Effects of Cryogenically-treated Stainless Steel on Eco-friendly Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Process

Effects of Cryogenically-treated Stainless Steel on Eco-friendly Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Process | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Cryogenically-treated Stainless Steel on Eco-friendly Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Process SAMPATH BOOPATHI This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1628624/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this research, the influences of cryogenically treated stainless steel-grade 317 on the eco-friendly near-dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining (NDWEDM) processes have been investigated using minimum quantity of water mixed with oxygen gas dielectrics. The stainless-steel Grade-317 has been applied to make the various biomedical components. The wear ratio (WWR), and cutting rate (CR) are compared using cryogenically treated and un-treated work materials. The water flow rate, gas pressure, spark current, and pulse width had been considered as process parameters. All the tests were performed and compared by Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array. The surface topography of the machined surfaces and wear of wire had been illustrated for both treated/untreated materials by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. It was reported that the WWR and CR of cryogenically treated materials are 20.31% lower and 22.32% higher than untreated materials respectively. Cryogenic treatment Stainless steel Cutting rate Wire wear ratio Oxygen-mist Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction The Wire-cut Electrical discharge machining is one of the micro-machining process to cut the hard materials without demaging surfaces(Amorim et al. 2019 ). After ISO-14000 implementations in materials processing industries, eco-friendly manufacturing methods have been proposed to minimize environmental impacts. The high-quality complex structures have been formed in hard materials by electrical discharge machining processes. It was observed that many harmful contaminants have been emitted during liquid dielectric EDM processes(Valaki et al. 2015 ). The change of the working medium with minimum quantity of lubrication is one of the important EDM development activities to minimize the environmental impacts(De Mello Belentani et al. 2014 ). In dry EDM processes, the pressurized gas/air had been applied as the fluid to replace the liquid dielectric system(Dhakar et al. 2019 ). However, the machining performance of the pure air/gas dielectric EDM process is lower than liquid processes. The air-must/ gas-mist near-dry EDM is an alternative method to enhance the performance of dry EDM (Ganachari et al. 2019 ; Sundriyal et al. 2020). Many research activities have been performed to increase the machining performance of the dry WEDM. The literature on cryogenic treated/cooled workpieces and tool materials used in various EDM research have been discussed below. The cryogenically cooled copper tool was used in dry EDM experiments to boost the cutting rate and surface finish and minimize tool wear rate while comparing untreated tools used in EDM (Srivastava and Pandey 2012a ). The electrode wear rate of kerosine dielectric-based EDM processes had significantly been decreased by cryogenically treated copper and brass electrodes (Singh and Singh 2012 ). The ultrasonic-assisted cryo-cooled copper electrode EDM process using has been performed to enhance the machining characteristics by recast-layer in the surfaces (Srivastava and Pandey 2012b ). The tool wear rate of micro-EDM is momentously reduced by cryogenically treated Tungsten, brass, and copper electrodes while comparing untreated electrodes (Jafferson and Hariharan 2013 ). Electrode wear rate and surface topography of workpiece of liquid dielectric EDM were significantly reduced cryogenically cooled square-shaped copper electrodes (Kumar S and Kumar M 2015). The effect of cryogenic treated and untreated tool electrodes on cutting rate and surface roughness of conventional EDM have been compared using Inconel-625 workpiece material. It was observed that the machining characteristics have been improved by cryogenic treatments(Goyal et al. 2017 ). In the above-mentioned literature, the cryogenically cooled/ treated various tools were only used in conventional EDM experiments. In the dry die-sinking EDM, the cryo-cooled copper tool was first applied using titanium alloy to investigate the effect of process parameters on electrode wear rate and surface topography. It was concluded that the reduction of EWR of the cryogenically cooled electrode is 27% lower than untreated tools (Abdulkareem et al. 2009 ). The cryogenically cooled wire tool was first presented in the water-assisted dry WEDM experiments to cut the Inconel-718 material. It was revealed that the cryogenically cooled wire wear ratio is decreased to 29%, SR is reduced to 7.23% and MRR is increased to 15.6% while comparing using untreated wire tools (Myilsamy and Sampath 2021 ; Sampath and Myilsamy 2021 ). Very recently, the influences of cooled Inconel work materials on the ecofriendly WEDM process have been investigated and optimized to find the best operating conditions(Boopathi and Rameshkumar 2011 ). It was revealed from the aforementioned literature that very few cryogenically treated work materials were investigated in the dry wire-cut EDM. However, there are no experimental investigations found on NDWEDM of cryogenic-treated stainless steel. This research gap has been fulfilled by this research work. The cryogenically treated Stainless Steel material is cut by near-dry WEDM using oxygen-mist dielectrics to improve the performance. 2. Materials And Methods The 5 mm thickness of Stainless Steel Grade-317 work material and 0.2mm diameter of Molybdenum wire tool is applied. The stainless steel Grade-317 has been used to make the bio-medical-human parts(Dhakar et al. 2015 ). The work material was cooled at -195°C temperature of liquid nitrogen for 20 hours. Initially, It was cooled from room temperature 30°C to -195°C for 8 hours. In the second phase, the low temperature was constantly maintained for the next 20 hours. Later, the temperature was amplified from − 195°C to 30°C in the last 8 hours. The chemical structure of the Stainless Steel sheet is listed in Table 1 . The CNC-E3-DK7720 model wire-cut electrical discharge machine was used to conduct the experiments. The schematic arrangement and experimental setup of the Near-dry WEDM setup to cut the cryogenic treated Stainless Steel are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 respectively. The water and pressurized oxygen gas were passed in the two coaxial hoses. At the end of the coaxial tubes, the minimum quantity of water has been atomized by pressurized oxygen gas. While oxygen was supplied in the nozzle, the velocity has been increased and pressure and temperature were dropped to 15°C. The low temperature cooled oxygen-mist is used to increase the cooling and efficiency in the cutting zone. The eroded materials have been disposed of by the high velocity of oxygen-mist. The oxygen pressure and flow rate of water were measured and controlled by a fabricated hydro-pneumatic circuit. The machining parameters have been monitored and controlled by a numerical control program. Composition Ni Mn P S Mo C Cr Si Fe Table 1 Chemical composition of Stainless Steel Grade-317 Sheet Percentage of weight (%) 13.0 2.0 0.045 0.030 3.50 0.080 19.00 1.00 61.0 The wire wear ratio (WWR) has been measured from the loss of wire materials during the cutting process and the initial weight of the wire is to be taken before the machining process (Mohammed 2018 ) (Eq. (1)). (1) Cutting rate (CR) is found by the ratio of the volume of debris with the specified period as shown in Eq. (2)(Myilsamy and Sampath 2021 ; Sampath and Myilsamy 2021 ). \(CR = w\times L\times (d+2G)/ti\) mm 3 /min (2) Where, w - workpiece width in mm, L – cutting length in mm, d- tool diameter in mm, G- Kerf width, in mm, ti - time in minutes. Factor Name Unit Low Medium High Table 2 Process parameter levels Pressure (P) bar 3 5 7 Flow Rate (F) ml/min 8 12 16 Current (C) A 3 4 5 Pulse Width (PW) µs 16 22 28 The process parameters values for the L27 design are shown in Table 2 (Myilsamy and Sampath 2021 ). Every trial is repeated by two times. The mean values of WWR and CR have been recorded in Table 3 . Table 3 Experimental observations S.N. P F C PW WWR × 10 -3 (%) CR (mm 3 / min) Treated Untreated Treated Untreated 1. 3 8 3 16 0.65 0.83 5.73 5.30 2. 3 8 3 22 0.80 1.01 7.00 6.45 3. 3 8 3 28 0.84 1.08 7.87 7.26 4. 5 12 4 16 0.52 0.63 8.81 8.24 5. 5 12 4 22 0.63 0.77 10.78 10.03 6. 5 12 4 28 0.66 0.82 12.11 11.29 7. 7 16 5 16 0.55 0.62 10.97 10.71 8. 7 16 5 22 0.67 0.76 13.42 13.04 9. 7 16 5 28 0.71 0.81 15.08 14.66 10. 3 12 5 16 0.75 0.90 7.39 7.27 11. 3 12 5 22 0.91 1.09 9.04 8.85 12. 3 12 5 28 0.96 1.16 10.16 9.95 13. 5 16 3 16 0.45 0.54 9.36 8.54 14. 5 16 3 22 0.55 0.66 11.44 10.39 15. 5 16 3 28 0.57 0.70 12.86 11.69 16. 7 8 4 16 0.56 0.68 8.01 7.54 17. 7 8 4 22 0.68 0.82 9.79 9.17 18. 7 8 4 28 0.71 0.88 11.00 10.32 19. 3 16 4 16 0.65 0.77 7.04 6.74 20. 3 16 4 22 0.79 0.94 8.61 8.20 21. 3 16 4 28 0.83 1.00 9.67 9.23 22. 5 8 5 16 0.64 0.75 9.53 9.30 23. 5 8 5 22 0.78 0.91 11.66 11.32 24. 5 8 5 28 0.82 0.97 13.10 12.73 25. 7 12 3 16 0.45 0.57 8.25 7.46 26. 7 12 3 22 0.55 0.69 10.09 9.09 27. 7 12 3 28 0.58 0.73 11.34 10.22 3. Results And Discussions Analysis of wire wear ratio and cutting rate of Near-dry WEDM using cryogenically treated /untreated Stainless Steel are shown in Tables 4 and 5 respectively. The percentage of contribution of each parameters are calculated for the both machining conditions. Table 4 Analysis of WWR of Near-dry WEDM using cryogenically treated and Untreated Stainless Steel Cryogenically Untreated Stainless-Steel Material Parameter DF Seq. SS Adj. SS Adj. MS F Percentage of contribution P 2 0.3390 0.3390 0.1695 493.19 48.367 F 2 0.0734 0.0734 0.0367 106.73 10.467 C 2 0.0768 0.0768 0.0384 111.74 10.958 PW 2 0.2056 0.2056 0.1028 299.02 29.325 Residual Error 18 0.0062 0.0062 0.0003 - 0.883 Total 26 0.7010 - - - - Cryogenically Treated Stainless-Steel Material P 2 0.197 0.197 0.099 432.250 42.393 F 2 0.031 0.031 0.015 67.670 6.637 C 2 0.101 0.101 0.051 221.490 21.723 PW 2 0.132 0.132 0.066 289.220 28.365 Residual Error 18 0.004 0.004 0.000 - 0.883 Total 26 0.465 - - - - Table 5 Analysis of Cutting rate of near-dry WEDM using cryogenically treated Untreated Stainless Steel Cryogenically Untreated Stainless-Steel Material Parameter DF Seq. SS Adj. SS Adj. MS F Percentage of contribution P 2 51.415 51.415 25.7076 248.42 40.04 F 2 12.817 12.817 6.4085 61.93 9.98 C 2 17.932 17.932 8.9659 86.64 13.97 PW 2 44.377 44.377 22.1884 214.41 34.56 Residual Error 18 1.863 1.863 0.1035 1.45 Total 26 128.404 Cryogenically Treated Stainless-Steel Material P 2 79.096 79.096 39.5479 118.78 31.78 F 2 21.609 21.609 10.8046 32.45 8.68 C 2 83.875 83.875 41.9377 125.96 33.70 PW 2 58.282 58.282 29.1408 87.52 23.42 Residual Error 18 5.993 5.993 0.3329 - 2.41 Total 26 248.855 - - - 3.1. Process parameters' effects on cutting characteristics The effect of oxygen pressure, the flow rate of tap water, spark current, and pulse width on WWR of dry WEDM using cryogenically treated and untreated work materials are shown in Figs. 3 (a), (b), (c), and (d) respectively. The WWR of the cryogenically treated material is lower than the untreated workpiece. However, the variations of all process parameters on WWR on cryogenically treated and untreated materials are comparable. It was revealed that WWR is maximum at a low pressure of oxygen due to poor dielectric strength and low flushing efficiency(Boopathi and Sivakumar 2016 ; Yadav et al. 2019 ). While increasing pressure and flow rate, the WWR is significantly minimized by increasing the spark intensity, cooling, and flushing efficiency(Saha and Choudhury 2009 ; Boopathi and Sivakumar 2016 ; Mohammed 2018 ; Chityal et al. 2019 ). While increasing C and PW, the WWR is increased by increasing the intensity of spark and depth of crater(Abdulkareem et al. 2009 ). While increasing PW, the WWR is increased by growing heat in the cutting zone(Valaki and Rathod 2016 ). It is observed that 7 bar of pressure, 16ml/min of the flow rate of mixing water, 3A of current, and 16µs pulse width are optimum values of parameters for minimum WWR (Cryogenically treated: 0.4022 ×10 − 3 %; Untreated: 0.4840 ×10 − 3 %) of dry WEDM. It is also detected that P, C, and PW are the significant factors for WWR. The influences of each process parameter (oxygen pressure, the flow rate of tap water, spark current, and pulse width) on the cutting rate of dry WEDM using cryogenically treated / untreated materials are shown in Figs. 4 (a), (b), (c), and (d). While increasing oxygen gas pressure, the Cutting rate is improved from 3 bar to 5 bar and decreased from 5 to 7 bar(Boopathi and Sivakumar 2013 , 2016 ). The maximum CR has been obtained at moderate pressure (5 bar). The spark transfer efficiency between tool and work materials has been interrupted by the high velocity of oxygen-mist at a high-pressure level(Boopathi et al. 2012 ; Boopathi and Sivakumar 2013 , 2016 ). The cutting rate is improved by increasing the flow rate of mixing water. The flushing efficiency and dielectric strength in the plasma zone While increasing water flow rate with oxygen gas (Boopathi and Sivakumar 2014 ; Boopathi and Myilsamy 2021 ). While increasing pulse width and spark current, the cutting rate has been changed by high heat and spark intensity produced in the cutting zone (Abdulkareem et al. 2009 ; Boopathi and Sivakumar 2013 ; Garg et al. 2017 ). It was revealed that the overall cutting rate of dry WEDM has been improved by cryogenically treated work material. However, the impact of each process parameter on the CR of both processes is comparable. It is revealed that 5 bar of pressure, 16ml/min of the flow rate of mixing water, 5A of current, and 28µs pulse width are the best values of parameters for maximizing cutting rate ( Cryogenically treated: 17.6719 mm 3 /min; Untreated: 14.6112 mm 3 /min) of dry WEDM. It is also noticed that P and PW are significant factors for maximizing the cutting rate. 3.2. Comparative Analysis It was also revealed from Table 6 that the WWR of oxygen-mist dry WEDM using cryogenically treated Stainless Steel is 20.31% higher than untreated material. The SEM 400X enlargement images of wire tools used in dry WEDM processes for both treated and untreated work materials are shown in Figs. 5 (a) and (b) respectively. It was revealed that the wire wear has occurred along with the traveling (longitudinal) direction. The wire tool damages in the cutting of cryogenically treated material are lower than wire damages during the untreated work material because of high heat dissipation capacity and electric conductivity of treated material(Kennedy 2001 ; Kalsi et al. 2010 ; Fard et al. 2013 ; Akincioğlu et al. 2015 ; Mohanty et al. 2018 ). The heat dissipation capacity of the work material is increased by increasing the thermal conductivity of cryogenically treated Stainless Steel. The thermal conductivity of the work material is also improved by increasing electrical conductivity (Mohanty et al. 2018 ). The cutting rate of the dry WEDM using cryogenically treated work material is 22.32% higher than the cutting rate of untreated work material. It is improved by increasing electric and thermal conductivities by the cryogenic treatment process and wide cutting path in the cutting zone(Akincioğlu et al. 2015 ; Garg et al. 2017 ). The flammable oxygen-mist dielectric is also increasing the cutting rate due to accelerating the spark erosion process by ionization, heating, and melting of work material. The microstructure of the machined surfaces of cryogenically treated / untreated stainless steel of Near-dry WEDM is exposed in Figs. 6 (a) and 6(b). The specimens for the microstructural analysis has been prepared using optimum cutting rate condition(P 2 F 3 C 3 PW 3 ). It was observed that the surface roughness of the cryogenically treated materials(surface roughness: 2.71 µm) is lower than untreated steel(surface roughness: 3.06 µm). The confirmation tests were supported to authorize the results predicted by the Taguchi technique using optimum parameters settings. The maximum cutting rate of dry WEDM using cryogenically treated work material and untreated work materials are predicted as 17.8719 mm 3 /min and 14.6112 mm 3 /min respectively. Similarly, the optimum WWR using cryogenically treated and untreated Stainless Steel is obtained as 0.4022×10 − 3 % and 0.4840×10 − 3 % respectively. Table 6 Comparison of dry WEDM performances using Cryogenically treated and untreated Stainless Steel. Response Material Optimum parameters Prediction Confirmation Experiments CR (mm 3 /min) Cryogenic treated Stainless Steel P 2 -F 3 -C 3 -PW 3 14.6112 14.52 Untreated Stainless Steel 17.8719 17.65 WWR (%) Cryogenic treated Stainless Steel P 3 -F 3 -C 1 PW 1 0.4022 0.41 Untreated Stainless Steel 0.4840 0.48 4. Conclusions In this research, cryogenically treated and untreated Stainless Steel materials have been maintained by oxygen-mist NDWEDM processes. The CR of dry WEDM using cryogenically treated and untreated materials is amplified by increasing oxygen gas pressure up to 5 bar, then reduced from 5 to 7 bar pressure. The spark transfer has been interpreted by the high pressure of gas in the cutting zone at the maximum pressure. The CR is improved by increasing pulse width, spark current, and mixing water flow rate for both processes. Maximum CR and minimum WRR of both NDWEDM processes is obtained by increasing the water flow rate by enhancing the flushing efficiency, sufficient cooling, and good dielectric strength in the plasma zone. From comparative analysis, it was also revealed that the WWR of cryogenically treated material used in NDWEDM is 20.31% higher than untreated materials by high heat dissipation capacity and electric conductivity. The cutting rate of the cryogenically treated work material is 22.32% higher than the cutting rate of untreated material. The flammable oxygen-mist dielectric is increasing the CR due to accelerating the plasma spark by plasma development, ionization, heating, and melting of work material in the cutting zone. It was discovered from SEM images that the wire damage for cryogenically treated work material is lower than for untreated work material. The cutting path during the process of cryogenically treated work material is higher than the untreated work material cutting process. Declarations Ethics approval Not Applicable Consent to participate Not Applicable Consent for publication Not Applicable Authors Contributions Sampath Boopathi contributed to conducting experiments, experimental design, analyzing and interpreting the data regarding the near-dry WEDM. Funding No fund Received Competing Interests The author declares that no competing interests. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author and included in this article. References Abdulkareem S, Khan AA, Konneh M (2009) Reducing electrode wear ratio using cryogenic cooling during electrical discharge machining. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 45:1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2060-5 Akincioğlu S, Gökkaya H, Uygur İ (2015) A review of cryogenic treatment on cutting tools. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 78:1609–1627 Amorim FL, Torres RD, Laurindo CAH, Reolon LW (2019) Performance and surface integrity of wire electrical discharge machining of thin Ti6Al4V plate using coated and uncoated wires. Materials Research 22:4–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2019-0127 Boopathi S, Myilsamy S (2021) Material removal rate and surface roughness study on Near-dry wire electrical discharge Machining process. Materials Today: Proceedings 45:8149–8156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.267 Boopathi S, Rameshkumar M (2011) Economic and Environmental Consequences of the Impact of Industrial Pollution: A Case Experience of Domestic Rural Water Supply. International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics 20:75–94 Boopathi S, Sivakumar K (2016) Optimal parameter prediction of oxygen-mist near-dry Wire-cut EDM. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management 30:164–178. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMTM.2016.077812 Boopathi S, Sivakumar K (2013) Experimental investigation and parameter optimization of near-dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 67:2639–2655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-4680-4 Boopathi S, Sivakumar K (2014) Study of water assisted dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences 21:75–82. https://doi.org/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/27453 Boopathi S, Sivakumar K, Kalidas R (2012) Parametric Study of Dry WEDM Using Taguchi Method. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 2:1–6 Chityal NS, Bhandare A, Dabade UA (2019) Experimental investigation on a shield and magnetic assisted EDM of EN24 steel. Materials Today: Proceedings 19:594–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.075 De Mello Belentani R, Júnior HF, Canarim RC, et al (2014) Utilization of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) with water in CBN grinding of steel. Materials Research 17:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392013005000165 Dhakar K, Chaudhary K, Dvivedi A, Bembalge O (2019) An environment-friendly and sustainable machining method: near-dry EDM. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 34:1307–1315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1643471 Dhakar K, Pundir H, Dvivedi A, Kumar P (2015) Near-dry electrical discharge machining of stainless steel. International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials 17:127–138. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMM.2015.070917 Fard RK, Afza RA, Teimouri R (2013) Experimental investigation, intelligent modeling and multi-characteristics optimization of dry WEDM process of Al-SiC metal matrix composite. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 15:483–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2013.09.002 Ganachari VS, Chate UN, Waghmode LY, et al (2019) A comparative performance study of dry and near dry EDM processes in machining of spring steel material. Materials Today: Proceedings 18:5247–5257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.525 Garg MP, Kumar A, Sahu CK (2017) Mathematical modeling and analysis of WEDM machining parameters of nickel-based super alloy using response surface methodology. Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences 42:981–1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-017-0647-3 Goyal A, Pandey A, Sharma P (2017) An experimental study of aerospace material during fabrication of V groove using wedm. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 7:249–258. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun201726 Jafferson JM, Hariharan P (2013) Machining performance of cryogenically treated electrodes in microelectric discharge machining: A comparative experimental study. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 28:397–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2013.763955 Kalsi NS, Sehgal R, Sharma VS (2010) Cryogenic treatment of tool materials: A review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 25:1077–1100 Kennedy D (2001) Cryogenic Treatment Enhances Stability For Wire EDM Operation. Wire Kumar S V, Kumar M P (2015) Experimental investigation of the process parameters in cryogenic cooled electrode in EDM. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29:3865–3871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-0832-4 Mohammed MT (2018) Investigate WEDM Process Parameters on Wire Wear Ratio, Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness of Steel 1012 AISI. Engineering and Technology Journal 36:. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.36.3a.3 Mohanty CP, Satpathy MP, Mahapatra SS, Singh MR (2018) Optimization of cryo-treated EDM variables using TOPSIS-based TLBO algorithm. Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences 43:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-018-0829-7 Myilsamy S, Sampath B (2021) Experimental comparison of near-dry and cryogenically cooled near-dry machining in wire-cut electrical discharge machining processes. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 9:035015. https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/ac15e0 Saha SK, Choudhury SK (2009) Experimental investigation and empirical modeling of the dry electric discharge machining process. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 49:297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2008.10.012 Sampath B, Myilsamy S (2021) Experimental investigation of a cryogenically cooled oxygen-mist near-dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining process. Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering 67:322–330. https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2021.7161 Singh H, Singh A (2012) Wear Behavior of AISI D3 Die Steel Using Cryogenic Treated Copper and Brass Electrode in Electric Discharge Machining. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research 2:4462–4464 Srivastava V, Pandey PM (2012a) Performance evaluation of electrical discharge machining (EDM) process using cryogenically cooled electrode. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 27:683–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2011.602790 Srivastava V, Pandey PM (2012b) Effect of process parameters on the performance of EDM process with ultrasonic assisted cryogenically cooled electrode. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 14:393–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2012.05.001 Sundriyal S, Vipin, Walia RS (2020) Study on the influence of metallic powder in near-dry electric discharge machining. Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering 66:243–253. https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2019.6475 Valaki JB, Rathod PP (2016) Assessment of operational feasibility of waste vegetable oil based bio-dielectric fluid for sustainable electric discharge machining (EDM). International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 87:1509–1518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7169-0 Valaki JB, Rathod PP, Khatri BC (2015) Environmental impact, personnel health and operational safety aspects of electric discharge machining: A review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 229:1481–1491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405414543314 Yadav VK, Kumar P, Dvivedi A (2019) Performance enhancement of rotary tool near-dry EDM of HSS by supplying oxygen gas in the dielectric medium. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 34:1832–1846. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1675889 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jun, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Jun, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 16 May, 2022 First submitted to journal 05 May, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1628624","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":113501935,"identity":"46e71b6a-8c28-4e52-b5ca-d2048144bb81","order_by":0,"name":"SAMPATH BOOPATHI","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyQ24wMgwcNHihZmEIeHjRQtbBJgkpAWc/bmYw9+/LHLk3dvPlb5NcdOho2B+eGjG3i0WPYcSzfsbUsuNjxzLO227LZkoMPYjI1z8DnsRo6ZBG8Dc+LGGTlmtyW3MQO18LBJE9Ii+edPfeLG+e+/FUtuqydOizQP2+HE+RI8bIwftx0mrAXkF2PZtuOJG3jSjKUZtx3nYWMm4BdQiD1886c6cX774Ycff26rtudnb374GJ8WBlhEGBwAxiUPiMWMXzlCi3wDMMX8IKx6FIyCUTAKRiAAAKoBR0n7HDr4AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2065-6539","institution":"Muthayammal Engineering College","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"SAMPATH","middleName":"","lastName":"BOOPATHI","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-05-06 07:28:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1628624/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1628624/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":23020974,"identity":"1bd1e549-315d-462f-a339-9253c459d7c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-23 20:19:58","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71694,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic arrangement of NDWEDM of cryogenic treated Stainless Steel\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1628624/v1/55e703d493228b7873c34ba1.png"},{"id":23020568,"identity":"ecd808f4-4691-48e1-aaeb-5b51557a6671","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-23 20:09:58","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":320378,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental Setup for Near-dry WEDM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1628624/v1/9f5a12ac4507b8bb0e971e1d.png"},{"id":23020565,"identity":"5dbf1ae2-34d9-439a-a96d-97a31137ff3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-23 20:09:58","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of process parameter’s effects on WWR of dry WEDM (a) Pressure vs WWR.\u0026nbsp;(b) Flow rate vs WWR. (c) Spark Current Vs WWR. (d) Pulse width vs WWR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1628624/v1/fd8ca7b9ea8ba519477503dd.png"},{"id":23020758,"identity":"3af71338-7104-4a9a-a0f2-6a38193953cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-23 20:14:58","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48768,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of process parameter’s effects on CR of dry WEDM (a) Pressure vs CR.\u0026nbsp;(b) Flow rate vs CR.\u0026nbsp;(c) Spark Current Vs CR.\u0026nbsp;(d) Pulse width vs CR\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1628624/v1/54ae8f3edfbc9591794e7755.png"},{"id":23020567,"identity":"4c2221d6-355b-4544-bece-be13263462a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-23 20:09:58","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":379553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicroscopic Analysis of wire wear of NDWEDM Processes using best parameters’ settings (P3F3C1PW1) for minimizing WWR using (a) Cryogenically treated Stainless Steel, (b) Untreated Stainless Steel.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1628624/v1/11f3dd5cd37d8293b538ec20.png"},{"id":23020759,"identity":"f200835f-a2ad-4536-97f9-d7b3d24dcb9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-23 20:14:58","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":611164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicroscopic view of\u0026nbsp;(a) Cryogenically treated Stainless Steel(surface roughness: 2.71 µm), (b) Untreated Stainless Steel(surface roughness: 3.06 µm) best parameters’ settings (P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePW\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) for maximum Cutting rate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1628624/v1/fa6f8c086baa9f273501ff37.png"},{"id":23021014,"identity":"8fe6bab5-12ab-49b0-9531-4c7b5ff257ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-23 20:20:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1392942,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1628624/v1/dc4d4920-51c8-4129-8fd5-f9a64b2c86a1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects of Cryogenically-treated Stainless Steel on Eco-friendly Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Process","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Wire-cut Electrical discharge machining is one of the micro-machining process to cut the hard materials without demaging surfaces(Amorim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). After ISO-14000 implementations in materials processing industries, eco-friendly manufacturing methods have been proposed to minimize environmental impacts. The high-quality complex structures have been formed in hard materials by electrical discharge machining processes. It was observed that many harmful contaminants have been emitted during liquid dielectric EDM processes(Valaki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The change of the working medium with minimum quantity of lubrication is one of the important EDM development activities to minimize the environmental impacts(De Mello Belentani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In dry EDM processes, the pressurized gas/air had been applied as the fluid to replace the liquid dielectric system(Dhakar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, the machining performance of the pure air/gas dielectric EDM process is lower than liquid processes. The air-must/ gas-mist near-dry EDM is an alternative method to enhance the performance of dry EDM (Ganachari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Sundriyal et al. 2020). Many research activities have been performed to increase the machining performance of the dry WEDM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe literature on cryogenic treated/cooled workpieces and tool materials used in various EDM research have been discussed below. The cryogenically cooled copper tool was used in dry EDM experiments to boost the cutting rate and surface finish and minimize tool wear rate while comparing untreated tools used in EDM (Srivastava and Pandey \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012a\u003c/span\u003e). The electrode wear rate of kerosine dielectric-based EDM processes had significantly been decreased by cryogenically treated copper and brass electrodes (Singh and Singh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The ultrasonic-assisted cryo-cooled copper electrode EDM process using has been performed to enhance the machining characteristics by recast-layer in the surfaces (Srivastava and Pandey \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012b\u003c/span\u003e). The tool wear rate of micro-EDM is momentously reduced by cryogenically treated Tungsten, brass, and copper electrodes while comparing untreated electrodes (Jafferson and Hariharan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Electrode wear rate and surface topography of workpiece of liquid dielectric EDM were significantly reduced cryogenically cooled square-shaped copper electrodes (Kumar S and Kumar M 2015). The effect of cryogenic treated and untreated tool electrodes on cutting rate and surface roughness of conventional EDM have been compared using Inconel-625 workpiece material. It was observed that the machining characteristics have been improved by cryogenic treatments(Goyal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In the above-mentioned literature, the cryogenically cooled/ treated various tools were only used in conventional EDM experiments. In the dry die-sinking EDM, the cryo-cooled copper tool was first applied using titanium alloy to investigate the effect of process parameters on electrode wear rate and surface topography. It was concluded that the reduction of EWR of the cryogenically cooled electrode is 27% lower than untreated tools (Abdulkareem et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The cryogenically cooled wire tool was first presented in the water-assisted dry WEDM experiments to cut the Inconel-718 material. It was revealed that the cryogenically cooled wire wear ratio is decreased to 29%, SR is reduced to 7.23% and MRR is increased to 15.6% while comparing using untreated wire tools (Myilsamy and Sampath \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Sampath and Myilsamy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Very recently, the influences of cooled Inconel work materials on the ecofriendly WEDM process have been investigated and optimized to find the best operating conditions(Boopathi and Rameshkumar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was revealed from the aforementioned literature that very few cryogenically treated work materials were investigated in the dry wire-cut EDM. However, there are no experimental investigations found on NDWEDM of cryogenic-treated stainless steel. This research gap has been fulfilled by this research work. The cryogenically treated Stainless Steel material is cut by near-dry WEDM using oxygen-mist dielectrics to improve the performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe 5 mm thickness of Stainless Steel Grade-317 work material and 0.2mm diameter of Molybdenum wire tool is applied. The stainless steel Grade-317 has been used to make the bio-medical-human parts(Dhakar et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The work material was cooled at -195\u0026deg;C temperature of liquid nitrogen for 20 hours. Initially, It was cooled from room temperature 30\u0026deg;C to -195\u0026deg;C for 8 hours. In the second phase, the low temperature was constantly maintained for the next 20 hours. Later, the temperature was amplified from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;195\u0026deg;C to 30\u0026deg;C in the last 8 hours. The chemical structure of the Stainless Steel sheet is listed in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CNC-E3-DK7720 model wire-cut electrical discharge machine was used to conduct the experiments. The schematic arrangement and experimental setup of the Near-dry WEDM setup to cut the cryogenic treated Stainless Steel are shown in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003erespectively. The water and pressurized oxygen gas were passed in the two coaxial hoses. At the end of the coaxial tubes, the minimum quantity of water has been atomized by pressurized oxygen gas. While oxygen was supplied in the nozzle, the velocity has been increased and pressure and temperature were dropped to 15\u0026deg;C. The low temperature cooled oxygen-mist is used to increase the cooling and efficiency in the cutting zone. The eroded materials have been disposed of by the high velocity of oxygen-mist. The oxygen pressure and flow rate of water were measured and controlled by a fabricated hydro-pneumatic circuit. The machining parameters have been monitored and controlled by a numerical control program.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical composition of Stainless Steel Grade-317 Sheet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of weight (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe wire wear ratio (WWR) has been measured from the loss of wire materials during the cutting process and the initial weight of the wire is to be taken before the machining process (Mohammed \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) (Eq.\u0026nbsp;(1)).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCutting rate (CR) is found by the ratio of the volume of debris with the specified period as shown in Eq. (2)(Myilsamy and Sampath \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Sampath and Myilsamy \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(CR = w\\times L\\times (d+2G)/ti\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/min (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere, w - workpiece width in mm, L \u0026ndash; cutting length in mm, d- tool diameter in mm, G- Kerf width, in mm, ti - time in minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProcess parameter levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePressure (P)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlow Rate (F)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eml/min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent (C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulse Width (PW)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe process parameters values for the L27 design are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(Myilsamy and Sampath \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Every trial is repeated by two times. The mean values of WWR and CR have been recorded in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Experimental observations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.N.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"31.85550082101806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWWR \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.720853858784892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCR (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/ min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.4%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.466666666666665%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.8%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.374384236453203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.0311986863711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.599343185550081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.25615763546798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.44991789819376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.270935960591133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results And Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of wire wear ratio and cutting rate of Near-dry WEDM using cryogenically treated /untreated Stainless Steel are shown in Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e respectively. The percentage of contribution of each parameters are calculated for the both machining conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of WWR of Near-dry WEDM using cryogenically treated and Untreated Stainless Steel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCryogenically Untreated Stainless-Steel Material\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeq.\u0026nbsp;SS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdj. SS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdj. MS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of contribution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1695\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e493.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e299.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCryogenically Treated Stainless-Steel Material\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e432.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.670\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.465\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab5\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Cutting rate of near-dry WEDM using cryogenically treated Untreated Stainless Steel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCryogenically Untreated Stainless-Steel Material\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeq.\u0026nbsp;SS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdj. SS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdj. MS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of contribution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.7076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1884\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.863\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.863\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCryogenically Treated Stainless-Steel Material\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.5479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.1408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248.855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Process parameters\u0026apos; effects on cutting characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect of oxygen pressure, the flow rate of tap water, spark current, and pulse width on WWR of dry WEDM using cryogenically treated and untreated work materials are shown in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(a), (b), (c), and (d) respectively. The WWR of the cryogenically treated material is lower than the untreated workpiece. However, the variations of all process parameters on WWR on cryogenically treated and untreated materials are comparable. It was revealed that WWR is maximum at a low pressure of oxygen due to poor dielectric strength and low flushing efficiency(Boopathi and Sivakumar \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Yadav et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). While increasing pressure and flow rate, the WWR is significantly minimized by increasing the spark intensity, cooling, and flushing efficiency(Saha and Choudhury \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Boopathi and Sivakumar \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Mohammed \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Chityal et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). While increasing C and PW, the WWR is increased by increasing the intensity of spark and depth of crater(Abdulkareem et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). While increasing PW, the WWR is increased by growing heat in the cutting zone(Valaki and Rathod \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). It is observed that 7 bar of pressure, 16ml/min of the flow rate of mixing water, 3A of current, and 16\u0026micro;s pulse width are optimum values of parameters for minimum WWR (Cryogenically treated: 0.4022 \u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e%; Untreated: 0.4840 \u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e%) of dry WEDM. It is also detected that P, C, and PW are the significant factors for WWR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe influences of each process parameter (oxygen pressure, the flow rate of tap water, spark current, and pulse width) on the cutting rate of dry WEDM using cryogenically treated / untreated materials are shown in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(a), (b), (c), and (d). While increasing oxygen gas pressure, the Cutting rate is improved from 3 bar to 5 bar and decreased from 5 to 7 bar(Boopathi and Sivakumar \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum CR has been obtained at moderate pressure (5 bar). The spark transfer efficiency between tool and work materials has been interrupted by the high velocity of oxygen-mist at a high-pressure level(Boopathi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Boopathi and Sivakumar \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The cutting rate is improved by increasing the flow rate of mixing water. The flushing efficiency and dielectric strength in the plasma zone While increasing water flow rate with oxygen gas (Boopathi and Sivakumar \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Boopathi and Myilsamy \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). While increasing pulse width and spark current, the cutting rate has been changed by high heat and spark intensity produced in the cutting zone (Abdulkareem et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Boopathi and Sivakumar \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Garg et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). It was revealed that the overall cutting rate of dry WEDM has been improved by cryogenically treated work material. However, the impact of each process parameter on the CR of both processes is comparable. It is revealed that 5 bar of pressure, 16ml/min of the flow rate of mixing water, 5A of current, and 28\u0026micro;s pulse width are the best values of parameters for maximizing cutting rate ( Cryogenically treated: 17.6719 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/min; Untreated: 14.6112 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/min) of dry WEDM. It is also noticed that P and PW are significant factors for maximizing the cutting rate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Comparative Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt was also revealed from Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e that the WWR of oxygen-mist dry WEDM using cryogenically treated Stainless Steel is 20.31% higher than untreated material. The SEM 400X enlargement images of wire tools used in dry WEDM processes for both treated and untreated work materials are shown in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e (a) and (b) respectively. It was revealed that the wire wear has occurred along with the traveling (longitudinal) direction. The wire tool damages in the cutting of cryogenically treated material are lower than wire damages during the untreated work material because of high heat dissipation capacity and electric conductivity of treated material(Kennedy \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Kalsi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Fard et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Akincioğlu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Mohanty et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The heat dissipation capacity of the work material is increased by increasing the thermal conductivity of cryogenically treated Stainless Steel. The thermal conductivity of the work material is also improved by increasing electrical conductivity (Mohanty et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The cutting rate of the dry WEDM using cryogenically treated work material is 22.32% higher than the cutting rate of untreated work material. It is improved by increasing electric and thermal conductivities by the cryogenic treatment process and wide cutting path in the cutting zone(Akincioğlu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Garg et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The flammable oxygen-mist dielectric is also increasing the cutting rate due to accelerating the spark erosion process by ionization, heating, and melting of work material. The microstructure of the machined surfaces of cryogenically treated / untreated stainless steel of Near-dry WEDM is exposed in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e (a) and 6(b). The specimens for the microstructural analysis has been prepared using optimum cutting rate condition(P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePW\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). It was observed that the surface roughness of the cryogenically treated materials(surface roughness: 2.71 \u0026micro;m) is lower than untreated steel(surface roughness: 3.06 \u0026micro;m).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe confirmation tests were supported to authorize the results predicted by the Taguchi technique using optimum parameters settings. The maximum cutting rate of dry WEDM using cryogenically treated work material and untreated work materials are predicted as 17.8719 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/min and 14.6112 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/min respectively. Similarly, the optimum WWR using cryogenically treated and untreated Stainless Steel is obtained as 0.4022\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e% and 0.4840\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e% respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab6\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of dry WEDM performances using Cryogenically treated and untreated Stainless Steel.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResponse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOptimum parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrediction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfirmation Experiments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCR (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCryogenic treated Stainless Steel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-F\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-PW\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.6112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated Stainless Steel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWWR (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCryogenic treated Stainless Steel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-F\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003ePW\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated Stainless Steel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this research, cryogenically treated and untreated Stainless Steel materials have been maintained by oxygen-mist NDWEDM processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CR of dry WEDM using cryogenically treated and untreated materials is amplified by increasing oxygen gas pressure up to 5 bar, then reduced from 5 to 7 bar pressure. The spark transfer has been interpreted by the high pressure of gas in the cutting zone at the maximum pressure. The CR is improved by increasing pulse width, spark current, and mixing water flow rate for both processes. Maximum CR and minimum WRR of both NDWEDM processes is obtained by increasing the water flow rate by enhancing the flushing efficiency, sufficient cooling, and good dielectric strength in the plasma zone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom comparative analysis, it was also revealed that the WWR of cryogenically treated material used in NDWEDM is 20.31% higher than untreated materials by high heat dissipation capacity and electric conductivity. The cutting rate of the cryogenically treated work material is 22.32% higher than the cutting rate of untreated material. The flammable oxygen-mist dielectric is increasing the CR due to accelerating the plasma spark by plasma development, ionization, heating, and melting of work material in the cutting zone. It was discovered from SEM images that the wire damage for cryogenically treated work material is lower than for untreated work material. The cutting path during the process of cryogenically treated work material is higher than the untreated work material cutting process.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSampath Boopathi contributed to conducting experiments, experimental design, analyzing and interpreting the data regarding the near-dry WEDM.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo fund Received\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares that no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author and included in this article.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbdulkareem S, Khan AA, Konneh M (2009) Reducing electrode wear ratio using cryogenic cooling during electrical discharge machining. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 45:1146\u0026ndash;1151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2060-5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkincioğlu S, G\u0026ouml;kkaya H, Uygur İ (2015) A review of cryogenic treatment on cutting tools. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 78:1609\u0026ndash;1627\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmorim FL, Torres RD, Laurindo CAH, Reolon LW (2019) Performance and surface integrity of wire electrical discharge machining of thin Ti6Al4V plate using coated and uncoated wires. Materials Research 22:4\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2019-0127\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoopathi S, Myilsamy S (2021) Material removal rate and surface roughness study on Near-dry wire electrical discharge Machining process. Materials Today: Proceedings 45:8149\u0026ndash;8156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.267\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoopathi S, Rameshkumar M (2011) Economic and Environmental Consequences of the Impact of Industrial Pollution: A Case Experience of Domestic Rural Water Supply. International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics 20:75\u0026ndash;94\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoopathi S, Sivakumar K (2016) Optimal parameter prediction of oxygen-mist near-dry Wire-cut EDM. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management 30:164\u0026ndash;178. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMTM.2016.077812\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoopathi S, Sivakumar K (2013) Experimental investigation and parameter optimization of near-dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 67:2639\u0026ndash;2655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-4680-4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoopathi S, Sivakumar K (2014) Study of water assisted dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences 21:75\u0026ndash;82. https://doi.org/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/27453\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoopathi S, Sivakumar K, Kalidas R (2012) Parametric Study of Dry WEDM Using Taguchi Method. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 2:1\u0026ndash;6\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChityal NS, Bhandare A, Dabade UA (2019) Experimental investigation on a shield and magnetic assisted EDM of EN24 steel. Materials Today: Proceedings 19:594\u0026ndash;598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.075\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDe Mello Belentani R, J\u0026uacute;nior HF, Canarim RC, et al (2014) Utilization of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) with water in CBN grinding of steel. Materials Research 17:88\u0026ndash;96. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392013005000165\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDhakar K, Chaudhary K, Dvivedi A, Bembalge O (2019) An environment-friendly and sustainable machining method: near-dry EDM. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 34:1307\u0026ndash;1315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1643471\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDhakar K, Pundir H, Dvivedi A, Kumar P (2015) Near-dry electrical discharge machining of stainless steel. International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials 17:127\u0026ndash;138. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMM.2015.070917\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFard RK, Afza RA, Teimouri R (2013) Experimental investigation, intelligent modeling and multi-characteristics optimization of dry WEDM process of Al-SiC metal matrix composite. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 15:483\u0026ndash;494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2013.09.002\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGanachari VS, Chate UN, Waghmode LY, et al (2019) A comparative performance study of dry and near dry EDM processes in machining of spring steel material. Materials Today: Proceedings 18:5247\u0026ndash;5257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.525\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGarg MP, Kumar A, Sahu CK (2017) Mathematical modeling and analysis of WEDM machining parameters of nickel-based super alloy using response surface methodology. Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences 42:981\u0026ndash;1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-017-0647-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGoyal A, Pandey A, Sharma P (2017) An experimental study of aerospace material during fabrication of V groove using wedm. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 7:249\u0026ndash;258. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun201726\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJafferson JM, Hariharan P (2013) Machining performance of cryogenically treated electrodes in microelectric discharge machining: A comparative experimental study. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 28:397\u0026ndash;402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2013.763955\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKalsi NS, Sehgal R, Sharma VS (2010) Cryogenic treatment of tool materials: A review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 25:1077\u0026ndash;1100\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKennedy D (2001) Cryogenic Treatment Enhances Stability For Wire EDM Operation. Wire\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar S V, Kumar M P (2015) Experimental investigation of the process parameters in cryogenic cooled electrode in EDM. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29:3865\u0026ndash;3871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-0832-4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohammed MT (2018) Investigate WEDM Process Parameters on Wire Wear Ratio, Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness of Steel 1012 AISI. Engineering and Technology Journal 36:. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.36.3a.3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohanty CP, Satpathy MP, Mahapatra SS, Singh MR (2018) Optimization of cryo-treated EDM variables using TOPSIS-based TLBO algorithm. Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences 43:1\u0026ndash;18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-018-0829-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMyilsamy S, Sampath B (2021) Experimental comparison of near-dry and cryogenically cooled near-dry machining in wire-cut electrical discharge machining processes. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 9:035015. https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/ac15e0\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSaha SK, Choudhury SK (2009) Experimental investigation and empirical modeling of the dry electric discharge machining process. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 49:297\u0026ndash;308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2008.10.012\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSampath B, Myilsamy S (2021) Experimental investigation of a cryogenically cooled oxygen-mist near-dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining process. Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering 67:322\u0026ndash;330. https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2021.7161\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh H, Singh A (2012) Wear Behavior of AISI D3 Die Steel Using Cryogenic Treated Copper and Brass Electrode in Electric Discharge Machining. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research 2:4462\u0026ndash;4464\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSrivastava V, Pandey PM (2012a) Performance evaluation of electrical discharge machining (EDM) process using cryogenically cooled electrode. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 27:683\u0026ndash;688. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2011.602790\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSrivastava V, Pandey PM (2012b) Effect of process parameters on the performance of EDM process with ultrasonic assisted cryogenically cooled electrode. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 14:393\u0026ndash;402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2012.05.001\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSundriyal S, Vipin, Walia RS (2020) Study on the influence of metallic powder in near-dry electric discharge machining. Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering 66:243\u0026ndash;253. https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2019.6475\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eValaki JB, Rathod PP (2016) Assessment of operational feasibility of waste vegetable oil based bio-dielectric fluid for sustainable electric discharge machining (EDM). International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 87:1509\u0026ndash;1518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7169-0\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eValaki JB, Rathod PP, Khatri BC (2015) Environmental impact, personnel health and operational safety aspects of electric discharge machining: A review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 229:1481\u0026ndash;1491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405414543314\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYadav VK, Kumar P, Dvivedi A (2019) Performance enhancement of rotary tool near-dry EDM of HSS by supplying oxygen gas in the dielectric medium. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 34:1832\u0026ndash;1846. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1675889\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Cryogenic treatment, Stainless steel, Cutting rate, Wire wear ratio, Oxygen-mist","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1628624/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1628624/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this research, the influences of cryogenically treated stainless steel-grade 317 on the eco-friendly near-dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining (NDWEDM) processes have been investigated using minimum quantity of water mixed with oxygen gas dielectrics. The stainless-steel Grade-317 has been applied to make the various biomedical components. The wear ratio (WWR), and cutting rate (CR) are compared using cryogenically treated and un-treated work materials. The water flow rate, gas pressure, spark current, and pulse width had been considered as process parameters. All the tests were performed and compared by Taguchi\u0026rsquo;s L27 orthogonal array. The surface topography of the machined surfaces and wear of wire had been illustrated for both treated/untreated materials by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. It was reported that the WWR and CR of cryogenically treated materials are 20.31% lower and 22.32% higher than untreated materials respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of Cryogenically-treated Stainless Steel on Eco-friendly Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Process","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-06-23 20:09:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1628624/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2022-06-14T16:25:46+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-06-14T12:10:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-05-16T05:29:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-05-06T03:25:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"83a411bd-9f09-4539-af2d-ab423dad49d1","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 23rd, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-08-29T19:09:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-06-23 20:09:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1628624","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1628624","identity":"rs-1628624","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}