Awareness and Perceptions of AR/VR in Dentistry: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Turkish Dental Students

Awareness and Perceptions of AR/VR in Dentistry: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Turkish Dental Students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Awareness and Perceptions of AR/VR in Dentistry: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Turkish Dental Students Suay Yağmur Ünal, Ayşe Gül Öner Talmaç, Gaye Keser, Filiz Namdar Pekiner This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7425749/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Medical Education → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aims This study aimed to assess the awareness, exposure, and perceptions of dental students toward augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies, and to evaluate their readiness for curricular integration. Methods A cross-sectional survey was administered to 320 clinical-phase dental students equally distributed between Marmara University and Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University. The structured questionnaire included items on demographics, prior awareness, usage, participation in AR/VR-related activities, and willingness to engage in training and research. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Only 20.9% of students reported prior awareness of AR/VR in dentistry, and less than 1% had direct experience. Attendance at related workshops or seminars was rare (3.1%). Despite this limited exposure, 83.8% expressed interest in receiving training and 74.4% indicated willingness to participate in research. No significant differences were observed by gender or institution. However, final-year students reported significantly greater interest in both training and research compared with certain lower years (p < 0.01), suggesting that clinical maturity may influence perceptions. Conclusions Dental students demonstrated limited prior exposure but strong enthusiasm for AR/VR integration into education. A phased approach is recommended, starting with elective modules and pilot workshops, followed by gradual incorporation into core curricula. Faculty development and continuous student feedback should accompany this process to ensure effective adoption. Such integration has the potential to improve preparedness for complex clinical procedures and foster engagement with innovative learning modalities. Augmented Reality Virtual Reality Dental Education Student Perceptions Curriculum Integration 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Over the past decade, dental education has been experiencing a paradigm shift, driven largely by rapid advances in digital technology. Educational strategies are increasingly being restructured to incorporate tools that not only convey theoretical knowledge but also foster practical competencies through experiential learning. Within this evolving landscape, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have emerged as cutting-edge modalities with considerable potential to transform how dental students acquire and refine their clinical skills[ 1 ]. These immersive technologies bridge the gap between theoretical instruction and hands-on experience by providing realistic, interactive environments in which learners can visualize, manipulate, and engage with three-dimensional (3D) anatomical and procedural simulations[ 2 ]. One of the principal advantages of AR is its ability to overlay digital visualizations—such as 3D anatomical reconstructions, treatment guides, or procedural demonstrations—directly onto real-world views. This creates a blended learning experience where virtual structures appear superimposed on a physical model or patient simulacrum, thereby enhancing spatial understanding and contextual application. VR, in contrast, immerses the learner in a fully simulated environment, free from real-world constraints, where clinical scenarios can be recreated with a high level of precision and repeatability[ 3 , 4 ]. When equipped with haptic feedback systems, VR can also replicate tactile sensations encountered during dental procedures, providing an opportunity to practice techniques such as tooth preparation, endodontic access, or implant placement without risk to actual patients[ 5 ]. The pedagogical benefits of AR and VR extend beyond improved visualization. They offer controlled, customizable learning conditions in which variables such as anatomical complexity, procedural difficulty, and environmental factors can be adjusted to match the learner’s skill level. Previous research has shown that these systems can enhance psychomotor development, procedural accuracy, and decision-making abilities. For example, VR-based haptic training has been associated with superior performance in operative dentistry tasks compared to traditional preclinical instruction alone[ 3 , 6 ]. Furthermore, studies have reported that early assessment of students using VR simulators correlates positively with later clinical proficiency, suggesting that such tools may serve not only as training aids but also as reliable evaluation instruments[ 6 ]. From the learner’s perspective, AR/VR-based instruction is often perceived as engaging, motivating, and innovative. Survey data indicate that many dental students express a preference for technology-enhanced learning, with some rating VR-based exercises more highly than conventional laboratory sessions in terms of interactivity, clarity, and skill transferability[ 7 , 8 ]. This enthusiasm suggests that, when integrated thoughtfully into the curriculum, AR and VR could improve student satisfaction as well as educational outcomes. Despite the strong theoretical and empirical case for AR/VR integration, widespread adoption in dental education remains inconsistent. Several barriers have been identified, including high initial investment costs, ongoing maintenance expenses, the need for robust technical infrastructure, and limited faculty expertise in operating and integrating these systems into established pedagogical frameworks[ 9 ]. These challenges are particularly pronounced in developing regions, where access to even basic simulation equipment may be restricted. In a recent survey conducted in an emerging economy, none of the participating dental institutions reported having AR facilities, and only one-fifth of students indicated familiarity with the concept, reflecting the considerable gap between technological potential and its practical implementation[ 10 ]. Nonetheless, there is strong consensus among students that AR and VR, when used alongside conventional teaching methods, could significantly enrich the learning experience and better prepare graduates for the clinical demands of modern dentistry[ 6 – 10 ]. In light of these considerations, this study investigated dental students’ awareness, perceptions, and readiness regarding AR/VR applications, as well as their opinions on potential curricular integration. By surveying students from two universities, it aimed to assess prior exposure, attitudes toward adoption, and willingness to participate in training or research. The findings are intended to support curriculum development, guide institutional investment in educational technologies, and help bridge the gap between emerging digital tools and current practices in dental education. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study design and Participants A cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate dental students enrolled in the clinical phase of their studies at two Turkish universities: Marmara University-Istanbul (MU) and Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University-Kahramanmaraş (KSU). A total of 320 students participated, equally distributed between the two institutions (n = 160 per site). The sample was stratified to ensure proportional representation from each class year (2nd to 5th year), with 80 students (25% of the total) from each year group. Recruitment followed a convenience sampling approach, whereby participants were approached during clinical training sessions or on campus. While this method facilitated data collection, it carries a risk of selection bias due to non-random recruitment; this limitation is addressed in the Discussion section. All participants provided informed consent before completing the survey. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Medical Research Ethics Board (Protocol No: 415, Date: 13 December 2024; Decision No: 2025/14 − 02, approved on 21 April 2025). All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines. 2.2 Survey Instrument The data collection tool was a structured questionnaire, adapted and modified for this study based on previously published surveys assessing AR/VR awareness in dental education, particularly the work of Masood et al. (2024). The items were reviewed by a panel of experts to ensure suitability for undergraduate dental students. The English version of the final questionnaire is provided as Supplementary File 1. [ 8 ]. The structure of the questionnaire was informed by comparable cross-sectional survey designs published in the literature. To improve clarity, the survey items were carefully worded in plain Turkish and formatted with closed ended (mostly dichotomous) response options. The consistency of the responses was evaluated post hoc, and descriptive feedback from respondents indicated that the items were well understood. The final questionnaire consisted of two sections: Section 1 , demographic data (age, gender, grade, university). Section 2 : AR/VR-related items, covering (a) prior awareness, (b) personal use during training, (c) participation in related workshops/seminars, (d) willingness to engage in AR/VR research, (e) interest in receiving formal training, and (f) awareness of specific AR/VR dental software. Most items used dichotomous Yes/No responses (e.g., “Before this survey, had you heard about the use of AR/VR in dentistry?”). The final questionnaire was administered in Turkish via both online and paper-based formats between April and May 2025. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. 2.3 Data Collection and Analysis Responses were coded and entered into SPSS (version 29.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) for analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables: categorical data as frequencies and percentages; continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median, and range. The normality of continuous variables was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test and graphical inspection (histograms, Q-Q plots). For bivariate analyses: Two-group comparisons of continuous variables (e.g., age) used the Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data, reported with median differences and p-values. Categorical variable associations were tested with Pearson’s chi-square (χ²) test, Fisher’s exact test, or the Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact test as appropriate. For all χ² tests, the test statistic (χ²) and degrees of freedom (df) were calculated and reported alongside p-values. For ordinal variables such as grade, chi-square tests for trend were applied when relevant. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 3 Results A total of 320 students participated in the study, comprised equal numbers of 50.0% (n = 160) female and 50.0% (n = 160) male participants. The ages of the students ranged from 19 to 24 years, with a mean age of 21.52 ± 1.23 years. Table 1 Distribution of Demographic Characteristics Age Mean ± SD 21,52 ± 1,23 Median (Min-Max) 22 (19–24) Gender Female 160 (50,0) Male 160 (50,0) Grade 2nd grade 80 (25,0) 3rd grade 80 (25,0) 4th grade 80 (25,0) 5th grade 80 (25,0) University KSU 160 (50,0) MU 160 (50,0) Of the participants, 25.0% (n = 80) were in their 2nd year, 25.0% (n = 80) in their 3rd year, 25.0% (n = 80) in their 4th year, and 25.0% (n = 80) in their 5th grade. Half of the students (50.0%, n = 160) were enrolled at KSU, and the other half (50.0%, n = 160) were enrolled at MU. Table 2 Distributions Related to AR/VR Technology No Yes n (%) n (%) Before participating in this survey, had you heard about the use of AR/VR technology in dentistry? (Q1) 253 (79,1) 67 (20,9) Have you ever used VR technology in your dental practice or education? (Q2) 317 (99,1) 3 (0,9) Have you ever used AR technology in your dental practice or education? (Q3) 318 (99,4) 2 (0,6) Have you attended a workshop, seminar, or training session on VR or AR in the field of dentistry? (Q4) 310 (96,9) 10 (3,1) Would you be willing to participate in research studies or trials involving VR and AR in dentistry? (Q5) 82 (25,6) 238 (74,4) Are you interested in receiving training on the use of VR and AR in dentistry? (Q6) 52 (16,3) 268 (83,8) Are you aware of any VR or AR applications designed for dental education or practice? (Q7) 287 (89,7) 33 (10,3) Regarding responses to AR/VR-related questions, 20.9% (n = 67) reported having heard about the use of AR/VR technology in dentistry prior to the survey. Only 0.9% (n = 3) had used VR technology in their dental education or practice, while 0.6% (n = 2) had used AR technology. Attendance at a workshop, seminar, or training session on VR/AR in dentistry was reported by 3.1% (n = 10). A total of 74.4% (n = 238) expressed willingness to participate in research studies or trials involving VR/AR, and 83.8% (n = 268) indicated interest in receiving training on the use of VR/AR in dentistry. Awareness of any VR or AR application designed for dental education or practice was reported by 10.3% (n = 33) of the participants. Table 3 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by Age Age p Mean ± SD Median (Min-Max) Q1 No (n = 253) 21,56 ± 1,19 22 (19–24) a 0,256 Yes (n = 67) 21,39 ± 1,38 21 (19–24) Q2 No (n = 317) 21,52 ± 1,23 22 (19–24) - Yes (n = 3) 21,67 ± 1,53 22 (20–23) Q3 No (n = 318) 21,52 ± 1,23 22 (19–24) - Yes (n = 2) 22 ± 2,83 22 (20–24) Q4 No (n = 310) 21,52 ± 1,23 22 (19–24) a 0,925 Yes (n = 10) 21,6 ± 1,43 21,5 (20–24) Q5 No (n = 82) 21,35 ± 1,18 21 (19–24) a 0,155 Yes (n = 238) 21,58 ± 1,25 22 (19–24) Q6 No (n = 52) 21,29 ± 1,23 21 (19–24) a 0,172 Yes (n = 268) 21,57 ± 1,23 22 (19–24) Q7 No (n = 287) 21,51 ± 1,23 22 (19–24) a 0,644 Yes (n = 33) 21,64 ± 1,32 22 (20–24) a Mann Whitney U Test No statistically significant differences were found in AR/VR-related responses according to participants’ age distribution (p > 0.05). Table 4 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by Gender Gender p Female Male n (%) n (%) Q1 No 130 (81,3) 123 (76,9) b 0,336 Yes 30 (18,8) 37 (23,1) Q2 No 158 (98,8) 159 (99,4) c 1,000 Yes 2 (1,3) 1 (0,6) Q3 No 159 (99,4) 159 (99,4) c 1,000 Yes 1 (0,6) 1 (0,6) Q4 No 156 (97,5) 154 (96,3) b 0,520 Yes 4 (2,5) 6 (3,8) Q5 No 40 (25) 42 (26,3) b 0,798 Yes 120 (75) 118 (73,8) Q6 No 22 (13,8) 30 (18,8) b 0,225 Yes 138 (86,3) 130 (81,3) Q7 No 144 (90) 143 (89,4) b 0,854 Yes 16 (10) 17 (10,6) b Pearson Chi-Square Test c Fisher’s Exact Test No statistically significant differences were observed between genders in responses to AR/VR-related questions (p > 0.05). Table 5 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by University University p KSU MU n (%) n (%) Q1 No 125 (78,1) 128 (80,0) b 0,680 Yes 35 (21,9) 32 (20,0) Q2 No 159 (99,4) 158 (98,8) c 1,000 Yes 1 (0,6) 2 (1,3) Q3 No 160 (100,0) 158 (98,8) c 0,498 Yes 0 (0,0) 2 (1,3) Q4 No 153 (95,6) 157 (98,1) b 0,199 Yes 7 (4,4) 3 (1,9) Q5 No 39 (24,4) 43 (26,9) b 0,609 Yes 121 (75,6) 117 (73,1) Q6 No 23 (14,4) 29 (18,1) b 0,363 Yes 137 (85,6) 131 (81,9) Q7 No 141 (88,1) 146 (91,3) b 0,358 Yes 19 (11,9) 14 (8,8) b Pearson Chi-Square Test c Fisher’s Exact Test There were no statistically significant differences between the two universities in the distribution of responses to AR/VR-related questions (p > 0.05). Table 6 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by Grade Grade p 2nd Grade 3rd Grade 4th Grade 5th Grade n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) Q1 No 61 (76,3) 60 (75,0) 72 (90,0) 60 (75,0) b 0,051 Yes 19 (23,8) 20 (25,0) 8 (10,0) 20 (25,0) Q2 No 79 (98,8) 80 (100,0) 80 (100,0) 78 (97,5) d 0,624 Yes 1 (1,3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (2,5) Q3 No 79 (98,8) 80 (100,0) 80 (100,0) 79 (98,8) d 1,000 Yes 1 (1,3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (1,3) Q4 No 76 (95) 80 (100,0) 77 (96,3) 77 (96,3) d 0,237 Yes 4 (5) 0 (0) 3 (3,8) 3 (3,8) Q5 No 22 (27,5) 19 (23,8) 30 (37,5) 11 (13,8) b 0,007** Yes 58 (72,5) 61 (76,3) 50 (62,5) 69 (86,3) Q6 No 14 (17,5) 12 (15,0) 23 (28,8) 3 (3,8) b 0,001** Yes 66 (82,5) 68 (85,0) 57 (71,3) 77 (96,3) Q7 No 70 (87,5) 75 (93,8) 74 (92,5) 68 (85) b 0,219 Yes 10 (12,5) 5 (6,3) 6 (7,5) 12 (15) b Pearson Chi-Square Test d Fisher Freeman Halton Test **p 0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was found in responses to the question, “Would you be willing to participate in research studies or trials related to VR and AR in dentistry?” (p = 0.007, p < 0.01). Fifth-year students were significantly more likely to respond “Yes” compared with second- and fourth-year students (p = 0.032 and p = 0.001, respectively; p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was also observed for the question, “Would you be interested in receiving training on the use of VR and AR in dentistry?” (p = 0.001, p < 0.01). Fifth-year students gave a “Yes” response significantly more often than second-, third-, and fourth-year students (p = 0.005, p = 0.015, and p = 0.001, respectively; p < 0.05). Additionally, third-year students were significantly more likely than fourth-year students to respond “Yes” (p = 0.035, p < 0.05). Table 7 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by Age – KSU KSU Age p Mean ± SD Median (Min-Max) Q1 No (n = 125) 21,54 ± 1,17 22 (19–24) a 0,499 Yes (n = 35) 21,43 ± 1,40 21 (19–24) Q2 No (n = 159) 21,51 ± 1,22 21 (19–24) - Yes (n = 1) 22,00 ± 0,00 22 Q3 No (n = 160) 21,51 ± 1,22 21 (19–24) - Yes (n = 0) - - Q4 No (n = 153) 21,52 ± 1,23 21 (19–24) a 0,625 Yes (n = 7) 21,29 ± 1,11 21 (20–23) Q5 No (n = 39) 21,41 ± 1,04 21 (20–24) a 0,567 Yes (n = 121) 21,55 ± 1,27 21 (19–24) Q6 No (n = 23) 21,13 ± 1,10 21 (19–23) a 0,130 Yes (n = 137) 21,58 ± 1,23 21 (19–24) Q7 No (n = 141) 21,51 ± 1,22 21 (19–24) a 0,985 Yes (n = 19) 21,53 ± 1,22 22 (20–24) a Mann Whitney U Test Table 8 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by Gender – KSU KSU Gender p Female Male n (%) n (%) Q1 No 64 (80,0) 61 (76,3) b 0,566 Yes 16 (20,0) 19 (23,8) Q2 No 79 (98,8) 80 (100,0) c 1,000 Yes 1 (1,3) 0 (0,0) Q3 No 80 (100,0) 80 (100,0) - Yes - - Q4 No 77 (96,3) 76 (95,0) c 1,000 Yes 3 (3,8) 4 (5,0) Q5 No 18 (22,5) 21 (26,3) b 0,581 Yes 62 (77,5) 59 (73,8) Q6 No 9 (11,3) 14 (17,5) b 0,260 Yes 71 (88,8) 66 (82,5) Q7 No 69 (86,3) 72 (90,0) b 0,463 Yes 11 (13,8) 8 (10,0) b Pearson Chi-Square Test c Fisher’s Exact Test No statistically significant differences were observed between genders in AR/VR-related responses among students at KSU (p > 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed between genders in AR/VR-related responses among students at KSU (p > 0.05). Table 9 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by Grade – KSU KSU Grade p 2nd Grade 3rd Grade 4th Grade 5th Grade n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) Q1 No 33 (82,5) 27 (67,5) 34 (85,0) 31 (77,5) b 0,240 Yes 7 (17,5) 13 (32,5) 6 (15,0) 9 (22,5) Q2 No 40(100,0) 40(100,0) 40(100,0) 39 (97,5) d 1,000 Yes 0 (0,0) 0 (0,0) 0 (0,0) 1 (2,5) Q3 No 40(100,0) 40(100,0) 40(100,0) 40 (100,0) - Yes 0 (0,0) 0 (0,0) 0 (0,0) 0 (0,0) Q4 No 37 (92,5) 40(100,0) 37 (92,5) 39 (97,5) d 0,311 Yes 3 (7,5) 0 (0,0) 3 (7,5) 1 (2,5) Q5 No 10 (25,0) 7 (17,5) 18 (45,0) 4 (10,0) b 0,002** Yes 30 (75,0) 33 (82,5) 22 (55,0) 36 (90,0) Q6 No 8 (20,0) 2 (5,0) 12 (30,0) 1 (2,5) b 0,001** Yes 32 (80,0) 38 (95,0) 28 (70,0) 39 (97,5) Q7 No 35 (87,5) 37 (92,5) 34 (85,0) 35 (87,5) d 0,825 Yes 5 (12,5) 3 (7,5) 6 (15,0) 5 (12,5) b Pearson Chi-Square Test d Fisher Freeman Halton Test **p 0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was found in responses to the question, “Would you be willing to participate in research studies or trials related to VR and AR in dentistry?” (p = 0.002, p < 0.01). Fourth-year students were significantly less likely to respond “Yes” compared with third- and fifth-year students (p = 0.008 and p = 0.001, respectively; p < 0.01). For the question, “Would you be interested in receiving training on the use of VR and AR in dentistry?” a statistically significant difference was also found (p = 0.001, p < 0.01). Fifth-year students were significantly more likely than second- and fourth-year students to answer “Yes” (p = 0.013 and p = 0.001, respectively; p < 0.05). Similarly, third-year students were significantly more likely than second- and fourth-year students to answer “Yes” (p = 0.043 and p = 0.003, respectively; p < 0.05). Table 10 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by Age – MU MU Age p Mean ± SD Median (Min-Max) Q1 No (n = 128) 21,58 ± 1,22 22 (19–24) a 0,366 Yes (n = 32) 21,34 ± 1,38 21 (19–24) Q2 No (n = 158) 21,53 ± 1,25 22 (19–24) - Yes (n = 2) 21,50 ± 2,12 21,5 (20–23) Q3 No (n = 158) 21,53 ± 1,24 22 (19–24) - Yes (n = 2) 22,00 ± 2,83 22 (20–24) Q4 No (n = 157) 21,52 ± 1,24 22 (19–24) a 0,333 Yes (n = 3) 22,33 ± 2,08 23 (20–24) Q5 No (n = 43) 21,30 ± 1,30 21 (19–24) a 0,162 Yes (n = 117) 21,62 ± 1,23 22 (19–24) Q6 No (n = 29) 21,41 ± 1,32 21 (19–24) a 0,611 Yes (n = 131) 21,56 ± 1,24 22 (19–24) Q7 No (n = 146) 21,51 ± 1,23 22 (19–24) a 0,468 Yes (n = 14) 21,79 ± 1,48 22 (20–24) a Mann Whitney U Test Among students from MU, no statistically significant differences were found in AR/VR-related responses according to age (p > 0.05). Table 11 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by Gender – MU MU Gender p Female Male n (%) n (%) Q1 No 66 (82,5) 62 (77,5) b 0,429 Yes 14 (17,5) 18 (22,5) Q2 No 79 (98,8) 79 (98,8) c 1,000 Yes 1 (1,3) 1 (1,3) Q3 No 79 (98,8) 79 (98,8) c 1,000 Yes 1 (1,3) 1 (1,3) Q4 No 79 (98,8) 78 (97,5) c 1,000 Yes 1 (1,3) 2 (2,5) Q5 No 22 (27,5) 21 (26,3) b 0,858 Yes 58 (72,5) 59 (73,8) Q6 No 13 (16,3) 16 (20) b 0,538 Yes 67 (83,8) 64 (80) Q7 No 75 (93,8) 71 (88,8) b 0,263 Yes 5 (6,3) 9 (11,3) b Pearson Chi-Square Test c Fisher’s Exact Test No statistically significant differences were observed between genders in AR/VR-related responses among students at MU (p > 0.05). Table 12 Evaluations of AR/VR Technology by Grade – MU MU Grade p 2nd Grade 3rd Grade 4th Grade 5th Grade n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) Q1 No 28 (70,0) 33 (82,5) 38 (95,0) 29 (72,5) b 0,021* Yes 12 (30,0) 7 (17,5) 2 (5,0) 11 (27,5) Q2 No 39 (97,5) 40(100,0) 40(100,0) 39 (97,5) d 1,000 Yes 1 (2,5) 0 (0,0) 0 (0,0) 1 (2,5) Q3 No 39 (97,5) 40(100,0) 40(100,0) 39 (97,5) d 1,000 Yes 1 (2,5) 0 (0,0) 0 (0,0) 1 (2,5) Q4 No 39 (97,5) 40(100,0) 40(100,0) 38 (95,0) d 0,620 Yes 1 (2,5) 0 (0,0) 0 (0,0) 2 (5,0) Q5 No 12 (30,0) 12 (30,0) 12 (30,0) 7 (17,5) b 0,496 Yes 28 (70,0) 28 (70,0) 28 (70,0) 33 (82,5) Q6 No 6 (15,0) 10 (25,0) 11 (27,5) 2 (5,0) b 0,036* Yes 34 (85,0) 30 (75,0) 29 (72,5) 38 (95,0) Q7 No 35 (87,5) 38 (95,0) 40(100,0) 33 (82,5) d 0,017* Yes 5 (12,5) 2 (5,0) 0 (0,0) 7 (17,5) b Pearson Chi-Square Test d Fisher Freeman Halton Test **p 0.05). However, for the question, “Before this survey, had you heard about the use of AR/VR technology in dentistry?” a statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.021, p < 0.05). Fourth-year students were significantly less likely to answer “Yes” compared with second- and fifth-year students (p = 0.003 and p = 0.006, respectively; p < 0.01). For the question, “Would you be interested in receiving training on the use of VR and AR in dentistry?” a statistically significant difference was also found (p = 0.036, p < 0.05). Fifth-year students were significantly more likely to respond “Yes” than third- and fourth-year students (p = 0.012 and p = 0.006, respectively; p < 0.05). Finally, for the question, “Are you aware of any VR or AR application designed for dental education or practice?” a statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.017, p < 0.05). Fourth-year students were significantly more likely to respond “Yes” compared with third- and fifth-year students (p = 0.021 and p = 0.012, respectively; p < 0.05). 4 Discussion This study reveals a substantial gap between dental students’ exposure to AR/VR technologies and their interest in such tools. Awareness of AR/VR in dentistry was limited—only about one-fifth of participants had heard of these technologies being used in dental education, and almost none had personal experience. This indicates that while the current integration of AR/VR in dental curricula is minimal, students showed interest in such innovations. However, as these findings are based on self-reported perceptions, further validation with practical training outcomes is needed. Previous research supports these findings. For instance, a cross-sectional study among prosthodontic trainees in Pakistan found that 20% had heard of AR, yet none had access to it in their institutions. Similarly, Huang et al. reported that after a brief VR-based implant training session, dental students showed high interest and perceived VR as a valuable adjunct to traditional methods [ 9 ]. In Khalid et al.’s survey, 81% of respondents agreed that combining simulation, including AR/VR, with conventional teaching enhances learning outcomes [ 8 ]. Together, these results suggest that dental students are not resistant to technology but require structured opportunities to experience and evaluate its benefits. Our findings regarding differences between class years provide additional insight. Final-year students exhibited the highest interest in AR/VR (96%), while fourth-year students showed comparatively lower interest (71%). This variation may relate to curriculum design and clinical exposure. Senior students, having faced complex clinical cases and recognized limitations in traditional training, may better appreciate AR/VR’s potential to enhance skills, particularly for procedures such as surgical implant placement or complex endodontics. The lower interest in fourth-year students could be linked to heavy clinical workloads and examination pressures, which may reduce openness to adopting new modalities. Literature suggests that exposure to AR/VR earlier in training, followed by reinforcement in later years, can maintain engagement and improve skill acquisition [ 11 , 12 ]. Therefore, integrating AR/VR from the preclinical phase, with consistent application in clinical years, may optimize both awareness and acceptance. The present findings align with previous research indicating that dental students generally exhibit low prior exposure but a strong interest in adopting digital technologies in education. Similar to our results, Yılmaz et al. reported limited knowledge of advanced technologies among Turkish dental students, yet highlighted their willingness to embrace innovation once introduced into training programs[ 13 ]. In the field of dental imaging, Hung et al. emphasized the growing relevance of personalized digital tools, including AR/VR, for improving diagnostic accuracy and educational outcomes[ 14 ]. Likewise, Hegde et al. found that both Australian dental students and practitioners perceived emerging technologies positively, though practical experience remained scarce[ 15 ]. Scoping reviews further confirm these trends. Uribe et al. underscored the importance of integrating generative AI and immersive technologies into dental curricula to prepare students for future practice[ 16 ], while their global survey of educators revealed increasing attention to chatbots and AR/VR-based teaching tools[ 17 ]. On the clinical side, Eschert et al. documented the uptake of digital technologies in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery, reinforcing the need for student-level exposure to such applications[ 18 ]. Similarly, Aldakhil et al. concluded that awareness of advanced technologies in dentistry remains uneven and called for structured integration into teaching[ 19 ]. At the curricular level, Dantas and Dias da Silva showed how digital health concepts are being gradually incorporated into postgraduate dental programs, suggesting a pathway that could also be adopted at undergraduate levels[ 20 ]. Complementary to this, Schwendicke et al. proposed a core curriculum framework for AI in oral healthcare[ 21 ], and Thurzo et al. highlighted the transformative potential of digital technologies, including AR/VR, for updating dental education[ 22 ]. Collectively, these studies support the interpretation that although exposure is currently limited, structured integration strategies are feasible and widely endorsed across dental education systems [ 6 ]. Institutional and demographic factors appeared less influential. Gender did not significantly affect responses, aligning with previous research indicating equal adaptability among male and female students [ 2 , 3 ]. Moreover, the similarity in responses between a large urban university (MU) and a smaller regional institution (KSU) suggests that the lack of AR/VR exposure is a widespread issue in Turkish dental education, not limited to specific institutional contexts. From a curriculum development perspective, the observed “awareness–interest gap” underscores the need for structured integration strategies. A gradual approach appears most effective, beginning with elective workshops or short modules that introduce AR/VR tools, followed by the incorporation of successful applications into core courses such as endodontics or diagnostic pathology. Nevertheless, before wide-scale curricular changes, pilot implementations and controlled evaluations are required to confirm the effectiveness of AR/VR training in improving clinical competencies. To ensure sustainability, faculty members should also receive dedicated training to develop the necessary skills for effective implementation and long-term use [ 23 ]. Addressing barriers identified in the literature is essential. Cost is a common concern, particularly for advanced haptic VR systems [ 24 ]. However, more affordable VR headsets and smartphone-based AR applications are emerging, reducing financial obstacles. Technical maintenance and lack of standardized frameworks remain challenges; thus, institutions should consider user-friendly systems, dedicated technical support, and collaboration with other universities to share resources and best practices. Existing evidence demonstrates that thoughtful AR/VR integration can enhance psychomotor skills, conceptual understanding, and student satisfaction [ 2 , 6 , 9 , 25 ]. This study’s limitations include its scope—two universities within one country—which may restrict generalizability. Institutions already employing AR/VR might yield different results. The self-reported nature of the data introduces potential recall and social desirability biases. Although the questionnaire demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and content validity through expert review, it was developed specifically for this study and has not undergone broader validation. Additionally, the cross-sectional design captures perceptions at a single point in time, limiting causal inference. Future research should involve larger, more diverse samples, longitudinal designs, and experimental interventions to assess both learning outcomes and changes in perception. Qualitative studies, such as focus groups, could further clarify students’ motivations and concerns regarding AR/VR. Additionally, although the questionnaire was adapted from a previously validated survey, modifications made for the context of Turkish dental students have not undergone full psychometric validation. This may limit comparability across studies. Implications for Education Despite these limitations, our findings indicate that dental students are ready to embrace educational technologies. Introducing AR/VR should be purpose-driven, targeting specific learning objectives. For example, AR can be highly effective in teaching spatial anatomical relationships, while VR with haptic feedback can improve manual dexterity in operative dentistry [ 3 , 5 ]. Institutions could also engage students in AR/VR research and development, fostering both innovation and critical evaluation skills. By aligning implementation with curriculum needs and leveraging student enthusiasm, dental schools can bridge the current awareness–interest gap and enhance the overall quality of training. 5 Conclusions This study showed that dental students from two Turkish universities had very limited prior exposure to AR/VR technologies yet demonstrated strong enthusiasm for training and research in this area. No differences were observed by gender or institution, while final-year students expressed greater interest, likely reflecting increased clinical awareness. Based on these findings, a stepwise integration of AR/VR into dental curricula is recommended. Small-scale applications, such as AR-based anatomy modules or VR simulations in clinical skills training, could serve as entry points. Faculty development and structured feedback mechanisms should accompany these efforts to ensure effective adoption. Such strategies have the potential to enhance interactive and safe learning opportunities; however, their effectiveness should be further tested through longitudinal and multi-institutional studies before widespread implementation. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Clinical trial number: not applicable Consent to Publish declaration: not applicable Funding: None Data availability statement Derived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Conceptualization: FNP / Questionnaire: SYU, AOT / Study design: GK, AOT / Literature review: SYU, GK / Writing – original draft preparation: SYU / Writing – content development and editing: FNP GK AOT / Manuscript review and suggestions: SYU AOT GK FNP Acknowledgments: not applicable Declarations Data Availability Derived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Leitão AM, de Carvalho Barreto JO, de Farias Giffoni E, Mariedson J, da Silva Junior GS. Digital technological innovations in the teaching of human anatomy in health courses: an integrative review. J Morphol Sci. 2023;40:121–30. https://doi.org/10.51929/jms.40.121.2023 . Farronato M, Maspero C, Lanteri V, Fama A, Ferrati F, Pettenuzzo A, et al. Current state of the art in the use of augmented reality in dentistry: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-019-0823-2 . Afrashtehfar KI, Yang JW, Al-Sammarraie A, Chen H, Saeed MH. Pre-clinical undergraduate students’ perspectives on the adoption of virtual and augmented reality to their dental learning experience: a one-group pre- and post-test design protocol. F1000Research. 2023;10:473. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.53059.2 . Reymus M, Liebermann A, Diegritz C. Virtual reality: an effective tool for teaching root canal anatomy to undergraduate dental students – a preliminary study. Int Endod J. 2020;53(11):1581–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13380 . Mune B, Hegde R, Shigli A, Gawali PN, Jadhav G, Mohite V. Exploring the potential of augmented reality and virtual reality for dental education: a scoping review. Int J Dent Med Sci Res. 2024;6(3):234–7. Fahim S, Maqsood A, Das G, Ahmed N, Saquib S, Lal A, et al. Augmented reality and virtual reality in dentistry: highlights from the current research. Appl Sci. 2022;12(8):3719. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083719 . Al-Saud LM, Mushtaq F, Mann RP, Mirghani I, Balkhoyor A, Harris R, et al. Early assessment with a virtual reality haptic simulator predicts performance in clinical practice. BMJ Simul Technol Enhanc Learn. 2020;6(5):274–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2020-000563 . Masood Z, Qabool H, Fida M, Sukhia RH, Fida M. Exploring the knowledge and awareness on applications of virtual reality and augmented reality technology among dental healthcare professionals - a crosssectional survey. J Pak Med Assoc. 2024;74:S10–6. 10.47391/JPMA.AKU-9S-03 . Huang Y, Hu Y, Chan U, Lai P, Zhang X, Guan G, et al. Student perceptions toward virtual reality training in dental implant education. PeerJ. 2023;11:e14857. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14857 . Khalid T, Yaqoob H, Syed FA, Kazmi SMR, et al. Assessing availability and trainees’ perceptions of simulation and augmented reality in prosthodontics postgraduate education in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24(1):1541. 10.1186/s12909-024- . Tene T, Vique López DF, Valverde Aguirre PE, Orna Puente LM, Vacacela Gomez C. Virtual reality and augmented reality in medical education: an umbrella review. Front Digit Health. 2024;6:1365345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1365345 . Sassis L, Kefala-Karli P, Sassi M, Zervides C. Exploring medical students’ and faculty’s perception on artificial intelligence and robotics: a questionnaire survey. J Artif Intell Med Sci. 2021;2(1–2):76–84. https://doi.org/10.2991/jaims.d.210617.002 . Yılmaz C, Erdem RZ, Altınok Uygun L. Artificial intelligence knowledge, attitudes and application perspectives of undergraduate and specialty students of faculty of dentistry in Turkey: an online survey research. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24:1149. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-06106-6 . Hung KF, Yeung AWK, Bornstein MM, Schwendicke F. Personalized dental medicine, artificial intelligence, and their relevance for dentomaxillofacial imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20220335 . Hegde S, Nanayakkara S, Jordan A, Jeha O, Patel U, Luu V, et al. Attitudes and perceptions of Australian dentists and dental students towards applications of artificial intelligence in dentistry: a survey. Eur J Dent Educ. 2024;0:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.13042 . Uribe SE, Maldupa I, Schwendicke F. Integrating generative AI in dental education: a scoping review of current practices and recommendations. Eur J Dent Educ. 2025;0:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.13074 . Uribe SE, Maldupa I, Kavadella A, El Tantawi M, Chaurasia A, Fontana M, et al. Artificial intelligence chatbots and large language models in dental education: worldwide survey of educators. Eur J Dent Educ. 2024;28:865–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.13009 . Eschert T, Schwendicke F, Krois J, Bohner L, Vinayahalingam S, Hanisch M. A survey on the use of artificial intelligence by clinicians in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Medicina. 2022;58:1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081059 . Aldakhil S, Alkhurayji K, Albarrak S, et al. Awareness and approaches regarding artificial intelligence in dentistry: a scoping review. Cureus. 2024;16(1):e51825. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.51825 . Dantas JN, Dias da Silva MA. A descriptive and correlational study assessing the integration of digital health into Brazil’s dentistry master’s degree programs. Eval Health Prof. 2025 Apr;28. https://doi.org/10.1177/01632787251333780 . Schwendicke F, Chaurasia A, Wiegand T, Uribe SE, Fontana M, Akota I, et al. Artificial intelligence for oral and dental healthcare: core education curriculum. J Dent. 2023;128:104316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104316 . Thurzo A, Strunga M, Urban R, Surovková J, Afrashtehfar KI. Impact of artificial intelligence on dental education: a review and guide for curriculum update. Educ Sci. 2023;13(2):150. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13020150 . Chytas D, Salmas M, Noussios G, Paraskevas G, Protogerou V, Demesticha T, et al. Do virtual dissection tables add benefit to cadaver-based anatomy education? An evaluation. Morphologie. 2023;107(356):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2022.01.002 . Kavvadia EM, Katsoula I, Angelis S, Filippou D. The Anatomage table: a promising alternative in anatomy education. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43047. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43047 . Erolin C. Interactive 3D digital models for anatomy and medical education. In: Rea PM, editor. Biomedical visualisation. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1138:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14227-8_1 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files 22.pdf VRARsorular.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Medical Education → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 20 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Educational strategies are increasingly being restructured to incorporate tools that not only convey theoretical knowledge but also foster practical competencies through experiential learning. Within this evolving landscape, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have emerged as cutting-edge modalities with considerable potential to transform how dental students acquire and refine their clinical skills[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. These immersive technologies bridge the gap between theoretical instruction and hands-on experience by providing realistic, interactive environments in which learners can visualize, manipulate, and engage with three-dimensional (3D) anatomical and procedural simulations[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the principal advantages of AR is its ability to overlay digital visualizations\u0026mdash;such as 3D anatomical reconstructions, treatment guides, or procedural demonstrations\u0026mdash;directly onto real-world views. This creates a blended learning experience where virtual structures appear superimposed on a physical model or patient simulacrum, thereby enhancing spatial understanding and contextual application. VR, in contrast, immerses the learner in a fully simulated environment, free from real-world constraints, where clinical scenarios can be recreated with a high level of precision and repeatability[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. When equipped with haptic feedback systems, VR can also replicate tactile sensations encountered during dental procedures, providing an opportunity to practice techniques such as tooth preparation, endodontic access, or implant placement without risk to actual patients[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe pedagogical benefits of AR and VR extend beyond improved visualization. They offer controlled, customizable learning conditions in which variables such as anatomical complexity, procedural difficulty, and environmental factors can be adjusted to match the learner\u0026rsquo;s skill level. Previous research has shown that these systems can enhance psychomotor development, procedural accuracy, and decision-making abilities. For example, VR-based haptic training has been associated with superior performance in operative dentistry tasks compared to traditional preclinical instruction alone[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, studies have reported that early assessment of students using VR simulators correlates positively with later clinical proficiency, suggesting that such tools may serve not only as training aids but also as reliable evaluation instruments[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the learner\u0026rsquo;s perspective, AR/VR-based instruction is often perceived as engaging, motivating, and innovative. Survey data indicate that many dental students express a preference for technology-enhanced learning, with some rating VR-based exercises more highly than conventional laboratory sessions in terms of interactivity, clarity, and skill transferability[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. This enthusiasm suggests that, when integrated thoughtfully into the curriculum, AR and VR could improve student satisfaction as well as educational outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the strong theoretical and empirical case for AR/VR integration, widespread adoption in dental education remains inconsistent. Several barriers have been identified, including high initial investment costs, ongoing maintenance expenses, the need for robust technical infrastructure, and limited faculty expertise in operating and integrating these systems into established pedagogical frameworks[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. These challenges are particularly pronounced in developing regions, where access to even basic simulation equipment may be restricted. In a recent survey conducted in an emerging economy, none of the participating dental institutions reported having AR facilities, and only one-fifth of students indicated familiarity with the concept, reflecting the considerable gap between technological potential and its practical implementation[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Nonetheless, there is strong consensus among students that AR and VR, when used alongside conventional teaching methods, could significantly enrich the learning experience and better prepare graduates for the clinical demands of modern dentistry[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn light of these considerations, this study investigated dental students\u0026rsquo; awareness, perceptions, and readiness regarding AR/VR applications, as well as their opinions on potential curricular integration. By surveying students from two universities, it aimed to assess prior exposure, attitudes toward adoption, and willingness to participate in training or research. The findings are intended to support curriculum development, guide institutional investment in educational technologies, and help bridge the gap between emerging digital tools and current practices in dental education.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study design and Participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate dental students enrolled in the clinical phase of their studies at two Turkish universities: Marmara University-Istanbul (MU) and Kahramanmaraş S\u0026uuml;t\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml; İmam University-Kahramanmaraş (KSU). A total of 320 students participated, equally distributed between the two institutions (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160 per site). The sample was stratified to ensure proportional representation from each class year (2nd to 5th year), with 80 students (25% of the total) from each year group. Recruitment followed a convenience sampling approach, whereby participants were approached during clinical training sessions or on campus. While this method facilitated data collection, it carries a risk of selection bias due to non-random recruitment; this limitation is addressed in the Discussion section. All participants provided informed consent before completing the survey. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kahramanmaraş S\u0026uuml;t\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml; İmam University, Medical Research Ethics Board (Protocol No: 415, Date: 13 December 2024; Decision No: 2025/14\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;02, approved on 21 April 2025). All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Survey Instrument\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data collection tool was a structured questionnaire, adapted and modified for this study based on previously published surveys assessing AR/VR awareness in dental education, particularly the work of Masood et al. (2024). The items were reviewed by a panel of experts to ensure suitability for undergraduate dental students. The English version of the final questionnaire is provided as Supplementary File 1. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe structure of the questionnaire was informed by comparable cross-sectional survey designs published in the literature. To improve clarity, the survey items were carefully worded in plain Turkish and formatted with closed ended (mostly dichotomous) response options. The consistency of the responses was evaluated post hoc, and descriptive feedback from respondents indicated that the items were well understood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe final questionnaire consisted of two sections: Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, demographic data (age, gender, grade, university). Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e: AR/VR-related items, covering (a) prior awareness, (b) personal use during training, (c) participation in related workshops/seminars, (d) willingness to engage in AR/VR research, (e) interest in receiving formal training, and (f) awareness of specific AR/VR dental software. Most items used dichotomous Yes/No responses (e.g., \u0026ldquo;Before this survey, had you heard about the use of AR/VR in dentistry?\u0026rdquo;). The final questionnaire was administered in Turkish via both online and paper-based formats between April and May 2025. Participation was voluntary and anonymous.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data Collection and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResponses were coded and entered into SPSS (version 29.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) for analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables: categorical data as frequencies and percentages; continuous variables as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD), median, and range. The normality of continuous variables was assessed using the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test and graphical inspection (histograms, Q-Q plots).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor bivariate analyses: Two-group comparisons of continuous variables (e.g., age) used the Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data, reported with median differences and p-values. Categorical variable associations were tested with Pearson\u0026rsquo;s chi-square (χ\u0026sup2;) test, Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test, or the Fisher\u0026ndash;Freeman\u0026ndash;Halton exact test as appropriate. For all χ\u0026sup2; tests, the test statistic (χ\u0026sup2;) and degrees of freedom (df) were calculated and reported alongside p-values. For ordinal variables such as grade, chi-square tests for trend were applied when relevant. A p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 320 students participated in the study, comprised equal numbers of 50.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160) female and 50.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160) male participants. The ages of the students ranged from 19 to 24 years, with a mean age of 21.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistribution of Demographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedian (Min-Max)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160 (50,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160 (50,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2nd grade\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (25,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3rd grade\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (25,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4th grade\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (25,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5th grade\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (25,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKSU\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160 (50,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMU\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160 (50,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf the participants, 25.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80) were in their 2nd year, 25.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80) in their 3rd year, 25.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80) in their 4th year, and 25.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80) in their 5th grade. Half of the students (50.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160) were enrolled at KSU, and the other half (50.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160) were enrolled at MU.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistributions Related to AR/VR Technology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore participating in this survey, had you heard about the use of AR/VR technology in dentistry? (Q1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e253 (79,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (20,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave you ever used VR technology in your dental practice or education? (Q2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e317 (99,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave you ever used AR technology in your dental practice or education? (Q3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e318 (99,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave you attended a workshop, seminar, or training session on VR or AR in the field of dentistry? (Q4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310 (96,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWould you be willing to participate in research studies or trials involving VR and AR in dentistry? (Q5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(25,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238 (74,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAre you interested in receiving training on the use of VR and AR in dentistry? (Q6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(16,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e268 (83,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAre you aware of any VR or AR applications designed for dental education or practice? (Q7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e287 (89,7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (10,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding responses to AR/VR-related questions, 20.9% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;67) reported having heard about the use of AR/VR technology in dentistry prior to the survey. Only 0.9% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) had used VR technology in their dental education or practice, while 0.6% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2) had used AR technology. Attendance at a workshop, seminar, or training session on VR/AR in dentistry was reported by 3.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10). A total of 74.4% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;238) expressed willingness to participate in research studies or trials involving VR/AR, and 83.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;268) indicated interest in receiving training on the use of VR/AR in dentistry. Awareness of any VR or AR application designed for dental education or practice was reported by 10.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33) of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by Age\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian (Min-Max)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;253)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,256\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;67)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;317)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (20\u0026ndash;23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;318)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (20\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;310)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,925\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,5 (20\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;82)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,155\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;238)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,172\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;268)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;287)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,644\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (20\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eMann Whitney U Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant differences were found in AR/VR-related responses according to participants\u0026rsquo; age distribution (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by Gender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130 (81,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123 (76,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,336\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (18,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (23,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159 (99,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (0,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159 (99,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159 (99,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (0,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (0,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154 (96,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,520\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (3,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (26,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,798\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120 (75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118 (73,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (13,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (18,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,225\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138 (86,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130 (81,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144 (90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143 (89,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,854\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (10,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson Chi-Square Test\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s Exact Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant differences were observed between genders in responses to AR/VR-related questions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by University\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKSU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125 (78,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e128 (80,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,680\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (21,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (20,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159 (99,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (0,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,498\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153 (95,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157 (98,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,199\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (4,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (24,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (26,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,609\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121 (75,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117 (73,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (14,4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (18,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,363\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137 (85,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131 (81,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e141 (88,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146 (91,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,358\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (11,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (8,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson Chi-Square Test\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s Exact Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere were no statistically significant differences between the two universities in the distribution of responses to AR/VR-related questions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2nd Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4th Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 (76,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (75,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (90,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (75,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,051\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (23,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (25,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (10,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (25,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,624\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (96,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (96,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,237\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (27,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (23,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (37,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (13,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,007**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (72,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 (76,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (62,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69 (86,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (17,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (15,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (28,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (82,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68 (85,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (71,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (96,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70 (87,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75 (93,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (92,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68 (85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,219\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (12,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (6,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (7,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson Chi-Square Test\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher Freeman Halton Test **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of responses to AR/VR-related questions did not differ significantly by grade overall (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was found in responses to the question, \u0026ldquo;Would you be willing to participate in research studies or trials related to VR and AR in dentistry?\u0026rdquo; (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Fifth-year students were significantly more likely to respond \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; compared with second- and fourth-year students (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, respectively; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA statistically significant difference was also observed for the question, \u0026ldquo;Would you be interested in receiving training on the use of VR and AR in dentistry?\u0026rdquo; (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Fifth-year students gave a \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; response significantly more often than second-, third-, and fourth-year students (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015, and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, respectively; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Additionally, third-year students were significantly more likely than fourth-year students to respond \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by Age \u0026ndash; KSU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKSU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian (Min-Max)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;125)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,499\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;159)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;153)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,625\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (20\u0026ndash;23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (20\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,567\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;121)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,130\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;137)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;141)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,985\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (20\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eMann Whitney U Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by Gender \u0026ndash; KSU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKSU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64 (80,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 (76,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,566\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (20,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (23,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (96,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (95,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (5,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (22,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (26,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,581\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 (77,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59 (73,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (11,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (17,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,260\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (88,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (82,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69 (86,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (90,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,463\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (13,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (10,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson Chi-Square Test\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s Exact Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant differences were observed between genders in AR/VR-related responses among students at KSU (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant differences were observed between genders in AR/VR-related responses among students at KSU (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by Grade \u0026ndash; KSU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKSU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2nd Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4th Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (82,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (67,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (85,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31 (77,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,240\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (17,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (32,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (15,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (22,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (92,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (92,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,311\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (7,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (7,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (25,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (17,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (45,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (10,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,002**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (75,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (82,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (55,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36 (90,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (20,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (5,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (30,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (80,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (95,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (70,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (87,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (92,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (85,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (87,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,825\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (12,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (7,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (15,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (12,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson Chi-Square Test\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher Freeman Halton Test **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of responses to AR/VR-related questions did not differ significantly overall by grade (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was found in responses to the question, \u0026ldquo;Would you be willing to participate in research studies or trials related to VR and AR in dentistry?\u0026rdquo; (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Fourth-year students were significantly less likely to respond \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; compared with third- and fifth-year students (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, respectively; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the question, \u0026ldquo;Would you be interested in receiving training on the use of VR and AR in dentistry?\u0026rdquo; a statistically significant difference was also found (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Fifth-year students were significantly more likely than second- and fourth-year students to answer \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, respectively; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similarly, third-year students were significantly more likely than second- and fourth-year students to answer \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.043 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003, respectively; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by Age \u0026ndash; MU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian (Min-Max)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;128)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,366\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;158)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,5 (20\u0026ndash;23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;158)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (20\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;157)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,333\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22,33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (20\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;43)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,162\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;117)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,611\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;131)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;146)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (19\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,468\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (20\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eMann Whitney U Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong students from MU, no statistically significant differences were found in AR/VR-related responses according to age (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by Gender \u0026ndash; MU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (82,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 (77,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,429\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (17,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (22,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (98,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (27,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (26,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,858\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (72,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59 (73,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (16,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,538\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (83,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75 (93,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (88,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,263\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (6,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (11,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson Chi-Square Test\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s Exact Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant differences were observed between genders in AR/VR-related responses among students at MU (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluations of AR/VR Technology by Grade \u0026ndash; MU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2nd Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4th Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (70,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (82,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (95,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (72,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,021*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (30,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (17,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (5,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (27,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (97,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (95,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,620\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (5,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (30,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (30,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (30,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (17,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,496\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (70,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (70,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (70,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (82,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (15,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (25,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (27,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (5,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,036*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (85,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (75,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (72,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (95,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (87,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (95,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(100,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (82,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,017*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (12,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (5,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (17,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson Chi-Square Test\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher Freeman Halton Test **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of responses to AR/VR-related questions did not differ significantly overall by grade (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, for the question, \u0026ldquo;Before this survey, had you heard about the use of AR/VR technology in dentistry?\u0026rdquo; a statistically significant difference was found (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Fourth-year students were significantly less likely to answer \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; compared with second- and fifth-year students (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006, respectively; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the question, \u0026ldquo;Would you be interested in receiving training on the use of VR and AR in dentistry?\u0026rdquo; a statistically significant difference was also found (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Fifth-year students were significantly more likely to respond \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; than third- and fourth-year students (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006, respectively; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, for the question, \u0026ldquo;Are you aware of any VR or AR application designed for dental education or practice?\u0026rdquo; a statistically significant difference was observed (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Fourth-year students were significantly more likely to respond \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; compared with third- and fifth-year students (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012, respectively; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals a substantial gap between dental students\u0026rsquo; exposure to AR/VR technologies and their interest in such tools. Awareness of AR/VR in dentistry was limited\u0026mdash;only about one-fifth of participants had heard of these technologies being used in dental education, and almost none had personal experience. This indicates that while the current integration of AR/VR in dental curricula is minimal, students showed interest in such innovations. However, as these findings are based on self-reported perceptions, further validation with practical training outcomes is needed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious research supports these findings. For instance, a cross-sectional study among prosthodontic trainees in Pakistan found that 20% had heard of AR, yet none had access to it in their institutions. Similarly, Huang et al. reported that after a brief VR-based implant training session, dental students showed high interest and perceived VR as a valuable adjunct to traditional methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In Khalid et al.\u0026rsquo;s survey, 81% of respondents agreed that combining simulation, including AR/VR, with conventional teaching enhances learning outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Together, these results suggest that dental students are not resistant to technology but require structured opportunities to experience and evaluate its benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings regarding differences between class years provide additional insight. Final-year students exhibited the highest interest in AR/VR (96%), while fourth-year students showed comparatively lower interest (71%). This variation may relate to curriculum design and clinical exposure. Senior students, having faced complex clinical cases and recognized limitations in traditional training, may better appreciate AR/VR\u0026rsquo;s potential to enhance skills, particularly for procedures such as surgical implant placement or complex endodontics. The lower interest in fourth-year students could be linked to heavy clinical workloads and examination pressures, which may reduce openness to adopting new modalities. Literature suggests that exposure to AR/VR earlier in training, followed by reinforcement in later years, can maintain engagement and improve skill acquisition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, integrating AR/VR from the preclinical phase, with consistent application in clinical years, may optimize both awareness and acceptance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present findings align with previous research indicating that dental students generally exhibit low prior exposure but a strong interest in adopting digital technologies in education. Similar to our results, Yılmaz et al. reported limited knowledge of advanced technologies among Turkish dental students, yet highlighted their willingness to embrace innovation once introduced into training programs[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. In the field of dental imaging, Hung et al. emphasized the growing relevance of personalized digital tools, including AR/VR, for improving diagnostic accuracy and educational outcomes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Likewise, Hegde et al. found that both Australian dental students and practitioners perceived emerging technologies positively, though practical experience remained scarce[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Scoping reviews further confirm these trends. Uribe et al. underscored the importance of integrating generative AI and immersive technologies into dental curricula to prepare students for future practice[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], while their global survey of educators revealed increasing attention to chatbots and AR/VR-based teaching tools[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. On the clinical side, Eschert et al. documented the uptake of digital technologies in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery, reinforcing the need for student-level exposure to such applications[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, Aldakhil et al. concluded that awareness of advanced technologies in dentistry remains uneven and called for structured integration into teaching[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the curricular level, Dantas and Dias da Silva showed how digital health concepts are being gradually incorporated into postgraduate dental programs, suggesting a pathway that could also be adopted at undergraduate levels[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Complementary to this, Schwendicke et al. proposed a core curriculum framework for AI in oral healthcare[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], and Thurzo et al. highlighted the transformative potential of digital technologies, including AR/VR, for updating dental education[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Collectively, these studies support the interpretation that although exposure is currently limited, structured integration strategies are feasible and widely endorsed across dental education systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInstitutional and demographic factors appeared less influential. Gender did not significantly affect responses, aligning with previous research indicating equal adaptability among male and female students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the similarity in responses between a large urban university (MU) and a smaller regional institution (KSU) suggests that the lack of AR/VR exposure is a widespread issue in Turkish dental education, not limited to specific institutional contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom a curriculum development perspective, the observed \u0026ldquo;awareness\u0026ndash;interest gap\u0026rdquo; underscores the need for structured integration strategies. A gradual approach appears most effective, beginning with elective workshops or short modules that introduce AR/VR tools, followed by the incorporation of successful applications into core courses such as endodontics or diagnostic pathology. Nevertheless, before wide-scale curricular changes, pilot implementations and controlled evaluations are required to confirm the effectiveness of AR/VR training in improving clinical competencies. To ensure sustainability, faculty members should also receive dedicated training to develop the necessary skills for effective implementation and long-term use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAddressing barriers identified in the literature is essential. Cost is a common concern, particularly for advanced haptic VR systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. However, more affordable VR headsets and smartphone-based AR applications are emerging, reducing financial obstacles. Technical maintenance and lack of standardized frameworks remain challenges; thus, institutions should consider user-friendly systems, dedicated technical support, and collaboration with other universities to share resources and best practices. Existing evidence demonstrates that thoughtful AR/VR integration can enhance psychomotor skills, conceptual understanding, and student satisfaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study\u0026rsquo;s limitations include its scope\u0026mdash;two universities within one country\u0026mdash;which may restrict generalizability. Institutions already employing AR/VR might yield different results. The self-reported nature of the data introduces potential recall and social desirability biases. Although the questionnaire demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and content validity through expert review, it was developed specifically for this study and has not undergone broader validation. Additionally, the cross-sectional design captures perceptions at a single point in time, limiting causal inference. Future research should involve larger, more diverse samples, longitudinal designs, and experimental interventions to assess both learning outcomes and changes in perception. Qualitative studies, such as focus groups, could further clarify students\u0026rsquo; motivations and concerns regarding AR/VR. Additionally, although the questionnaire was adapted from a previously validated survey, modifications made for the context of Turkish dental students have not undergone full psychometric validation. This may limit comparability across studies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplications for Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite these limitations, our findings indicate that dental students are ready to embrace educational technologies. Introducing AR/VR should be purpose-driven, targeting specific learning objectives. For example, AR can be highly effective in teaching spatial anatomical relationships, while VR with haptic feedback can improve manual dexterity in operative dentistry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Institutions could also engage students in AR/VR research and development, fostering both innovation and critical evaluation skills. By aligning implementation with curriculum needs and leveraging student enthusiasm, dental schools can bridge the current awareness\u0026ndash;interest gap and enhance the overall quality of training.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study showed that dental students from two Turkish universities had very limited prior exposure to AR/VR technologies yet demonstrated strong enthusiasm for training and research in this area. No differences were observed by gender or institution, while final-year students expressed greater interest, likely reflecting increased clinical awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on these findings, a stepwise integration of AR/VR into dental curricula is recommended. Small-scale applications, such as AR-based anatomy modules or VR simulations in clinical skills training, could serve as entry points. Faculty development and structured feedback mechanisms should accompany these efforts to ensure effective adoption.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuch strategies have the potential to enhance interactive and safe learning opportunities; however, their effectiveness should be further tested through longitudinal and multi-institutional studies before widespread implementation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Clinical trial number: not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003edeclaration: not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData availability statement\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDerived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: FNP / Questionnaire: SYU, AOT / Study design: GK, AOT / Literature review: SYU, GK / Writing \u0026ndash; original draft preparation: SYU / Writing \u0026ndash; content development and editing: FNP GK AOT / Manuscript review and suggestions: SYU AOT GK FNP\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeclarations\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDerived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeit\u0026atilde;o AM, de Carvalho Barreto JO, de Farias Giffoni E, Mariedson J, da Silva Junior GS. 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Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1138:1\u0026ndash;16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14227-8_1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-3-030-14227-8_1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, Dental Education, Student Perceptions, Curriculum Integration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7425749/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7425749/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eAims\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to assess the awareness, exposure, and perceptions of dental students toward augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies, and to evaluate their readiness for curricular integration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey was administered to 320 clinical-phase dental students equally distributed between Marmara University and Kahramanmaraş S\u0026uuml;t\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml; İmam University. The structured questionnaire included items on demographics, prior awareness, usage, participation in AR/VR-related activities, and willingness to engage in training and research. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests, with significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnly 20.9% of students reported prior awareness of AR/VR in dentistry, and less than 1% had direct experience. Attendance at related workshops or seminars was rare (3.1%). Despite this limited exposure, 83.8% expressed interest in receiving training and 74.4% indicated willingness to participate in research. No significant differences were observed by gender or institution. However, final-year students reported significantly greater interest in both training and research compared with certain lower years (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), suggesting that clinical maturity may influence perceptions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDental students demonstrated limited prior exposure but strong enthusiasm for AR/VR integration into education. A phased approach is recommended, starting with elective modules and pilot workshops, followed by gradual incorporation into core curricula. Faculty development and continuous student feedback should accompany this process to ensure effective adoption. Such integration has the potential to improve preparedness for complex clinical procedures and foster engagement with innovative learning modalities.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Awareness and Perceptions of AR/VR in Dentistry: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Turkish Dental Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-31 13:12:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7425749/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-18T06:56:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-24T15:19:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"732388399388168518985028067152652416","date":"2025-11-18T10:49:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"173832422025326557991139983078885312131","date":"2025-11-16T22:26:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"226702469780669038422081198222681912607","date":"2025-11-14T12:07:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-23T08:33:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"82951069447390325942056207758642109943","date":"2025-10-23T08:30:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-20T13:53:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-22T05:19:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-20T10:43:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Medical Education","date":"2025-09-20T10:40:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cdf018e7-3feb-4d02-97f0-ff175ec60ae7","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-02T16:06:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7425749","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-08900-w","journal":{"identity":"bmc-medical-education","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Medical Education"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-25 15:59:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 25th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-31 13:12:47","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12909-026-08900-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-08900-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7425749","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7425749","identity":"rs-7425749","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}