Spatial and temporal structure of choice representations in primate prefrontal cortex

Divergent accounts of how choices are represented by neural populations have led to conflicting explanations of the underlying mechanisms of decision-making, ranging from persistent, attractor-based dynamics to transient, sequence-based dynamics. To evaluate these mechanisms, we characterize the spatial and temporal structure of choice representations in large neural populations in prefrontal cortex. We find that the pronounced diversity of choice responses across neurons reflects only a few, mostly persistent population patterns recruited at progressively later times before and after a choice. Brief sequential activity occurs during a saccadic choice, but is entirely absent in a delay preceding it. The diversity of choice responses, which could result from almost-random connectivity in the underlying circuits, instead largely reflects the topographical arrangement of response-field properties across the cortical surface. This spatial organization appears to form a fixed scaffold upon which the context-dependent representations of task-specific variables often observed in prefrontal cortex can be learned.