A novel electrochemical aptasensor for fumonisin B1 determination using DNA and exonuclease-I as signal amplification strategy

A novel electrochemical aptasensor for fumonisin B1 determination using DNA and exonuclease-I as signal amplification strategy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article A novel electrochemical aptasensor for fumonisin B1 determination using DNA and exonuclease-I as signal amplification strategy Min Wei, Fei Zhao, Shuo Feng, Huali Jin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.2.12922/v4 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Nov, 2019 Read the published version in BMC Chemistry → Version 4 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract In this work, using DNA and exonuclease-I (Exo-I) as signal amplification strategy, a novel and facile electrochemical aptasensor was constructed for fumonisin B1 (FB1) detection. The G-rich complementary DNA (cDNA) was immobilized onto the electrode surface. Then, aptamer of FB1 was hybridized with cDNA to form double-stranded DNA. In the absence of FB1, double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA on the electrode surface promoted effectively methylene blue (MB) enrichment and amplified the initial electrochemical response. In the presence of FB1, the combination of aptamer and FB1 led to the release of aptamer from the electrode surface and the expose of 3' end of single-stranded cDNA. When Exo-I was added onto the electrode surface, the single-stranded cDNA was degraded in the 3’-5’ direction. The decrease of double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA resulted in the less access of MB to the electrode surface, which decreased the electrochemical signal. The experimental conditions including incubation time of FB1, the amount of Exo-I and incubation time of Exo-I were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the linear relationship between the change of peak current and the logarithmic concentration of FB1 was observed in the range of 1.0×10-3-1000ng·mL−1 with a low limit of detection of 0.15 pg·mL−1. The experimental results showed that the prepared aptasensor had acceptable specificity, reproducibility, repeatability and stability. Therefore, this proposed aptasensor has a potential application in the food safety detection. Biological Chemistry Electrochemical aptasensor: Fumonisin B1: Exonuclease-I: G-rich DNA: Methylene blue Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction As the metabolic product of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld, fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) is a kind of the most toxic and prevalent fumonisins [1]. FB 1 can contaminate various food and feedstuff such as corn, wheat, rice, peanut, beer, and animal feed. A large number of studies have reported that FB 1 can cause serious diseases such as horse white matter softening, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and liver cancer [2,3]. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor FB 1 for food safety and human health. Among the various methods for FB 1 detection [4-7], the electrochemical aptasensor has attracted widespread attention due to their low cost, simple operation, high selectivity and affinity, chemical stability , and easy storage [8,9]. Recently, with the advantages including effective amplification strategy, easy design, simple operation and rapid reaction, the nuclease-based electrochemical aptasensor has become research focus [10,11]. Among the different nucleases, exonuclease I (Exo-I) has attracted increasing attention, owing to its structure-sensitive digestion for the single-stranded DNA in the direction of 3′ to 5′, low cost, good specificity and buffer compatibility [12-14]. As a kind of electrochemical signal probe, methylene blue (MB) can highly interact with G-rich single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA, and is therefore suitable for the application in electrochemical aptasensor [15,16]. Herein, based on MB, Exo-I, aptamer of FB 1 (Apt) and G-rich cDNA, a novel signal-off sensor was firstly designed for the electrochemical detection of FB 1 . The existing double-stranded DNA on the electrode surface, came from the hybridization of Apt and G-rich cDNA, enriched abundant MB and amplified the initial electrochemical response. In the presence of FB 1 , the formation of Apt-FB 1 made aptamer release from the electrode surface. Then, the effect of Exo-I on G-rich cDNA of the electrode surface resulted in the less access of MB, which further decreased the electrochemical signal and amplified ΔI. The change of MB electrochemical signal can be applied for FB 1 detection. In virtue of the favorable combination of MB with double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA, and the advantages of Exo-I including easy design, simple operation, high amplification efficiency and excellent selectivity, the proposed signal amplification strategies can save the tedious preparation process and is beneficial to the experimental stability. Experimental Materials and chemicals The used oligonucleotides were provided by Sangon Biological Engineering Technology & Services Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and their sequences were as follows: cDNA: 5'-SH-GAG GGG TGG GCG GGA GGG AGA TTG CAC GGA CTA TCT AAT TGA ATA AGC-3'. Apt: 5'-ATA CCA GCT TAT TCA ATT AAT CGC ATT ACC TTA TAC CAG CTT ATT CAA TTA CGT CTG CAC ATA CCA GCT TAT TCA AGT AGA TAG TAA GTG CAA TCT-3'. FB 1 and Exo-I were purchased from Acros and TaKaRa, respectively. 0.05 M of pH 7.4 Tris-HCl buffer (containing 0.05 M Tris, 0.2 M NaCl and 0.001 M EDTA) was used. Apparatus The CHI 660E Electrochemical Workstation was used for the electrochemical experiments (Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Corporation, China). The gold electrode (AuE) was used as working electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the electrochemical measure. Fabrication and mechanism of the aptasensor The fabrication and mechanism of the aptasensor were shown in Fig.1. 5 μL of 1 μM SH-cDNA was dropped on the AuE surface for immobilization at 37℃. Then, the AuE was washed by Tris-HCl buffer to remove the unbound cDNA. After that, 5 μL of 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) was dropped to block the untreated sites. Next, 5 µL of 1 μM Apt was hybridized with cDNA for 2 h at 37℃ to obtain the aptasensor Apt/cDNA/AuE. When FB 1 was absent, cDNA and Apt could not be degraded by Exo-I because that the 3’ end of both cDNA and Apt were protected by the formation of double-stranded DNA. MB could intercalate into G-rich cDNA and double-stranded DNA, and produce a strong current signal. When FB 1 was present, the complex of Apt and FB 1 was formed and released from the surface of the electrode, leading to the expose of 3' end of single-stranded cDNA on the electrode surface. When Exo-I was added onto the electrode surface, the single-stranded cDNA was degraded in the 3’-5’ direction. The decrease of double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA resulted in the less access of MB to the electrode surface and the decrease of the electrochemical signal. The change of MB electrochemical signal can be applied for FB 1 detection. Results and Discussion Electrochemical characterization of the prepared aptasensor Fig.2 showed the EIS characterization for the aptasensor fabrication. The charge transfer resistance (R ct ) increased from 251.3 ohm of the bare AuE (a) to 1219 ohm of the cDNA/AuE (b), indicating that the cDNA was immobilized to the electrode surface. For the Apt/cDNA/AuE (c), the R ct was increased to 1381 ohm, indicating that Apt hybridized successfully with cDNA on the electrode surface. After the Apt/cDNA/AuE was incubated by 1 μg·mL -1 FB 1 and Exo-I respectively, the R ct (d) was decreased to 836 ohm. This was because that Apt was specifically combined with FB 1 and released from the electrode, and cDNA was digested by Exo-I due to the expose of its 3’ end, resulting in the less negative charge on the electrode surface. The detection of FB 1 on Apt/cDNA/AuE sensor Fig.3 showed the DPV results of MB on the Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE (a), FB 1 /Apt/cDNA/AuE (b) and Exo-I/FB 1 /Apt/cDNA/AuE (c) in Tris-HCl buffer. In the absence of FB 1 , the Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE showed an initial peak current of 7.29 μA (a). With the addition of 1 μg·mL -1 FB 1 , the peak current of FB 1 /Apt/cDNA/AuE (b) decreased to 4.02 μA. This is because that in the presence of FB 1 , the formation of Apt-FB 1 composite made Apt release from double-stranded DNA on the electrode surface, resulting in that the amounts of MB intercalated into the double-stranded DNA were decreased. After the addition of Exo-I, the DPV value of Exo-I/FB 1 /Apt/cDNA/AuE (c) further decreased to 2.41 μA, indicating that Exo-I could digest the single-stranded cDNA on the electrode surface and achieve the signal amplification. Optimization of the aptasensor Fig.4 showed the effect of FB 1 incubation time (A), Exo-I amount (B) and Exo-I incubation time (C) on the electrochemical signal. As shown in Fig.4 A, it can be seen that ΔI increased with the increasing of FB 1 incubation time and reached the maximum of 5.3 μA at 10 min. Therefore, 10 min was selected as the optimal FB 1 incubation time. As can be seen from Fig.4 B, ΔI increased with increasing of Exo-I amount and reached the maximum at 5 U, then decreased when the amount was further increased. This may due to that the limit of active surface area on the fabricated electrode led to the inefficiency of redundant Exo-I. So, 5 U of Exo-I was used for the subsequent experiments. As shown in Fig.4 C, the ΔI increased quickly with increasing the incubation time in the first 30 min, then changed slightly when the incubation time was more than 30 min. Therefore, 30 min was used as the optimal Exo-I incubation time. Analytical performance of the designed aptasensor Fig.5 showed the calibration plot of the fabricated aptasensor for FB 1 detection. With the concentration range of 1×10 -3 ~1000 ng·mL -1 , a linear relationship between ∆I and Lg [C FB1 ] was observed, and the linear regression equation was ∆I=0.71036 Lg[C FB1 ]+3.18714 (R 2 =0.998). The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.15 pg·mL -1 at a signal-to-ratio of 3. Compared to the previous reports, the designed aptasensor obtained a wider linear range and lower LOD, and the result was shown in Table 1. Specificity, reproducibility, repeatability and stability The specificity of the aptasensor to ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA) and aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) was studied, and the results were shown in Fig.6. Only when the prepared aptasensor was incubated in FB 1 , the peak current decreased significantly, indicating that the designed aptasensor had good specificity and could meet the experimental requirements. Under the optimized conditions, the reproducibility and the repeatability of the fabricated aptasensor was respectively evaluated with inter-assay and intra-assay. Under the same experimental conditions, five fabricated aptasensors were tested by monitoring the peak current of MB with 1 μg·mL −1 FB 1 on the FB 1 /Apt/cDNA/AuE, and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.72% was calculated, implying that the fabricated sensor had satisfactory reproducibility. The one aptasensor was investigated by monitoring the peak current of MB in the presence of 1 μg·mL −1 FB 1 for five replicate determinations under the same conditions, and RSD of 5.38% was calculated, implying that the fabricated aptasensor had acceptable repeatability. For the study on stability of the fabricated aptasensor, the peak current of MB on the three Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE was detected, and the average peak current is 7.21 μA. Then the fabricated aptasensors were stored at 4℃. After a 35-day storage period, the average peak current of MB on the Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE was 6.14 μA, and the aptasensor retained 85.2% of its initial current response, indicating the acceptable stability. Analysis of FB 1 in food samples The accuracy of the fabricated aptasensor was evaluated by studying the recovery of FB 1 in beer samples and corn samples, and the results were shown in Table 2. Beer samples were filtrated through a 0.45 µm membrane, and used for subsequent tests by spiking different concentrations of FB 1 . Non-contaminated corn samples were finely milled to obtain corn powder, and 0.5 g of the corn powder was extracted with methanol-water (60:40, v/v. 5 mL) using an orbital shaker for 30 min. After centrifugation for 15 min, the extract was used for analysis by spiking different concentrations of FB 1 . By addition of 100 ng·mL −1 , 1 ng·mL −1 and 1×10 -2 ng·mL −1 of FB 1 , for the beer samples, the average recoveries were 88.5%, 96.1% and 98.6% respectively. For the corn samples, the average recoveries were 91.4%, 87.3% and 106.8% respectively. These results indicated that the fabricated aptasensor can be applied in FB 1 detection of the food samples. Conclusion In summary, on the basis of DNA and Exo-I as signal amplification strategy, a novel and facile signal-off aptasensor was developed for FB 1 detection. Utilizing the favorable combination of MB with double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA, the specific DNA was designed to enrich abundant MB for initial signal amplification. On the other hand, with the advantages of easy design, simple operation, high amplification efficiency and excellent selectivity, Exo-I was used to design a novel signal-off aptasensor for amplifying the ΔI. These two signal amplification strategies can avoid the complicated nanomaterial preparation and instability. As a result, this proposed aptasensor showed the favorable performance with simple preparation, good selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, stability as well as a wider linear range with lower LOD, providing a promising potential for application in food safety detection. List of Abbreviations DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid Exo-I: exonuclease-I FB 1 : fumonisin B 1 cDNA: complementary DNA MB: methylene blue Apt: aptamer of FB 1 DPV: differential pulse voltammetry EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy MCH: 6-mercapto-1-hexanol AuE: the gold electrode R ct : the charge transfer resistance ∆I: the difference of peak current LOD: limit of detection OTA: ochratoxin A ZEA: zearalenone AFB 1 : aflatoxin B 1 RSD: relative standard deviation Declarations Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. We have presented all data in the form of tables and figures. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (182300410188) in the design of the study, and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Henan Provincial Colleges and Universities in Henan University of Technology (2016RCJH04) in collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; supported by Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province (192102310255) in writing the manuscript. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Authors' contributions MW, FZ, SF and HJ conceived and designed the experiments; FZ and SF performed the experiments; MW and HJ analyzed the data; MW, FZ, and SF wrote and modified the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Chen XW, Liang Y, Zhang WJ, Leng YK, Xiong YH (2018) A colorimetric immunoassay based on glucose oxidase-induced AuNP aggregation for the detection of fumonisin B 1 . 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Chemiluminescence &enzyme-linked immunosorbent ECL-ELISA based on anti-FB 1 IgG and HRP 0.14~0.9 0.09 [17] Chemiluminescence Charge-coupled device 2.5~500 2.5 [18] Fluorescence Anti apt/Apt-NH 2 /TiO 2 -PSi 0.001~10 0.21×10 -3 [5] Fluorescence resonance energy transfer AuNPs-MB-UCNPs 0.01~100 0.01 [19] Electrochemiluminescence MIP/Ru@SiO 2 /CS/AuNPs/GCE 1×10 -3 ~100 0.35×10 -3 [6] Electrochemical immunosensor AP-anti-antibody/anti-FB 1 /FB 1 -BSA-SWNTs/CS/GCE 0.01~1000 2×10 -3 [20] Electrochemical immunosensor Ab-AuNPs-PPy/ErGO-SPE 200~4500 4.2 [21] Electrochemical magneto immunosensor FB1-HRP/Ab-FB 1 /MB&protein G/CSPE 0.73~11.2 0.33 [22] Electrochemical aptasensor Apt-AuNPs-SPCE 1×10 -2 ~50 3.4×10 -3 [7] Electrochemical aptasensor GS-TH/S2/S1/Au/GCE 1×10 -3 ~1000 1×10 -3 [23] Electrochemical aptasensor Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE 1×10 -3 ~1000 0.15×10 -3 This work Table 2 Recovery of FB 1 in food samples Sample Added (ng·mL −1 ) Average Found (ng·mL −1 ) Average Recovery (%) RSD (%) n=3 Beer 100 88.5 88.5 1.75 1 0.961 96.1 2.25 1×10 -2 0.986×10 -2 98.6 5.65 Corn 100 91.4 91.4 4.76 1 0.873 87.3 7.79 1×10 -2 1.068×10 -2 106.8 6.34 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Nov, 2019 Read the published version in BMC Chemistry → Version 4 posted Editorial decision: Accept 28 Oct, 2019 Editor assigned by journal 25 Oct, 2019 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Oct, 2019 Editor invited by journal 24 Oct, 2019 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3649","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":200069,"identity":"e7ae0977-4dbe-4d2c-9285-4b2f791f2b0d","order_by":1,"name":"Min 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17:15:56","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63590,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The fabrication and mechanism of the aptasensor","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/5f778911-e653-449e-af11-350d9e49ac0c/v4/1.png"},{"id":143553,"identity":"559db4cc-9107-4e86-9375-ada79688c3cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-30 17:15:57","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31814,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"EIS of 10 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- containing 0.1 M KCl on the AuE (a), the cDNA/AuE (b), and the Apt/cDNA/AuE before (c) and after (d) addition of FB1 and Exo-I.","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/5f778911-e653-449e-af11-350d9e49ac0c/v4/2.png"},{"id":143554,"identity":"85756588-d5b8-4077-b8de-3f46fda70ea4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-30 17:15:57","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33668,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The DPV results of MB on the Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE (a), FB1/Apt/cDNA/AuE (b) and Exo-I/FB1/Apt/cDNA/AuE (c) in Tris-HCl buffer.","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/5f778911-e653-449e-af11-350d9e49ac0c/v4/3.png"},{"id":143555,"identity":"4e4dc17f-bb38-45ea-9959-8f5c270e9418","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-30 17:15:57","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33728,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The effect of FB1 incubation time (A), Exo-I amount (B) and Exo-I incubation time (C) on the electrochemical signal.","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/5f778911-e653-449e-af11-350d9e49ac0c/v4/4.png"},{"id":143556,"identity":"83142178-8ffa-46ea-b1b5-7fdd5dc56b34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-30 17:15:57","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The linear relationship between ∆I and Lg[CFB1] with FB1 concentration in the range of 1×10-3~1000 ng·mL-1.","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/5f778911-e653-449e-af11-350d9e49ac0c/v4/5.png"},{"id":143557,"identity":"eab2010e-5f62-4d51-bcf2-65a217ac7ee8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-30 17:15:57","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The peak current of aptasensor incubated in different toxins with the same concentration of 1 ng·mL−1. (a) FB1 (b) OTA (c) ZEA (d) AFB1 (e) Blank.","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/5f778911-e653-449e-af11-350d9e49ac0c/v4/6.png"},{"id":13478031,"identity":"3016eee8-8371-427d-88ef-960e203ac477","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 21:34:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":560324,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3649/v4/2d125fa4-fa9f-4627-a3c1-22d15857febd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"A novel electrochemical aptasensor for fumonisin B1 determination using DNA and exonuclease-I as signal amplification strategy","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs the metabolic product of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld, fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) is a kind of the most toxic and prevalent fumonisins [1]. FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e can contaminate various food and feedstuff such as corn, wheat, rice, peanut, beer, and animal feed. A large number of studies have reported that FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e can cause serious diseases such as horse white matter softening, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and liver cancer [2,3]. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor FB\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003efor food safety and human health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the various methods for FB\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003edetection [4-7], the electrochemical aptasensor has attracted widespread attention due to their low cost, simple operation, high selectivity and affinity, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/chemical-stability\"\u003echemical stability\u003c/a\u003e, and easy storage [8,9]. Recently, with the advantages including effective amplification strategy, easy design, simple operation and rapid reaction, the nuclease-based electrochemical aptasensor has become research focus [10,11]. Among the different nucleases, exonuclease I (Exo-I) has attracted increasing attention, owing to its structure-sensitive digestion for the single-stranded DNA in the direction of 3\u0026prime; to 5\u0026prime;, low cost, good specificity and buffer compatibility [12-14]. As a kind of electrochemical signal probe, methylene blue (MB) can highly interact with G-rich single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA, and is therefore suitable for the application in electrochemical aptasensor [15,16].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHerein, based on MB, Exo-I, aptamer of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (Apt) and G-rich cDNA, a novel signal-off sensor was firstly designed for the electrochemical detection of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. The existing double-stranded DNA on the electrode surface, came from the hybridization of Apt and G-rich cDNA, enriched abundant MB and amplified the initial electrochemical response. In the presence of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, the formation of Apt-FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e made aptamer release from the electrode surface. Then, the effect of Exo-I on G-rich cDNA of the electrode surface resulted in the less access of MB, which further decreased the electrochemical signal and amplified \u0026Delta;I. The change of MB electrochemical signal can be applied for FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e detection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn virtue of the favorable combination of MB with double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA, and the advantages of Exo-I including easy design, simple operation, high amplification efficiency and excellent selectivity, the proposed signal amplification strategies can save the tedious preparation process and is beneficial to the experimental stability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and chemicals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe used oligonucleotides were provided by Sangon Biological Engineering Technology \u0026amp; Services Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and their sequences were as follows: cDNA: 5'-SH-GAG GGG TGG GCG GGA GGG AGA TTG CAC GGA CTA TCT AAT TGA ATA AGC-3'. Apt: 5'-ATA CCA GCT TAT TCA ATT AAT CGC ATT ACC TTA TAC CAG CTT ATT CAA TTA CGT CTG CAC ATA CCA GCT TAT TCA AGT AGA TAG TAA GTG CAA TCT-3'. FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and Exo-I were purchased from Acros and TaKaRa, respectively. 0.05 M of pH 7.4 Tris-HCl buffer (containing 0.05 M Tris, 0.2 M NaCl and 0.001 M EDTA) was used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApparatus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CHI 660E Electrochemical Workstation was used for the electrochemical experiments (Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Corporation, China). The gold electrode (AuE) was used as working electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the electrochemical measure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFabrication and mechanism of the aptasensor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fabrication and mechanism of the aptasensor were shown in Fig.1. 5 \u0026mu;L of 1 \u0026mu;M SH-cDNA was dropped on the AuE surface for immobilization at 37℃. Then, the AuE was washed by Tris-HCl buffer to remove the unbound cDNA. After that, 5 \u0026mu;L of 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) was dropped to block the untreated sites. Next, 5 \u0026micro;L of 1 \u0026mu;M Apt was hybridized with cDNA for 2 h at 37℃ to obtain the aptasensor Apt/cDNA/AuE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e was absent, cDNA and Apt could not be degraded by Exo-I because that the 3\u0026rsquo; end of both cDNA and Apt were protected by the formation of double-stranded DNA. MB could intercalate into G-rich cDNA and double-stranded DNA, and produce a strong current signal. When FB\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003ewas present, the complex of Apt and FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e was formed and released from the surface of the electrode, leading to the expose of 3' end of single-stranded cDNA on the electrode surface. When Exo-I was added onto the electrode surface, the single-stranded cDNA was degraded in the 3\u0026rsquo;-5\u0026rsquo; direction. The decrease of double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA resulted in the less access of MB to the electrode surface and the decrease of the electrochemical signal. The change of MB electrochemical signal can be applied for FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e detection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElectrochemical characterization of the prepared aptasensor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig.2 showed the EIS characterization for the aptasensor fabrication. The charge transfer resistance (R\u003csub\u003ect\u003c/sub\u003e) increased from 251.3 ohm of the bare AuE (a) to 1219 ohm of the cDNA/AuE (b), indicating that the cDNA was immobilized to the electrode surface. For the Apt/cDNA/AuE (c), the R\u003csub\u003ect \u003c/sub\u003ewas increased to 1381 ohm, indicating that Apt hybridized successfully with cDNA on the electrode surface. After the Apt/cDNA/AuE was incubated by 1 \u0026mu;g\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e-1 \u003c/sup\u003eFB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and Exo-I respectively, the R\u003csub\u003ect \u003c/sub\u003e(d) was decreased to 836 ohm. This was because that Apt was specifically combined with FB\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003eand released from the electrode, and cDNA was digested by Exo-I due to the expose of its 3\u0026rsquo; end, resulting in the less negative charge on the electrode surface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe detection of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e on Apt/cDNA/AuE sensor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig.3 showed the DPV results of MB on the Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE (a), FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/Apt/cDNA/AuE (b) and Exo-I/FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/Apt/cDNA/AuE (c) in Tris-HCl buffer. In the absence of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, the Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE showed an initial peak current of 7.29 \u0026mu;A (a). With the addition of 1 \u0026mu;g\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e-1 \u003c/sup\u003eFB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, the peak current of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/Apt/cDNA/AuE (b) decreased to 4.02 \u0026mu;A. This is because that in the presence of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, the formation of Apt-FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e composite made Apt release from double-stranded DNA on the electrode surface, resulting in that the amounts of MB intercalated into the double-stranded DNA were decreased. After the addition of Exo-I, the DPV value of Exo-I/FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/Apt/cDNA/AuE (c) further decreased to 2.41 \u0026mu;A, indicating that Exo-I could digest the single-stranded cDNA on the electrode surface and achieve the signal amplification.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptimization of the aptasensor \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig.4 showed the effect of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e incubation time (A), Exo-I amount (B) and Exo-I incubation time (C) on the electrochemical signal. As shown in Fig.4 A, it can be seen that \u0026Delta;I increased with the increasing of FB\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003eincubation time and reached the maximum of 5.3 \u0026mu;A at 10 min. Therefore, 10 min was selected as the optimal FB\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003eincubation time. As can be seen from Fig.4 B, \u0026Delta;I increased with increasing of Exo-I amount and reached the maximum at 5 U, then decreased when the amount was further increased. This may due to that the limit of active surface area on the fabricated electrode led to the inefficiency of redundant Exo-I. So, 5 U of Exo-I was used for the subsequent experiments. As shown in Fig.4 C, the \u0026Delta;I increased quickly with increasing the incubation time in the first 30 min, then changed slightly when the incubation time was more than 30 min. Therefore, 30 min was used as the optimal Exo-I incubation time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical performance of the designed aptasensor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig.5 showed the calibration plot of the fabricated aptasensor for FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e detection. With the concentration range of 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e~1000 ng\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, a linear relationship between ∆I and Lg [C\u003csub\u003eFB1\u003c/sub\u003e] was observed, and the linear regression equation was ∆I=0.71036 Lg[C\u003csub\u003eFB1\u003c/sub\u003e]+3.18714 (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.998). The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.15 pg\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e-1 \u003c/sup\u003eat a signal-to-ratio of 3. Compared to the previous reports, the designed aptasensor obtained a wider linear range and lower LOD, and the result was shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity, reproducibility,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003erepeatability and stability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specificity of the aptasensor to ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA) and aflatoxin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (AFB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) was studied, and the results were shown in Fig.6. Only when the prepared aptasensor was incubated in FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, the peak current decreased significantly, indicating that the designed aptasensor had good specificity and could meet the experimental requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the optimized conditions, the reproducibility and the repeatability of the fabricated aptasensor was respectively evaluated with inter-assay and intra-assay. Under the same experimental conditions, five fabricated aptasensors were tested by monitoring the peak current of MB with 1 \u0026mu;g\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1 \u003c/sup\u003eFB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e on the FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/Apt/cDNA/AuE, and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.72% was calculated, implying that the fabricated sensor had satisfactory reproducibility. The one aptasensor was investigated by monitoring the peak current of MB in the presence of 1 \u0026mu;g\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1 \u003c/sup\u003eFB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e for five replicate determinations under the same conditions, and RSD of 5.38% was calculated, implying that the fabricated aptasensor had acceptable repeatability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the study on stability of the fabricated aptasensor, the peak current of MB on the three Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE was detected, and the average peak current is 7.21 \u0026mu;A. Then the fabricated aptasensors were stored at 4℃. After a 35-day storage period, the average peak current of MB on the Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE was 6.14 \u0026mu;A, and the aptasensor retained 85.2% of its initial current response, indicating the acceptable stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e in food samples\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe accuracy of the fabricated aptasensor was evaluated by studying the recovery of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e in beer samples and corn samples, and the results were shown in Table 2. Beer samples were filtrated through a 0.45 \u0026micro;m membrane, and used for subsequent tests by spiking different concentrations of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. Non-contaminated corn samples were finely milled to obtain corn powder, and 0.5 g of the corn powder was extracted with methanol-water (60:40, v/v. 5 mL) using an orbital shaker for 30 min. After centrifugation for 15 min, the extract was used for analysis by spiking different concentrations of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. By addition of 100 ng\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1 ng\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1 \u003c/sup\u003eand 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e ng\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1 \u003c/sup\u003eof FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, for the beer samples, the average recoveries were 88.5%, 96.1% and 98.6% respectively. For the corn samples, the average recoveries were 91.4%, 87.3% and 106.8% respectively. These results indicated that the fabricated aptasensor can be applied in FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e detection of the food samples.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, on the basis of DNA and Exo-I as signal amplification strategy, a novel and facile signal-off aptasensor was developed for FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e detection. Utilizing the favorable combination of MB with double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA, the specific DNA was designed to enrich abundant MB for initial signal amplification. On the other hand, with the advantages of easy design, simple operation, high amplification efficiency and excellent selectivity, Exo-I was used to design a novel signal-off aptasensor for amplifying the \u0026Delta;I. These two signal amplification strategies can avoid the complicated nanomaterial preparation and instability. As a result, this proposed aptasensor showed the favorable performance with simple preparation, good selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, stability as well as a wider linear range with lower LOD, providing a promising potential for application in food safety detection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"List of Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDNA: deoxyribonucleic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExo-I: exonuclease-I\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecDNA: complementary DNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMB: methylene blue\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApt: aptamer of FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDPV: differential pulse voltammetry\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMCH: 6-mercapto-1-hexanol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuE: the gold electrode\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR\u003csub\u003ect\u003c/sub\u003e: the charge transfer resistance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e∆I: the difference of peak current\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLOD: limit of detection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOTA: ochratoxin A\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZEA: zearalenone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAFB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: aflatoxin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRSD: relative standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. We have presented all data in the form of tables and figures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (182300410188) in the design of the study, and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Henan Provincial Colleges and Universities\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; in Henan University of Technology (2016RCJH04) in collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; supported by Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province (192102310255) in writing the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMW, FZ, SF and HJ conceived and designed the experiments; FZ and SF performed the experiments; MW and HJ analyzed the data; MW, FZ, and SF wrote and modified the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen XW, Liang Y, Zhang WJ, Leng YK, Xiong YH (2018) A colorimetric immunoassay based on glucose oxidase-induced AuNP aggregation for the detection of fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. Talanta 186: 29-35\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen C, Mitchell NJ, Gratz J, Houpt ER, Gong YY, Egner PA, Groopman JD, Riley RT, Showker JL, Svensen E, Mduma ER, Patil CL, Wu F (2018) Exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin in children at risk for growth impairment in rural tanzania. Environ Int 115: 29-37\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMunawar H, Smolinska-Kempisty K, Cruz AG, Canfarotta F, Piletska E, Karim K, Piletsky SA (2018) Molecularly imprinte polymer nanoparticle-based assay (MINA): application for fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e determination. Analyst 143: 3481-3488\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAndrade GCRM, Pimpinato RF, Francisco JG, Monteiro SH, Calori-Domingues MA, Tornisielo VL (2018) Evaluation of mycotoxins and their estimated daily intake in popcorn and cornflakes using LC-MS techniques. LWT-Food Sci Technol 95: 240-246.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu R, Li W, Cai TT, Deng Y, Ding Z, Liu Y, Zhu XR, Wang X, Liu J, Liang BW, Zheng TS, Li JL (2018) TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Nanolayer-Enhanced fluorescence for simultaneous multiplex mycotoxin detection by aptamer microarrays on a porous silicon surface. ACS Appl Mater Inter 10: 14447-14453\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRen CC, Li HM, Lu XT, Qian J, Zhu MY, Chen W, Liu Q, Hao N, Li HN, Wang K (2017) A disposable aptasensing device for label-free detection of fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e by integrating PDMS film-based micro-cell and screen-printed carbon electrode. Sens Actuators B 251: 192-199\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang W, Xiong H, Chen MM, Zhang XH, Wang SF (2017) Surface-enhanced molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor based on Ru@SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for ultrasensitive detection of fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. Biosens Bioelectron 96: 55-61\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen XJ, Huang YK, Duan N, Wu SJ, Xia Y, Ma XY, Zhu CQ, Jiang Y, Ding Z, Wang ZS (2014) Selection and characterization of single stranded DNA aptamers recognizing fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. Microchim Acta 181: 1317-1324\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang CQ, Qian J, An KQ, Huang XY, Zhao LF, Liu Q, Hao N, Wang K (2017) Magneto-controlled aptasensor for simultaneous electrochemical detection of dual mycotoxins in maize using metal sulfide quantum dots coated silica as labels. Biosens Bioelectron 89: 802-809\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuan Q, Miao YB, Gan N, Cao YT, Li TH, Chen YJ (2017) A POCT colorimetric aptasensor for streptomycin detection using porous silica beads-enzyme linked polymer aptamer probes and exonuclease-assisted target recycling for signal amplification. Sens Actuators B 251: 349-358\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYan MM, Bai WH, Zhu C, Huang YF, Yan J, Chen AL (2016) Design of nuclease-based target recycling signal amplification in aptasensors. Biosens Bioelectron 77: 613-623\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbnous K, Danesh NM, Alibolandi M, Ramezani M, Emrani AS, Zolfaghari R, Taghdisi SM (2017) A new amplified \u0026pi;-shape electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. Biosens Bioelectron 94: 374-379\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaghdisi SM, Danesh NM, Ramezani M, Abnous K (2017) Electrochemical aptamer based assay for the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid based on the use of an unmodified gold electrode. Microchim Acta 184: 499-505\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXing XJ, Xiao WL, Liu XG, Zhou Y, Pang DW, Tang HW (2016) A fluorescent aptasensor using double-stranded DNA/graphene oxide as the indicator probe. Biosens Bioelectron 78: 431\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWei M, Feng S (2017) A signal-off aptasensor for the determination of Ochratoxin A by differential pulse voltammetry at a modified Au electrode using methylene blue as an electrochemical probe. Anal Methods 9: 5449-5454\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWei M, Zhang W (2017) A novel impedimetric aptasensor based on AuNPs-carboxylic porous carbon for the ultrasensitive detection of ochratoxin A. RSC Adv 7: 28655-28660\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuan Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Lee NJ, Kennedy IR (2006) A rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e in food samples. Anal Chim Acta 580: 1-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMirasoli M, Buragina A, Dolci LS, Simoni P, Anfossi L, Giraudi G, Roda A (2012) Chemiluminescence-based biosensor for fumonisins quantitative detection in maize samples. Biosens Bioelectron 32: 283-287\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu SJ, Duan N, Li XL, Tan GL, Ma XY, Xia Y, Wang ZP, Wang HX (2013) Homogenous detection of fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e with a molecular beacon based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer between NaYF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e:Yb, Ho upconversion nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles. Talanta 116: 611-618\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang XX, Zhou XP, Zhang X, Qing Y, Luo M, Liu X, Li CR, Li YL, Xia HM, Qiu JF (2015) A highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for Fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e detection in corn using single-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan. Electroanalysis 27: 2679-2687\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu L, Seenivasan R, Wang YC, Yu JH, Gunasekaran S (2016) An electrochemical immunosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of mycotoxins Fumonisin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and deoxynivalenol. Electrochim Acta 213: 89-97\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJodra A, Angel Lopez M, Escarpa A (2015) Disposable and reliable electrochemical magneto immunosensor for Fumonisins simplified determination in maize-based foodstuffs. Biosens Bioelectron 64: 633-638\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShi ZY, Zheng YT, Zhang HB, He CH, Wu WD, Zhang HB (2015) DNA electrochemical aptasensor for detecting Fumonisins B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e based on graphene and thionine nanocomposite. Electroanalysis 27: 1097-1103\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eTable 1 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eComparison with other reported methods for FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e detection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 124.05pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"165\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eMethod\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.2pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"236\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eAmplification strategy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eLinearity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(ng\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eLOD \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e(ng\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eRef.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 37.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 124.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 37.65pt;\" width=\"165\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eChemiluminescence \u0026amp;enzyme-linked immunosorbent\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 37.65pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"236\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eECL-ELISA based on anti-FB\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003eIgG and HRP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 37.65pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.14~0.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 37.65pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 37.65pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[17]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eChemiluminescence\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eCharge-coupled device \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2.5~500\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[18]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eFluorescence\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAnti apt/Apt-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-PSi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.001~10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.21\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[5]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eFluorescence resonance energy transfer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAuNPs-MB-UCNPs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.01~100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[19]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eElectrochemiluminescence\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eMIP/Ru@SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/CS/AuNPs/GCE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e~100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.35\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[6]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eElectrochemical immunosensor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAP-anti-antibody/anti-FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e-BSA-SWNTs/CS/GCE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.01~1000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[20]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eElectrochemical immunosensor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAb-AuNPs-PPy/ErGO-SPE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e200~4500\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e4.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[21]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eElectrochemical magneto immunosensor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eFB1-HRP/Ab-FB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/MB\u0026amp;protein G/CSPE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.73~11.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[22]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eElectrochemical aptasensor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eApt-AuNPs-SPCE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e~50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e3.4\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[7]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eElectrochemical aptasensor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eGS-TH/S2/S1/Au/GCE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e~1000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.0pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e[23]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29.55pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 125.05pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.55pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"167\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eElectrochemical aptasensor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 176.2pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.55pt;\" width=\"235\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eExo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.55pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e~1000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.55pt;\" width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.15\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 36.4pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.55pt;\" width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eThis work\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e Recovery of FB\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003ein food samples\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"page-break-inside: avoid; height: 42.6pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 42.6pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eSample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 42.6pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAdded\u003cbr /\u003e(ng\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 42.6pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAverage Found\u003cbr /\u003e(ng\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 42.6pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAverage Recovery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.05pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 42.6pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eRSD (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003en=3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"page-break-inside: avoid; height: 14.9pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.9pt;\" rowspan=\"3\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eBeer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.9pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.9pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e88.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.9pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; punctuation-trim: leading;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e88.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.05pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 14.9pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; vertical-align: middle;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"page-break-inside: avoid; 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The G-rich complementary DNA (cDNA) was immobilized onto the electrode surface. Then, aptamer of FB1 was hybridized with cDNA to form double-stranded DNA. In the absence of FB1, double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA on the electrode surface promoted effectively methylene blue (MB) enrichment and amplified the initial electrochemical response. In the presence of FB1, the combination of aptamer and FB1 led to the release of aptamer from the electrode surface and the expose of 3' end of single-stranded cDNA. When Exo-I was added onto the electrode surface, the single-stranded cDNA was degraded in the 3’-5’ direction. The decrease of double-stranded DNA and G-rich cDNA resulted in the less access of MB to the electrode surface, which decreased the electrochemical signal. The experimental conditions including incubation time of FB1, the amount of Exo-I and incubation time of Exo-I were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the linear relationship between the change of peak current and the logarithmic concentration of FB1 was observed in the range of 1.0×10-3-1000ng·mL−1 with a low limit of detection of 0.15 pg·mL−1. The experimental results showed that the prepared aptasensor had acceptable specificity, reproducibility, repeatability and stability. Therefore, this proposed aptasensor has a potential application in the food safety detection.","manuscriptTitle":"A novel electrochemical aptasensor for fumonisin B1 determination using DNA and exonuclease-I as signal amplification strategy","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":4,"date":"2019-10-30 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interest: **An article of importance in its field**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?\nIf not, please explain in your comments to the authors.\tYes: **Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?\nIf an additional statistical review is recommended, please specify what aspects require further assessment in your comments to the editors.\tI am able to assess the statistics**\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-09-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2019-09-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2019-09-17T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2019-09-16T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2019-09-16T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ccjo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Chemistry](https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ccjo/default.aspx","title":"BMC 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review**\n"},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2019-08-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Form responses:\n---\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?\nIf not, please explain in your comments to the authors.\tYes: **Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?\nIf an additional statistical review is recommended, please specify what aspects require further assessment in your comments to the editors.\tI am able to assess the statistics**\n"},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2019-08-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-08-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-08-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2019-08-08T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2019-08-08T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2019-08-07T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2019-07-12T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ccjo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC 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