The Impact of Childhood Obesity on Traumatic Injury Outcomes

The Impact of Childhood Obesity on Traumatic Injury Outcomes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Impact of Childhood Obesity on Traumatic Injury Outcomes Briana T. Lewis, Willie Leung, Rebecca Olsen, Julie Nelson, Jennifer Casatelli This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4203096/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction Globally, traumatic injury and obesity are significantly linked to pediatric health. The relationship between traumatic injury outcomes and childhood obesity remains poorly understood. This study assesses the potential correlation between childhood obesity and patient outcomes following trauma injuries, with a particular focus on elucidating the intricate interplay among childhood obesity, trauma injury outcomes, and patterns of healthcare utilization, which will address the gap in literature and lays the groundwork for further investigation into the complex relationship between childhood obesity and traumatic injury outcomes. Methods The current study is a retrospective cohort study analyzing data from St. Jospeh’s Children’s Hospital’s Emergency and Trauma Center in Tampa, Florida, between 2010 to 2021. Participants aged 2 to 18 were included and stratified by obesity categories, normal weight, overweight, and obese, based on their BMI. Associations between obesity categories and trauma outcomes such as Length of Hospital Stay (LOS), days in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and mortality were examined. Results Among 1965 participants, 48.85% of participants were of normal weight, 19.49% were overweight, and 31.65% were obese. No significant differences in the included trauma outcomes across obesity classifications were found among analyses. Linear regressions showed no association between trauma outcomes and obesity (P>.05). Mortality outcomes were not analyzed due to insufficient data on deceased participants (P>.05). Conclusion Childhood obesity did not independently predict adverse trauma outcomes in this study. The findings challenge previous assumptions and emphasize the multifactorial nature of trauma outcomes in pediatric patients. Further research with larger sample sizes and comprehensive data collection is needed to fully understand this relationship. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, Retrospective cohort study Pediatric Adolescent Trauma Obesity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT Evidence indicates that obesity may heighten the risk of adverse health outcomes following unintentional injuries among individuals with a higher Body Mass Index (BMI). Yet, limited research exists around the correlation between childhood obesity and negative health consequences after trauma injury, remain insufficiently understood. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS Despite the prevalence of childhood obesity and traumatic injuries, there is still a lack of comprehensive research examining the relationship between these two factors. This study addresses an important gap in literature and lays the groundwork for further investigation into this complex relationship. INTRODUCTION Unintentional injury and obesity constitute significant factors to pediatric morbidity [1]. On a global scale, the incidence of childhood obesity has experienced a notable escalation, nearly quadrupling in several countries over the past three decades to reach a current prevalence of 26% [2, 3]. Presently, one in three children and adolescents are categorized as overweight, with a further twenty percent classified as obese [4]. Concurrently, a substantial number of children, up to nine million annually, receive treatment for injuries in hospital Emergency Departments, with an estimated 12,000 injuries resulting in fatality [5]. Despite the alarming prevalence of both conditions in pediatrics, the relationship among childhood obesity, traumatic injury outcomes, and healthcare utilization remains an understudied subject. Severity of injury, Length of Hospital Stay (LOS), and length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay differ between obese and non-obese children, with obese patients experiencing far worse outcomes [1]. Obese children have higher rates of post-injury complications from trauma [6], including higher rates of upper and lower extremity fractures [7], hollow viscus injury and solid organ injury [8], as well as increased risk for post-trauma dialysis [9], deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, pneumonia, and ventilator support [10]. Obese children have higher adjusted risks of certain complications, including thromboembolism and death [1], since obesity is significantly associated with mortality; respiratory, thromboembolic, and infectious complications; higher rates of ICU care [11]; and longer than average ICU length of stay [8]. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the potential correlation between childhood obesity and patient outcomes following traumatic injuries, with a particular focus on elucidating the intricate interplay among childhood obesity, trauma injury outcomes, and patterns of healthcare utilization. METHODS Data Collection The study period includes January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2021. Data Source and Population The study data was acquired from St. Jospeh’s Children’s Hospital’s Emergency and Trauma Center situated in Tampa, Florida. St. Jospeh’s Children’s Hospital is Pediatric Trauma Center by state authorities. In 2022, the Emergency Department (ED) attended 34,920 patients, with patients transported to the facility via a specialized 24/7 transport team covering hospitals in West-Central Florida. Oversight of admissions, encompassing both hospital and ER cases, falls under the purview of the trauma registrar, who also manages cases referred to St. Joseph's Children's Hospital. Rigorous scrutiny and authentication of data within the pediatric trauma registry database were conducted by designated trauma registry personnel in collaboration with the lead investigator. The study was delimited to participants aged 2 to 18 years, with exclusion criteria applied to individuals classified as underweight, aligning with the study's focus on investigating the implications of obesity on trauma outcomes in pediatric populations. Measures Participants were classified as normal weight, overweight, and obese based on their body mass index (BMI) (kg/m 2 ). Participants’ BMI was calculated by the following equation, . Due to the participants being children, the typical BMI threshold was not used for classification par on obesity. Rather, participants’ BMI was compared to a growth chart provided by the CDC based on the participants’ biological sex and age. Previous studies used a similar approach in classifying obesity levels among children [12, 13, 14, 15]. Four trauma outcomes were included in the analysis, length of stay in hospital (LOS), total days in ICU, intensity severity scores (ISS), and mortality outcomes. LOS, total days in ICU, and ISS are continuous variables while mortality outcome is a binary categorical variable. LOS is based on the total number of days participants stay in the hospital due to trauma injuries. The LOS included the first day participants enrolled in the hospital till the days they were discharged from the hospital. Total days in ICU is the number of days participants spend in the ICU due to their conditions. LOS and total days in ICU are not mutually exclusive, whereas total days in the ICU also include days spent in the hospital. ISS is based on the severity of the participants’ injuries. ISS is the standardized scoring system on the severity of traumatic injury. The scoring system is widely used in the medical field to assess the severity of traumatic injury, where it is correlated with mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization time [16, 17]. ISS scores were assessed by medical professionals at the trauma center for each participant based on their severity. Participants with an ISS score less than 9 indicated mild severity, between 9 – 11 for moderate, between 16 – 24 for severe, and greater than or equal to 25 being profound. Mortality outcome was based on the classification of participants’ mortality, alive or deceased. Multiple covariates were included in the current study due to their relationship with trauma outcomes. Participants’ demographic information such as age (years), sex (male, female), ethnicity (non-Hispanic, Hispanic), race (Asian, black, Hispanic, Hispanic or other, Indigenous, other, Pacific Islander, and white), and payment source (BCBS, government, Medicaid, Medicare, no-fault payment, other payment sources, private insurance, self-payment, worker’s compensation) served as covariates in the analysis. Additionally, factors related to traumatic injuries, such as the cause of traumatic injuries (events) and trauma types (blunt, burn, penetration) were included in the analysis as covariates. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis Descriptive analyses were performed to summarize the included variables and covariates across the sample and stratified by obesity classifications (normal weight, overweight, and obese). One-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-squared analyses for categorical variables were performed to compare the trauma outcomes and covariates across obesity classifications. Separate linear regression for each trauma outcome (e.g., LOS, total days in ICU, and ISS) along with covariates were conducted to examine the relationship between trauma outcomes and obesity classifications among children. Adjusted logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between mortality outcomes (alive vs. deceased) and obesity classifications. All analyses were performed using R version 4.3.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) with the alpha levels set at 0. RESULTS 1965 participants between 2 to 18 were included in the analysis. Among the participants, 48.85% of participants were normal weight, 19.49% were overweight, and 31.65% were obese. Table 1 displays the results of the descriptive analysis. Among the participants, the average age was 9.56 (4.81) years old with 63.61% of participants being male. Close to 95% of participants were identified as non-Hispanic white and close to 70% of participants were white. Additionally, regarding the events that led to the trauma injuries, falling accounted for 45.20% of trauma injuries. Other top events that led to trauma injuries included motor vehicle accidents (0.40%), sports (8.04%), bicycles (4.48%), and animals (3.66%) (see Table 1). Across the sample, 92.67% of participants experienced blunt trauma type, 0.20% experienced burn, and 7.12% experienced penetration type of trauma. Insert figure 1 around here The average LOS among the sample was 2.05 (4.81) days (see Figure 2). There were no statistically significant differences in LOS across the obesity classification (P=.98), where the average LOS for participants with normal weight was 2.06 (5.03) days, 2.08 (5.21) days for overweight, and 2.02 (4.17) days for obese. The average days in ICU among the sample was 0.31 (2.20) days. The average days in ICU for participants with normal weight, obesity, obese, were 0.32 (2.62) days, 0.26 (1.57) days, and 0.31 (1.78) days, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups (P=.90). For ISS, the average was 5.88 (5.24) with participants in the overweight group having the highest ISS among the three groups with an average of 6.20 (5.14) and normal weight group had the lowest ISS with 5.71 (5.44) (see Figure 2). However, no statistically significant difference was found in ISS among obesity classification (P=.29). Among the sample, 99.19% of participants were alive and 0.81% participants were deceased and no statistically significant difference in proportions was found between obesity classification in terms of mortality outcomes (P=.08) (see Figure 3). Insert figure 2 around here Insert figure 3 around here Insert figure 4 around here Table 2 displays the results of the adjusted linear regression between trauma outcomes and obesity classification among participants. Among the adjusted linear regressions conducted, no statistically significant associations were found between trauma outcomes and obesity classification (P>.05) (see Table 2). Also, adjusted logistic regression between morality outcomes and obesity classification was not performed due to the lack of observation in the dataset regarding deceased participants (see Table 1). DISCUSSION The escalating prevalence of obesity poses a significant challenge across numerous nations [2, 3], but little is known about the interaction between childhood obesity, Traumatic injury outcomes, and healthcare utilization. Our findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between childhood obesity and trauma-related outcomes within the pediatric population. Our analysis revealed that obesity classification did not independently predict adverse trauma-related outcomes among the studied cohort. These results challenged previous assumptions regarding the direct impact of childhood obesity on trauma outcomes and emphasized the multifactorial nature of such outcomes in pediatric patients [1, 18, 19]. The findings showed, while there was variability across the obesity groups, Injury Severity Score (ISS), was not statistically significant. The overweight group exhibited the highest ISS on average, while the normal weight group had the lowest ISS. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance, indicating that obesity status did not correlate with the severity of injuries sustained. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in Length of Stay (LOS) across the obesity classification (P=.98). The average LOS for participants with normal weight, overweight, and obese status were relatively similar, indicating that obesity status did not influence the duration of hospitalization following trauma incidents significantly. Similarly, the average days spent in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) did not differ significantly among the different obesity groups (P=.90). This implies that children who were overweight or obese did not experience prolonged stays in the ICU compared to their normal-weight counterparts, further suggesting that obesity status did not impact the severity of trauma-related injuries requiring intensive care. Our findings are inconsistent with the “armor phenomenon,” “cushion effect,” “reverse epidemiology,” and “obesity paradox,” suggesting a potential protective benefit of childhood obesity regarding trauma. Multiple authors describe such a protective effect of obesity in trauma and intensive care [20, 21]. For example, pediatric obese patients had the lowest mortality on univariate analysis and were non-inferior to healthy weight controls; the Injury Severity Score (ISS) was lowest in the obese group; and Hospital Length of Stay, ICU Length of Stay, and ventilator days were no different than with healthy weight patients [22]. Others found underweight patients have an increased chance of mortality, while being overweight had a protective effect [20]. In another study, obesity was not associated with increased mortality compared to normal weight, supporting the obesity paradox for trauma patients [18]. Similarly, a systematic review and meta-analysis found that obese individuals have a lower risk of sustaining a health injury, and their obesity has no significant impact on mortality [23]. According to Ayalon et al.[jn1] , proposed rationales underlying the obesity paradox encompass: 1) Body adiposity serving as a reservoir of energy facilitating survival amidst physiological stressors [23]; 2) Diminished body mass index (BMI), reflective of potential malnutrition, correlating with adverse health outcomes; 3) The putative cardio-protective effects of adipokines emanating from adipose tissue [24]; and 4) The presence of a statistical collider stratification bias, whereby a shared confounding variable influences both obesity and mortality, thereby spuriously engendering an apparent association [20, 25]. It is essential to highlight that adjusted logistic regression regarding mortality outcomes and obesity classification was not conducted due to insufficient data on deceased participants within the dataset. Investigating the relationship between obesity on mortality among in the pediatric population would be valuable, particularly considering Hatchimonji et al.'s suggestion that obesity is associated with increased mortality rates following trauma in adults, after adjusting for patient and injury characteristics [6]. Conversely, Drury et al. found no statistically significant difference in mortality rates among the three distinct BMI adult groups for both blunt and penetrating trauma, even when analyzing subgroups based on ISS score (ISS<16 or ISS ≥ 16) [26]. While this limitation precludes a comprehensive analysis of mortality outcomes, it underscores the importance of larger sample sizes and comprehensive data collection in future studies to fully understand the relationship between childhood obesity and mortality following trauma incidents. CONCLUSION The results of this study conducted within the pediatric population suggest that childhood obesity might not exert a substantial predictive influence on adverse trauma-related outcomes. Such a conclusion hints at the intricate interplay of multifaceted factors beyond the immediate purview of this analysis, suggesting that the impact of obesity on trauma outcomes likely arises from a confluence of biological, environmental, and behavioral determinants. This nuanced understanding underscores the necessity for more comprehensive investigations across diverse demographic groups to elucidate the complexities involved. Consequently, this research augments our comprehension of the intricate relationship between childhood obesity and trauma, accentuating the imperative for tailored preventive strategies and targeted interventions. These findings not only contribute to the ongoing discourse on pediatric health but also underscore the intricate web of influences shaping trauma outcomes in children, advocating for a holistic approach in addressing this critical health concern STRENGTH AND LIMITS The study boasts several strengths that enhance its validity and reliability. Spanning over a decade (2010-2021), it provides a comprehensive dataset, enabling the identification of long-term trends and outcomes in pediatric trauma related to obesity. Data sourced from a designated Pediatric Trauma Center ensures a diverse and high-volume dataset, supported by the institution's accreditation and specialized transport system. The meticulous data management process, overseen by a trauma registrar and validated by trauma registry personnel, enhances the accuracy and reliability of the dataset. By focusing on children aged 2 to 18 and excluding underweight participants, the study maintains a targeted investigation into the impact of obesity on trauma outcomes, ensuring relevance to the demographic of interest. Additionally, the rigorous statistical analysis, including advanced methods such as descriptive analyses and adjusted regression models conducted using R software, supports a comprehensive examination and interpretation of the data. However, several limitations warrant consideration. The cohort design may introduce selection bias and underreporting of childhood trauma experiences among adult participants, potentially underestimating the extent of trauma. The study's use of BMI as a measure of overweight and obesity may oversimplify body composition assessment, while potential covariates not accounted for in the study, such as pre-existing health conditions, could influence trauma outcomes. Future research would benefit from addressing these limitations and employing more accurate measures of body mass to further elucidate the relationships between childhood trauma, obesity, and associated outcomes. Declarations Acknowledgements : Saman Hamadi, Lilian F. Marino, Katelyn Scioli, Anthony Williams, BSc, Declarations: Funding : This work was supported by St. Joseph’s Children’s Hospital. Financial Disclosure: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. Competing Interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The study was approved by the institutional review boards at Bay Care Health Systems and University of Tampa. References Witt CE, Arbabi S, Nathens AB, Vavilala MS, Rivara FP (2017) Obesity in pediatric trauma. J Pediatr Surg 52(4):628-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.11.037 Skolnik, N (2023) The American academy of pediatrics obesity guidelines-A critical appraisal. 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J Endocrinol 216(1):T17-36. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12-0232 Sperrin M, Candlish J, Badrick E, Renehan A, Buchan I (2016) Collider bias is only a partial explanation for the obesity paradox. Epidemiology 27(4):525-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000493 Drury B, Kocharians C, Dong F, Tran L, Beroukhim S, Hajjafar R, Vara R, Wong D, Woodward B, Neeki MM (2021) Impact of Obesity on Mortality in Adult Trauma Patients. Cureus 13(2):e13352. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.13352 Tables Table 1. Descriptive of participants Factors Total (n=1965) Normal weight (n=960, 48.85%) Overweight (n=383, 19.49%) Obese (n=622, 31.65%) p LOS, mean (SD) 2.05 (4.81) 2.06 (5.03) 2.08 (5.21) 2.02 (4.17) 0.98 Total days in ICU, mean (SD) 0.31 (2.20) 0.32 (2.62) 0.26 (1.57) 0.31 (1.78) 0.90 ISS, mean (SD) 5.88 (5.24) 5.71 (5.44) 6.20 (5.14) 5.94 (4.99) 0.29 Outcome, n (%) 0.08 Alive 1949 (99.19%) 954 (99.38%) 382 (99.74%) 613 (98.55%) Deceased 16 (0.81%) 6 (0.63%) 1 (0.26%) 9 (1.45%) Age, mean (SD) 9.56 (4.81) 9.39 (4.83) 10.03 (4.84) 9.53 (4.76) 0.09 Sex, n (%) <0.01* Male 1250 (63.61%) 591 (61.56%) 229 (59.79%) 430 (69.13%) Female 715 (36.39%) 369 (38.44%) 154 (40.21%) 192 (30.87%) Ethnicity, n (%) 0.04* Non-Hispanic 1855 (94.40%) 916 (95.42%) 364 (95.04%) 575 (92.44%) Hispanic 110 (5.60%) 44 (4.6%) 19 (4.96%) 47 (7.56%) Race, n (%) 0.15 Asian 32 (1.63%) 19 (1.98%) 6 (1.57%) 7 (1.13%) Black 393 (20.00%) 183 (18.96%) 90 (23.55) 120 (19.30%) Hispanic 104 (5.30%) 40 (4.20%) 19 (5.00%) 45 (7.23%) Hispanic or Other 1 (0.05%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.20%) Indigenous 4 (0.20%) 3 (0.33%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.20%) Other 88 (4.48%) 41 (4.30%) 13 (3.40%) 34 (5.50%) Pacific Islander 1 (2.09%) 1 (0.10%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) White 1342 (68.30%) 673 (70.10%) 255 (66.60%) 414 (55.56%) Payment source, n (%) 0.04* BCBS 70 (3.60%) 42 (4.40%) 11 (2.90%) 17 (2.73%) Government 16 (0.81%) 6 (0.63%) 2 (0.52%) 8 (1.30%) Medicaid 875 (44.53%) 417 (43.44%) 168 (43.90%) 290 (46.62%) Medicare 4 (0.20%) 0 (0%) 4 (1.04%) 0 (0%) No fault 1 (0.05%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.30%) 0 (0%) Other 10 (0.50%) 7 (0.73%) 1 (0.30%) 2 (0.32%) Private 861 (43.82%) 436 (45.42%) 167 (43.60%) 258 (41.50%) Self 125 (6.36%) 51 (5.31%) 32 (8.40%) 42 (6.75%) Worker’s Compensation 3 (0.15%) 1 (0.10%) 1 (0.30%) 1 (0.20%) Event, n (%) 0.57 Animal 72 (3.66%) 40 (4.20%) 9 (2.35%) 23 (3.70%) Assault 40 (2.04%) 20 (2.08%) 7 (1.83%) 13 (2.09%) ATV 36 (1.83%) 15 (1.56%) 8 (2.09%) 13 (2.09%) Bicycle 88 (4.48%) 41 (4.30%) 17 (4.44%) 30 (4.82%) Burn 3 (0.15%) 2 (0.20%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.20%) Crush 12 (0.61%) 10 (1.04%) 0 (0%) 2 (0.32%) Drown 73 (3.72%) 33 (3.44%) 15 (3.920%) 25 (4.01%) Fall 888 (45.20%) 431 (44.90%) 172 (44.90%) 284 (45.70%) Gun Shot Wound 45 (2.30%) 23 (2.40%) 9 (2.35%) 13 (2.09%) Hang 2 (0.10%) 2 (0.20%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Inhale 1 (0.05%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.20%) Marine 14 (0.71%) 7 (0.73%) 5 (1.30%) 2 (0.32%) Unknown Motor Vehicle-Accident 2 (0.10%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.30%) 1 (0.20%) Motorcycle Crash 20 (1.02%) 10 (1.04%) 2 (0.52%) 8 (1.30%) Motor Vehicle Crash with Horse 36 (1.83%) 22 (2.30%) 7 (1.83%) 7 (1.13%) Motor Vehicle Accident 204 (10.40%) 90 (9.40%) 42 (11.00%) 72 (11.60%) Other 28 (1.42%) 11 (1.15%) 6 (1.57%) 11 (1.77%) Pedestrian Struck 47 (2.40%) 20 (2.08%) 9 (2.35%) 18 (2.90%) Scoot 9 (0.46%) 5 (0.52%) 3 (0.80%) 1 (0.20%) Sports 158 (8.04%) 78 (8.13%) 39 (10.20%) 41 (6.60%) Stab 8 (0.40%) 2 (0.20%) 3 (0.80%) 3 (0.50%) Struck 49 (2.50%) 29 (3.02%) 4 (1.04%) 16 (2.60%) Suicide 18 (0.92%) 8 (0.83%) 5 (1.30%) 5 (0.80%) Trauma type, n (%) 0.78 Blunt 1821 (92.67%) 890 (97.71%) 353 (97.17%) 578 (92.93%) Burn 4 (0.2%) 3 (0.31%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.16%) Penetration 140 (7.12%) 67 (6.98%) 30 (7.83%) 43 (6.91%) Table 2. Linear regression of trauma outcomes LOS Tota day in ICU ISS b p b p b p Intercept 3.85 .06 0.48 .60 3.02 0.14 Obesity classificaiton Overweight 0.17 .55 0.03 .84 0.31 0.29 Obese .03 .90 0.02 .86 -0.04 0.88 Age -0.10 <.01* -0.03 .02* 0.07 <.01* Sex Male -0.0002 1.00 0.06 .57 0.43 .06 Ethnicity N -0.46 .79 -0.12 .87 -0.25 .88 Race B 0.17 .85 0.35 .41 0.15 .87 H -0.63 .75 0.008 .99 1.79 .36 H|O -0.93 .85 0.48 .83 4.37 .37 I -0.81 .76 0.38 .75 -0.17 .95 O 1.26 .22 0.74 .11 0.95 .35 P 0.23 .96 0.42 .85 -0.92 .84 W 0.32 .72 0.42 .30 0.59 .50 Payment source Gov 1.66 .21 0.94 .12 0.21 .87 Medicaid 0.17 .76 0.13 .63 -0.06 .92 Medicare -0.38 .88 0.07 .95 1.13 .66 No fault -0.18 .97 -0.12 .95 -6.19 .20 Other -0.66 .68 -0.17 .81 -1.08 .50 Private 0.05 .94 0.04 .89 0.06 .92 Self -0.08 .91 0.09 .78 0.38 .60 WC -1.88 .51 -0.88 .50 1.09 .70 Event Animal -1.98 <.01* -0.62 .07 -0.98 .20 Assault -1.12 .21 -0.30 .45 0.81 .37 ATV -1.24 .18 -0.53 .20 2.73 <.01* Bicycle -1.45 .04* -0.55 .08 1.44 .04 Burn 0.30 .96 0.05 .99 -0.60 .91 Crush 9.46 <.01* 5.82 <.01* 1.60 .28 Drown -0.55 .46 -0.22 .52 6.37 <.01* Fall -1.28 <.01* -0.46 .04* 0.55 .26 GSW -2.62 .01* -0.84 .07 6.23 <.01* Hang -1.56 .65 -0.52 .74 1.27 .71 Inhale -1.07 .82 -0.99 .86 -3.76 .48 Marine -1.11 .41 -0.52 .40 2.95 .03* MCA-UNK -1.09 .75 -0.05 .97 -0.50 .88 MCN -1.47 .21 -0.63 .23 1.58 .18 MCWH 1.23 .19 -0.36 .39 3.43 <.01* MVA -0.74 .22 -0.27 .33 5.28 <.01* Other -0.64 .53 -0.68 .14 0.07 .95 PED -1.44 .10 -0.37 .35 7.05 <.01* Scoot -1.69 .31 -0.63 .40 1.03 .53 Sports -0.66 .28 -0.32 .25 0.45 .46 Stab -2.70 .13 -0.85 .30 0.99 .58 Struck -1.23 .13 -0.28 .44 0.14 .86 Suicide -2.22 .08 -0.62 .28 -0.36 .78 Trauma type Burn -1.36 .78 -0.73 .74 -2.16 .65 P 1.70 <.01* 0.47 .10 -1.66 <.01* Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Yet, limited research exists around the correlation between childhood obesity and negative health consequences after trauma injury, remain insufficiently understood.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWHAT THIS STUDY ADDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the prevalence of childhood obesity and traumatic injuries, there is still a lack of comprehensive research examining the relationship between these two factors. This study addresses an important gap in literature and lays the groundwork for further investigation into this complex relationship.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eUnintentional injury and obesity constitute significant factors to pediatric morbidity [1]. On a global scale, the incidence of childhood obesity has experienced a notable escalation, nearly quadrupling in several countries over the past three decades to reach a current prevalence of 26% [2, 3]. Presently, one in three children and adolescents are categorized as overweight, with a further twenty percent classified as obese [4]. Concurrently, a substantial number of children, up to nine million annually, receive treatment for injuries in hospital Emergency Departments, with an estimated 12,000 injuries resulting in fatality [5]. Despite the alarming prevalence of both conditions in pediatrics, the relationship among childhood obesity, traumatic injury outcomes, and healthcare utilization remains an understudied subject.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeverity of injury, Length of Hospital Stay (LOS), and length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay differ between obese and non-obese children, with obese patients experiencing far worse outcomes [1]. Obese children have higher rates of post-injury complications from trauma [6], including higher rates of upper and lower extremity fractures [7], hollow viscus injury and solid organ injury [8], as well as increased risk for post-trauma dialysis [9], deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, pneumonia, and ventilator support [10]. Obese children have higher adjusted risks of certain complications, including thromboembolism and death [1], since obesity is significantly associated with mortality; respiratory, thromboembolic, and infectious complications; higher rates of ICU care [11]; and longer than average ICU length of stay [8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to comprehensively assess the potential correlation between childhood obesity and patient outcomes following traumatic injuries, with a particular focus on elucidating the intricate interplay among childhood obesity, trauma injury outcomes, and patterns of healthcare utilization.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Collection\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study period includes January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Source and Population\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study data was acquired from St. Jospeh\u0026rsquo;s Children\u0026rsquo;s Hospital\u0026rsquo;s Emergency and Trauma Center situated in Tampa, Florida. St. Jospeh\u0026rsquo;s Children\u0026rsquo;s Hospital is Pediatric Trauma Center by state authorities. In 2022, the Emergency Department (ED) attended 34,920 patients, with patients transported to the facility via a specialized 24/7 transport team covering hospitals in West-Central Florida. Oversight of admissions, encompassing both hospital and ER cases, falls under the purview of the trauma registrar, who also manages cases referred to St. Joseph\u0026apos;s Children\u0026apos;s Hospital. Rigorous scrutiny and authentication of data within the pediatric trauma registry database were conducted by designated trauma registry personnel in collaboration with the lead investigator. The study was delimited to participants aged 2 to 18 years, with exclusion criteria applied to individuals classified as underweight, aligning with the study\u0026apos;s focus on investigating the implications of obesity on trauma outcomes in pediatric populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeasures\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were classified as normal weight, overweight, and obese based on their body mass index (BMI) (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). Participants\u0026rsquo; BMI was calculated by the following equation,\u0026nbsp;. Due to the participants being children, the typical BMI threshold was not used for classification par on obesity. Rather, participants\u0026rsquo; BMI was compared to a growth chart provided by the CDC based on the participants\u0026rsquo; biological sex and age. Previous studies used a similar approach in classifying obesity levels among children [12, 13, 14, 15]. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour trauma outcomes were included in the analysis, length of stay in hospital (LOS), total days in ICU, intensity severity scores (ISS), and mortality outcomes. LOS, total days in ICU, and ISS are continuous variables while mortality outcome is a binary categorical variable. LOS is based on the total number of days participants stay in the hospital due to trauma injuries. The LOS included the first day participants enrolled in the hospital till the days they were discharged from the hospital. Total days in ICU is the number of days participants spend in the ICU due to their conditions. LOS and total days in ICU are not mutually exclusive, whereas total days in the ICU also include days spent in the hospital. ISS is based on the severity of the participants\u0026rsquo; injuries. ISS is the standardized scoring system on the severity of traumatic injury. The scoring system is widely used in the medical field to assess the severity of traumatic injury, where it is correlated with mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization time [16, 17]. ISS scores were assessed by medical professionals at the trauma center for each participant based on their severity. Participants with an ISS score less than 9 indicated mild severity, between 9 \u0026ndash; 11 for moderate, between 16 \u0026ndash; 24 for severe, and greater than or equal to 25 being profound. Mortality outcome was based on the classification of participants\u0026rsquo; mortality, alive or deceased.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultiple covariates were included in the current study due to their relationship with trauma outcomes. Participants\u0026rsquo; demographic information such as age (years), sex (male, female), ethnicity (non-Hispanic, Hispanic), race (Asian, black, Hispanic, Hispanic or other, Indigenous, other, Pacific Islander, and white), and payment source (BCBS, government, Medicaid, Medicare, no-fault payment, other payment sources, private insurance, self-payment, worker\u0026rsquo;s compensation) served as covariates in the analysis. Additionally, factors related to traumatic injuries, such as the cause of traumatic injuries (events) and trauma types (blunt, burn, penetration) were included in the analysis as covariates.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical Methods and Data Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive analyses were performed to summarize the included variables and covariates across the sample and stratified by obesity classifications (normal weight, overweight, and obese). One-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-squared analyses for categorical variables were performed to compare the trauma outcomes and covariates across obesity classifications. Separate linear regression for each trauma outcome (e.g., LOS, total days in ICU, and ISS) along with covariates were conducted to examine the relationship between trauma outcomes and obesity classifications among children. Adjusted logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between mortality outcomes (alive vs. deceased) and obesity classifications. All analyses were performed using R version 4.3.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) with the alpha levels set at 0.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e1965 participants between 2 to 18 were included in the analysis. Among the participants, 48.85% of participants were normal weight, 19.49% were overweight, and 31.65% were obese. Table 1 displays the results of the descriptive analysis. Among the participants, the average age was 9.56 (4.81) years old with 63.61% of participants being male. Close to 95% of participants were identified as non-Hispanic white and close to 70% of participants were white. Additionally, regarding the events that led to the trauma injuries, falling accounted for 45.20% of trauma injuries. Other top events that led to trauma injuries included motor vehicle accidents (0.40%), sports (8.04%), bicycles (4.48%), and animals (3.66%) (see Table 1). Across the sample, 92.67% of participants experienced blunt trauma type, 0.20% experienced burn, and 7.12% experienced penetration type of trauma.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsert figure 1 around here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average LOS among the sample was 2.05 (4.81) days (see Figure 2). There were no statistically significant differences in LOS across the obesity classification (P=.98), where the average LOS for participants with normal weight was 2.06 (5.03) days, 2.08 (5.21) days for overweight, and 2.02 (4.17) days for obese. The average days in ICU among the sample was 0.31 (2.20) days. The average days in ICU for participants with normal weight, obesity, obese, were 0.32 (2.62) days, 0.26 (1.57) days, and 0.31 (1.78) days, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups (P=.90). For ISS, the average was 5.88 (5.24) with participants in the overweight group having the highest ISS among the three groups with an average of 6.20 (5.14) and normal weight group had the lowest ISS with 5.71 (5.44) (see Figure 2). However, no statistically significant difference was found in ISS among obesity classification (P=.29). Among the sample, 99.19% of participants were alive and 0.81% participants were deceased and no statistically significant difference in proportions was found between obesity classification in terms of mortality outcomes (P=.08) (see Figure 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsert figure 2 around here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsert figure 3 around here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsert figure 4 around here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 displays the results of the adjusted linear regression between trauma outcomes and obesity classification among participants. Among the adjusted linear regressions conducted, no statistically significant associations were found between trauma outcomes and obesity classification (P\u0026gt;.05) (see Table 2). Also, adjusted logistic regression between morality outcomes and obesity classification was not performed due to the lack of observation in the dataset regarding deceased participants (see Table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe escalating prevalence of obesity poses a significant challenge across numerous nations [2, 3], but little is known about the interaction between childhood obesity, Traumatic injury outcomes, and healthcare utilization. Our findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between childhood obesity and trauma-related outcomes within the pediatric population. Our analysis revealed that obesity classification did not independently predict adverse trauma-related outcomes among the studied cohort. These results challenged previous assumptions regarding the direct impact of childhood obesity on trauma outcomes and emphasized the multifactorial nature of such outcomes in pediatric patients [1, 18, 19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings showed, while there was variability across the obesity groups, Injury Severity Score (ISS), was not statistically significant. The overweight group exhibited the highest ISS on average, while the normal weight group had the lowest ISS. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance, indicating that obesity status did not correlate with the severity of injuries sustained. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in Length of Stay (LOS) across the obesity classification (P=.98). The average LOS for participants with normal weight, overweight, and obese status were relatively similar, indicating that obesity status did not influence the duration of hospitalization following trauma incidents significantly. Similarly, the average days spent in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) did not differ significantly among the different obesity groups (P=.90). This implies that children who were overweight or obese did not experience prolonged stays in the ICU compared to their normal-weight counterparts, further suggesting that obesity status did not impact the severity of trauma-related injuries requiring intensive care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings are inconsistent with the \u0026ldquo;armor phenomenon,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;cushion effect,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;reverse epidemiology,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;obesity paradox,\u0026rdquo; suggesting a potential protective benefit of childhood obesity regarding trauma. Multiple authors describe such a protective effect of obesity in trauma and intensive care [20, 21]. For example, pediatric obese patients had the lowest mortality on univariate analysis and were non-inferior to healthy weight controls; the Injury Severity Score (ISS) was lowest in the obese group; and Hospital Length of Stay, ICU Length of Stay, and ventilator days were no different than with healthy weight patients [22]. Others found underweight patients have an increased chance of mortality, while being overweight had a protective effect [20]. In another study, obesity was not associated with increased mortality compared to normal weight, supporting the obesity paradox for trauma patients [18]. Similarly, a systematic review and meta-analysis found that obese individuals have a lower risk of sustaining a health injury, and their obesity has no significant impact on mortality [23].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Ayalon et al.[jn1] , proposed rationales underlying the obesity paradox encompass: 1) Body adiposity serving as a reservoir of energy facilitating survival amidst physiological stressors [23]; 2) Diminished body mass index (BMI), reflective of potential malnutrition, correlating with adverse health outcomes; 3) The putative cardio-protective effects of adipokines emanating from adipose tissue [24]; and 4) The presence of a statistical collider stratification bias, whereby a shared confounding variable influences both obesity and mortality, thereby spuriously engendering an apparent association [20, 25].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is essential to highlight that adjusted logistic regression regarding mortality outcomes and obesity classification was not conducted due to insufficient data on deceased participants within the dataset. Investigating the relationship between obesity on mortality among in the pediatric population would be valuable, particularly considering Hatchimonji et al.\u0026apos;s suggestion that obesity is associated with increased mortality rates following trauma in adults, after adjusting for patient and injury characteristics [6]. Conversely, Drury et al. found no statistically significant difference in mortality rates among the three distinct BMI adult groups for both blunt and penetrating trauma, even when analyzing subgroups based on ISS score (ISS\u0026lt;16 or ISS \u0026ge; 16) [26]. While this limitation precludes a comprehensive analysis of mortality outcomes, it underscores the importance of larger sample sizes and comprehensive data collection in future studies to fully understand the relationship between childhood obesity and mortality following trauma incidents.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study conducted within the pediatric population suggest that childhood obesity might not exert a substantial predictive influence on adverse trauma-related outcomes. Such a conclusion hints at the intricate interplay of multifaceted factors beyond the immediate purview of this analysis, suggesting that the impact of obesity on trauma outcomes likely arises from a confluence of biological, environmental, and behavioral determinants. This nuanced understanding underscores the necessity for more comprehensive investigations across diverse demographic groups to elucidate the complexities involved. Consequently, this research augments our comprehension of the intricate relationship between childhood obesity and trauma, accentuating the imperative for tailored preventive strategies and targeted interventions. These findings not only contribute to the ongoing discourse on pediatric health but also underscore the intricate web of influences shaping trauma outcomes in children, advocating for a holistic approach in addressing this critical health concern\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTRENGTH AND LIMITS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study boasts several strengths that enhance its validity and reliability. Spanning over a decade (2010-2021), it provides a comprehensive dataset, enabling the identification of long-term trends and outcomes in pediatric trauma related to obesity. Data sourced from a designated Pediatric Trauma Center ensures a diverse and high-volume dataset, supported by the institution\u0026apos;s accreditation and specialized transport system. The meticulous data management process, overseen by a trauma registrar and validated by trauma registry personnel, enhances the accuracy and reliability of the dataset. By focusing on children aged 2 to 18 and excluding underweight participants, the study maintains a targeted investigation into the impact of obesity on trauma outcomes, ensuring relevance to the demographic of interest. Additionally, the rigorous statistical analysis, including advanced methods such as descriptive analyses and adjusted regression models conducted using R software, supports a comprehensive examination and interpretation of the data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, several limitations warrant consideration. The cohort design may introduce selection bias and underreporting of childhood trauma experiences among adult participants, potentially underestimating the extent of trauma. The study\u0026apos;s use of BMI as a measure of overweight and obesity may oversimplify body composition assessment, while potential covariates not accounted for in the study, such as pre-existing health conditions, could influence trauma outcomes. Future research would benefit from addressing these limitations and employing more accurate measures of body mass to further elucidate the relationships between childhood trauma, obesity, and associated outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSaman Hamadi, Lilian F. Marino, Katelyn Scioli, Anthony Williams, BSc,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;This work was supported by St. Joseph\u0026rsquo;s Children\u0026rsquo;s Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial Disclosure:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e None declared.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval:\u003c/strong\u003e The study was approved by the institutional review boards at Bay Care Health Systems and University of Tampa.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWitt CE, Arbabi S, Nathens AB, Vavilala MS, Rivara FP (2017) Obesity in pediatric trauma. 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Shock 56(5):691-700. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000001821\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEckhardt T, Horst K, St\u0026ouml;rmann P, Bl\u0026auml;sius F, Hofman M, Herren C, Kobbe P, Hildebrand F, Andruszkow H (2020) Impact of chest trauma and overweight on mortality and outcome in severely injured patients. J Clin Med 9(9):2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092752\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarlson JP, Pe\u0026ntilde;a K, Burjonrappa S (2024) The obesity paradox in the pediatric trauma patient. J Pediatr Surg 59(2):275-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.10.038.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCasas-Vara A, Santolaria F, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez-Bereciart\u0026uacute;a A, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Reimers E, Garc\u0026iacute;a-Ochoa A, Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Riera A (2012) The obesity paradox in elderly patients with heart failure: analysis of nutritional status. Nutrition 28(6):616-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMattu HS, Randeva HS (2013) Role of adipokines in cardiovascular disease. J Endocrinol 216(1):T17-36. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12-0232\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSperrin M, Candlish J, Badrick E, Renehan A, Buchan I (2016) Collider bias is only a partial explanation for the obesity paradox. Epidemiology 27(4):525-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000493\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDrury B, Kocharians C, Dong F, Tran L, Beroukhim S, Hajjafar R, Vara R, Wong D, Woodward B, Neeki MM (2021) Impact of Obesity on Mortality in Adult Trauma Patients. Cureus 13(2):e13352. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.13352\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Descriptive of participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=1965)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal weight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=960, 48.85%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverweight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=383, 19.49%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObese\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=622, 31.65%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLOS, mean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05 (4.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06 (5.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08 (5.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02 (4.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal days in ICU, mean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31 (2.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32 (2.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26 (1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31 (1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISS, mean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88 (5.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71 (5.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.20 (5.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.94 (4.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Alive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1949 (99.19%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e954 (99.38%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e382 (99.74%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e613 (98.55%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Deceased\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (0.81%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.63%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.26%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (1.45%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge, mean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.56 (4.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.39 (4.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.03 (4.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.53 (4.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1250 (63.61%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e591 (61.56%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229 (59.79%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430 (69.13%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e715 (36.39%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e369 (38.44%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154 (40.21%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192 (30.87%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Non-Hispanic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1855 (94.40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e916 (95.42%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364 (95.04%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e575 (92.44%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hispanic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (5.60%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (4.96%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (7.56%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRace, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Asian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (1.63%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (1.98%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.57%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.13%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Black\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393 (20.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183 (18.96%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (23.55)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (19.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hispanic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (5.30%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (4.20%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (7.23%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hispanic or Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.05%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.20%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Indigenous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.20%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.33%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (4.48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (4.30%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.40%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (5.50%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Pacific Islander\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.09%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;White\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1342 (68.30%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e673 (70.10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255 (66.60%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e414 (55.56%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePayment source, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;BCBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (3.60%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (4.40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.90%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (2.73%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Government\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (0.81%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.63%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.52%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (1.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Medicaid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e875 (44.53%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e417 (43.44%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168 (43.90%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290 (46.62%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Medicare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.20%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.04%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No fault\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.05%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.73%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.32%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Private\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e861 (43.82%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e436 (45.42%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (43.60%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258 (41.50%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Self\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (6.36%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (5.31%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (8.40%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (6.75%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Worker\u0026rsquo;s Compensation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.10%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvent, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Animal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (3.66%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (4.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.35%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (3.70%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Assault\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (2.04%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (2.08%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.83%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (2.09%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;ATV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (1.83%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (1.56%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.09%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (2.09%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Bicycle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (4.48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (4.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.44%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (4.82%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Burn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Crush\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (0.61%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (1.04%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.32%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Drown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (3.72%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (3.44%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (3.920%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (4.01%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e888 (45.20%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e431 (44.90%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172 (44.90%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284 (45.70%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Gun Shot Wound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (2.30%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (2.40%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.35%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (2.09%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Inhale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.05%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Marine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (0.71%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.73%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.32%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Unknown Motor Vehicle-Accident\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Motorcycle Crash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (1.02%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (1.04%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.52%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (1.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Motor Vehicle Crash with Horse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (1.83%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (2.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.83%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.13%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Motor Vehicle Accident\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204 (10.40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (9.40%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (11.00%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (11.60%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (1.42%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (1.15%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.57%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (1.77%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Pedestrian Struck\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (2.40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (2.08%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.35%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (2.90%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Scoot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (0.46%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.52%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.80%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Sports\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 (8.04%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (8.13%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (10.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (6.60%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Stab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (0.40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.20%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.80%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Struck\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (2.50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (3.02%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.04%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (2.60%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Suicide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (0.92%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (0.83%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.30%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.80%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrauma type, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBlunt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1821 (92.67%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e890 (97.71%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353 (97.17%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e578 (92.93%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Burn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.31%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.16%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Penetration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140 (7.12%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (6.98%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (7.83%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (6.91%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Linear regression of trauma outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"630\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLOS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTota day in ICU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObesity classificaiton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Overweight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Obese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;H\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;H|O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePayment source\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Gov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Medicaid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Medicare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No fault\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Private\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Self\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;WC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Animal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Assault\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;ATV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Bicycle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Burn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Crush\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Drown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;GSW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Inhale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Marine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MCA-UNK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MCWH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MVA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 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\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Burn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pediatric, Adolescent, Trauma, Obesity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4203096/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4203096/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlobally, traumatic injury and obesity are significantly linked to pediatric health. The relationship between traumatic injury outcomes and childhood obesity remains poorly understood. This study assesses the potential correlation between childhood obesity and patient outcomes following trauma injuries, with a particular focus on elucidating the intricate interplay among childhood obesity, trauma injury outcomes, and patterns of healthcare utilization, which will address the gap in literature and lays the groundwork for further investigation into the complex relationship between childhood obesity and traumatic injury outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study is a retrospective cohort study analyzing data from St. Jospeh’s Children’s Hospital’s Emergency and Trauma Center in Tampa, Florida, between 2010 to 2021. Participants aged 2 to 18 were included and stratified by obesity categories, normal weight, overweight, and obese, based on their BMI. Associations between obesity categories and trauma outcomes such as Length of Hospital Stay (LOS), days in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and mortality were examined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong 1965 participants, 48.85% of participants were of normal weight, 19.49% were overweight, and 31.65% were obese. No significant differences in the included trauma outcomes across obesity classifications were found among analyses. Linear regressions showed no association between trauma outcomes and obesity (P\u0026gt;.05). Mortality outcomes were not analyzed due to insufficient data on deceased participants (P\u0026gt;.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildhood obesity did not independently predict adverse trauma outcomes in this study. The findings challenge previous assumptions and emphasize the multifactorial nature of trauma outcomes in pediatric patients. Further research with larger sample sizes and comprehensive data collection is needed to fully understand this relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLEVEL OF EVIDENCE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLevel V, Retrospective cohort study\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Impact of Childhood Obesity on Traumatic Injury Outcomes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-05 13:15:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4203096/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bc34eef4-4c57-4e59-aaa9-afcf63475f14","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-15T10:39:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-05 13:15:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4203096","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4203096","identity":"rs-4203096","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}