Programmatic implementation of Ovicol ovitraps for Aedes control in Colombia: operational adherence, effectiveness, and comparisons with AGO and BG-Sentinel traps

Programmatic implementation of Ovicol ovitraps for Aedes control in Colombia: operational adherence, effectiveness, and comparisons with AGO and BG-Sentinel traps | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Programmatic implementation of Ovicol ovitraps for Aedes control in Colombia: operational adherence, effectiveness, and comparisons with AGO and BG-Sentinel traps Gómez Laureano, Osorio Juan, Herrera Orley, Diego Montenegro This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7974221/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction. The global expansion of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus has intensified arboviral epidemics, generating annual socio-economic losses exceeding USD 2 billion, mainly in the Americas. The desiccation-resistant egg stage plays a key role in mosquito persistence and spread, yet remains insufficiently targeted by current control strategies. Objective. To evaluate the operational feasibility and effectiveness of a low-cost, handcrafted ovitrap (Ovicol) implemented by two territorial health entities (ETSs) in Colombia, and to compare its performance with industrial AGO and BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps. Methods. Ovicol traps were baited with birdseed or molasses + yeast attractants. In Santa Marta, traps were installed in public areas (markets, cemeteries, sports complexes) using diflubenzuron; in San José del Guaviare, they were deployed in institutions (hotels, schools, health centers) using diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTi). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, ANOVA/χ², nonparametric tests, and spatial cluster detection. Results. In Santa Marta, 41,677 eggs (100% A. aegypti ) were eliminated in five weeks. The Oviposition Positivity Index (OPI) ranged from 40.6–74.5%, with up to 88% trap loss at one site due to vandalism. In Guaviare, Ovicol detected oviposition within 24 h and outperformed AGO in Aedes detection (OPI = 65.2% vs. 30.8%; r = 0.87; p < 0.001). The fermented birdseed attractant achieved higher positivity (Kruskal–Wallis H = 9.42; p = 0.009). Compared with BGS, Ovicol showed superior field stability—BGS suffered ≥ 70% disconnections during weekends—and low concordance (Kappa = − 0.17). Conclusions. Ovicol is a cost-effective, operationally feasible, and eco-sustainable tool for Aedes surveillance and control. By surpassing AGO and complementing BGS, it enhances spatiotemporal resolution for early microfocus detection and targeted response. Acting as a lethal trap, one diflubenzuron tablet (normally for 200 L) can treat ≈ 800 Ovicol (0.25 L each), extending coverage to ~ 800 households and achieving an ~ 800-fold increase in larvicide efficiency. These findings support Ovicol’s incorporation into national programs to promote sustainable, community-driven Integrated Vector Management (IVM). Tropical Medicine Parasitology Entomology Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus ovitrap ovicidal control vector surveillance entomovirus Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction The genus Aedes includes more than 70 mosquito species [ 1 ], but two of them — the African mosquito Aedes aegypti and the Asian mosquito Aedes albopictus — have expanded far beyond their native ranges and gained notoriety for their remarkable ability to adapt to human-modified environments [ 2 ]. The global spread of A. aegypti has been linked to the slave trade during the colonial era [ 3 ], whereas the dissemination of A. albopictus has been largely driven by the transport of desiccation-resistant eggs in used tires (Pichler et al., 2019). Today, these species are established in nearly 170 countries across all continents except Antarctica [ 4 ]. The global economic burden associated with Aedes -borne diseases—primarily dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and urban yellow fever—is estimated to exceed USD 94 billion, with the Americas accounting for 47.4% of that cost [ 5 ]. In addition, both species have developed resistance to more than 40 insecticidal compounds [ 6 ], making their control increasingly challenging. Among the current vector control strategies, sticky adult traps such as the Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap (AGO) have proven effective for capturing gravid Aedes females [ 7 ]. However, their epidemiological impact requires extensive coverage—typically exceeding 80% of households—to significantly reduce adult densities and transmission risk [ 8 ]. For sentinel surveillance and adult mosquito detection, the BG-Sentinel (BGS) trap has become a standard device that operates with electrical power and is designed to attract host-seeking females through visual and olfactory cues[ 9 ]. Despite their proven sensitivity, the large-scale use of these traps in routine vector surveillance and control programs (PRVC) is constrained by cost, logistics, and dependence on imported materials. From a biological standpoint, the egg stage represents the most resilient and least targeted phase of the Aedes life cycle. Eggs of A. aegypti and A. albopictus can remain viable for months under dry conditions, providing a strong adaptive advantage against environmental fluctuations and chemical interventions [ 10 , 11 ]. Moreover, egg transport is the principal mechanism for long-distance dispersal at continental scales [ 12 , 13 ]. However, eggs have received limited attention in vector control strategies [ 11 , 14 , 15 ]. The absence of effective ovicides and the limited persistence of larvicides relative to egg longevity remain critical operational gaps in integrated vector management (IVM). To address these gaps, we recently demonstrated that targeting the egg stage through handmade ovitraps—combining water, birdseed ( Phalaris canariensis ) as a natural attractant, and thermal control using hot water—offers a cost-effective (< USD 0.20 per unit), operationally simple, and environmentally sustainable approach [ 16 ]. Building upon that experience, the present study evaluates an optimized version of this trap, termed Ovicol, designed to strengthen national surveillance programs through scalable, community-compatible implementation. In collaboration with local health authorities in Colombia, this study assessed both the operational adherence and field performance of Ovicol under real programmatic conditions. Additionally, a new bioattractant formulation was tested, and the results were compared with those obtained via AGO and BGS traps, with the aim of enhancing the integration of Ovicol into national and subnational PRVC frameworks in arbovirus-endemic regions. Methodology Sampling sites. A joint action plan was established and formalized with three territorial health entities (ETSs) in Colombia: the ETS of Santa Marta and other located in the Caribbean region and the ETS of San José del Guaviare in the Amazon region—all endemic areas for dengue and yellow fever [17,18]. In Santa Marta, Ovicol traps were deployed across five high-traffic public sites: plaza de mercado (the central marketplace), Cementerio San Miguel (San Miguel Cemetery), Parque del Agua (Water Park), Polideportivo (the municipal sports complex), and the peridomestic area of Villa Dania neighborhood. Ovitrap monitoring was conducted weekly by teams composed of one professional and two technicians from November to December 2024 ( Figure 1 ). In San José del Guaviare, Ovicol, AGO, and BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps were tested in hotels, schools, churches, pharmacies, and government buildings from March to April 2025 ( Figure 2A and B ). Materials Each ETS received 500 Ovicol traps, oviposition substrates (white paper napkins and white nonwoven sheets), and bioattractants prepared as follows: Bird seeds ( Ph. canariensis ) — whole grains (1 g) or fermented extract (100 g/5 L, 8-day incubation; 5 mL per trap). Panela (grafted unrefined cane sugar): 1 g with 0.2 g dry yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) Blackstrap ( Saccharum officinarum ) — diluted 1:10 in water and enriched with dry yeast ( Sa. cerevisiae , 0.2 g; 5 mL of the diluted molasses per trap). Larvicides were supplied by the ETS: diflubenzuron-Dimilin® (a chitin synthesis inhibitor) and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTi, granular formulation), both of which were dosed according to WHO guidelines [19]. All Ovicol traps were filled with 250 mL of untreated tap water and labeled alphanumerically with colored tags for traceability. Procedures by site In Santa Marta, 100 Ovicol traps were installed at each site: 50 traps containing molasses + yeast (M+Y) and 50 traps containing bird seeds (BS), all of which were treated with diflubenzuron. Weekly monitoring was performed by teams of one professional and two environmental technicians. The number of eggs per trap was counted in situ after removing the oviposition substrate. The paper was replaced at each visit, while attractants and larvicides were renewed biweekly. In San José del Guaviare, 60 units of Ovicol and 30 of each trap type, AGO, and BGS, were installed and inspected at 24, 48, and 72 hours, as well as at 7 and 15 days post-installation, by two teams of three members each. The collected samples were transported to the Departmental Medical Entomology Laboratory for egg counting and taxonomic identification. The AGO and BGS traps used the same attractants but no larvicides, since AGO relies on adhesive surfaces and BGS on electrical suction. A water-only control was excluded because it previously demonstrated low oviposition positivity [16]. Taxonomic identification of larvae (posthatching) and adults was performed via standard taxonomic keys [20,21]. After each monitoring round, all oviposition substrates were boiled for 5 minutes to ensure final inactivation of residual eggs. Variables and statistical analyses The dependent variables included the number of eggs, immature stages, adult mosquitoes, and species composition. The independent variables included trap type (Ovicol/AGO/BGS) and treatment (canary seed/fermented bird seed/molasses + yeast/water). Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed, including ANOVA or nonparametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc), χ²/Fisher tests for proportions, odds ratios (ORs), and effect sizes (r). Spatial logistic regression models, Moran’s I autocorrelation, LISA, Getis-Ord Gi*, and geospatial clustering analyses were applied via Python 3.10 [22]. Results Santa Marta: Programmatic performance of Ovicol A total of 41,677 eggs were inactivated over a five-week period. Taxonomic confirmation of larval subsamples (posthatching) verified that 100% of the samples belonged to A. aegypti . Sixty percent (3/5) of the monitoring groups completed all scheduled activities (Cemetery, Marketplace, and Sports Complex), one site performed partially (Villa Dania), and one failed to comply (Parque del Agua). Among the three fully monitored sites, the OPIs ranged from 40.6% to 74.5%. Trap loss due to destruction or removal was recorded at all sites, reaching 88% in the Sports Complex (Fig. 3 ). Both attractants were effective, although a consistent trend toward higher egg density per trap (IDH) was observed in those containing panela + yeast, with statistically significant differences only in Polideportivo (Fig. 1 D). No pupae were reported throughout the monitoring period, indicating that larvicidal treatment effectively prevented adult emergence. San José del Guaviare Ovicol and biottractants Ovicol traps containing fermented canary seeds (FBs) and molasses + yeast (M + Y) detected Aedes spp. oviposition within 24 hours of installation. By day 7, both bioattractants presented significantly greater OPIs than those containing only water did (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.05). Similar patterns were observed for IDH, with an average of 112 eggs per positive trap at the Public Health Laboratory facilities and 249 eggs per trap at the Malaria Office. In addition, one A. albopictus female and one Culex (Melanoconion) sp. female were captured with a handheld aspirator above the M + Y and water (W) substrates, respectively. By day 7, 73.3% (11/15) of the Ovicol traps at the laboratory site had completely dried out, a situation not observed at the Malaria Office site (Fig. 2 C). Ovicol versus AGO Between 80% and 93% of the traps were successfully inspected on day 7. In AGO traps, the addition of bioattractants increased Aedes spp. detection by 91.7% compared with that in traps containing only water (W). The fermented canary seed (FB) attractant was 41% more effective than molasses + yeast (M + Y) in detecting Aedes mosquitoes, whereas water performed 2.7 times better than both bioattractants for detecting Culex spp. (H = 9.42; p = 0.009). Post hoc analysis with Dunn–Bonferroni correction confirmed that the FB attractant was significantly more positive than both water ( p = 0.022) and M + Y ( p = 0.035), whereas no significant differences were found between M + Y and water ( p = 0.84) (Table 1 A). Overall, Ovicol traps (OPI = 65.2%) were 2.1 times more effective than AGO traps (OPI = 30.8%) in detecting Aedes mosquitoes ( p < 0.001, r = 0.87). Similarly, within the Ovicol traps, the FB attractant induced significantly greater oviposition by Aedes females than did the M + Y mixture ( p < 0.001) (Table 1 B). Table 1 A. Comparative performance of Ovicol traps and AGO traps for the surveillance and control of synanthropic Aedes and Culex mosquitoes in San José del Guaviare, 2025 Trap type Bioattractant Installed Inspected (%) Total individualsᵃ % OPId Capture rateᶜ Statistical significanceᵉ Aedes sp Culex sp AGO W 10 9 (90) 3 6 11,11 (1/9) NA X BF 15 12 (80) 14 6 25,0 (3/12) 3,5 X M + Y 15 12 (80) 9 3 33,3 (4/12) 2,25 X OVICOL BF 15 12 (80) 909 0 83,33 (10/12) 90,9 p < 0.001 M + Y 15 14 (93,3) 394 0 35,7 (5/14) 79 a Adults for AGO, eggs for Ovicol. b Positivity of adults in AGO and eggs in Ovicol for Aedes spp. c Mean number of individuals per positive ovitrap ( Aedes only). d Matching letters vertically indicates no significant differences. Table 1 B. Copositivity for Aedes spp. according to the distance between paired Ovicol and AGO traps Distance Pairs % Ovicol⁺ % AGO⁺ % Copositivity 30 m 11 54,5 (6/11) 27,3 (3/11) 9,1 (1/11) The superiority of Ovicol was spatially consistent—both when it was installed at the same location as the AGO traps and when it was positioned more than 30 m apart. Copositivity between both trap types was 6.3 times greater at distances 30 m (9.1%) (χ² = 5.92; p = 0.052; Cramer’s V = 0.35). Spatial interference tests revealed no negative effect of AGO traps on Ovicol performance (odds ratio = 1.67; p = 0.68; Fisher’s exact test), indicating that AGO trap positivity did not reduce Ovicol positivity. Ovicol traps detected a microfocus of infestation (egg clustering) (Moran’s I = 0.38, p = 0.002) that spatially coincided with the highest AGO positivity zone; notably, whenever an AGO trap captured adult mosquitoes, the corresponding Ovicol was 100% positive. Spatial logistic regression further revealed that the FB bioattractant increased the likelihood of Ovicol positivity by 18.9-fold (OR = 18.9; p = 0.003). Getis‒Ord Gi* analysis revealed a significant oviposition hotspot at the Guaviare River port or landing area (p = 0.03), where all Ovicol traps (100%) were positive. Ovicol versus BG-Sentinel (BGS) — both using M + Y attractant Among the 30 BGS traps, 10% were disconnected from power after 24 hours, 19.4% after 48 hours, and by the end of the weekend (day 5), more than 70% of the traps were turned off—mainly because of increased electrical consumption and the closure of premises during nonworking hours. Despite being located in the same establishments, Ovicol trap monitoring was substantially more efficient (96.6%) since Ovicol traps were installed outdoors on terraces, whereas BGS units were placed indoors for security reasons. Within 48 hours, 12 mosquito morphospecies (Culicidae) were recorded: 7 shared between both trap types and 5 exclusive to BGS. The most abundant species were Culex quinquefasciatus , A. aegypti , and A. albopictus , whose captures were approximately 30 times greater in the BGS traps than in the Ovicol traps. Psorophora ferox was detected only in Ovicol, whereas Toxorhynchites hemorrhoidalis was unique to BGS (Table 2 ). Ovicol had an OPI of 20.0% (6/30) at 24 hours (97 Aedes eggs) and 35.5% (11/31) at 48 hours (223 cumulative eggs). Compared with BGS as the reference standard, Ovicol had a sensitivity of 25%, specificity of 57%, and overall concordance of 46%. The Cohen’s kappa coefficient (–0.17) indicated poor agreement, even below that expected by chance. Spatial statistics corroborated this lack of association: there was no spatial correlation between BGS adult captures and Ovicol oviposition (slope = − 0.59; R² = 0.02). The Moran’s I values were − 0.08 for adult Aedes (p = 0.80) and − 0.01 for eggs (p = 0.26), with no significant local clusters (LISA, p > 0.10). Table 2 Total abundance of Culicidae species by trap type (BGS vs. Ovicol). BGS Ovicol Ratio (BGS/Ovicol) Especie Total* Female Male Total Female Male Culex quinquefasciatus 156 35 38 2 1 1 78,0x Aedes aegypti 95 54 23 3 1 2 31,7x Aedes albopictus 65 22 10 2 2 0 32,5x Culex sp. 61 - - 10 1 3 6,1x Culex melanoconion sp. 50 2 - 9 3 1 5,6x Aedes sp. 6 - - 0 0 0 NA Culex melanoconion ocossa 4 4 0 0 0 0 NA Toxorrhynchites hemorrhoidalis 2 - - 0 0 0 NA Psorophora janthinesoma albigenum 1 1 0 0 0 0 NA Psorophora albipes 1 1 0 0 - - NA Psorophora ferox 1 1 0 2 2 0 0,5x Psorophora sp. 1 - - 1 - - 1,0x Mansonia sp. 1 - - 0 0 0 * It was not possible to determine the sex of all individuals owing to the absence of the morphological structures required for accurate differentiation. Discussion The field evaluation of Ovicol traps within the operational context of Colombia’s national vector surveillance and control programs—compared with AGO and BGS traps using bioattractants—highlights several key findings: 1) Operational feasibility, effectiveness, and cost under programmatic conditions The deployment of Ovicol traps across two territorial health entities (ETSs) demonstrated both operational feasibility and rapid responsiveness. In Guaviare, Aedes oviposition was detected within the first 24 hours, whereas in Santa Marta, over a five-week period, the intervention enabled the removal and thermal inactivation (with hot water) of 43,203 A. aegypti eggs. On the basis of the previously established entomological indicator—for every 100 A. aegypti eggs removed, the emergence of 71 adults is prevented [16]—the intervention likely prevented the emergence of more than 30,000 adults in just five weeks. The attractants FB (fermented canary seed) and M+Y (molasses + yeast) proved to be cost-effective, logistically simple, biodegradable, and extremely low-cost (< US$ 0.01 per trap). This contrasts with BGS traps, which use industrial attractants that cost approximately US$ 28 per unit (https://research-shop.biogents.com/collections/mosquito-attractants). This affordability makes Ovicol particularly scalable in resource-limited settings across more than 140 dengue-endemic countries worldwide [23]. In summary, Ovicol combines ease of deployment, early sensitivity, and minimal marginal costs—a desirable combination for Aedes surveillance and control under programmatic conditions. 2) Comparison: Ovicol versus AGO In Guaviare, Ovicol exhibited a greater OPI for Aedes than did AGO (65.2% vs. 30.8%), with no evidence of trap interference. Copositivity decreased with distance, and the Ovicol-detected oviposition hotspot spatially coincided with the area with the highest AGO positivity—suggesting functional complementarity: AGO captures gravid females (adults), whereas Ovicol indices oviposition (eggs). This dual metric enhances spatiotemporal resolution for the early detection of microfoci of infestation and the targeting of control actions. Moreover, Ovicol promotes the rational use of larvicides (diflubenzuron/BTi) by functioning as a lethal trap that competes with cryptic or residential breeding sites. The conventional approach applies one diflubenzuron tablet per 200 L of water [19], which is enough to treat approximately one household. In contrast, each Ovicol uses only 0.25 L of water, allowing a single tablet to treat approximately 800 Ovicol traps, achieving an equivalent coverage of approximately 750–800 households. This represents an ~800-fold increase in treatment efficiency and spatial coverage while substantially reducing the environmental chemical load and operational costs. Furthermore, Ovicol can be adapted as an autodissemination ovitrap via growth regulators such as pyriproxyfen [24], which aligns with the new Integrated Vector Management (IVM) policy framework [11]. 3) Comparison: Ovicol versus BGS Although BGS traps capture a greater abundance and diversity of adult mosquitoes—consistent with their design for adult surveillance [9,25]—they face operational limitations. Electrical disconnections (≥ 70% by the end of weekends) compromised study continuity in key establishments (hotels, restaurants, healthcare institutions, etc.). Interestingly, adults of four mosquito species ( A. aegypti , A. albopictus , Cx. (Melanoconion) sp., and Ps. ferox ) were observed resting on Ovicol oviposition substrates. However, Ovicol traps are not intended to replace BGS for entomological characterization; rather, they complement them as early, low-cost indicators of oviposition activity, which is useful for targeting larval/adulticidal control, assessing risk, and monitoring operational impact in routine programs. 4) Epidemiological use in outbreak monitoring and transovarial transmission prevention The early detection (≤ 24–48 h) of oviposition activity by A. aegypti and A. albopictus underscores Ovicol’s potential as a valuable tool during recent yellow fever outbreaks in South America [18] and amid the largest recorded dengue epidemic in the Americas, with more than 13 million cases and 8,431 associated deaths [26]. Given the growing evidence of transovarial transmission of dengue and yellow fever viruses in Aedes —with both classical and recent reports confirming infected eggs from infected females [27–29]—our findings support Ovicol’s integration into entomovirus surveillance, including arbovirus tracking, estimation of natural infection rates, and prediction of human transmission hotspots. Thus, Ovicol provides a complementary risk indicator to adult mosquito capture, with a significant logistical advantage for high-volume sampling. 5) Programmatic challenges Two major challenges were identified: (i) Trap losses due to vandalism or removal—reaching up to 88% of Ovicol traps at one Santa Marta site—highlight the need for community engagement, trap labeling, and neighborhood participation mechanisms. The literature consistently shows that sustained community participation can reduce vector density and even outperform chemical interventions [30,31]. (ii) Gaps in program management—one of the three ETSs initially engaged produced no results, despite the complete provision of supplies and administrative follow-up. In Santa Marta, only 60% of staff completed activities, and no team exceeded five weeks of monitoring. This suggests the need for stronger ministerial leadership, with clear entomological targets, process/outcome indicators, and medium- to long-term monitoring cycles. These findings mirror international reports showing that over 97% of Aedes control actions in endemic countries lack quality indicators or pre/postintervention evaluations ([30,31]. 6) Limitations This study was conducted under real operational conditions, trap losses, and microenvironmental heterogeneity (shade, sunlight exposure, rainfall). In Santa Marta, no water-only control was included—justified by previously documented low egg positivity—although this limits absolute comparisons. Taxonomic identification was performed on subsamples (larvae post hatching and adults). Future studies should incorporate longer time series, climatic covariates, and quasiexperimental designs with microhabitat blocking, as well as automated egg counting systems, to reduce human bias and improve precision in large-scale monitoring. Declarations Funding. This work was supported by postdoctoral grant No. 112721-381-2023 from the MinCiencias-Colombia 934-2023 call, awarded to DM and Fundación Chilloa. Conflicts of interest. None declared. Acknowledgments. We thank the technical team of the Programa Regular de Vigilancia y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (Vector-Borne Diseases Program) of Santa Marta and Guaviare for supporting field actions. Author contributions. LG, HO and OJ supported logistics and resources for field testing. LG and DM developed the taxonomy of the mosquitoes. DM designed and managed the inputs for the study. 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Janjoter S, Kataria D, Yadav M, Dahiya N, Sehrawat N. Transovarial transmission of mosquito-borne viruses: a systematic review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023;13:1304938. https://doi.org/10.3389/FCIMB.2023.1304938/BIBTEX. Cruz ACR, Hernández LHA, Aragão CF, da Paz TYB, da Silva SP, da Silva FS, et al. The Importance of Entomo-Virological Investigation of Yellow Fever Virus to Strengthen Surveillance in Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023;8:329. https://doi.org/10.3390/TROPICALMED8060329/S1. Aitken THG, Tesh RB, Beaty BJ, Rosen L. Transovarial transmission of yellow fever virus by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979;28:119–21. https://doi.org/10.4269/AJTMH.1979.28.119. Bouzid M, Brainard J, Hooper L, Hunter PR. Public Health Interventions for Aedes Control in the Time of Zikavirus– A Meta-Review on Effectiveness of Vector Control Strategies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10:e0005176. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0005176. Alvarado-Castro V, Paredes-Solís S, Nava-Aguilera E, Morales-Pérez A, Alarcón-Morales L, Balderas-Vargas NA, et al. Assessing the effects of interventions for Aedes aegypti control: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cluster randomised controlled trials. BMC Public Health 2017;17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4290-z. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7974221","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":536553013,"identity":"ae03f2cf-a18c-48da-bb97-04a731864390","order_by":0,"name":"Gómez Laureano","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Secretaria Departamental de Salud del Guaviare, San José del Guaviare 950007, Colombia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gómez","middleName":"","lastName":"Laureano","suffix":""},{"id":536553014,"identity":"5c17bf8a-f486-4807-a69b-3ff9c7338b68","order_by":1,"name":"Osorio Juan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Secretaria Distrital de Salud de Santa Marta, Santa Marta 470001, Colombia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Osorio","middleName":"","lastName":"Juan","suffix":""},{"id":536553015,"identity":"208dc363-52a8-473d-a43d-5f187b2b7756","order_by":2,"name":"Herrera Orley","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Secretaria Departamental de Salud del Guaviare, San José del Guaviare 950007, Colombia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Herrera","middleName":"","lastName":"Orley","suffix":""},{"id":536553016,"identity":"a32dc36d-3d1f-4135-b175-d1f90143be38","order_by":3,"name":"Diego Montenegro","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAyi8in9yYMEHhLUYQHlnDhiDBROI1sLYdiCxAcTAp4Xv+AHWDR93/JEzZ2+/9uHDmTvp88MOPwTaYien24Bdi+SZBLabM88YGFv2nCmeOaPiWe7G22kGQC3JxmYHsGsxuMHAdpu3zSBxw42cZGaeM8y5G2cngLQcSNxGQEv9hvtvkpl525jTDWenfyBKS4LBDfbDQC2HE+Slc/DbInkmse3mzDZjww1ncpgZZ5xJM9wgnVNwIMEAt1/4jh8+duNjm5y8wfHjjxk+VNjIy89O3/zhQ4WdHC4twLhogDJ4IJFjAFZpgF0xGmB/AKbkG/CoGQWjYBSMghEJAKVKa1k8lSV8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-890X","institution":"Corporation Innovation Hub, Montería 230001, Colombia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Diego","middleName":"","lastName":"Montenegro","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-29 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11:49:37","extension":"html","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":108112,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7974221/v1/9289b3c639c06c3e4532bd5d.html"},{"id":94758656,"identity":"3cb69ea8-334c-44c4-bc13-1faf99d7767c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 11:49:37","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":310046,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemporal dynamics of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e oviposition in Ovicol traps using two types of bioattractants in public establishments of Santa Marta. \u003cstrong\u003e(A)\u003c/strong\u003e Location of Santa Marta within the Colombian Caribbean. \u003cstrong\u003e(B)\u003c/strong\u003eSpatial distribution of Ovicol traps across the city and focalization by bioattractant type \u003cstrong\u003e(C).\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(D)\u003c/strong\u003e Egg capture rate by treatment type and monitoring week.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7974221/v1/af304f3798cf3993460b59b0.png"},{"id":94823422,"identity":"475da383-dec6-42d0-b812-78aca36f560d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 06:47:19","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":477940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemporal dynamics of \u003cem\u003eAedes \u003c/em\u003espp. oviposition in Ovicol traps using two types of bioattractants in public establishments of Guaviare. \u003cstrong\u003e(A)\u003c/strong\u003e Location of Guaviare within the Colombian Amazon. \u003cstrong\u003e(B)\u003c/strong\u003eSpatial distributions of Ovicol, BG-Sentinel, and AGO traps across the city\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(C)\u003c/strong\u003e Egg capture rate by treatment type and monitoring day\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7974221/v1/d682ef3756af8534c111beca.png"},{"id":94758661,"identity":"36358781-5205-4129-bcb8-65a97824c4c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 11:49:37","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":564123,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEntomological performance indicators of Ovicol traps with two bioattractants(birdseed and panela + yeast) (\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e) and spatial distribution of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e egg density in public areas of Santa Marta (\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7974221/v1/e186713ddab5faefa30e894f.png"},{"id":94827236,"identity":"2304e470-48c7-4241-b1b9-0e41b4a4425e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 06:56:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1994497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7974221/v1/220e9b72-d8b2-4630-8b7d-b0afc10d3c73.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProgrammatic implementation of Ovicol ovitraps for\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Aedes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e control in Colombia: operational adherence, effectiveness, and comparisons with AGO and BG-Sentinel traps\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe genus \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e includes more than 70 mosquito species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], but two of them \u0026mdash; the African mosquito \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and the Asian mosquito \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e \u0026mdash; have expanded far beyond their native ranges and gained notoriety for their remarkable ability to adapt to human-modified environments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The global spread of \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e has been linked to the slave trade during the colonial era [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], whereas the dissemination of \u003cem\u003eA. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e has been largely driven by the transport of desiccation-resistant eggs in used tires (Pichler et al., 2019). Today, these species are established in nearly 170 countries across all continents except Antarctica [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe global economic burden associated with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e-borne diseases\u0026mdash;primarily dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and urban yellow fever\u0026mdash;is estimated to exceed USD 94\u0026nbsp;billion, with the Americas accounting for 47.4% of that cost [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, both species have developed resistance to more than 40 insecticidal compounds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], making their control increasingly challenging.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the current vector control strategies, sticky adult traps such as the Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap (AGO) have proven effective for capturing gravid \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e females [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. However, their epidemiological impact requires extensive coverage\u0026mdash;typically exceeding 80% of households\u0026mdash;to significantly reduce adult densities and transmission risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. For sentinel surveillance and adult mosquito detection, the BG-Sentinel (BGS) trap has become a standard device that operates with electrical power and is designed to attract host-seeking females through visual and olfactory cues[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite their proven sensitivity, the large-scale use of these traps in routine vector surveillance and control programs (PRVC) is constrained by cost, logistics, and dependence on imported materials.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom a biological standpoint, the egg stage represents the most resilient and least targeted phase of the \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e life cycle. Eggs of \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e can remain viable for months under dry conditions, providing a strong adaptive advantage against environmental fluctuations and chemical interventions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, egg transport is the principal mechanism for long-distance dispersal at continental scales [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. However, eggs have received limited attention in vector control strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The absence of effective ovicides and the limited persistence of larvicides relative to egg longevity remain critical operational gaps in integrated vector management (IVM).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address these gaps, we recently demonstrated that targeting the egg stage through handmade ovitraps\u0026mdash;combining water, birdseed (\u003cem\u003ePhalaris canariensis\u003c/em\u003e) as a natural attractant, and thermal control using hot water\u0026mdash;offers a cost-effective (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;USD 0.20 per unit), operationally simple, and environmentally sustainable approach [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding upon that experience, the present study evaluates an optimized version of this trap, termed Ovicol, designed to strengthen national surveillance programs through scalable, community-compatible implementation. In collaboration with local health authorities in Colombia, this study assessed both the operational adherence and field performance of Ovicol under real programmatic conditions. Additionally, a new bioattractant formulation was tested, and the results were compared with those obtained via AGO and BGS traps, with the aim of enhancing the integration of Ovicol into national and subnational PRVC frameworks in arbovirus-endemic regions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling sites.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA joint action plan was established and formalized with three territorial health entities (ETSs) in Colombia: the ETS of Santa Marta and other located in the Caribbean region and the ETS of San Jos\u0026eacute; del Guaviare in the Amazon region\u0026mdash;all endemic areas for dengue and yellow fever [17,18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Santa Marta, Ovicol traps were deployed across five high-traffic public sites: plaza de mercado (the central marketplace), Cementerio San Miguel (San Miguel Cemetery), Parque del Agua (Water Park), Polideportivo (the municipal sports complex), and the peridomestic area of Villa Dania neighborhood. Ovitrap monitoring was conducted weekly by teams composed of one professional and two technicians from November to December 2024 (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn San Jos\u0026eacute; del Guaviare, Ovicol, AGO, and BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps were tested in hotels, schools, churches, pharmacies, and government buildings from March to April 2025 (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2A and B\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Each ETS received 500 Ovicol traps, oviposition substrates (white paper napkins and white nonwoven sheets), and bioattractants prepared as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBird seeds (\u003cem\u003ePh. canariensis\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026mdash; whole grains (1 g) or fermented extract (100 g/5 L, 8-day incubation; 5 mL per trap).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePanela (grafted unrefined cane sugar): 1 g with 0.2 g dry yeast (\u003cem\u003eSaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBlackstrap (\u003cem\u003eSaccharum officinarum\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026mdash; diluted 1:10 in water and enriched with dry yeast (\u003cem\u003eSa. cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e, 0.2 g; 5 mL of the diluted molasses per trap).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarvicides were supplied by the ETS: diflubenzuron-Dimilin\u0026reg; (a chitin synthesis inhibitor) and \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis israelensis\u003c/em\u003e (BTi, granular formulation), both of which were dosed according to WHO guidelines [19]. All Ovicol traps were filled with 250 mL of untreated tap water and labeled alphanumerically with colored tags for traceability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedures by site\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Santa Marta, 100 Ovicol traps were installed at each site: 50 traps containing molasses + yeast (M+Y) and 50 traps containing bird seeds (BS), all of which were treated with diflubenzuron. Weekly monitoring was performed by teams of one professional and two environmental technicians. The number of eggs per trap was counted \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e after removing the oviposition substrate. The paper was replaced at each visit, while attractants and larvicides were renewed biweekly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn San Jos\u0026eacute; del Guaviare, 60 units of Ovicol and 30 of each trap type, AGO, and BGS, were installed and inspected at 24, 48, and 72 hours, as well as at 7 and 15 days post-installation, by two teams of three members each. The collected samples were transported to the Departmental Medical Entomology Laboratory for egg counting and taxonomic identification. The AGO and BGS traps used the same attractants but no larvicides, since AGO relies on adhesive surfaces and BGS on electrical suction. A water-only control was excluded because it previously demonstrated low oviposition positivity [16].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTaxonomic identification of larvae (posthatching) and adults was performed via standard taxonomic keys [20,21]. After each monitoring round, all oviposition substrates were boiled for 5 minutes to ensure final inactivation of residual eggs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables and statistical analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variables included the number of eggs, immature stages, adult mosquitoes, and species composition. The independent variables included trap type (Ovicol/AGO/BGS) and treatment (canary seed/fermented bird seed/molasses + yeast/water).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive and inferential analyses were performed, including ANOVA or nonparametric tests (Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis with Dunn\u0026ndash;Bonferroni post hoc), \u0026chi;\u0026sup2;/Fisher tests for proportions, odds ratios (ORs), and effect sizes (r). Spatial logistic regression models, Moran\u0026rsquo;s I autocorrelation, LISA, Getis-Ord Gi*, and geospatial clustering analyses were applied via Python 3.10 [22].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSanta Marta: Programmatic performance of Ovicol\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 41,677 eggs were inactivated over a five-week period. Taxonomic confirmation of larval subsamples (posthatching) verified that 100% of the samples belonged to \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSixty percent (3/5) of the monitoring groups completed all scheduled activities (Cemetery, Marketplace, and Sports Complex), one site performed partially (Villa Dania), and one failed to comply (Parque del Agua). Among the three fully monitored sites, the OPIs ranged from 40.6% to 74.5%. Trap loss due to destruction or removal was recorded at all sites, reaching 88% in the Sports Complex (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth attractants were effective, although a consistent trend toward higher egg density per trap (IDH) was observed in those containing panela\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;yeast, with statistically significant differences only in Polideportivo (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eD). No pupae were reported throughout the monitoring period, indicating that larvicidal treatment effectively prevented adult emergence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSan Jos\u0026eacute; del Guaviare\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOvicol and biottractants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvicol traps containing fermented canary seeds (FBs) and molasses\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;yeast (M\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Y) detected \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e spp. oviposition within 24 hours of installation. By day 7, both bioattractants presented significantly greater OPIs than those containing only water did (Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similar patterns were observed for IDH, with an average of 112 eggs per positive trap at the Public Health Laboratory facilities and 249 eggs per trap at the Malaria Office.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, one \u003cem\u003eA. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e female and one \u003cem\u003eCulex (Melanoconion)\u003c/em\u003e sp. female were captured with a handheld aspirator above the M\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Y and water (W) substrates, respectively. By day 7, 73.3% (11/15) of the Ovicol traps at the laboratory site had completely dried out, a situation not observed at the Malaria Office site (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOvicol versus AGO\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween 80% and 93% of the traps were successfully inspected on day 7. In AGO traps, the addition of bioattractants increased \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e spp. detection by 91.7% compared with that in traps containing only water (W). The fermented canary seed (FB) attractant was 41% more effective than molasses\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;yeast (M\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Y) in detecting \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes, whereas water performed 2.7 times better than both bioattractants for detecting \u003cem\u003eCulex\u003c/em\u003e spp. (H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.42; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost hoc analysis with Dunn\u0026ndash;Bonferroni correction confirmed that the FB attractant was significantly more positive than both water (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022) and M\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Y (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035), whereas no significant differences were found between M\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Y and water (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.84) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eA).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, Ovicol traps (OPI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65.2%) were 2.1 times more effective than AGO traps (OPI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30.8%) in detecting \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87). Similarly, within the Ovicol traps, the FB attractant induced significantly greater oviposition by \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e females than did the M\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Y mixture (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eB).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA.\u003c/b\u003e Comparative performance of Ovicol traps and AGO traps for the surveillance and control of synanthropic \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCulex\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes in San Jos\u0026eacute; del Guaviare, 2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrap type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBioattractant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInstalled\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInspected (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal individualsᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% OPId\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCapture rateᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical significanceᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e sp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex\u003c/em\u003e sp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAGO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11,11 (1/9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25,0 (3/12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33,3 (4/12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOVICOL\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e909\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83,33 (10/12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (93,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35,7 (5/14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eAdults for AGO, eggs for Ovicol.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003ePositivity of adults in AGO and eggs in Ovicol for \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eMean number of individuals per positive ovitrap (\u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e only).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eMatching letters vertically indicates no significant differences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB.\u003c/b\u003e Copositivity for Aedes spp. according to the distance between paired Ovicol and AGO traps\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePairs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Ovicol⁺\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% AGO⁺\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Copositivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 m\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70,0 (7/10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40,0 (4/10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40,0 (4/10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;30 m\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85,1 (6/7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57,1 (4/7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57,1 (4/7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 m\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54,5 (6/11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27,3 (3/11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,1 (1/11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe superiority of Ovicol was spatially consistent\u0026mdash;both when it was installed at the same location as the AGO traps and when it was positioned more than 30 m apart. Copositivity between both trap types was 6.3 times greater at distances\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30 m (57.1%) than at distances\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 m (9.1%) (χ\u0026sup2; = 5.92; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052; Cramer\u0026rsquo;s V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.35). Spatial interference tests revealed no negative effect of AGO traps on Ovicol performance (odds ratio\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.67; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.68; Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test), indicating that AGO trap positivity did not reduce Ovicol positivity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvicol traps detected a microfocus of infestation (egg clustering) (Moran\u0026rsquo;s I\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.38, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) that spatially coincided with the highest AGO positivity zone; notably, whenever an AGO trap captured adult mosquitoes, the corresponding Ovicol was 100% positive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpatial logistic regression further revealed that the FB bioattractant increased the likelihood of Ovicol positivity by 18.9-fold (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.9; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003). Getis‒Ord Gi* analysis revealed a significant oviposition hotspot at the Guaviare River port or landing area (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03), where all Ovicol traps (100%) were positive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOvicol versus BG-Sentinel (BGS) \u0026mdash; both using M\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Y attractant\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the 30 BGS traps, 10% were disconnected from power after 24 hours, 19.4% after 48 hours, and by the end of the weekend (day 5), more than 70% of the traps were turned off\u0026mdash;mainly because of increased electrical consumption and the closure of premises during nonworking hours. Despite being located in the same establishments, Ovicol trap monitoring was substantially more efficient (96.6%) since Ovicol traps were installed outdoors on terraces, whereas BGS units were placed indoors for security reasons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin 48 hours, 12 mosquito morphospecies (Culicidae) were recorded: 7 shared between both trap types and 5 exclusive to BGS. The most abundant species were \u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eA. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, whose captures were approximately 30 times greater in the BGS traps than in the Ovicol traps. \u003cem\u003ePsorophora ferox\u003c/em\u003e was detected only in Ovicol, whereas \u003cem\u003eToxorhynchites hemorrhoidalis\u003c/em\u003e was unique to BGS (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvicol had an OPI of 20.0% (6/30) at 24 hours (97 \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e eggs) and 35.5% (11/31) at 48 hours (223 cumulative eggs). Compared with BGS as the reference standard, Ovicol had a sensitivity of 25%, specificity of 57%, and overall concordance of 46%. The Cohen\u0026rsquo;s kappa coefficient (\u0026ndash;0.17) indicated poor agreement, even below that expected by chance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpatial statistics corroborated this lack of association: there was no spatial correlation between BGS adult captures and Ovicol oviposition (slope = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.59; R\u0026sup2; = 0.02). The Moran\u0026rsquo;s I values were \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.08 for adult \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.80) and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.01 for eggs (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.26), with no significant local clusters (LISA, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.10).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal abundance of \u003cem\u003eCulicidae\u003c/em\u003e species by trap type (BGS vs. Ovicol).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBGS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvicol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRatio (BGS/Ovicol)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEspecie\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78,0x\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31,7x\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32,5x\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,1x\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex melanoconion\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,6x\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex melanoconion ocossa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eToxorrhynchites hemorrhoidalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsorophora janthinesoma albigenum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsorophora albipes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsorophora ferox\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,5x\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsorophora\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,0x\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMansonia\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e It was not possible to determine the sex of all individuals owing to the absence of the morphological structures required for accurate differentiation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe field evaluation of Ovicol traps within the operational context of Colombia’s national vector surveillance and control programs—compared with AGO and BGS traps using bioattractants—highlights several key findings:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1) Operational feasibility, effectiveness, and cost under programmatic conditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe deployment of Ovicol traps across two territorial health entities (ETSs) demonstrated both operational feasibility and rapid responsiveness. In Guaviare, \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e oviposition was detected within the first 24 hours, whereas in Santa Marta, over a five-week period, the intervention enabled the removal and thermal inactivation (with hot water) of 43,203 \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e eggs. On the basis of the previously established entomological indicator—for every 100 \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e eggs removed, the emergence of 71 adults is prevented [16]—the intervention likely prevented the emergence of more than 30,000 adults in just five weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe attractants FB (fermented canary seed) and M+Y (molasses + yeast) proved to be cost-effective, logistically simple, biodegradable, and extremely low-cost (\u0026lt; US$ 0.01 per trap). This contrasts with BGS traps, which use industrial attractants that cost approximately US$ 28 per unit (https://research-shop.biogents.com/collections/mosquito-attractants). This affordability makes Ovicol particularly scalable in resource-limited settings across more than 140 dengue-endemic countries worldwide [23]. In summary, Ovicol combines ease of deployment, early sensitivity, and minimal marginal costs—a desirable combination for \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e surveillance and control under programmatic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2) Comparison: Ovicol versus AGO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Guaviare, Ovicol exhibited a greater OPI for \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e than did AGO (65.2% vs. 30.8%), with no evidence of trap interference. Copositivity decreased with distance, and the Ovicol-detected oviposition hotspot spatially coincided with the area with the highest AGO positivity—suggesting functional complementarity: AGO captures gravid females (adults), whereas Ovicol indices oviposition (eggs).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis dual metric enhances spatiotemporal resolution for the early detection of microfoci of infestation and the targeting of control actions. Moreover, Ovicol promotes the rational use of larvicides (diflubenzuron/BTi) by functioning as a lethal trap that competes with cryptic or residential breeding sites. The conventional approach applies one diflubenzuron tablet per 200 L of water [19], which is enough to treat approximately one household. In contrast, each Ovicol uses only 0.25 L of water, allowing a single tablet to treat approximately 800 Ovicol traps, achieving an equivalent coverage of approximately 750–800 households. This represents an ~800-fold increase in treatment efficiency and spatial coverage while substantially reducing the environmental chemical load and operational costs. Furthermore, Ovicol can be adapted as an autodissemination ovitrap via growth regulators such as pyriproxyfen [24], which aligns with the new Integrated Vector Management (IVM) policy framework [11].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3) Comparison: Ovicol versus BGS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough BGS traps capture a greater abundance and diversity of adult mosquitoes—consistent with their design for adult surveillance [9,25]—they face operational limitations. Electrical disconnections (≥ 70% by the end of weekends) compromised study continuity in key establishments (hotels, restaurants, healthcare institutions, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, adults of four mosquito species (\u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCx. (Melanoconion)\u003c/em\u003e sp., and \u003cem\u003ePs. ferox\u003c/em\u003e) were observed resting on Ovicol oviposition substrates. However, Ovicol traps are not intended to replace BGS for entomological characterization; rather, they complement them as early, low-cost indicators of oviposition activity, which is useful for targeting larval/adulticidal control, assessing risk, and monitoring operational impact in routine programs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4) Epidemiological use in outbreak \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emonitoring\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e and transovarial transmission prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe early detection (≤ 24–48 h) of oviposition activity by \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e underscores Ovicol’s potential as a valuable tool during recent yellow fever outbreaks in South America [18] and amid the largest recorded dengue epidemic in the Americas, with more than 13 million cases and 8,431 associated deaths [26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven the growing evidence of transovarial transmission of dengue and yellow fever viruses in \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e—with both classical and recent reports confirming infected eggs from infected females [27–29]—our findings support Ovicol’s integration into entomovirus surveillance, including arbovirus tracking, estimation of natural infection rates, and prediction of human transmission hotspots. Thus, Ovicol provides a complementary risk indicator to adult mosquito capture, with a significant logistical advantage for high-volume sampling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5) Programmatic challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo major challenges were identified:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(i) Trap losses due to vandalism or removal—reaching up to 88% of Ovicol traps at one Santa Marta site—highlight the need for community engagement, trap labeling, and neighborhood participation mechanisms. The literature consistently shows that sustained community participation can reduce vector density and even outperform chemical interventions [30,31].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(ii) Gaps in program management—one of the three ETSs initially engaged produced no results, despite the complete provision of supplies and administrative follow-up. In Santa Marta, only 60% of staff completed activities, and no team exceeded five weeks of monitoring. This suggests the need for stronger ministerial leadership, with clear entomological targets, process/outcome indicators, and medium- to long-term monitoring cycles. These findings mirror international reports showing that over 97% of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e control actions in endemic countries lack quality indicators or pre/postintervention evaluations ([30,31].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6) Limitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted under real operational conditions, trap losses, and microenvironmental heterogeneity (shade, sunlight exposure, rainfall). In Santa Marta, no water-only control was included—justified by previously documented low egg positivity—although this limits absolute comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTaxonomic identification was performed on subsamples (larvae post hatching and adults). Future studies should incorporate longer time series, climatic covariates, and quasiexperimental designs with microhabitat blocking, as well as automated egg counting systems, to reduce human bias and improve precision in large-scale monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding.\u003c/strong\u003e This work was supported by postdoctoral grant No. 112721-381-2023 from the MinCiencias-Colombia 934-2023 call, awarded to DM and Fundación Chilloa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest.\u003c/strong\u003e None declared.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe thank the technical team of the Programa Regular de Vigilancia y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (Vector-Borne Diseases Program) of Santa Marta and Guaviare for supporting field actions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions.\u003c/strong\u003e LG, HO and OJ supported logistics and resources for field testing. LG and DM\u0026nbsp;developed the taxonomy of the mosquitoes. DM designed and managed the inputs for the study. All authors contributed to manuscript review and approval of the final version.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalter Reed Biosystematics Unit. Aedes genus page. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit Website 2020. https://wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/genera/aedes (accessed April 23, 2025).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang Y-JS, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Arbovirus-Mosquito Vector-Host Interactions and the Impact on Transmission and Disease Pathogenesis of Arboviruses. Front Microbiol 2019;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePowell JR, Gloria-Soria A, Kotsakiozi P. Recent history of Aedes aegypti: Vector genomics and epidemiology records. Bioscience 2018;68:854\u0026ndash;60. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOSCI/BIY119,.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilkerson RC, Linton Y-M, Strickman D. Mosquitoes of the World. Mosquitoes of the World 2021. https://doi.org/10.1353/BOOK.79680.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoiz D, Pontifes PA, Jourdain F, Diagne C, Leroy B, Vaissi\u0026egrave;re AC, et al. The rising global economic costs of invasive Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes-borne diseases. Science of the Total Environment 2024;933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173054.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSparks TC, Nauen R. IRAC: Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2015;121:122\u0026ndash;8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.11.014.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMontenegro D, Martinez L, Tay K, Hernandez T, Noriega D, Barbosa L, et al. Usefulness of autocidal gravid ovitraps for the surveillance and control of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in eastern Colombia. Med Vet Entomol 2020;34:379\u0026ndash;84. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12443.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarrera R, Acevedo V, Felix GE, Hemme RR, Vazquez J, Munoz JL, et al. Impact of Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps on Chikungunya Virus Incidence in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Areas With and Without Traps. J Med Entomol 2017;54:387\u0026ndash;95. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw187.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaciel-de-Freitas R, Eiras \u0026Aacute;E, Louren\u0026ccedil;o-de-Oliveira R. Field evaluation of effectiveness of the BG-Sentinel, a new trap for capturing adult Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006;101:321\u0026ndash;5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762006000300017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFinlay C. El mosquito hipoteticamente considerado como agente de transmisi\u0026oacute;n de la fiebre amarilla. Salud Publica Mex 1992;34:474\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOPS. Documento operativo de aplicaci\u0026oacute;n del manejo integrado de vectores adaptado al contexto de las Am\u0026eacute;ricas. Washington D.C.: Organizaci\u0026oacute;n Panamericana de la Salud.; 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNavarro-Kraul JI, V\u0026aacute;zquez LAC, Paiz-Moscoso KE, Danis-Lozano R, D\u0026aacute;vila-Barboza JA, Lopez-Monroy B, et al. The Field Assessment of Quiescent Egg Populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus during the Dry Season in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, and Its Potential Impact on Vector Control Strategies. Insects 2024;15. https://doi.org/10.3390/INSECTS15100798,.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReiter P, Sprenger D. The used tire trade: a mechanism for the worldwide dispersal of container breeding mosquitoes - PubMed. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1987;3:494\u0026ndash;501.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOPS. 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Instituto Nacional de Salud 2024. https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOTIxMzE4MGItNjg4MC00ZmUyLWIwMzctODhlOWFjNzMyZmViIiwidCI6ImE2MmQ2YzdiLTlmNTktNDQ2OS05MzU5LTM1MzcxNDc1OTRiYiIsImMiOjR9 (accessed May 29, 2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOPS/OMS. Actualizaci\u0026oacute;n Epidemiol\u0026oacute;gica. Fiebre amarilla en la Regi\u0026oacute;n de las Am\u0026eacute;ricas, 24 de abril del 2025. Washington, D.C: 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Report of the ninth WHOPES working group meeting : WHO/HQ, Geneva, 5-9 December 2005 : review of : Dimilin GR and DT, Vectobac DT, Aqua K-Othrine, Aqua Reslin Super. Geneva: 2006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEn A, Gustavo U, Rossi C, Mart\u0026iacute;nez M. Lista de especies y clave ilustrada para la identificaci\u0026oacute;n de larvas de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) halladas criando en recipientes artificiales en Uruguay. Bol Soc Zool 2016;22:49\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVillarroel E. Taxonom\u0026iacute;a y bionom\u0026iacute;a de los g\u0026eacute;neros de Culicidae (diptera: nematocera) de Venezuela: desarrollo de una clave fotogr\u0026aacute;fica. Universidad Central de Venezuela, 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Rossum G, Drake Jr FL. Python reference manual. PythonOrg 1995. https://www.python.org/ (accessed May 2, 2025).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOMS. Dengue y dengue grave. Organizaci\u0026oacute;n Mundial de La Salud 2019. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue (accessed August 4, 2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDevine GJ, Perea EZ, Killeen GF, Stancil JD, Clark SJ, Morrison AC. Using adult mosquitoes to transfer insecticides to Aedes aegypti larval habitats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:11530\u0026ndash;4. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.0901369106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFarajollahi A, Kesavaraju B, Price DC, Williams GM, Healy SP, Gaugler R, et al. Field Efficacy of BG-Sentinel and Industry-Standard Traps for Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and West Nile Virus Surveillance. J Med Entomol 2009;46:919\u0026ndash;25. https://doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0426.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePAHO. PLISA Health Information Platform for the Americas. PAHO/WHO 2019:1. https://www.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/indicadores-dengue-en/dengue-nacional-en/252-dengue-pais-ano-en.html (accessed July 23, 2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJanjoter S, Kataria D, Yadav M, Dahiya N, Sehrawat N. Transovarial transmission of mosquito-borne viruses: a systematic review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023;13:1304938. https://doi.org/10.3389/FCIMB.2023.1304938/BIBTEX.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCruz ACR, Hern\u0026aacute;ndez LHA, Arag\u0026atilde;o CF, da Paz TYB, da Silva SP, da Silva FS, et al. The Importance of Entomo-Virological Investigation of Yellow Fever Virus to Strengthen Surveillance in Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023;8:329. https://doi.org/10.3390/TROPICALMED8060329/S1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAitken THG, Tesh RB, Beaty BJ, Rosen L. Transovarial transmission of yellow fever virus by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979;28:119\u0026ndash;21. https://doi.org/10.4269/AJTMH.1979.28.119.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBouzid M, Brainard J, Hooper L, Hunter PR. Public Health Interventions for Aedes Control in the Time of Zikavirus\u0026ndash; A Meta-Review on Effectiveness of Vector Control Strategies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10:e0005176. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0005176.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlvarado-Castro V, Paredes-Sol\u0026iacute;s S, Nava-Aguilera E, Morales-P\u0026eacute;rez A, Alarc\u0026oacute;n-Morales L, Balderas-Vargas NA, et al. Assessing the effects of interventions for Aedes aegypti control: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cluster randomised controlled trials. BMC Public Health 2017;17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4290-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, ovitrap, ovicidal control, vector surveillance, entomovirus","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7974221/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7974221/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe global expansion of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e has intensified arboviral epidemics, generating annual socio-economic losses exceeding USD 2\u0026nbsp;billion, mainly in the Americas. The desiccation-resistant egg stage plays a key role in mosquito persistence and spread, yet remains insufficiently targeted by current control strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the operational feasibility and effectiveness of a low-cost, handcrafted ovitrap (Ovicol) implemented by two territorial health entities (ETSs) in Colombia, and to compare its performance with industrial AGO and BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvicol traps were baited with birdseed or molasses\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;yeast attractants. In Santa Marta, traps were installed in public areas (markets, cemeteries, sports complexes) using diflubenzuron; in San Jos\u0026eacute; del Guaviare, they were deployed in institutions (hotels, schools, health centers) using diflubenzuron and \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis israelensis\u003c/em\u003e (BTi). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, ANOVA/χ\u0026sup2;, nonparametric tests, and spatial cluster detection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Santa Marta, 41,677 eggs (100% \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e) were eliminated in five weeks. The Oviposition Positivity Index (OPI) ranged from 40.6\u0026ndash;74.5%, with up to 88% trap loss at one site due to vandalism. In Guaviare, Ovicol detected oviposition within 24 h and outperformed AGO in \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e detection (OPI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65.2% vs. 30.8%; \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The fermented birdseed attractant achieved higher positivity (Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.42; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009). Compared with BGS, Ovicol showed superior field stability\u0026mdash;BGS suffered\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;70% disconnections during weekends\u0026mdash;and low concordance (Kappa = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.17).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvicol is a cost-effective, operationally feasible, and eco-sustainable tool for \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e surveillance and control. By surpassing AGO and complementing BGS, it enhances spatiotemporal resolution for early microfocus detection and targeted response. Acting as a lethal trap, one diflubenzuron tablet (normally for 200 L) can treat\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;800 Ovicol (0.25 L each), extending coverage to ~\u0026thinsp;800 households and achieving an ~\u0026thinsp;800-fold increase in larvicide efficiency. These findings support Ovicol\u0026rsquo;s incorporation into national programs to promote sustainable, community-driven Integrated Vector Management (IVM).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Programmatic implementation of Ovicol ovitraps for Aedes control in Colombia: operational adherence, effectiveness, and comparisons with AGO and BG-Sentinel traps","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-30 11:49:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7974221/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5f3729f3-f1c3-40a2-9949-5e7f9ac7a36d","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":57051620,"name":"Tropical Medicine"},{"id":57051621,"name":"Parasitology"},{"id":57051622,"name":"Entomology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-30T11:49:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-30 11:49:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7974221","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7974221","identity":"rs-7974221","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}