of functionality, resulting in a shortened lifespan and high maintenance costs. Several processes, such as fungal growth, surface erosion of wood, limit its use. Protecting wood from wetting is a major issue in wood finishing because water causes deterioration and decay, reducing the lifespan of materials. Therefore, effective protection against water while preserving the overall characteristics of bio-based materials is crucial. In order to address this challenge, we propose an easy method for achieving superhydrophobic coatings on wood surfaces using environmentally friendly and uniform materials. A class of coating materials based on the ability to absorb UV light, such as ZnO and TiO 2 has been developed [ 13 , 14 ]. The absorbers themselves have disadvantages such as heavy metal pollution and high photocatalytic activity, which can damage the surface they are applied on [ 15 ]. One solution to this problem is the use of epoxy resin as a non-toxic photocatalyst. These UV light absorbent materials have been widely used in various resin composites for surface protection due to their favorable properties such as strength, hardness, thermal stability, and dimensional stability for several years. In this study, our aim is to create micro-nanostructured roughness using zinc oxide-titanium dioxide nanocomposite and modify the surface with low surface tension epoxy resin, linseed oil and beeswax as natural bio-based ingredient to reduce the contact angle between liquids and the solid surface, ultimately achieving superhydrophobicity [ 16 – 30 ]. 2. Experimental section 2.1. Materials and methods Zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), tetra-n-butyl orthotitanate (TBOT), hydrochloric acid (HCl), ethanol was purchased from Merck )Darmstadt, Germany( and linseed oil, beeswax, epoxy resin and hardener 5161 were provided from local market. 2.2. Synthesis of ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite was synthesized using a sol-gel method [ 31 ]. In brief, a 0.25 M solution of ZnCl 2 was prepared by dissolving 8.76 g of ZnCl 2 in 140 mL of deionized water. A 1 M solution of NaOH was also prepared by dissolving 4.0 g of NaOH in 100 mL of deionized water. The NaOH solution was added dropwise to the ZnCl 2 solution with constant stirring at room temperature until the pH of the mixture reached to 10. For synthesize of TiO 2 nanoparticles, 0.1 M TBOT solution was prepared by adding 1.708 g of TBOT, with a molecular weight of 340.36 and a density of 0.999, to 50 mL of ethanol under stirring. This solution was then diluted with 20 mL distilled water and then, 1 M HCl was added dropwise to the solution until the pH reached to 2. Then ZnO and TiO 2 sols were mixed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours, followed by aging at room temperature for 24 hours. The resulting gel was dried at 150°C for 12 hours and then calcinated at 500°C for 2 hours. The resulting powder was ground and sieved to obtain ZnO–TiO 2 nanocomposite. The calcinated nanocomposite were then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to determine their structure and morphology. ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite with varying compositions (65 − 35%, 75 − 25%, and 85 − 15% ZnO-TiO 2 ) were synthesized according to the above procedure. The nanocomposites were then investigated for their UV shielding properties using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The chemical reactions involved in the synthesis of ZnO–TiO 2 nanocomposites are summarized as follows: ZnCl 2 + 2NaOH → ZnO + 2NaCl + H 2 O Ti(C 4 H 9 O) 4 + 4H 2 O → Ti(OH) 4 + 4(Butanol) Ti(OH) 4 + Ti(OH) 4 → (OH) 3 Ti − O − Ti(OH) 3 (OH) 3 Ti − O − Ti(OH) 3 → 2TiO 2 + 3H 2 O (titanium-tert-butyl alcohol) + 2H 2 O → TiO 2 + 4(isopropyl alcohol) ZnO + TiO 2 → ZnO − TiO 2 2.3. Preparation of superhydrophobic outdoor wood paint and characterization The ZnO–TiO 2 nanocomposite was dispersed in linseed oil using a high-speed homogenizer. Beeswax was added to the mixture, and the resulting dispersion was stirred for 30 minutes. Epoxy resin and hardener 5161 were added to the mixture, and the resulting paint was applied to wood substrates using a brush. The coated substrates were then subjected to UV irradiation to evaluate their UV-shielding efficiency. The 65 − 35% ZnO–TiO 2 ( ZT35) nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques to determine its physical and chemical properties. Properties such as water repellency, solution uniformity, surface morphology, and chemical structure of the samples, as well as resistance to ultraviolet radiation, greatly affect water repellency properties. Therefore, in this study, all of these factors were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) MIRA3TTESCAN-XMU, dynamic light scattering (DLS) Horiba SZ-100z, X-ray diffraction (XRD) Netherlands X'pert Pro, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) OPTIZEN 3220UV, and a home-made weathering chamber for solar radiation. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Optimal composition ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite with varying compositions (65 − 35%, 75 − 25%, and 85 − 15% ZnO-TiO 2 ) were synthesized. These nanocomposites were studied for their UV shielding properties using UV-Vis spectroscopy with four replications for each nanocomposite (Fig. 1 ). The optimal composition was determined as 65%-35% ZnO-TiO 2 (ZT35) nanocomposite based on the UV results, which was confirmed by the previous study [ 32 ]. 3.2. ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite characterization SEM images were obtained to examine the morphology and particle size distribution of the nanocomposite. In Fig. 2 , the images show that the particles were uniformly distributed with an average particle size of around 68 nm. The room temperature X-ray diffraction spectrum ZT35 nanocomposites in the 2θ range of 10–80° is displayed in Fig. 3 . XRD results indicate that the ZnO and TiO 2 nanocomposite are well-mixed and have formed a nanostructured material with various crystalline phases in each nanocomposite, including hexagonal wurtzite ZnO, anatase (tetragonal) TiO 2 . The FWHM values indicate that the material has relatively small crystallite sizes, which is also typical for nanostructured materials. The intense peaks at planes (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103),(200) and (112) with 2θ values of 32.00°, 34.65°, 36.48°, 47.77°, 56.81°, 63.08°, 68.18° and 77.15° confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. |The peaks at 25.06°, 38.14°, 48.35°, 55.18° and 63.08° witch correspond to (101), (004), (200), (211), (220) planes of tetragonal anatese phase of TiO 2 . As the TiO 2 content increased, the corresponding peaks of ZnO shifted to higher 2θ values due to the difference in ionic radii between Zn 2+ (0.75 Å) and Ti 4+ (0.61 Å). The crystallite size (D) of the specimens was determined using the Debye-Scherer formula. The average crystallite size of ZnO in ZnO-TiO 2 sample was measured as 39.02 nm. For the anatase phase, the size of TiO 2 was 20.40 nm, while for ZnO-TiO 2 , the size was 34.89 nm. Overall, the crystallite size decreased with an increase in TiO 2 content. DLS was used to determine the hydrodynamic size distribution of the nanocomposite. The results show that the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles ranged from 4 to 100 nm, with an average size of 50 nm (Fig. 4 ). Contact angle measurement was performed to evaluate the hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity of the coating. The contact angles of water droplets on the coatings were measured using ImagJ. The coating containing the nanocomposite, beeswax, linseed oil, epoxy resin shows high water contact angles 160°, indicating excellent superhydrophobicity (Fig. 5 ). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was also performed to analyze the chemical composition of the nanocomposite. EDX analysis was performed using an SEM equipped with an EDX detector. EDX results are shown in Fig. 6 . The ZT35 EDX spectrum provided information about the elemental composition of the coating, including the presence of Zn, Ti, O elements and showed that composite consisted of 65% ZnO and 35% TiO 2 based on the given weight percentages .Overall, the characterization results demonstrated that the ZnO–TiO 2 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized and showed promising properties for use in outdoor wood coatings. 3.3. Optimization of hardener to epoxy resin ratio in the paint mixture Optimization process was performed on the paint mixture, where epoxy resin and its hardener were mixed in various weight ratios. The hardener to resin ratios were as follows: 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. A notable ratio that emerged as the best performing was the 1:3. This ratio exhibited superior properties that made it the optimal choice for the mixture based on our contact angle results. Within the optimal mixture, 60% of the total weight comprised a blend of beeswax, linseed oil, and ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite, while the remaining 40% constituted the epoxy resin and its hardener. The choice to include beeswax, linseed oil and ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite was based on their potential to enhance stability, light resistance, and other key characteristics of the mixture. The decision to decrease initial 100% composition of beeswax, linseed oil, and ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite to 60% composition was an effective strategy. This modification aimed to strike a balance between maintaining the desirable properties contributed by these materials and augmenting the mixture overall performance through the addition of epoxy resin [ 33 ]. The inclusion of epoxy resin in the mixture serves several purposes. Firstly, it enhances the mixture structural stability, allowing it to withstand varying conditions and external factors. Additionally, the addition of epoxy resin contributes to improved light resistance, which is a critical aspect in maintaining the longevity and aesthetics of the coated surfaces. The change from the initial 100% composition to the optimized 60% composition was influenced by achieving a synergy between the inherent benefits of the paint mixture, and the supplementary advantages introduced by epoxy resin. 3.4. Experimental design approach A mixture experimental design was used to establish an empirical relationship between the response variables and a set of experimental factors. The concentration of nanoparticles, linseed oil, and beeswax in the superhydrophobic coatings were optimized using a mixture design. The concentration of nanoparticle coatings was varied from 1–20%, linseed oil from 75–90%, and beeswax from 1–5%. A total of 15 samples were prepared according to this design, and the UV-Vis measurements of all 15 samples were recorded between 220–400 nm and reported in Table 1 . Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) is shown in Table 2 . The model F-value of 1146.46 implies that the model is significant. The P-values less than 0.0500 indicate that model terms are significant. In this case, linear mixture components, AB, AC, BC, and ABC are significant model terms. The P-value of lack of fit (0.79) indicates that the lack of fit is not significant relative to the pure error. The standard deviation and the R-squared value are 0.2458 and 0.998838, respectively. The "Pred R-squared" of 0.9966 is in reasonable agreement with the "Adj R-squared" of 0.9980. Table 1 Mixture experimental design for three independent variables and their corresponding response Nanocomposite Beeswax Linseed Oil UV signal intensity 5 5 90 49.52 12.5 5 82.5 50.85 20 1 79 46.52 20 5 75 39.12 5 1 94 35.42 5 1 94 35.69 20 5 75 39.48 12.5 3 84.5 39.29 12.5 3 84.5 39.73 5 1 94 35.90 12.5 3 84.5 39.07 5 3 92 37.68 5 5 90 49.58 20 1 79 46.90 8.75 4 87.25 44.20 Table 2 Analysis of variance for mixture special cubic model Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Value P-value Model 415.69 6.00 69.28 1146.46 < 0.0001 significant Linear Mixture 91.19 2.00 45.60 754.54 < 0.0001 AB 22.23 1.00 22.23 367.93 < 0.0001 AC 5.02 1.00 5.02 83.13 < 0.0001 BC 50.91 1.00 50.91 842.43 < 0.0001 ABC 10.20 1.00 10.20 168.81 < 0.0001 Residual 0.48 8.00 0.06 Lack of Fit 0.01 1.00 0.01 0.07 0.79 not significant Pure Error 0.48 7.00 0.07 The concentration of nanoparticles, linseed oil, and beeswax plays a crucial role in determining ultraviolet protection of the coating. Finding the optimal combination of these parameters is important to achieve the desired level of ultraviolet protection. The contour plot in Fig. 7 illustrates the relationship between ultraviolet protection and the concentrations of linseed oil, beeswax, and nanoparticles. The highest level of ultraviolet protection is observed in sample (10% nanocomposite, 5% beeswax, and 85% linseed oil) according to the Fig. 7 . This indicates that the concentrations of these three parameters play a crucial role in determining the level of ultraviolet protection. 3.5. Evaluation of UV-shielding efficiency The UV-shielding efficiency of the coating was evaluated using irradiance 0.78 W×m − 2 , wavelength 340 nm at room temperature. The coating were exposed to radiation for 15 days and the color change and gloss retention were measured. Picture of wood samples were taken using a smartphone camera with consistent lighting conditions. The captured images were imported into the ImageJ Fiji 2017 software. A region of interest (ROI) was selected on each image. This ROI should cover the entire wood sample to ensure comprehensive color analysis. ImageJ offers tools to measure color values within the ROI. Specifically, it provides information about RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color channels or can convert the colors into the CIELAB color space. For accurate color analysis, CIELAB color space is preferred, as it consistent uniform and suitable for quantifying color differences. The software calculates the color differences (ΔE) between the initial (before exposure) and final (after exposure) images for each sample. ΔE values are calculated for the L*, a*, and b* coordinates. Here, L* represents the lightness of color ranging from black to white, a* indicates the color component ranging from green to red, and b* represents the color component from blue to yellow. The total color change (ΔE) was calculated using the formula: ΔE = √(ΔL² + Δa² + Δb²). This formula takes into account changes in all three colors components and provides an overall measure of color change. For each wood sample, the color measurements were performed three times, and the average values were reported to ensure accuracy and consistency. The coefficient values (ΔL, Δa, and Δb) represent the differences in the L*, a*, and b* coordinates before and after exposure to UV radiation. The evaluation of the color changes over the 15-day exposure period, along with the calculated ΔE values, allowed us to analyze the coatings' performance in terms of weathering resistance to UV radiation. A higher ΔE value would suggest that the coatings experienced more substantial color changes, indicating potentially lower weathering resistance, while a lower ΔE value would indicate better weathering resistance (Fig. 8 ). The calculated ΔE values for each wood sample are collected and recorded. The coating containing the ZnO-TiO 2 nanocomposite (ZT35) – epoxy resin showed higher UV-shielding efficiency than without coating. 4. Conclusion In this study, we aimed to develop a superhydrophobic coating for wood surfaces using environmentally friendly materials. We utilized zinc oxide-titanium dioxide nanomaterials, bees wax , linseed oil,epoxy resin and hardner 1561 having micro structer to create micro-nanostructured roughness on the wood surface, which is crucial for achieving water repellency. The developed superhydrophobic coating for wood surfaces has numerous potential applications. It can effectively protect wood from moisture-related issues, such as fungal growth, surface erosion, and weathering. This will significantly extend the lifespan of wood products and reduce maintenance costs. Furthermore, the environmentally friendly nature of the coating materials aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable solutions in various industries. Overall, the concentration of nanoparticles, linseed oil, and beeswax plays a crucial role in determining the ultraviolet protection of the coating. Finding the optimal combination of these parameters is important to achieve the desired level of ultraviolet protection. Declarations CRediT authorship contribution statement Belgheis Mashalavi: Writing-Original draft, Methodology, Validation, Investigation; Saeed Masoum: Writing-review & editing, Methodology, Conceptualization, Data curation, Supervision. Data availability The data presented in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the University of Kashan for supporting this work by Grant NO 1311478/1. 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Nanoscale , 2 (12), 2710-2717. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0NR00439A. Ali, M. M., Haque, M. J., Kabir, M. H., Kaiyum, M. A., & Rahman, M. S. (2021). Nano synthesis of ZnO–TiO 2 composites by sol-gel method and evaluation of their antibacterial, optical and photocatalytic activities. Results in Materials , 11 , 100199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2021.100199. google patents.(2007). Formulation for coating material (patent No.US8057588B2) Retrieved from US8057588B2 - Formulation for coating material - Google Patents. US8057588B2 - Formulation for coating material - Google Patents. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4743237","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":337337515,"identity":"7cf76b48-ee2e-4c34-bacc-e281a0ee04f8","order_by":0,"name":"Belgheis Mashalavi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kashan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Belgheis","middleName":"","lastName":"Mashalavi","suffix":""},{"id":337337516,"identity":"e7cece42-55b4-4ae1-b6bd-51a030af852f","order_by":1,"name":"Saeed Masoum","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACGwMGBh4Yh7GBGC1ppGs5jKyFANBtP/7wMW/OeWP+/rMHPxe2McjzNzC3fcCnxexMjrEx77bbZhI38pKlZ7YxGM44wNg8A6+WAzls0kAtNgw3eAykedsYGDcwMDbjdZjZ+efPgFrO2cifP2P8G6jFnrCWGwlmQC0HzAwO5JiBbEkkQssbY8O525KNDW/kmFnznJNInnGYoMPSHz54u83OcB7QYbd5ymxs+9vbH+PVgg4kGBiYSdIwCkbBKBgFowAbAADOS0QhNvyTTwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kashan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saeed","middleName":"","lastName":"Masoum","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-15 13:33:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4743237/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4743237/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":62632773,"identity":"90f85bef-e2a1-4aeb-8dcd-5e41f203b345","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-16 16:15:06","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54458,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of UV resistance properties of ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite with different compositions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4743237/v1/be86d3f1fc914d629d7029c6.png"},{"id":62633519,"identity":"fad05241-ccff-4b08-8b39-065eb7f14074","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-16 16:23:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":276387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM of ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4743237/v1/a276b9baa4a17d37ec9e157b.png"},{"id":62632776,"identity":"cd33969d-216d-44e6-b82d-4875f0c2c65f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-16 16:15:06","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47606,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD of ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4743237/v1/9d8ed368d045e7c0584c3d98.png"},{"id":62632778,"identity":"d5903b13-246a-4685-9cd5-ea767844b546","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-16 16:15:07","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90581,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDLS result of Zno-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4743237/v1/e73b5ed3585bb189317a8ed7.png"},{"id":62632777,"identity":"4375b096-8f0a-46c2-a4fc-9abb734a055b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-16 16:15:06","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134221,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eContact angle of 160° on spruce wood modified by the paint mixture\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4743237/v1/dfbed4581405e3c12e8fe403.png"},{"id":62633521,"identity":"9ec9c5c5-238e-487e-aaf7-9a08f9ad9219","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-16 16:23:07","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26304,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResult of EDX analysis for ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite (ZT35)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4743237/v1/251f0edacc106a336018da20.png"},{"id":62632780,"identity":"fb79dd5f-e857-44bf-8ed9-e49d07d34c34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-16 16:15:07","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":104562,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOptimal conditions for achieving maximum ultraviolet protection\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4743237/v1/0ae344a81941556cc8ee1a6a.png"},{"id":62632775,"identity":"99bc1af9-f912-47a0-8d8d-18de9cef2b37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-16 16:15:06","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of Accelerated UV radiation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4743237/v1/559ccb20cb0997561dff55a5.png"},{"id":80714825,"identity":"957b78f9-fdbb-4826-b18e-629ceeeab62e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-16 09:38:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1545811,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4743237/v1/32af713f-80db-480e-a500-6573bef38823.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigation of UV shielding of bio-based superhydrophobic outdoor wood paint properties","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe idea of natural self-cleaning surface can be a suitable alternative to toxic cleaners and reduce environmental impacts. Self-cleaning can be achieved through two methods: hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. Hydrophobicity is one of the surface physical properties of a material. Hydrophobic materials, due to their micro and nanoscale surface roughness, do not allow water to spread or be absorbed, resulting in droplet formation and rolling off. Superhydrophobic surfaces are surfaces with a contact angle greater than 150\u0026deg; and a low contact angle hysteresis. Due to their unique characteristics, such as the rapid sliding of droplets on their surface, they have recently received attention [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Resin-based composite materials have been widely used in various industries for several years due to their desirable properties such as strength, hardness, thermal and dimensional stability. With the emergence and application of nanotechnology, resin-based nanocomposites will become even more attractive. Resin based nanocomposites are multiphase materials that contain nanoparticles within their structure. These materials offer numerous advantages such as effectiveness, easy accessibility, and renewability. However, bio-based materials are easily influenced by environmental factors, leading to a decrease in their lifespan and durability. The two main environmental factors that affect the performance and lifespan of renewable bio-based materials are water and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The presence of water provides a breeding ground for fungal growth, leading to discoloration, mold growth, deterioration, and decay. One of the most effective methods to address this issue is to create a protective coating on the surface. The most common and widely used coating is oil-based paint, which, however, leads to the loss of the natural beauty and aesthetics of the surfaces. Oil-based paint contains toxic chemicals that degrade under UV light which have a polymer or non-polymer base. These materials have created new opportunities in the field of materials engineering. Various methods have been used to create water-repellent surfaces and one of the most important and practical ways is the production of water-repellent resin based nanocomposites [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the use of wood is limited due to its susceptibility to degradation from factors such as fungal growth, surface erosion, and weathering, leading to undesirable changes in its appearance and loss of functionality, resulting in a shortened lifespan and high maintenance costs. Several processes, such as fungal growth, surface erosion of wood, limit its use. Protecting wood from wetting is a major issue in wood finishing because water causes deterioration and decay, reducing the lifespan of materials. Therefore, effective protection against water while preserving the overall characteristics of bio-based materials is crucial. In order to address this challenge, we propose an easy method for achieving superhydrophobic coatings on wood surfaces using environmentally friendly and uniform materials. A class of coating materials based on the ability to absorb UV light, such as ZnO and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e has been developed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The absorbers themselves have disadvantages such as heavy metal pollution and high photocatalytic activity, which can damage the surface they are applied on [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. One solution to this problem is the use of epoxy resin as a non-toxic photocatalyst. These UV light absorbent materials have been widely used in various resin composites for surface protection due to their favorable properties such as strength, hardness, thermal stability, and dimensional stability for several years. In this study, our aim is to create micro-nanostructured roughness using zinc oxide-titanium dioxide nanocomposite and modify the surface with low surface tension epoxy resin, linseed oil and beeswax as natural bio-based ingredient to reduce the contact angle between liquids and the solid surface, ultimately achieving superhydrophobicity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental section","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials and methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc chloride (ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), tetra-n-butyl orthotitanate (TBOT), hydrochloric acid (HCl), ethanol was purchased from Merck )Darmstadt, Germany( and linseed oil, beeswax, epoxy resin and hardener 5161 were provided from local market.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Synthesis of ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite was synthesized using a sol-gel method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. In brief, a 0.25 M solution of ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was prepared by dissolving 8.76 g of ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in 140 mL of deionized water. A 1 M solution of NaOH was also prepared by dissolving 4.0 g of NaOH in 100 mL of deionized water. The NaOH solution was added dropwise to the ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e solution with constant stirring at room temperature until the pH of the mixture reached to 10. For synthesize of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles, 0.1 M TBOT solution was prepared by adding 1.708 g of TBOT, with a molecular weight of 340.36 and a density of 0.999, to 50 mL of ethanol under stirring. This solution was then diluted with 20 mL distilled water and then, 1 M HCl was added dropwise to the solution until the pH reached to 2. Then ZnO and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sols were mixed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours, followed by aging at room temperature for 24 hours. The resulting gel was dried at 150\u0026deg;C for 12 hours and then calcinated at 500\u0026deg;C for 2 hours. The resulting powder was ground and sieved to obtain ZnO\u0026ndash;TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite. The calcinated nanocomposite were then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to determine their structure and morphology. ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite with varying compositions (65\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;35%, 75\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;25%, and 85\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15% ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) were synthesized according to the above procedure. The nanocomposites were then investigated for their UV shielding properties using UV-Vis spectroscopy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical reactions involved in the synthesis of ZnO\u0026ndash;TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposites are summarized as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2NaOH \u0026rarr; ZnO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2NaCl\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi(C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e + 4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO \u0026rarr; Ti(OH)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e + 4(Butanol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi(OH)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e + Ti(OH)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr; (OH)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eTi \u0026minus; O \u0026minus; Ti(OH)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eTi \u0026minus; O \u0026minus; Ti(OH)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr; 2TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(titanium-tert-butyl alcohol)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO \u0026rarr; TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4(isopropyl alcohol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZnO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr; ZnO\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Preparation of superhydrophobic outdoor wood paint and characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ZnO\u0026ndash;TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite was dispersed in linseed oil using a high-speed homogenizer. Beeswax was added to the mixture, and the resulting dispersion was stirred for 30 minutes. Epoxy resin and hardener 5161 were added to the mixture, and the resulting paint was applied to wood substrates using a brush. The coated substrates were then subjected to UV irradiation to evaluate their UV-shielding efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;35% ZnO\u0026ndash;TiO\u003csub\u003e2 (\u003c/sub\u003eZT35) nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques to determine its physical and chemical properties. Properties such as water repellency, solution uniformity, surface morphology, and chemical structure of the samples, as well as resistance to ultraviolet radiation, greatly affect water repellency properties. Therefore, in this study, all of these factors were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) MIRA3TTESCAN-XMU, dynamic light scattering (DLS) Horiba SZ-100z, X-ray diffraction (XRD) Netherlands X'pert Pro, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) OPTIZEN 3220UV, and a home-made weathering chamber for solar radiation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Optimal composition ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite with varying compositions (65\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;35%, 75\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;25%, and 85\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15% ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) were synthesized. These nanocomposites were studied for their UV shielding properties using UV-Vis spectroscopy with four replications for each nanocomposite (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The optimal composition was determined as 65%-35% ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (ZT35) nanocomposite based on the UV results, which was confirmed by the previous study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM images were obtained to examine the morphology and particle size distribution of the nanocomposite. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the images show that the particles were uniformly distributed with an average particle size of around 68 nm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe room temperature X-ray diffraction spectrum ZT35 nanocomposites in the 2θ range of 10\u0026ndash;80\u0026deg; is displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. XRD results indicate that the ZnO and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite are well-mixed and have formed a nanostructured material with various crystalline phases in each nanocomposite, including hexagonal wurtzite ZnO, anatase (tetragonal) TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The FWHM values indicate that the material has relatively small crystallite sizes, which is also typical for nanostructured materials. The intense peaks at planes (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103),(200) and (112) with 2θ values of 32.00\u0026deg;, 34.65\u0026deg;, 36.48\u0026deg;, 47.77\u0026deg;, 56.81\u0026deg;, 63.08\u0026deg;, 68.18\u0026deg; and 77.15\u0026deg; confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. |The peaks at 25.06\u0026deg;, 38.14\u0026deg;, 48.35\u0026deg;, 55.18\u0026deg; and 63.08\u0026deg; witch correspond to (101), (004), (200), (211), (220) planes of tetragonal anatese phase of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content increased, the corresponding peaks of ZnO shifted to higher 2θ values due to the difference in ionic radii between Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e (0.75 \u0026Aring;) and Ti\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e (0.61 \u0026Aring;). The crystallite size (D) of the specimens was determined using the Debye-Scherer formula. The average crystallite size of ZnO in ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sample was measured as 39.02 nm. For the anatase phase, the size of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was 20.40 nm, while for ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the size was 34.89 nm. Overall, the crystallite size decreased with an increase in TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDLS was used to determine the hydrodynamic size distribution of the nanocomposite. The results show that the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles ranged from 4 to 100 nm, with an average size of 50 nm (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact angle measurement was performed to evaluate the hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity of the coating. The contact angles of water droplets on the coatings were measured using ImagJ. The coating containing the nanocomposite, beeswax, linseed oil, epoxy resin shows high water contact angles 160\u0026deg;, indicating excellent superhydrophobicity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was also performed to analyze the chemical composition of the nanocomposite. EDX analysis was performed using an SEM equipped with an EDX detector. EDX results are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The ZT35 EDX spectrum provided information about the elemental composition of the coating, including the presence of Zn, Ti, O elements and showed that composite consisted of 65% ZnO and 35% TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e based on the given weight percentages .Overall, the characterization results demonstrated that the ZnO\u0026ndash;TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite was successfully synthesized and showed promising properties for use in outdoor wood coatings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Optimization of hardener to epoxy resin ratio in the paint mixture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimization process was performed on the paint mixture, where epoxy resin and its hardener were mixed in various weight ratios. The hardener to resin ratios were as follows: 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. A notable ratio that emerged as the best performing was the 1:3. This ratio exhibited superior properties that made it the optimal choice for the mixture based on our contact angle results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the optimal mixture, 60% of the total weight comprised a blend of beeswax, linseed oil, and ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite, while the remaining 40% constituted the epoxy resin and its hardener. The choice to include beeswax, linseed oil and ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite was based on their potential to enhance stability, light resistance, and other key characteristics of the mixture. The decision to decrease initial 100% composition of beeswax, linseed oil, and ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite to 60% composition was an effective strategy. This modification aimed to strike a balance between maintaining the desirable properties contributed by these materials and augmenting the mixture overall performance through the addition of epoxy resin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The inclusion of epoxy resin in the mixture serves several purposes. Firstly, it enhances the mixture structural stability, allowing it to withstand varying conditions and external factors. Additionally, the addition of epoxy resin contributes to improved light resistance, which is a critical aspect in maintaining the longevity and aesthetics of the coated surfaces. The change from the initial 100% composition to the optimized 60% composition was influenced by achieving a synergy between the inherent benefits of the paint mixture, and the supplementary advantages introduced by epoxy resin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Experimental design approach\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA mixture experimental design was used to establish an empirical relationship between the response variables and a set of experimental factors. The concentration of nanoparticles, linseed oil, and beeswax in the superhydrophobic coatings were optimized using a mixture design. The concentration of nanoparticle coatings was varied from 1\u0026ndash;20%, linseed oil from 75\u0026ndash;90%, and beeswax from 1\u0026ndash;5%. A total of 15 samples were prepared according to this design, and the UV-Vis measurements of all 15 samples were recorded between 220\u0026ndash;400 nm and reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of analysis of variance (ANOVA) is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The model F-value of 1146.46 implies that the model is significant. The P-values less than 0.0500 indicate that model terms are significant. In this case, linear mixture components, AB, AC, BC, and ABC are significant model terms. The P-value of lack of fit (0.79) indicates that the lack of fit is not significant relative to the pure error. The standard deviation and the R-squared value are 0.2458 and 0.998838, respectively. The \"Pred R-squared\" of 0.9966 is in reasonable agreement with the \"Adj R-squared\" of 0.9980.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixture experimental design for three independent variables and their corresponding response\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanocomposite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeeswax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinseed Oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV signal intensity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance for mixture special cubic model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1146.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003esignificant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinear Mixture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e754.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e842.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of Fit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003enot significant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePure Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentration of nanoparticles, linseed oil, and beeswax plays a crucial role in determining ultraviolet protection of the coating. Finding the optimal combination of these parameters is important to achieve the desired level of ultraviolet protection. The contour plot in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the relationship between ultraviolet protection and the concentrations of linseed oil, beeswax, and nanoparticles. The highest level of ultraviolet protection is observed in sample (10% nanocomposite, 5% beeswax, and 85% linseed oil) according to the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. This indicates that the concentrations of these three parameters play a crucial role in determining the level of ultraviolet protection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Evaluation of UV-shielding efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe UV-shielding efficiency of the coating was evaluated using irradiance 0.78 W\u0026times;m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, wavelength 340 nm at room temperature. The coating were exposed to radiation for 15 days and the color change and gloss retention were measured. Picture of wood samples were taken using a smartphone camera with consistent lighting conditions. The captured images were imported into the ImageJ Fiji 2017 software. A region of interest (ROI) was selected on each image. This ROI should cover the entire wood sample to ensure comprehensive color analysis. ImageJ offers tools to measure color values within the ROI. Specifically, it provides information about RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color channels or can convert the colors into the CIELAB color space. For accurate color analysis, CIELAB color space is preferred, as it consistent uniform and suitable for quantifying color differences. The software calculates the color differences (ΔE) between the initial (before exposure) and final (after exposure) images for each sample. ΔE values are calculated for the L*, a*, and b* coordinates. Here, L* represents the lightness of color ranging from black to white, a* indicates the color component ranging from green to red, and b* represents the color component from blue to yellow. The total color change (ΔE) was calculated using the formula: ΔE = \u0026radic;(ΔL\u0026sup2; + Δa\u0026sup2; + Δb\u0026sup2;). This formula takes into account changes in all three colors components and provides an overall measure of color change. For each wood sample, the color measurements were performed three times, and the average values were reported to ensure accuracy and consistency. The coefficient values (ΔL, Δa, and Δb) represent the differences in the L*, a*, and b* coordinates before and after exposure to UV radiation. The evaluation of the color changes over the 15-day exposure period, along with the calculated ΔE values, allowed us to analyze the coatings' performance in terms of weathering resistance to UV radiation. A higher ΔE value would suggest that the coatings experienced more substantial color changes, indicating potentially lower weathering resistance, while a lower ΔE value would indicate better weathering resistance (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe calculated ΔE values for each wood sample are collected and recorded. The coating containing the ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite (ZT35) \u0026ndash; epoxy resin showed higher UV-shielding efficiency than without coating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we aimed to develop a superhydrophobic coating for wood surfaces using environmentally friendly materials. We utilized zinc oxide-titanium dioxide nanomaterials, bees wax , linseed oil,epoxy resin and hardner 1561 having micro structer to create micro-nanostructured roughness on the wood surface, which is crucial for achieving water repellency. The developed superhydrophobic coating for wood surfaces has numerous potential applications. It can effectively protect wood from moisture-related issues, such as fungal growth, surface erosion, and weathering. This will significantly extend the lifespan of wood products and reduce maintenance costs. Furthermore, the environmentally friendly nature of the coating materials aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable solutions in various industries. Overall, the concentration of nanoparticles, linseed oil, and beeswax plays a crucial role in determining the ultraviolet protection of the coating. Finding the optimal combination of these parameters is important to achieve the desired level of ultraviolet protection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBelgheis Mashalavi: Writing-Original draft, Methodology, Validation, Investigation; Saeed Masoum: Writing-review \u0026amp; editing, Methodology, Conceptualization, Data curation, Supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data presented in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to the University of Kashan for supporting this work by Grant NO 1311478/1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhu, X., Zhang, Z., Yang, J., Xu, X., Men, X., \u0026amp; Zhou, X. 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Nano synthesis of ZnO\u0026ndash;TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e composites by sol-gel method and evaluation of their antibacterial, optical and photocatalytic activities. \u003cem\u003eResults in Materials\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e, 100199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2021.100199.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003egoogle patents.(2007). Formulation for coating material (patent No.US8057588B2) Retrieved from US8057588B2 - Formulation for coating material - Google Patents. US8057588B2 - Formulation for coating material - Google Patents.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Superhydrophobic coating, UV shielding, Outdoor wood coating, Micro-nano structures, Linseed oil, Beeswax","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4743237/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4743237/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents the development of a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating a superhydrophobic coating on wood surfaces. The resulting coating exhibited a high water contact angle of 160\u0026deg;, a low water slide angle of 6\u0026deg;, excellent durability, and effective UV shielding and resistance. In this research ZnO-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanostructured material was prepared using the sol-gel method and incorporated into a paint mixture consisting of natural bio-based ingredients such as linseed oil and beeswax. This mixture, along with epoxy resin (E06) and hardener (5161), was applied to wood surface to enhance durability and provide a low surface free energy substance. Furthermore, the treated wood exhibited improved physical properties, including better UV shielding and resistance. The developed superhydrophobic coating paint is easy to apply and significantly increases the lifetime of wood. The superhydrophobic coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation of UV shielding of bio-based superhydrophobic outdoor wood paint properties","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-16 16:15:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4743237/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"62d56a45-fb2f-4c68-a446-253af793eb93","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":35732849,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":35732850,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-16T09:38:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-16 16:15:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4743237","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4743237","identity":"rs-4743237","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}