Gamma Irradiation Response of Phytochemicals in Pine Needles (Pinus kesiya): In Ovo Determination of the Angiogenic Activity of its Crude Extract

Gamma Irradiation Response of Phytochemicals in Pine Needles (Pinus kesiya): In Ovo Determination of the Angiogenic Activity of its Crude Extract | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Gamma Irradiation Response of Phytochemicals in Pine Needles (Pinus kesiya) : In Ovo Determination of the Angiogenic Activity of its Crude Extract Jade Ashley L. Bermudez, Daphne I. Rañeses, Jhezarie Guiller Anne Aluning, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9014916/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Pinus kesiya needles are valued in traditional medicine for their diverse phytochemical profile, including phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids. This study investigated how gamma irradiation modulates these compounds and their subsequent angiogenic effects using the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. One hundred grams of powdered P. kesiya needles were macerated to produce crude extracts, which were then exposed to gamma irradiation at three dose levels: 0 kGy (control), 4 kGy, and 8 kGy. Phytochemical screening revealed that irradiation induced compound-specific, dose-dependent changes, notably enhancing the detectability of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and saponins at higher doses. To evaluate vascular response, sixty 10-day-old Philippine duck ( Anas luzonica ) embryos were treated with the irradiated extracts for 48 hours. Results showed persistent vascularization across all groups, with the highest neovascular density and branching complexity observed in the irradiated samples, particularly at 8 kGy. Statistical analysis via one-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference in mean vessel counts (𝐹(2,57) = 13.76, 𝑝<0.001). Mean counts increased from 1.70 (control) to 3.75 (4 kGy) and 4.00 (8 kGy). Post-hoc Tukey HSD testing confirmed that both irradiation doses significantly outperformed the control, though the difference between 4 kGy and 8 kGy was not statistically significant (𝑝=0.862). These findings suggest that gamma irradiation enhances the angiogenic activity of P. kesiya extracts, likely by altering phytochemical structures, with a potential plateau effect beyond 4 kGy. This demonstrates that controlled irradiation is a viable strategy for optimizing the therapeutic potential of plant-based bioactive compounds. General Biochemistry Biochemical Research Methods Clinical Pharmacology Pinus kesiya gamma irradiatiom phytochemicals CAM assay angiogenesis radiation dose-response relationship Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9014916","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":599661471,"identity":"6f6c024b-eb64-408d-ac54-82a6632e4a43","order_by":0,"name":"Jade Ashley L. 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This study investigated how gamma irradiation modulates these compounds and their subsequent angiogenic effects using the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. One hundred grams of powdered \u003cem\u003eP. kesiya\u003c/em\u003e needles were macerated to produce crude extracts, which were then exposed to gamma irradiation at three dose levels: 0 kGy (control), 4 kGy, and 8 kGy. Phytochemical screening revealed that irradiation induced compound-specific, dose-dependent changes, notably enhancing the detectability of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and saponins at higher doses. To evaluate vascular response, sixty 10-day-old Philippine duck (\u003cem\u003eAnas luzonica\u003c/em\u003e) embryos were treated with the irradiated extracts for 48 hours. Results showed persistent vascularization across all groups, with the highest neovascular density and branching complexity observed in the irradiated samples, particularly at 8 kGy. Statistical analysis via one-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference in mean vessel counts (\u0026#119865;(2,57)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.76, \u0026#119901;\u0026lt;0.001). Mean counts increased from 1.70 (control) to 3.75 (4 kGy) and 4.00 (8 kGy). Post-hoc Tukey HSD testing confirmed that both irradiation doses significantly outperformed the control, though the difference between 4 kGy and 8 kGy was not statistically significant (\u0026#119901;=0.862). These findings suggest that gamma irradiation enhances the angiogenic activity of \u003cem\u003eP. kesiya\u003c/em\u003e extracts, likely by altering phytochemical structures, with a potential plateau effect beyond 4 kGy. This demonstrates that controlled irradiation is a viable strategy for optimizing the therapeutic potential of plant-based bioactive compounds.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Gamma Irradiation Response of Phytochemicals in Pine Needles (Pinus kesiya): In Ovo Determination of the Angiogenic Activity of its Crude Extract","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-05 15:07:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9014916/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7f7c6f2d-49c2-4262-acf9-2ce2d0325ded","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":63995232,"name":"General Biochemistry"},{"id":63995233,"name":"Biochemical Research Methods"},{"id":63995234,"name":"Clinical Pharmacology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-05T15:07:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-05 15:07:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9014916","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9014916","identity":"rs-9014916","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}