Effects of Postnatal Propolis Supplementation at Different Doses on Igg and Igm Levels, Oxidative Stress Markers, Hematological Parameters, and Growth Performance in Saanen Kids

Effects of Postnatal Propolis Supplementation at Different Doses on Igg and Igm Levels, Oxidative Stress Markers, Hematological Parameters, and Growth Performance in Saanen Kids | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Postnatal Propolis Supplementation at Different Doses on Igg and Igm Levels, Oxidative Stress Markers, Hematological Parameters, and Growth Performance in Saanen Kids Alkan ÇAĞLI, Murat YILMAZ This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9209090/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigated the effects of different doses of propolis supplementation on IgG and IgM levels, oxidative stress markers, blood parameters, and growth performance in Saanen kids during pre- and post-weaning periods. Thirty one-week-old Saanen kids were divided into three groups: control, 0.2 ml propolis, and 0.4 ml propolis (n = 10 per group), and all were fed the same diet. Growth parameters were monitored for 16 weeks, along with fecal scores. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological values, oxidative stress indicators (MDA, GSH), and serum IgG and IgM levels. The effects of both propolis supplementation doses on body growth parameters, IgG and IgM levels, and oxidative stress markers were found to be statistically not significant (P > 0.05). Analysis of hematological values showed that all parameters, except for RBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, were within the reference ranges for kids. No mortality was observed during the pre-weaning period. Although differences among groups were statistically not significant, kids supplemented with 0.4 ml propolis showed better growth performance. Mild diarrhea was observed in a few animals in both propolis groups during this period. In the post-weaning period, two kid deaths occurred in the control group during the 1st and 2nd weeks, and one death each occurred in the 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml propolis groups during the 7th week. Pneumonia was identified as the cause of death. Therefore, propolis supplementation is recommended during critical periods to potentially support kid health and reduce mortality. Saanen Kid Propolis IgG IgM Oxidative stress Whole blood Figures Figure 1 Introduction In goat production systems, the kid-rearing phase represents the most vulnerable component of overall sustainability. Mortality rates among newborns typically peak within the first week postpartum and show a gradual decline approaching weaning. Effective management of this critical window is determinant for herd replacement efficiency and the optimization of subsequent growth and fattening performance (Savaş, 2007; Pala and Gülşen, 2021; Manav, 2021). This period is characterized by a high clinical and economic risk profile, as inadequate husbandry and feeding practices frequently lead to diarrhea and other infectious disorders, thereby increasing veterinary expenditures and reducing profitability. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of milk production must be diverted to kid feeding, further constraining economic returns at the farm level (Savaş, 2007; Manav, 2023). Field observations in Turkey indicate that farmers widely report losses associated with kid mortality, with diarrhea-related deaths differing significantly according to region and production system (Koyuncu et al., 2006; Savaş, 2007; Kandemir and Koşum, 2015; Manav, 2023). Globally, neonatal mortality rates in small ruminants have been documented to range between 11.5–37% in kids and 8–30% in lambs (Singh et al., 2008; Dwyer et al., 2016; Aydoğdu, 2016; İder and Ertürk, 2023). Neonatal and post-neonatal diarrhea syndromes are multifactorial in origin. The principal bacterial pathogens include enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella spp., and Clostridium perfringens type B; among these, E. coli has been identified as the causative agent in 42–63.4% of diarrheic lambs (Sharif et al., 2005; Holmøy et al., 2017). Rotavirus and coronavirus infections may accompany diarrheal outbreaks during the early postnatal weeks. Among protozoal agents, Cryptosporidium parvum is considered the primary etiological agent, while coccidiosis and giardiasis are also of clinical importance (Navarre and Pugh, 2002; Sargison et al., 2018; Mahmut et al., 2019; İder and Ertürk, 2023). Effective control requires an integrated approach encompassing housing and bedding hygiene, colostrum management, nutritional adequacy, and immune support. In recent years, ionophore antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and growth promoters have been increasingly incorporated into ruminant diets to suppress pathogenic microorganisms, mitigate the adverse effects of ruminal gases, and enhance feed efficiency and growth performance (Kabiloglu and Kocabaglı, 2022; Kabiloglu, 2025). However, concerns related to residue accumulation, antimicrobial resistance, potential impacts on human health, and food allergies have rendered the sustainability of such chemical additives increasingly controversial (Russell and Houlihan, 2003). Consequently, there has been growing interest in natural and economically viable alternatives, including probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, enzymes, and plant-derived phytobiotic compounds (Silici and Güçlü, 2018; Arslan et al., 2017). Among these natural alternatives, propolis stands out due to its rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids including flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, and flavanones as well as terpenes and their esters, which collectively constitute the biochemical basis of its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, analgesic, immunostimulatory, and regenerative properties (Bankova, 2005; Nolkemper et al., 2010; Kamburoğlu and Özen, 2011; Ahmadabadi et al., 2023). Both experimental and applied studies have demonstrated that propolis contributes to improvements in zootechnical performance, suppression of selected diseases, hypocholesterolemic effects, and favorable alterations in digestive enzyme activity and hepatic function. Moreover, by modulating the intestinal microbiota, propolis plays a supportive role in nutrient absorption and immune regulation (Hajalizadeh et al., 2019; Safaei et al., 2022; Shokri et al., 2023; Shahsavari et al., 2023; Mohammadabadi et al., 2024). Despite increasing evidence in ruminants, controlled data on the effects of propolis in kids particularly during the critical pre- and post-weaning periods remain limited. In cattle, ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) has been reported to be effective against approximately 41% of mastitis pathogens, notably Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli; in calves, EEP has been shown to alleviate ruminal gas effects and reduce the incidence of diarrhea (Hegazi et al., 2021b; Slanzon et al., 2019; Kabiloglu et al., 2023). In lambs, raw propolis has been observed to enhance dry matter digestibility, whereas green and brown propolis have improved dry matter intake, feed efficiency, and average daily weight gain. Conversely, high doses of EEP (> 8 mL/lamb/day) have been associated with adverse effects (Itavo et al., 2009; Itavo et al., 2011; Silva et al., 2012, 2019). Some studies have also reported increases in serum IgM and IgA levels (Shedeed et al., 2019; Cecere et al., 2021). Moreover, propolis exhibits marked antibacterial activity against Enterococcus spp., E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and has shown synergistic effects with certain antibiotics in specific contexts. Its antifungal and antiviral properties have likewise been documented across multiple studies (Grange and Davey, 1990; Kujumgiev et al., 1999; Martin and Pileggi, 2004; Yıldırım et al., 2004; Silici and Kutluca, 2005; Funari and Ferro, 2006; Mercan, 2006; Noori et al., 2012; Kuropatnicki et al., 2013; Sforcin, 2016; Kasiotis et al., 2017; Ismael et al., 2019; Przybyłek and Karpiński, 2019; Moreno et al., 2020; Mojarab et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2021; Özdemir et al., 2022). The present study aims to evaluate the effects of different doses of ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) supplementation on growth and developmental indicators, as well as on whole-blood parameters, serum IgG and IgM concentrations, and oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in goat kids. The study is expected to strengthen the limited evidence base regarding EEP use in small ruminants and to provide a scientific foundation for the development of sustainable and functional feeding strategies in goat production systems. Animal Material The animal material of the study consisted of 30 Saanen kids (18 males and 12 females) of the same age, born at the end of March 2022 to 25 synchronized Saanen does maintained at the Goat Breeding Unit of the Livestock Research and Application Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University. The kids were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: Group 1 (Control group): no propolis supplementation, Group 2 (EEP 0.2 mL group): supplemented with 0.2 mL ethanolic propolis extract, Group 3 (EEP 0.4 mL group): supplemented with 0.4 mL ethanolic propolis extract. Each group comprised 10 kids, including six males and four females (Fig. 1 ). Study Area The study was conducted at a farm located at an altitude of 52 meters above sea level, at coordinates 37°45′03.31″ N and 27°45′27.16″ E. The region is characterized by a Mediterranean climate. The experimental facility consisted of 30 semi-open individual pens, each measuring 1.5 × 1.5 meters, constructed of metal frames and covered with a shed-type roof made of asbestos (eternit) material, open on all four sides to ensure adequate ventilation. During the experimental period, the kids were divided into three groups of ten animals, and each animal was housed individually within its designated pen. Experimental Design Forty-eight hours prior to housing, each of the semi-open individual pens (1.5 × 1.5 m) designated for the kids was cleaned and maintained. Following sanitation of the experimental area, lime powder was applied to the pen floors for disinfection, and a layer of fresh bedding material was subsequently placed on top. To establish the control, 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) groups (Fig. 1 ), all kids were separated from their dams, and their baseline serum immunoglobulin concentrations were determined at the beginning of the trial. The following day, the animals were assigned into three homogeneous groups based on live weight, litter size (singleton or twin), sex, and initial serum Ig levels, ensuring comparable characteristics across treatments (Table 1 ). Table 1 Pre- and post-weaning experimental design. Groups n Pre-weaning period Post-weaning period Control 10 Breast milk Roughage and Concentrate Feed (RCF) 0,2 ml propolis 10 Breast milk + 0,2 ml propolis RCF + 0,2 ml propolis 0,4 ml propolis 10 Breast milk + 0,4 ml propolis RCF + 0,4 ml propolis Feeding Regimen At the beginning of the trial, the daily milk allowance offered to the kids was adjusted to 10% of their live body weight. The kids were bottle-fed twice daily between 06:00–08:00 and 18:00–20:00 h. Propolis supplementation was administered orally using a needle-free insulin syringe at doses of 0.2 mL and 0.4 mL once daily for 8 weeks during the pre-weaning period and for 8 weeks during the post-weaning period. The propolis extract was supplied by Idapolis, a company located in the Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Technopark. During the pre-weaning period, the milk allowance was adjusted weekly according to the average live weight of the kids during the first six weeks of the trial. One week after the start of the experiment, 100 g of concentrate feed (kid starter feed) was offered to the kids. From the fourth week onward, when the kids began consuming concentrate feed, the amount of concentrate was progressively increased based on their live weight gain. In addition, roughage (straw and alfalfa hay) was provided as a supplement. Starting from the sixth week of the experiment, the milk allowance was gradually reduced to minimize stress during the weaning process. The kids were completely weaned at 8 weeks of age (Table 2 ). During the post-weaning period, the kids were allocated to a feeding program based on their body weight gains, consisting of a concentrate feed (kid grower feed) and roughage (straw and alfalfa hay). All three groups received equal amounts of both roughage and concentrate feed. Weekly, feed intake was monitored by measuring and recording the remaining feed after each feding (Table 3 ). Table 2 Daily milk, roughage, and concentrate feed offered per kid and feed refusals during the pre-weaning period. Weeks Daily milk intake per kid (L) Daily roughage intake per kid (kg) Daily concentrate feed intake per kid (kg) Daily refused feed per kid in the control group (kg) Daily refused feed per kid in the 0.2 ml propolis group (kg) Daily refused feed per kid in the 0.4 ml propolis group (kg) 1 0.6 - - - - - 2 0.7 - 0.1 0,1 0,1 0,1 3 0.7 0.1 0.1 0,15 0,15 0,15 4 0.75 0.2 0.2 0,2 0,15 0,15 5 0.85 0.25 0.25 0,3 0,3 0,25 6 1 0.3 0.3 0,3 0,3 0,3 7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0,3 0,3 0,3 8 0.3 0.5 0.5 0,35 0,35 0,35 Table 3 Daily feed intake and refusals per kid during the post-weaning period Weeks Daily roughage intake per kid (kg) Daily concentrate feed intake per kid (kg) Daily feed refusals per kid Control group (kg) Daily feed refusals per kid – 0.2 ml propolis group (kg) Daily feed refusals per kid – 0.4 ml propolis group (kg) 1 0.6 0.6 0,2 0,2 0,2 2 0.7 0.5 0,2 0,2 0,2 3 0.75 0.55 0,2 0,15 0,15 4 0.7 0.6 0,2 0,2 0,2 5 0,75 0,65 0,1 0,1 0,1 6 0,8 0,7 0 0 0 7 0,85 0,75 0 0 0 8 1 0,8 0 0 0 Data collection During the experimental period, kids in all groups were weighed individually on a weekly basis to determine live body weight (LBW). In addition, body measurements including body length (BL), withers height (WH), rump height (RH), and chest circumference (CC) were recorded using a measuring stick. Body condition score (BCS) was assessed using a scale ranging from 1 to 5, with 0.25-point increments. Animals with lower scores were classified as leaner, whereas those with higher scores were considered to have greater body fat reserves, as described by Russel et al. (1969). Fecal scoring (FS) was performed using a fecal consistency scoring system. Scores ranged from 1 to 4 (1 = watery; 2 = loose; 3 = soft; 4 = normal), as described by Ayışığı et al. (2005). The general health status of the animals was monitored daily, and fecal consistency was evaluated twice per day (morning and evening). For whole blood analyses, baseline blood samples were collected on the first day of the experiment, and subsequent samples were obtained at two-week intervals throughout the experimental period. Approximately 5 mL of blood was collected from the jugular vein (vena jugularis) of each animal into EDTA-containing tubes. The samples were delivered within 1 hour to Podovet Veterinary Clinic for analysis. For the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, blood samples were collected on the first day of the trial and subsequently at two-week intervals using heparinized tubes. Immediately after collection, samples were transported to the laboratory under cold chain conditions. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes (NF800R, Nüve, Türkiye), and the plasma was separated and transferred into Eppendorf tubes using an automatic pipette. To determine immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, the first blood samples were collected one day before the initiation of the pre-weaning experimental period. Subsequently, blood samples were obtained weekly until weaning and at two-week intervals during the post-weaning period. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein (vena jugularis) into gel-containing serum tubes. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the separated serum was transferred into Eppendorf tubes using an automatic pipette and stored at − 20°C until analysis. Goat-specific ELISA kits (SunRed, China) were used for the determination of immunoglobulin levels. Biochemical analyses were conducted at the laboratories of the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses of the obtained data were performed using SPSS© version 22.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Descriptive statistics, including group means and standard errors, were calculated for body measurements (LBW, WH, RH, BL, CC, and BCS), whole blood parameters, and biochemical variables (IgG, IgM, MDA, and GSH). To determine differences among the Control, 0.2 mL propolis, and 0.4 mL propolis groups, both pre-weaning and post-weaning weekly measurements were included in the analysis. Intergroup differences were evaluated using multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). When a significant effect was detected, multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey’s post hoc test, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Within-group (intragroup) weekly comparisons were conducted using the least squares means procedure, with significance declared at p < 0.05. Results Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) The mean temperature and relative humidity values for the pre-weaning (April–May) and post-weaning (June–July) periods are presented in Table 4 . Throughout the experimental period, ambient temperature ranged from 10 to 40°C, while relative humidity varied between 38% and 50%. Evaluation of the calculated Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) values indicated that those recorded in May, June, and July exceeded the threshold value of 25.6 reported by Marai et al. (2007) for severe heat stress. The highest THI value was calculated in July (35.08). These findings suggest that the animals were exposed to substantial heat stress conditions, particularly during the summer months of the experimental period. Table 4 Mean values of the maximum and minimum temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) in the goat kid barn. Parameters Pre-Weaning Post-Weaning Temperature values (°C) April May June July Maximum Temperature (°C) 30 38 38 40 Minimum Temperature (°C) 10 15 20 22 Mean Temperature (°C) 20 26,5 29 31 Mean Relative Humidity (%) 50 43 42 38 Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) 27,58 33,83 33,76 35,08 Live Body Weight, Morphometric Measurements, and Fecal Scoring During the pre-weaning period, LBW and morphometric measurements (WH, RH, BL, and CC) increased in all groups. The highest LBW gain was observed in the 0.4 ml propolis group, followed by the 0.2 ml propolis and control groups. Although improvements in BCS and fewer diarrhea cases were noted in the propolis-treated groups, differences among groups in LBW, morphometric measurements, BCS, and FS were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (Table 5 ). During the post-weaning period, LBW gains were 4.55, 5.53, and 7.17 kg in the control, 0.2 ml propolis, and 0.4 ml propolis groups, respectively. The 0.4 ml propolis group showed significantly higher LBW values during weeks 5–8 compared with the other groups (p < 0.05) (Table 6 ). Morphometric measurements increased similarly across groups, and although BCS tended to improve in the 0.4 ml propolis group, no significant differences were observed among groups for WH, RH, BL, CC, BCS, or FS (p > 0.05). Table 5 Weekly means ± standard errors for LBW, WH, RH, BL, CC, BCS, and FS of goat kids during the pre-weaning period. Weeks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P n 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Control group LBW WH. RH BL CC BCS FS 5.54 ± 0.63 a 36.65 ± 0.61 a 35.80 ± 0.58 a 37.85 ± 0.70 a 37.80 ± 0.57 a 1.65 ± 0.07 4.00 ± 0.00 5.65 ± 0.62 a 38.55 ± 0.70 a 37.15 ± 0.60 ab 39.80 ± 0.57 ab 39.40 ± 0.51 ab 1.55 ± 0.07 3.90 ± 0.06 6.30 ± 0.57 ab 42.05 ± 0.73 b 40.05 ± 0.73 bc 41.95 ± 0.46 bc 41.05 ± 0.56 bc 1.68 ± 0.08 3.60 ± 0.22 7.15 ± 0.56 bc 43.90 ± 0.67 b 42.35 ± 0.66 cd 43.40 ± 0.50 cd 42.45 ± 0.54 cd 1.63 ± 0.07 3.20 ± 0.36 7.95 ± 0.78 c 44.90 ± 0.60 bc 43.05 ± 0.71 cd 44.65 ± 0.53 de 44.60 ± 0.54 de 1.78 ± 0.09 3.10 ± 0.30 9.20 ± 1.11 d 46.70 ± 0.60 c 44.50 ± 0.61 de 45.15 ± 0.54 de 46.60 ± 0.54 ef 1.68 ± 0.06 3.10 ± 0.33 9.45 ± 1.26 de 48.20 ± 0.62 cd 46.40 ± 0.61 ef 46.35 ± 0.56 ef 47.80 ± 0.60 fg 1.88 ± 0.10 3.60 ± 0.25 10.40 ± 1.41 e 49.25 ± 0.69 d 47.70 ± 0.60 f 47.45 ± 0.58 f 48.80 ± 0.66 fg 1.68 ± 0.10 3.40 ± 0.18 9.95 ± 1.67 de 50.55 ± 0.84 d 48.70 ± 0.64 f 49.05 ± 0.59 f 49.60 ± 0.66 g 1.70 ± 0.11 3.30 ± 0.23 * * * * * NS NS 0,2 ml propolis LBW WH. RH BL CC BCS FS 5.79 ± 0.88 a 37.30 ± 0.61 a 36.35 ± 0.58 a 37.70 ± 0.70 a 37.25 ± 0.57 a 1.60 ± 0.07 4.00 ± 0.00 5.86 ± 0.74 a 38.60 ± 0.70 a 37.50 ± 0.60 ab 40.15 ± 0.57 ab 38.85 ± 0.51 ab 1.78 ± 0.07 4.00 ± 0.06 6.55 ± 0.67 ab 41.00 ± 0.73 b 39.45 ± 0.73 bc 42.20 ± 0.46 bc 40.80 ± 0.56 bc 1.78 ± 0.08 3.70 ± 0.22 7.43 ± 0.65 bc 43.55 ± 0.67 bc 41.35 ± 0.66 cd 43.35 ± 0.50 cd 42.90 ± 0.54 cd 1.73 ± 0.07 3.70 ± 0.36 8.35 ± 0.64 c 44.95 ± 0.60 cd 43.00 ± 0.71 de 44.95 ± 0.53 cd 45.20 ± 0.54 de 1.75 ± 0.09 3.90 ± 0.30 9.58 ± 0.90 d 46.70 ± 0.60 de 44.95 ± 0.61 ef 46.30 ± 0.54 de 47.55 ± 0.54 ef 1.78 ± 0.06 3.50 ± 0.33 10.05 ± 1.15 de 47.95 ± 0.62 ef 46.15 ± 0.61 fg 47.04 ± 0.56 ef 48.80 ± 0.60 fg 1.88 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.25 10.70 ± 1.16 e 49.05 ± 0.69 fg 47.65 ± 0.60 fg 48.20 ± 0.58 ef 49.65 ± 0.66 fg 1.75 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.18 10.48 ± 0.93 de 50.85 ± 0.84 g 48.60 ± 0.64 g 49.50 ± 0.59 f 50.90 ± 0.66 g 1.75 ± 0.11 4.00 ± 0.23 * * * * * NS NS 0,4 ml propolis LBW WH. RH BL CC BCS FS 5.55 ± 0.66 a 36.80 ± 0.61 a 35.50 ± 0.58 a 38.15 ± 0.70 a 38.30 ± 0.57 a 1.55 ± 0.07 4.00 ± 0.00 5.70 ± 0.48 a 38.75 ± 0.70 a 37.65 ± 0.60 ab 40.95 ± 0.57 ab 39.70 ± 0.51 ab 1.73 ± 0.07 4.00 ± 0.06 6.45 ± 0.44 ab 41.40 ± 0.73 b 40.00 ± 0.73 bc 42.50 ± 0.46 bc 40.85 ± 0.56 ab 1.80 ± 0.08 4.00 ± 0.22 7.25 ± 0.40b c 43.45 ± 0.67 bc 42.10 ± 0.66 cd 44.15 ± 0.50 cd 42.55 ± 0.54 bc 1.70 ± 0.07 3.40 ± 0.36 8.16 ± 0.71 c 44.95 ± 0.60 cd 43.35 ± 0.71 de 45.70 ± 0.53 de 45.15 ± 0.54 cd 1.83 ± 0.09 3.70 ± 0.30 9.60 ± 0.89 d 47.00 ± 0.60 de 45.35 ± 0.61 ef 46.65 ± 0.54 de 47.45 ± 0.54 de 1.83 ± 0.06 4.00 ± 0.33 9.95 ± 1.35 d 48.60 ± 0.62 ef 47.05 ± 0.61 fg 47.55 ± 0.56 ef 48.65 ± 0.60 e 1.95 ± 0.10 3.70 ± 0.25 10.85 ± 1.73 e 50.05 ± 0.69 fg 48.00 ± 0.60 fg 48.70 ± 0.58 ef 49.45 ± 0.66 e 1.95 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.18 10.50 ± 1.44 de 51.65 ± 0.84 g 48.90 ± 0.64 g 50.35 ± 0.59 f 50.30 ± 0.66 e 1.85 ± 0.11 4.00 ± 0.23 * * * * * NS NS P NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS * NS: Not significant; : Significant (p < 0.05). Means within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, …) are significantly different. Table 6 Weekly means ± standard errors for LBW, WH, RH, BL, CC, BCS, and FS of goat kids during the post-weaning period. Weeks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P n 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 Control group LBW WH. RH BL CC BCS FS 10.50 ± 1.52 a 51.38 ± 0.82 a 48.75 ± 0.66 a 49.19 ± 0.63 a 50.31 ± 0.70 a 1.69 ± 0.12 3.25 ± 0.22 11.53 ± 1.58 b 51.75 ± 0.80 a 49.38 ± 0.64 a 49.94 ± 0.61 a 51.06 ± 0.71 a 1.66 ± 0.11 3.25 ± 0.31 11.80 ± 1.72 b 52.38 ± 0.79 a 49.88 ± 0.64 ab 51.00 ± 0.58 ab 51.75 ± 0.72 ab 1.97 ± 0.14 3.38 ± 0.24 12.96 ± 1.22 c 52.94 ± 0.75 a 50.69 ± 0.66 ab 51.75 ± 0.63 bc 52.63 ± 0.70 ab 1.81 ± 0.11 3.63 ± 0.23 13.20 ± 1.68 cd 53.69 ± 0.80 ab 51.31 ± 0.65 ab 52.56 ± 0.63 bc 53.38 ± 0.69 bc 1.78 ± 0.14 4.00 ± 0.23 13.84 ± 1.46 Ade 54.56 ± 0.74 bc 52.00 ± 0.60 bc 53.13 ± 0.62 cd 54.00 ± 0.68 c 1.81 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.00 14.35 ± 1.45 Aef 55.06 ± 0.71 cd 52.41 ± 0.56 bc 53.69 ± 0.61 c d 54.75 ± 0.64 cd 1.69 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.10 14.73 ± 1.53 Aef 55.81 ± 0.72 cd 53.31 ± 0.55 c 54.31 ± 0.81 d 55.56 ± 0.62 cd 1.81 ± 0.13 4.00 ± 0.00 15.05 ± 1.94 Af 56.75 ± 0.68 d 54.00 ± 0.52 c 55.31 ± 0.56 d 56.69 ± 0.75 d 1.66 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.07 * * * * * NS NS n 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 0,2 ml propolis LBW WH. RH BL CC BCS FS 11.12 ± 0.94 a 50.86 ± 0.77 a 48.61 ± 0.62 a 49.64 ± 0.59 a 51.00 ± 0.66 a 1.75 ± 0.11 4.00 ± 0.21 11.79 ± 1.02 ab 51.17 ± 0.75 a 49.28 ± 0.60 a 50.33 ± 0.57 a 51.78 ± 0.67 a 1.72 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.29 11.90 ± 1.00 abc 51.83 ± 0.75 a 49.94 ± 0.60 ab 51.00 ± 0.55 a 52.67 ± 0.68 ab 1.75 ± 0.13 3.89 ± 0.23 12.28 ± 1.28 bcd 52.22 ± 0.71 ab 50.50 ± 0.62 ab 51.61 ± 0.59 ab 53.50 ± 0.66 ab 1.67 ± 0.10 3.78 ± 0.21 12.86 ± 1.10 cde 52.72 ± 0.75 ab 51.17 ± 0.61 b 52.56 ± 0.60 b 54.33 ± 0.65 bc 1.64 ± 0.13 3.44 ± 0.21 13.24 ± 1.00 Adef 53.33 ± 0.70 bc 51.56 ± 0.56 bc 53.22 ± 0.59 bc 55.11 ± 0.64 c 1.72 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.00 13.80 ± 1.08 Aef 54.06 ± 0.67 bc 52.33 ± 0.53 bc 53.83 ± 0.57 bc 55.89 ± 0.60 c d 1.64 ± 0.09 3.89 ± 0.09 14.16 ± 1.08 Af 54.72 ± 0.68 bc 52.89 ± 0.52 bc 54.61 ± 0.77 c 56.83 ± 0.59 c d 1.72 ± 0.12 4.00 ± 0.00 16.65 ± 1.10 Bg 55.39 ± 0.64 c 53.78 ± 0.49 c 55.28 ± 0.52 c 57.94 ± 0.71 d 1.56 ± 0.10 3.89 ± 0.07 * * * * * NS NS 0,4 ml propolis LBW WH. RH BL CC BCS FS 10.63 ± 1.83 a 52.39 ± 0.77 a 48.98 ± 0.62 a 50.39 ± 0.59 a 50.56 ± 0.66 a 1.94 ± 0.11 3.79 ± 0.21 11.70 ± 1.75 ab 52.83 ± 0.75 a 49.22 ± 0.60 a 51.22 ± 0.57 ab 51.33 ± 0.67 a 1.86 ± 0.10 3.67 ± 0.29 12.10 ± 1.88 b 53.56 ± 0.75 ab 50.00 ± 0.60 a 52.00 ± 0.55 ab 52.17 ± 0.68 ab 1.94 ± 0.13 4.00 ± 0.23 12.65 ± 1.10 bc 53.89 ± 0.71 ab 50.61 ± 0.62 a 52.94 ± 0.59 ab 52.89 ± 0.66 ab 1.81 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.21 13.32 ± 1.70 c 54.50 ± 0.75 ab 51.44 ± 0.61 ab 53.72 ± 0.60 bc 53.72 ± 0.65 bc 2.03 ± 0.13 3.78 ± 0.21 14.55 ± 1.74 Bd 55.00 ± 0.70 bc 51.79 ± 0.56 ab 54.61 ± 0.59 c 54.61 ± 0.64 bc 2.00 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.00 15.32 ± 1.73 Bde 55.72 ± 0.67 bc 52.72 ± 0.53 bc 55.39 ± 0.57 cd 55.33 ± 0.60 cd 1.86 ± 0.09 3.89 ± 0.09 15.99 ± 1.75 Be 56.22 ± 0.68 bc 53.61 ± 0.52 bc 56.00 ± 0.77 cd 56.22 ± 0.59 d 2.00 ± 0.12 4.00 ± 0.00 17.80 ± 1.66 Cf 57.17 ± 0.64 c 54.67 ± 0.49 c 57.06 ± 0.52 d 57.44 ± 0.71 d 1.92 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.07 * * * * * NS NS P NS NS NS NS NS * * * * *NS: Not significant; : Significant (p < 0.05). Means within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, …) are significantly different. Means within the same column with different superscript letters (A, B, C, …) are significantly different. Immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) At the beginning of the study, IgG levels were similar among all groups (p > 0.05). In the first week, however, IgG concentrations were significantly higher in the 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml propolis groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In subsequent weeks, IgG levels showed fluctuations across all groups, with an increasing trend during weeks 2 and 3. In week 6, the control group exhibited higher IgG levels than the propolis-treated groups (p < 0.05) (Table 7 ). These results suggest that propolis supplementation may transiently stimulate the humoral immune response during the early stage of the experiment. IgM levels showed some weekly fluctuations during the pre-weaning period; however, differences among groups were generally not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (Table 7 ). During the post-weaning period, IgG levels were initially similar among groups, decreased temporarily in week 4, and increased again in weeks 6 and 8, reaching the highest values in week 8. Although significant differences were observed between weeks within groups (p 0.05), suggesting that the increase in IgG levels may be related to the natural maturation of the immune system rather than propolis supplementation (Table 8 ). Table 7 Weekly mean ± standard error values of IgG and IgM levels in goat kids during the pre-weaning period. Weeks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P n 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Control group IgG IgM 6.80 ± 0.68 a 3.25 ± 0.57 a 10.33 ± 1.07 Ab 2.80 ± 0.20 ab 13.67 ± 0.68 c 2.28 ± 0.20 b 13.65 ± 0.58 c 2.54 ± 0.23 ab 7.63 ± 0.46 a 3.22 ± 0.30 a 8.57 ± 0.78 ab 3.39 ± 0.32 a 12.17 ± 1.57 Ac 3.37 ± 0.38 a 10.89 ± 0.98 b 3.41 ± 0.20 a * * 0,2 ml propolis IgG IgM 6.78 ± 0.68 a 4.10 ± 0.57 a 12.22 ± 1.07 Bb 2.86 ± 0.20 b 13.24 ± 0.68 b 2.28 ± 0.20 b 13.61 ± 0.58 b 2.86 ± 0.23 b 7.54 ± 0.46 a 2.90 ± 0.30 b 8.61 ± 0.78 a 3.68 ± 0.32 a 10.29 ± 1.57 Bc 3.61 ± 0.38 a 10.30 ± 0.98 c 3.54 ± 0.20 a * * 0,4 ml propolis IgG IgM 6.68 ± 0.68 a 3.76 ± 0.57 a 12.43 ± 1.07 Bb 2.75 ± 0.20 b 12.68 ± 0.68 b 2.30 ± 0.20 b 13.28 ± 0.58 b 2.73 ± 0.23 b 6.76 ± 0.46 a 2.72 ± 0.30 b 8.00 ± 0.78 a 3.11 ± 0.32 ab 10.63 ± 1.57 Bc 3.66 ± 0.38 a 11.04 ± 0.98 bc 3.50 ± 0.20 a * * P NS * NS NS NS NS * NS *NS: Not significant; : Significant (p < 0.05). Means within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, …) are significantly different. Means within the same column with different superscript letters (A, B, C, …) are significantly different. Table 8 Weekly mean ± standard error values of IgG and IgM levels in goat kids during the post-weaning period. Weeks 0 2 4 6 8 P n 10 9 9 9 8 Control group IgG IgM 10.89 ± 0.98 a 3.41 ± 0.20 a 9.65 ± 0.80 a 3.71 ± 0.32 a 7.94 ± 0.64 b 4.51 ± 0.71 b 11.43 ± 1.55 a 3.62 ± 0.90 a 13.10 ± 2.02 c 2.80 ± 0.56 c * * n 10 10 10 10 9 0,2 ml propolis IgG IgM . 10.30 ± 0.98 a 3.54 ± 0.20 a 10.13 ± 0.76 a 3.03 ± 0.30 a 8.11 ± 0.60 b 3.60 ± 0.67 a 11.41 ± 1.46 a 4.46 ± 0.85b 13.18 ± 1.90 c 2.50 ± 0.52 c * * 0,4 ml propolis IgG IgM 11.04 ± 0.98 a 3.50 ± 0.20 10.19 ± 0.76 a 3.53 ± 0.30 7.17 ± 0.60 b 3.45 ± 0.67 10.56 ± 1.46 a 2.94 ± 0.85 12.38 ± 1.90 c 3.02 ± 0.52 * NS P NS NS NS NS NS *NS: Not significant; : Significant (p < 0.05). Means within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, …) are significantly different. Oxidative Stress Parameters (MDA and GSH) During the pre-weaning period, plasma MDA levels increased until week 4 and then decreased in all groups. Although significant differences were observed between weeks within the same group (p 0.05), indicating that propolis supplementation did not markedly affect MDA levels (Table 9 ). GSH levels in the control group remained relatively stable, whereas propolis-treated groups showed a moderate increase over time, with the highest value observed in the 0.4 ml group at week 4. However, differences among groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (Table 9 ). In the post-weaning period, MDA levels decreased in week 4 and then returned to near baseline levels. GSH levels increased markedly by week 8 in all groups, suggesting improved antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups (p > 0.05) (Table 10 ). Table 9 Weekly MDA (µmol/L) and GSH (µmol/gHb) values of kids during the pre-weaning period (mean ± standard error). Weeks Başlangıç 2 4 6 8 P n 10 10 10 10 10 Control group MDA GSH 24.90 ± 4.12 a 146.97 ± 7.83 30.06 ± 4.36 b 144.76 ± 11.48 35.94 ± 3.28 c 169.25 ± 19.30 25.10 ± 4.29 a 143.85 ± 18.07 25.95 ± 3.45 a 142.84 ± 17.45 * NS 0,2 ml propolis MDA GSH 26.79 ± 3.85 a 97.30 ± 7.83 a 25.46 ± 4.08 a 138.68 ± 11.48 ab 35.28 ± 2.97 b 156.95 ± 19.30 b 24.24 ± 4.02 a 157.88 ± 18.07 b 24.88 ± 3.69 a 150.00 ± 17.45 b * * 0,4 ml propolis MDA GSH 23.81 ± 3.63 a 101.79 ± 7.83 a 27.82 ± 3.85 a 157.91 ± 11.48 b 32.95 ± 2.80 b 185.31 ± 19.30 b 28.25 ± 3.79 ab 156.98 ± 18.07 b 27.34 ± 3.45 a 171.65 ± 17.45 b * * P NS NS NS NS NS *NS: Not significant; : Significant (p < 0.05). Means within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, …) are significantly different. Table 10 Weekly MDA (µmol/L) and GSH (µmol/gHb) values of kids during the post-weaning period (mean ± standard error). Weeks 0 2 4 6 8 P n 10 9 9 9 8 Control group MDA GSH 25.95 ± 3.45 a 142.84 ± 17.45 a 26.44 ± 4.41 a 141.82 ± 20.71 a 17.97 ± 4.77 b 169.23 ± 25.82 a 27.41 ± 3.37 a 172.91 ± 26.38 a 25.70 ± 1.98 a 256.55 ± 31.25 b * * n 10 10 10 10 9 0,2 ml propolis MDA GSH 24.88 ± 3.69 a 150.00 ± 17.45 a 25.37 ± 4.13 a 143.55 ± 20.71 a 12.71 ± 4.46 b 181.99 ± 25.82 a 27.29 ± 3.15 a 138.17 ± 26.38 a 26.45 ± 1.86 a 283.68 ± 31.25 b * * 0,4 ml propolis MDA GSH 27.34 ± 3.45 a 171.65 ± 17.45 a 25.52 ± 3.89 a 189.64 ± 20.71 a 14.98 ± 4.21 b 157.84 ± 25.82 a 27.07 ± 2.97 a 181.28 ± 26.38 a 27.32 ± 1.75 a 248.16 ± 31.25 b * * P NS NS NS NS NS *NS: Not significant; : Significant (p < 0.05). Means within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, …) are significantly different. Hematological Parameters Hematological parameters showed significant variations across weeks within groups during the pre-weaning period (p < 0.05). WBC, LYM#, and GRAN# values generally increased with age, indicating normal developmental changes in leukocyte profiles. Similarly, erythrocyte-related parameters (RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, and MCH) showed temporal fluctuations during the experimental period. However, no statistically significant differences were detected among the treatment groups (p > 0.05), indicating that propolis supplementation did not markedly affect the hematological profile of the kids during the pre-weaning period (Table 11 ). Changes in hematological parameters during the post-weaning period are presented in Table 12 . Leukocyte-related parameters (WBC, LYM#, MID#, and GRAN#) showed temporal fluctuations throughout the experimental period. However, no statistically significant differences were observed among the treatment groups (p > 0.05). The percentages of leukocyte subpopulations (LYM%, MID%, and GRAN%) also varied across weeks. Significant differences between weeks within groups were detected (p 0.05). Erythrocyte-related parameters (RBC, HGB, and HCT) remained relatively stable across the experimental period. No significant differences among treatment groups were observed for these parameters (p > 0.05). Erythrocyte indices such as MCV and MCH increased significantly over time in all groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, occasional differences among groups were observed for MCV and MCHC values in some weeks (p < 0.05). Overall, propolis supplementation did not produce a consistent effect on the hematological profile of kids during the post-weaning period. Table 11 Mean values and standard errors of whole blood parameters of kids during the pre-weaning period. Weeks 0 2 4 6 8 P n 10 10 10 10 10 Control group WBC (10 9 /L) LYM# (10 9 /L) MID# (10 9 /L) GRAN# (10 9 /L) LYM% MID% GRAND% RBC (10 9 /L) HGB (g/dL) HCT% MCV (fl) MCH (pg) MCHC (g/dL) RDW-CV% RDW-SD (fl) 9.77 ± 1.32 a 4.03 ± 0.68 a 0.63 ± 0.10 4.11 ± 0.64 ac 48.89 ± 6.32 6.79 ± 0.89 a 44.32 ± 5.48 a 5.56 ± 0.66 7.87 ± 0.30 a 21.63 ± 1.99 a 40.12 ± 1.05 a 15.64 ± 1.43 a 38.54 ± 7.56 a 17.99 ± 1.88 21.95 ± 1.95 a 14.41 ± 1.33 b 7.32 ± 0.70 b 0.79 ± 0.11 6.37 ± 0.92 b 52.10 ± 4.11 5.34 ± 0.50 a 42.59 ± 3.74 a 3.43 ± 0.18 10.33 ± 0.25 b 14.67 ± 0.83 b 42.92 ± 0.25 b 30.86 ± 1.42 b 71.51 ± 9.63 b 16.75 ± 0.47 22.04 ± 0.79 a 11.11 ± 1.12 a 8.05 ± 0.75 bc 0.38 ± 0.07 2.68 ± 0.51 a 72.57 ± 3.07 3.39 ± 0.42 b 24.04 ± 2.67 b 2.21 ± 0.13 8.66 ± 0.23 a 9.15 ± 0.60 c 41.38 ± 0.27 c 40.23 ± 2.16 c 97.40 ± 16.27 c 15.28 ± 0.39 19.68 ± 0.63 b 17.01 ± 1.64 c 10.65 ± 0.85 c 0.72 ± 0.13 5.64 ± 0.97 bc 66.20 ± 3.80 3.75 ± 0.50 b 30.05 ± 3.31 c 1.96 ± 0.16 9.81 ± 0.60 c 8.05 ± 0.69 c 41.05 ± 0.23 c 52.39 ± 2.74 d 127.67 ± 22.19 d 14.07 ± 0.39 17.83 ± 0.61 c 17.20 ± 1.40 c 10.79 ± 0.56 c 0.76 ± 0.17 5.78 ± 0.88 bc 69.45 ± 3.96 3.81 ± 0.58 b 30.45 ± 3.22 c 1.50 ± 0.13 9.25 ± 0.45 ac 6.25 ± 0.40 c 40.37 ± 0.67 a 58.50 ± 2.59 d 135.76 ± 23.59 d 13.48 ± 0.55 16.55 ± 0.45 c * * NS * NS * * NS * * * NS * NS * 0,2 ml propolis WBC (10 9 /L) LYM# (10 9 /L) MID# (10 9 /L) GRAN# (10 9 /L) LYM% MID% GRAND% RBC (10 9 /L) HGB (g/dL) HCT% MCV (fl) MCH (pg) MCHC (g/dL) RDW-CV% RDW-SD (fl) 8.30 ± 1.47 a 4.43 ± 0.72 a 0.50 ± 0.11 3.37 ± 0.68 51.21 ± 6.66 6.43 ± 0.94 a 42.36 ± 5.78 a 5.19 ± 0.70 7.56 ± 0.31 a 20.27 ± 2.10 a 40.00 ± 1.11 a 15.87 ± 1.50 a 39.13 ± 8.72 a 18.92 ± 1.98 22.98 ± 2.06 a 11.60 ± 1.49 b 5.72 ± 0.74 a 0.61 ± 0.12 4.73 ± 0.97 52.53 ± 4.34 5.42 ± 0.53 a 41.68 ± 3.94 a 3.50 ± 0.19 10.57 ± 0.26 b 14.48 ± 0.88 b 42.70 ± 0.27 b 31.84 ± 1.50 b 73.16 ± 10.59 b 15.79 ± 0.50 21.84 ± 0.84 a 11.80 ± 1.26 b 8.31 ± 0.79 b 0.45 ± 0.07 3.45 ± 0.55 70.71 ± 3.24 3.37 ± 0.44 b 25.92 ± 2.82 b 2.20 ± 0.14 9.11 ± 0.24 c 9.10 ± 0.63 c 41.30 ± 0.28 c 42.04 ± 2.28 c 102.01 ± 14.84 c 15.11 ± 0.41 19.40 ± 0.66 b 15.93 ± 1.83 c 11.13 ± 0.89 c 0.46 ± 0.14 4.22 ± 1.02 71.22 ± 4.00 2.86 ± 0.53 b 25.92 ± 3.49 b 1.75 ± 0.17 9.50 ± 0.62 c 7.10 ± 0.73 c 40.60 ± 0.24 a 54.53 ± 2.89 d 134.50 ± 14.18 d 13.97 ± 0.41 17.63 ± 0.64 c 16.15 ± 1.53 c 11.76 ± 0.86 c 0.49 ± 0.16 4.86 ± 0.98 75.54 ± 3.68 2.95 ± 0.58 b 26.35 ± 3.32 b 1.68 ± 0.19 9.51 ± 0.60 c 6.92 ± 0.56 c 40.35 ± 0.59 a 59.00 ± 2.95 d 145.73 ± 22.95 d 13.46 ± 0.39 16.87 ± 0.79 c * * NS NS NS * * NS * * * NS * NS * Table 11 Mean values and standard errors of whole blood parameters of kids during the pre-weaning period (Continued). Weeks 0 2 4 6 8 P n 10 10 10 10 10 0,4 ml propolis WBC (10 9 /L) LYM# (10 9 /L) MID# (10 9 /L) GRAN# (10 9 /L) LYM% MID% GRAND% RBC (10 9 /L) HGB HCT% MCV (fl) MCH (pg) MCHC (g/dL) RDW-CV% RDW-SD (fl) 7.29 ± 1.40 a 4.08 ± 0.71 a 0.41 ± 0.11 2.81 ± 0.68 55.80 ± 6.66 5.60 ± 0.94 a 38.60 ± 5.78 a 4.77 ± 0.70 7.63 ± 0.31 a 18.88 ± 2.10 a 40.42 ± 1.11 a 17.67 ± 1.50 a 43.28 ± 11.17 a 17.38 ± 1.98 21.12 ± 2.06 ab 11.95 ± 1.40 b 7.24 ± 0.74 b 0.62 ± 0.12 4.05 ± 0.97 57.07 ± 4.34 4.88 ± 0.53 ab 41.24 ± 3.94 a 3.40 ± 0.19 10.88 ± 0.26 b 14.86 ± 0.88 b 42.80 ± 0.27 b 32.98 ± 1.50 b 75.82 ± 13.22 b 16.98 ± 0.50 22.88 ± 0.84 a 11.76 ± 1.19 b 8.15 ± 0.79 b 0.41 ± 0.07 3.20 ± 0.55 69.28 ± 3.24 3.58 ± 0.44 b 27.14 ± 2.82 b 2.22 ± 0.14 9.36 ± 0.24 c 9.27 ± 0.63 c 41.44 ± 0.28 c 43.63 ± 2.28 c 105.77 ± 23.27 c 15.57 ± 0.41 20.22 ± 0.66 b 14.57 ± 1.73 c 9.83 ± 0.89 b 0.54 ± 0.14 4.21 ± 1.02 68.03 ± 4.00 3.62 ± 0.53 b 28.34 ± 3.49 b 1.86 ± 0.17 9.90 ± 0.62 bc 7.58 ± 0.73 c 40.47 ± 0.24 a 55.22 ± 2.89 d 136.56 ± 28.76 d 14.12 ± 0.41 17.99 ± 0.64 c 15.67 ± 1.63 c 9.95 ± 0.35 b 0.57 ± 0.16 4.73 ± 0.95 72.63 ± 3.68 3.74 ± 0.61 b 28.75 ± 3.55 b 1.95 ± 0.19 10.02 ± 0.87 b 7.75 ± 0.56 c 40.33 ± 0.59 a 59.50 ± 2.95 d 148.65 ± 22.95 d 14.02 ± 0.39 17.74 ± 0.79 c * * NS NS NS * * NS * * * NS * NS * P NS NS NS NS NS *NS: Not significant; : Significant (p < 0.05). Means within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, …) are significantly different. Means within the same column with different superscript letters (A, B, C, …) are significantly different. Table 12 Mean values and standard errors of whole blood parameters of kids during the post-weaning period. Weeks 0 2 4 6 8 P n 10 9 9 9 8 Control group WBC (10 9 /L) LYM# (10 9 /L) MID# (10 9 /L) GRAN# (10 9 /L) LYM% MID% GRAND% RBC (10 9 /L) HGB (g/dL) HCT% MCV (fl) MCH (pg) MCHC (g/dL) RDW-CV% RDW-SD (fl) 17.20 ± 1.40 10.79 ± 0.56 0.76 ± 0.17 5.78 ± 0.88 69.45 ± 3.96 3.81 ± 0.58 30.45 ± 3.22 a 1.50 ± 0.13 9.25 ± 0.45 6.25 ± 0.40 40.37 ± 0.67 58.50 ± 2.59 a 135.76 ± 23.59 a 13.48 ± 0.55 16.55 ± 0.45 a 16.13 ± 1.90 10.63 ± 1.08 0.74 ± 0.28 4.78 ± 1.85 66.46 ± 7.33 4.30 ± 0.99 29.04 ± 6.66 ab 1.34 ± 0.31 8.52 ± 0.98 5.38 ± 1.31 39.84 ± 0.43 67.22 ± 6.78 b 168.46 ± 17.66 b 12.24 ± 0.73 15.10 ± 0.93 a 17.81 ± 2.33 12.60 ± 1.62 0.63 ± 0.17 4.58 ± 1.10 72.46 ± 4.39 3.30 ± 0.61 24.24 ± 3.79 b 1.35 ± 0.28 8.76 ± 0.63 5.32 ± 1.12 39.56 ± 0.35 76.90 ± 9.76 c 195.12 ± 25.99 cA 11.82 ± 0.89 14.50 ± 0.79 ab 18.39 ± 1.60 11.31 ± 1.53 0.84 ± 0.08 6.13 ± 0.52 61.22 ± 4.34 4.70 ± 0.59 34.08 ± 3.79 a 0.95 ± 0.24 8.76 ± 0.63 3.74 ± 0.94 39.24 ± 0.49 110.58 ± 22.01 dA 283.46 ± 57.90 dA 10.28 ± 1.13 12.32 ± 0.79 b 14.40 ± 2.37 10.00 ± 1.20 0.50 ± 0.24 3.89 ± 1.68 70.00 ± 8.41 3.34 ± 1.14 26.66 ± 7.30 b 1.17 ± 0.35 9.76 ± 1.06 4.56 ± 1.40 38.38 ± 0.54 111.22 ± 26.87 dA 293.92 ± 70.01 dA 10.42 ± 1.45 12.58 ± 0.89 b NS NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS NS NS * * NS * n 10 10 10 10 9 0,2 ml propolis WBC (10 9 /L) LYM# (10 9 /L) MID# (10 9 /L) GRAN# (10 9 /L) LYM% MID% GRAND% RBC (10 9 /L) HGB (g/dL) HCT% MCV (fl) MCH (pg) MCHC (g/dL) RDW-CV% RDW-SD (fl) 16.15 ± 1.53 11.76 ± 0.86 0.49 ± 0.16 4.86 ± 0.98 75.54 ± 3.68 2.95 ± 0.58 26.35 ± 3.32 a 1.68 ± 0.19 9.51 ± 0.60 6.92 ± 0.56 40.35 ± 0.59 59.00 ± 2.95 a 145.73 ± 22.95 a 13.46 ± 0.39 16.87 ± 0.79 a 20.62 ± 1.90 12.21 ± 1.08 1.15 ± 0.28 8.06 ± 1.85 60.58 ± 7.33 4.90 ± 0.99 34.52 ± 6.66 b 1.56 ± 0.31 9.58 ± 0.98 6.24 ± 1.31 40.00 ± 0.43 61.78 ± 6.78 a 154.62 ± 17.66 a 12.96 ± 0.52 16.16 ± 0.93 a 17.64 ± 2.33 12.60 ± 1.62 0.63 ± 0.17 4.42 ± 1.10 71.88 ± 4.39 3.48 ± 0.61 24.64 ± 3.79 a 1.20 ± 0.28 8.64 ± 0.63 4.74 ± 1.12 39.32 ± 0.35 72.80 ± 9.76 b 185.34 ± 25.99 bA 11.66 ± 0.82 14.26 ± 0.79 ab 17.58 ± 1.60 12.56 ± 1.53 0.58 ± 0.08 4.44 ± 0.52 70.98 ± 4.34 3.30 ± 0.59 25.72 ± 3.79 a 1.02 ± 0.24 8.64 ± 0.63 3.98 ± 0.94 39.30 ± 0.49 95.26 ± 22.01 cB 242.08 ± 57.90 cB 10.66 ± 0.88 13.06 ± 0.79 b 19.42 ± 2.37 12.76 ± 1.20 0.83 ± 0.24 5.75 ± 1.68 70.68 ± 8.41 3.74 ± 1.14 25.58 ± 7.30 a 1.31 ± 0.35 9.66 ± 1.06 5.28 ± 1.40 40.56 ± 0.54 97.52 ± 26.87 cB 238.60 ± 70.01 cB 11.20 ± 1.10 14.85 ± 0.89 b NS NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS NS NS * * NS * Table 12 Mean values and standard errors of whole blood parameters of kids during the post-weaning period (Continued). Weeks 0 2 4 6 8 P n 10 9 9 9 8 0,4 ml propolis WBC (10 9 /L) LYM# (10 9 /L) MID# (10 9 /L) GRAN# (10 9 /L) LYM% MID% GRAND% RBC (10 9 /L) HGB (g/dL) HCT% MCV (fl) MCH (pg) MCHC (g/dL) RDW-CV% RDW-SD (fl) 15.67 ± 1.63 9.95 ± 0.35 0.57 ± 0.16 4.73 ± 0.95 72.63 ± 3.68 3.74 ± 0.61 28.75 ± 3.55 a 1.95 ± 0.19 10.02 ± 0.87 7.75 ± 0.56 40.33 ± 0.59 59.50 ± 2.95 a 148.65 ± 22.95 a 14.02 ± 0.39 17.74 ± 0.79 14.35 ± 2.12 9.28 ± 1.20 0.58 ± 0.32 4.50 ± 2.06 66.98 ± 8.19 3.75 ± 1.10 26.78 ± 7.44 a 1.91 ± 0.35 10.35 ± 1.10 7.80 ± 1.47 40.25 ± 0.48 63.63 ± 7.58 a 159.50 ± 19.73 a 13.88 ± 0.52 17.60 ± 1.04 14.98 ± 2.61 11.57 ± 1.81 0.35 ± 0.19 3.06 ± 1.23 76.58 ± 4.90 2.40 ± 0.68 21.03 ± 4.24 b 1.72 ± 0.31 9.92 ± 0.95 6.90 ± 1.26 39.98 ± 0.39 63.88 ± 10.91 a 161.00 ± 29.06 aB 13.48 ± 0.82 16.95 ± 0.88 15.16 ± 1.78 11.52 ± 1.71 0.36 ± 0.09 3.28 ± 0.58 75.08 ± 4.85 2.53 ± 0.66 22.40 ± 4.24 b 1.54 ± 0.26 9.52 ± 0.70 6.15 ± 1.05 39.58 ± 0.54 78.38 ± 24.61 bC 200.20 ± 64.73 bC 12.00 ± 0.88 14.85 ± 0.89 14.36 ± 2.65 8.30 ± 1.34 0.60 ± 0.24 4.46 ± 1.88 64.30 ± 9.41 4.18 ± 1.27 31.53 ± 8.16 a 1.42 ± 0.39 9.50 ± 1.18 5.60 ± 1.57 39.38 ± 0.60 78.58 ± 30.04 bC 199.55 ± 78.27 bC 12.08 ± 1.10 14.88 ± 0.99 NS NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS NS NS * * NS NS P NS NS * * * *NS: Not significant; : Significant (p < 0.05). Means within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, …) are significantly different. Means within the same column with different superscript letters (A, B, C, …) are significantly different. Discussion Thermal–Humidity Index In the present study, the average temperature–humidity index (THI) ranged from 27.58 to 33.83 during the pre-weaning period and from 33.76 to 35.08 during the post-weaning period. According to the classification of Marai et al. (2007), these values indicate the presence of heat stress conditions for goats. Although the ambient temperature exceeded the optimal range reported for goats (13–18°C) by McDowell and Woodward (1982), no severe health problems were observed in the animals throughout the experiment. This suggests that the animals were able to physiologically adapt to the environmental conditions during the study. Body Weight and Growth Performance The initial body weights of the kids were similar among the experimental groups. During the pre-weaning period, propolis supplementation (0.2 and 0.4 cc) did not significantly affect body weight gain (p > 0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were detected among the groups in the post-weaning period. However, kids receiving propolis tended to show numerically higher body weight gains compared with the control group, particularly in the 0.4 cc group. The positive tendency observed in propolis-supplemented groups may be associated with the bioactive compounds present in propolis, especially flavonoids and phenolic components, which are known to improve gut health, rumen microbial activity, and nutrient utilization (Morsy et al., 2011; de Aguiar et al., 2013; Soltan and Patra, 2020). Previous studies conducted on ruminants have also reported improvements in growth performance following propolis supplementation (Gubicza and Molnar, 1987; Ítavo et al., 2011; Sadek et al., 2020). In comparison with previous studies conducted on Saanen kids (Teke et al., 2011; Bolacalı and Küçük, 2011), the body weights obtained in the present study were generally similar or slightly higher. These differences may be related to management conditions, feeding strategies, or the potential beneficial effects of propolis supplementation on nutrient utilization. Body measurements such as withers height, body length, and chest circumference also showed similar trends among groups, with slightly higher values observed in the propolis-supplemented groups, although the differences were not statistically significant. Similar findings have been reported in studies evaluating propolis supplementation in ruminants (Ítavo et al., 2009; Abd-Allah and Daghash, 2019). Mortality and Diarrhea Incidence Diarrhea is one of the most common health problems in young ruminants and is frequently associated with pathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , Cryptosporidium parvum , rotavirus, and coronavirus. Propolis has been reported to possess strong antimicrobial and antiviral properties against various pathogens (Kaal, 1991; Yücel et al., 2015). In the present study, no kid mortality occurred during the pre-weaning period. During the post-weaning period, two deaths occurred in the control group, whereas only one death was observed in each propolis-supplemented group. The relatively lower incidence of mortality and diarrhea in propolis groups may be associated with the antimicrobial activity of propolis and its beneficial effects on intestinal health. Propolis has been reported to exert bacteriostatic effects by altering the bioenergetic status of bacterial cell membranes and inhibiting bacterial motility (Mirzoeva et al., 1997). Therefore, propolis may function as a natural alternative to ionophore antibiotics by improving rumen fermentation efficiency and microbial balance (Soltan et al., 2018; Morsy et al., 2016; Morsy et al., 2021; de Melo Garcia et al., 2023). Immunoglobulins In ruminants, neonates are born agammaglobulinemic because immunoglobulins cannot pass through the ruminant placenta. Therefore, the intake of colostrum shortly after birth is essential for passive immunity (Napodano et al. 2021; Zamuner et al., 2023). In the present study, IgG levels tended to be higher in the propolis-supplemented groups at certain sampling periods; however, the differences among groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Similar findings were reported by Sarker and Yang (2010), who observed no significant effect of propolis supplementation on IgG concentrations in calves. Nevertheless, several studies have reported that propolis supplementation may enhance immunoglobulin production due to its phenolic compounds and immunomodulatory properties (Hegazi et al., 2021a; Al-Kahtani et al., 2022). IgM levels remained relatively stable throughout the experimental period and did not differ significantly among the groups. These findings suggest that although propolis may support immune responses, its effects on circulating immunoglobulin concentrations in kids may be limited or dose-dependent. Hematological Parameters Hematological parameters are important indicators of the physiological and health status of animals. In the present study, most hematological parameters remained within the physiological range and were not significantly affected by propolis supplementation. Propolis has been reported to possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties that may influence leukocyte activity (Dantas et al., 2006; Talas and Gulhan, 2009; Morsy et al., 2013). Although some fluctuations were observed in leukocyte counts during the experimental period, these changes were not associated with clinical health problems. Some erythrocyte indices showed variations across sampling weeks. However, the overall hematological profile suggested that propolis supplementation did not induce adverse physiological effects in the animals. Oxidative Stress Propolis is well known for its strong antioxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. In the present study, glutathione (GSH) levels tended to increase in propolis-supplemented groups, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) levels showed relatively lower values compared with the control group during some sampling periods. These findings indicate that propolis supplementation may contribute to the reduction of lipid peroxidation and the improvement of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Similar results have been reported in studies demonstrating that propolis supplementation enhances antioxidant enzyme activity and reduces oxidative stress markers in ruminants (Abdlazez and Saleh, 2016; Shedeed et al., 2019). Overall, the results suggest that propolis supplementation may exert beneficial effects on antioxidant status, although further studies are needed to clarify its mechanisms of action in goats. Conclusion In conclusion, propolis supplementation did not produce statistically significant differences in body measurements of kids during the pre-weaning period; however, kids receiving 0.4 cc propolis showed numerically better growth performance and were observed to be more active and had a higher appetite during the critical neonatal period. In addition, diarrhea cases were observed regularly in the control group, whereas the incidence was lower in the propolis-supplemented groups, and recovery from diarrhea was faster. These findings suggest that propolis supplementation may help reduce the incidence and severity of diarrhea in young kids. Although IgG levels were generally below reference values at the beginning of the study, relatively higher IgG concentrations were observed in the 0.4 cc propolis group during the pre-weaning period and in the 0.2 cc propolis group during the post-weaning period. This may indicate that propolis supplementation positively influences humoral immune responses, possibly due to its biologically active compounds such as phenolic substances and flavonoids. Propolis supplementation also appeared to influence oxidative stress parameters. Higher GSH levels observed in propolis groups suggest improved antioxidant defense mechanisms, whereas changes in MDA levels indicate a potential reduction in lipid peroxidation. These results support the antioxidant properties of propolis and its role in enhancing physiological resilience in kids. Overall, propolis can be considered a promising natural feed additive in kid rearing for improving health status, supporting immune function, and reducing diarrhea incidence. Although the effects on growth performance were not statistically significant, the numerical improvements observed in propolis-supplemented groups may still have practical and economic importance in goat production. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to better clarify the biological mechanisms and optimal dosage of propolis in goat nutrition. Declarations Ethics approval All procedures of the study were approved by the Animal Experiments Ethic Committee of Adnan Menderes University (approval no.: 2021/36 and date: 18/03/2021). The procedures performed in the study were also in accordance with the national legislation. Consent to participate All authors consented to participation. Consent for publication All authors consented to submit the manuscript to the journal. 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(2018). Practical Lambing and Lamb Care – A Veterinary Guide , 4th ed. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; p. 37–86. Sarker, M. S. K., & Yang, C. J. (2010). Propolis and illite as feed additives on performance and blood profiles of pre-weaning Hanwoo calves. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances , 9 (19), 2526–2531. Savaş, T. (2007). Goat Kids’ Growing: An Evaluation of Problematic Points. Hayvansal Üretim , 48 (1). Sforcin, J. M. (2016). Biological properties and therapeutic applications of propolis. Phytotherapy research, 30 (6), 894–905. Shahsavari, M., Mohammadabadi, M., Khezri, A., Asadi Fozi, M., Babenko, O., Kalashnyk, O., ... & Tkachenko, S. (2023). Correlation between insulin-like growth factor 1 gene expression and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed powder consumption in muscle of sheep. Animal Biotechnology , 34 (4), 882–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.2000997 Sharif, L., Obeidat, J., Al-Ani, F. (2005). Risk factors for lamb and kid mortality in sheep and goat farms in Jordan. Bulgarian journal of veterinary medicine, 8 (2), 99–108. Shedeed, H. A., Farrag, B., Elwakeel, E. A., Abd El-Hamid, I. S., & El-Rayes, M. A. H. (2019). Propolis supplementation improved productivity, oxidative status, and immune response of Barki ewes and lambs. Veterinary world , 12 (6), 834. Shokri, S., Khezri, A., Mohammadabadi, M., & Kheyrodin, H. (2023). The expression of MYH7 gene in femur, humeral muscle and back muscle tissues of fattening lambs of the Kermani breed. Agric Biotechnol J , 15 (2), 217–236. Silici, S., Kutluca, S. (2005). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity ofpropolis collected by three different races of honeybees in the same region. J.Ethnopharmacol. 99:69–73. Silici, S., & Güçlü, B. K. (2018). The Influence Of Propolıs and Caffeıc Acıd Supplementatıon To Layıng Hens Dıet Onperformance, Egg Qualıty and Serum Varıables. Journal of Health Sciences , 27 (3), 221–227. Silva, C. S. R., Barreto, C. L. P., de Moraes Peixoto, R., Mota, R. A., de Fátima Ribeiro, M., & Da Costa, M. M. (2012). Antibacterial effect of Brazilian brown propolis in different solvents against staphylococcus spp. isolated from caprine mastitis. Ciência Animal Brasileira , 13 (2), 247–251. Silva, J.A., Ítavo, C.C.B.F., Ítavo, L.C.V., Graça Morais, M., Silva, P.C.G., Ferelli, K.L.S.M. and Souza Arco, T.F.F. (2019). Dietary addition of crude form or ethanol extract of brown propolis as nutritional additive on behaviour, productive performance and carcass traits of lambs in feedlot. J Anim Feed Sci. 28 , 31–40. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/105442/2019 Singh, M. K., Rai, B., Sharma, N. (2008). Factors affecting survivability of Jamunapari kids under semi-intensive management system. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 78 (2), 178. Slanzon, G. S., Toledo, A. F., Silva, A. P., Coelho, M. G., Da Silva, M. D., Cezar, A. M., & Bittar, C. M. M. (2019). Red propolis as an additive for preweaned dairy calves: Effect on growth performance, health, and selected blood parameters. Journal of dairy science , 102 (10), 8952–8962. Soltan, Y.A., Hashem, N.M., Morsy, A.S., El-Azrak, K.M., Nour El Din, A. and Sallam, S.M. (2018). Comparative effects of Moringa oleifera root bark and monensin supplementations on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of growing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 235, 189–201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.021 Soltan, Y. A., & Patra, A. K. (2020). Bee propolis as a natural feed additive: bioactive compounds and effects on ruminal fermentation pattern as well as productivity of ruminants. Indian Journal of Animal Health, 59 (2), 50–61. Talas, Z. S., & Gulhan, M. F. (2009). Effects of various propolis concentrations on biochemical and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 72 (7), 1994–1998. Teke, B., Akdağ, F., Arslan, S. (2011). Some fertility, growth and behavıoral traits Of Saanen Goats Raised On Private Farm Condition. J. Fac. Vet. Med. İstanbul Üniv. 37 (1): 1–8. Yıldırım, Z., Hacievliyagil, S., Kutlu, N. O., Aydin, N. E., Kurkcuoglu, M., Iraz, M., & Durmaz, R. (2004). Effect of water extract of Turkish propolis on tuberculosis infection in guinea-pigs. Pharmacological Research , 49 (3), 287–292. Yücel, B., Önenç, A., Kaya, A., & Altan, Ö. (2015). Effects of propolis administration on growth performance and neonatal diarrhea of calves. SOJ Veterinary Sciences , 1 (1), 102–106. Zamuner, F., Carpenter, E. K., Arcos-Gómez, G., Parkinson, A., Cameron, A. W. N., Leury, B. J., & DiGiacomo, K. (2023). Evaluation of plasma immunoglobulin G and BW thresholds for predicting preweaning mortality in commercially raised dairy goat kids. animal, 17 (10), 100989. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 04 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 03 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 31 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9209090","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":632475214,"identity":"d03b0ece-feaf-4024-898d-4a9abefc70f5","order_by":0,"name":"Alkan ÇAĞLI","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdjYIzcfMfABIScgQ1sIM1cLGzJYA0sJDghYGHgMQTVgLfzNb4ueCGju7Nnaez69u1FjwMLAfProBnxaJw2yHpWccS05uY+bdZp1zDOgwnrS0G3itOczeIM3bwJzMBtRinMMG1CLBY4ZXi/xh9ubfvA31QC08z4xz/hGhxeAw2zGgLYftgFqYH+e2EaHF8DBbmjXPseMJwEA2Y87tk+BhI+QXueNtxrd5aqrt+fkPP/6c861Ojp/98DH83oeCxAZg1EiAWGzEKAcBeyBm/kCs6lEwCkbBKBhZAAAimzt4bTwQQwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8737-1290","institution":"Dicle University: Dicle Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alkan","middleName":"","lastName":"ÇAĞLI","suffix":""},{"id":632475215,"identity":"4ed7f9a2-29ba-4bec-a8ad-e3fddc3e4fc5","order_by":1,"name":"Murat YILMAZ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Adnan Menderes University: Adnan Menderes Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Murat","middleName":"","lastName":"YILMAZ","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-24 08:39:40","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9209090/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9209090/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108798255,"identity":"ad400110-b06d-4aee-94de-13c03abecbbf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 13:44:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":138503,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOral administration of propolis to a kid.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9209090/v1/d4b2a3e66c4da1b23bcf42a3.jpeg"},{"id":108806431,"identity":"4b3e598c-2369-49d4-96bb-dfdce696778c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:28:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1471346,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9209090/v1/cecc9df5-3740-4c50-aefc-3e7f8daaf493.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects of Postnatal Propolis Supplementation at Different Doses on Igg and Igm Levels, Oxidative Stress Markers, Hematological Parameters, and Growth Performance in Saanen Kids","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn goat production systems, the kid-rearing phase represents the most vulnerable component of overall sustainability. Mortality rates among newborns typically peak within the first week postpartum and show a gradual decline approaching weaning. Effective management of this critical window is determinant for herd replacement efficiency and the optimization of subsequent growth and fattening performance (Savaş, 2007; Pala and G\u0026uuml;lşen, 2021; Manav, 2021). This period is characterized by a high clinical and economic risk profile, as inadequate husbandry and feeding practices frequently lead to diarrhea and other infectious disorders, thereby increasing veterinary expenditures and reducing profitability. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of milk production must be diverted to kid feeding, further constraining economic returns at the farm level (Savaş, 2007; Manav, 2023). Field observations in Turkey indicate that farmers widely report losses associated with kid mortality, with diarrhea-related deaths differing significantly according to region and production system (Koyuncu et al., 2006; Savaş, 2007; Kandemir and Koşum, 2015; Manav, 2023). Globally, neonatal mortality rates in small ruminants have been documented to range between 11.5\u0026ndash;37% in kids and 8\u0026ndash;30% in lambs (Singh et al., 2008; Dwyer et al., 2016; Aydoğdu, 2016; İder and Ert\u0026uuml;rk, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal and post-neonatal diarrhea syndromes are multifactorial in origin. The principal bacterial pathogens include enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella spp., and Clostridium perfringens type B; among these, E. coli has been identified as the causative agent in 42\u0026ndash;63.4% of diarrheic lambs (Sharif et al., 2005; Holm\u0026oslash;y et al., 2017). Rotavirus and coronavirus infections may accompany diarrheal outbreaks during the early postnatal weeks. Among protozoal agents, Cryptosporidium parvum is considered the primary etiological agent, while coccidiosis and giardiasis are also of clinical importance (Navarre and Pugh, 2002; Sargison et al., 2018; Mahmut et al., 2019; İder and Ert\u0026uuml;rk, 2023). Effective control requires an integrated approach encompassing housing and bedding hygiene, colostrum management, nutritional adequacy, and immune support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, ionophore antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and growth promoters have been increasingly incorporated into ruminant diets to suppress pathogenic microorganisms, mitigate the adverse effects of ruminal gases, and enhance feed efficiency and growth performance (Kabiloglu and Kocabaglı, 2022; Kabiloglu, 2025). However, concerns related to residue accumulation, antimicrobial resistance, potential impacts on human health, and food allergies have rendered the sustainability of such chemical additives increasingly controversial (Russell and Houlihan, 2003). Consequently, there has been growing interest in natural and economically viable alternatives, including probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, enzymes, and plant-derived phytobiotic compounds (Silici and G\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;l\u0026uuml;, 2018; Arslan et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong these natural alternatives, propolis stands out due to its rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids including flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, and flavanones as well as terpenes and their esters, which collectively constitute the biochemical basis of its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, analgesic, immunostimulatory, and regenerative properties (Bankova, 2005; Nolkemper et al., 2010; Kamburoğlu and \u0026Ouml;zen, 2011; Ahmadabadi et al., 2023). Both experimental and applied studies have demonstrated that propolis contributes to improvements in zootechnical performance, suppression of selected diseases, hypocholesterolemic effects, and favorable alterations in digestive enzyme activity and hepatic function. Moreover, by modulating the intestinal microbiota, propolis plays a supportive role in nutrient absorption and immune regulation (Hajalizadeh et al., 2019; Safaei et al., 2022; Shokri et al., 2023; Shahsavari et al., 2023; Mohammadabadi et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite increasing evidence in ruminants, controlled data on the effects of propolis in kids particularly during the critical pre- and post-weaning periods remain limited. In cattle, ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) has been reported to be effective against approximately 41% of mastitis pathogens, notably Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli; in calves, EEP has been shown to alleviate ruminal gas effects and reduce the incidence of diarrhea (Hegazi et al., 2021b; Slanzon et al., 2019; Kabiloglu et al., 2023). In lambs, raw propolis has been observed to enhance dry matter digestibility, whereas green and brown propolis have improved dry matter intake, feed efficiency, and average daily weight gain. Conversely, high doses of EEP (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;8 mL/lamb/day) have been associated with adverse effects (Itavo et al., 2009; Itavo et al., 2011; Silva et al., 2012, 2019). Some studies have also reported increases in serum IgM and IgA levels (Shedeed et al., 2019; Cecere et al., 2021). Moreover, propolis exhibits marked antibacterial activity against Enterococcus spp., E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and has shown synergistic effects with certain antibiotics in specific contexts. Its antifungal and antiviral properties have likewise been documented across multiple studies (Grange and Davey, 1990; Kujumgiev et al., 1999; Martin and Pileggi, 2004; Yıldırım et al., 2004; Silici and Kutluca, 2005; Funari and Ferro, 2006; Mercan, 2006; Noori et al., 2012; Kuropatnicki et al., 2013; Sforcin, 2016; Kasiotis et al., 2017; Ismael et al., 2019; Przybyłek and Karpiński, 2019; Moreno et al., 2020; Mojarab et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2021; \u0026Ouml;zdemir et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study aims to evaluate the effects of different doses of ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) supplementation on growth and developmental indicators, as well as on whole-blood parameters, serum IgG and IgM concentrations, and oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in goat kids. The study is expected to strengthen the limited evidence base regarding EEP use in small ruminants and to provide a scientific foundation for the development of sustainable and functional feeding strategies in goat production systems.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Animal Material","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe animal material of the study consisted of 30 Saanen kids (18 males and 12 females) of the same age, born at the end of March 2022 to 25 synchronized Saanen does maintained at the Goat Breeding Unit of the Livestock Research and Application Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University. The kids were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: Group 1 (Control group): no propolis supplementation, Group 2 (EEP 0.2 mL group): supplemented with 0.2 mL ethanolic propolis extract, Group 3 (EEP 0.4 mL group): supplemented with 0.4 mL ethanolic propolis extract. Each group comprised 10 kids, including six males and four females (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at a farm located at an altitude of 52 meters above sea level, at coordinates 37\u0026deg;45\u0026prime;03.31\u0026Prime; N and 27\u0026deg;45\u0026prime;27.16\u0026Prime; E. The region is characterized by a Mediterranean climate. The experimental facility consisted of 30 semi-open individual pens, each measuring 1.5 \u0026times; 1.5 meters, constructed of metal frames and covered with a shed-type roof made of asbestos (eternit) material, open on all four sides to ensure adequate ventilation. During the experimental period, the kids were divided into three groups of ten animals, and each animal was housed individually within its designated pen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental Design","content":"\u003cp\u003eForty-eight hours prior to housing, each of the semi-open individual pens (1.5 \u0026times; 1.5 m) designated for the kids was cleaned and maintained. Following sanitation of the experimental area, lime powder was applied to the pen floors for disinfection, and a layer of fresh bedding material was subsequently placed on top.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo establish the control, 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) groups (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), all kids were separated from their dams, and their baseline serum immunoglobulin concentrations were determined at the beginning of the trial. The following day, the animals were assigned into three homogeneous groups based on live weight, litter size (singleton or twin), sex, and initial serum Ig levels, ensuring comparable characteristics across treatments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre- and post-weaning experimental design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-weaning period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-weaning period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreast milk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoughage and Concentrate Feed (RCF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2 ml propolis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreast milk\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0,2 ml propolis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRCF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0,2 ml propolis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,4 ml propolis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreast milk\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0,4 ml propolis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRCF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0,4 ml propolis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFeeding Regimen\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of the trial, the daily milk allowance offered to the kids was adjusted to 10% of their live body weight. The kids were bottle-fed twice daily between 06:00\u0026ndash;08:00 and 18:00\u0026ndash;20:00 h. Propolis supplementation was administered orally using a needle-free insulin syringe at doses of 0.2 mL and 0.4 mL once daily for 8 weeks during the pre-weaning period and for 8 weeks during the post-weaning period. The propolis extract was supplied by Idapolis, a company located in the \u0026Ccedil;anakkale Onsekiz Mart University Technopark.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the pre-weaning period, the milk allowance was adjusted weekly according to the average live weight of the kids during the first six weeks of the trial. One week after the start of the experiment, 100 g of concentrate feed (kid starter feed) was offered to the kids. From the fourth week onward, when the kids began consuming concentrate feed, the amount of concentrate was progressively increased based on their live weight gain. In addition, roughage (straw and alfalfa hay) was provided as a supplement. Starting from the sixth week of the experiment, the milk allowance was gradually reduced to minimize stress during the weaning process. The kids were completely weaned at 8 weeks of age (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the post-weaning period, the kids were allocated to a feeding program based on their body weight gains, consisting of a concentrate feed (kid grower feed) and roughage (straw and alfalfa hay). All three groups received equal amounts of both roughage and concentrate feed. Weekly, feed intake was monitored by measuring and recording the remaining feed after each feding (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily milk, roughage, and concentrate feed offered per kid and feed refusals during the pre-weaning period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily milk intake per kid\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily roughage intake per kid (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily concentrate feed intake per kid (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily refused feed per kid in the control group\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily refused feed per kid in the 0.2 ml propolis group\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily refused feed per kid in the 0.4 ml propolis group\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily feed intake and refusals per kid during the post-weaning period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily roughage intake per kid (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily concentrate feed intake per kid (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily feed refusals per kid\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl group (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily feed refusals per kid \u0026ndash; 0.2 ml propolis group (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily feed refusals per kid \u0026ndash; 0.4 ml propolis group (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the experimental period, kids in all groups were weighed individually on a weekly basis to determine live body weight (LBW). In addition, body measurements including body length (BL), withers height (WH), rump height (RH), and chest circumference (CC) were recorded using a measuring stick.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody condition score (BCS) was assessed using a scale ranging from 1 to 5, with 0.25-point increments. Animals with lower scores were classified as leaner, whereas those with higher scores were considered to have greater body fat reserves, as described by Russel et al. (1969).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecal scoring (FS) was performed using a fecal consistency scoring system. Scores ranged from 1 to 4 (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;watery; 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;loose; 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;soft; 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;normal), as described by Ayışığı et al. (2005).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe general health status of the animals was monitored daily, and fecal consistency was evaluated twice per day (morning and evening).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor whole blood analyses, baseline blood samples were collected on the first day of the experiment, and subsequent samples were obtained at two-week intervals throughout the experimental period. Approximately 5 mL of blood was collected from the jugular vein (vena jugularis) of each animal into EDTA-containing tubes. The samples were delivered within 1 hour to Podovet Veterinary Clinic for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, blood samples were collected on the first day of the trial and subsequently at two-week intervals using heparinized tubes. Immediately after collection, samples were transported to the laboratory under cold chain conditions. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes (NF800R, N\u0026uuml;ve, T\u0026uuml;rkiye), and the plasma was separated and transferred into Eppendorf tubes using an automatic pipette.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, the first blood samples were collected one day before the initiation of the pre-weaning experimental period. Subsequently, blood samples were obtained weekly until weaning and at two-week intervals during the post-weaning period. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein (vena jugularis) into gel-containing serum tubes. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the separated serum was transferred into Eppendorf tubes using an automatic pipette and stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C until analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoat-specific ELISA kits (SunRed, China) were used for the determination of immunoglobulin levels. Biochemical analyses were conducted at the laboratories of the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses of the obtained data were performed using SPSS\u0026copy; version 22.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Descriptive statistics, including group means and standard errors, were calculated for body measurements (LBW, WH, RH, BL, CC, and BCS), whole blood parameters, and biochemical variables (IgG, IgM, MDA, and GSH).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine differences among the Control, 0.2 mL propolis, and 0.4 mL propolis groups, both pre-weaning and post-weaning weekly measurements were included in the analysis. Intergroup differences were evaluated using multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). When a significant effect was detected, multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey\u0026rsquo;s post hoc test, and statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin-group (intragroup) weekly comparisons were conducted using the least squares means procedure, with significance declared at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTemperature\u0026ndash;Humidity Index (THI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean temperature and relative humidity values for the pre-weaning (April\u0026ndash;May) and post-weaning (June\u0026ndash;July) periods are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Throughout the experimental period, ambient temperature ranged from 10 to 40\u0026deg;C, while relative humidity varied between 38% and 50%. Evaluation of the calculated Temperature\u0026ndash;Humidity Index (THI) values indicated that those recorded in May, June, and July exceeded the threshold value of 25.6 reported by Marai et al. (2007) for severe heat stress. The highest THI value was calculated in July (35.08). These findings suggest that the animals were exposed to substantial heat stress conditions, particularly during the summer months of the experimental period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values of the maximum and minimum temperature (\u0026deg;C) and relative humidity (%) in the goat kid barn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-Weaning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-Weaning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature values (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApril\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJune\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum Temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum Temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Relative Humidity (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u0026ndash;Humidity Index (THI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33,76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLive Body Weight, Morphometric Measurements, and Fecal Scoring\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the pre-weaning period, LBW and morphometric measurements (WH, RH, BL, and CC) increased in all groups. The highest LBW gain was observed in the 0.4 ml propolis group, followed by the 0.2 ml propolis and control groups. Although improvements in BCS and fewer diarrhea cases were noted in the propolis-treated groups, differences among groups in LBW, morphometric measurements, BCS, and FS were not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the post-weaning period, LBW gains were 4.55, 5.53, and 7.17 kg in the control, 0.2 ml propolis, and 0.4 ml propolis groups, respectively. The 0.4 ml propolis group showed significantly higher LBW values during weeks 5\u0026ndash;8 compared with the other groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Morphometric measurements increased similarly across groups, and although BCS tended to improve in the 0.4 ml propolis group, no significant differences were observed among groups for WH, RH, BL, CC, BCS, or FS (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard errors for LBW, WH, RH, BL, CC, BCS, and FS of goat kids during the pre-weaning period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,4 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLBW\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40b\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003cem\u003eNS: Not significant; : Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Means within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard errors for LBW, WH, RH, BL, CC, BCS, and FS of goat kids during the post-weaning period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLBW\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 50.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12 3.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 51.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 3.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.72\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e 51.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14 3.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e 52.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 3.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e 53.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14 4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003csup\u003eAde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e 54.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003csup\u003eAef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003ed 54.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003csup\u003eAef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e 55.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13 4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.94\u003csup\u003eAf\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e 56.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,2 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLBW\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 49.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e 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1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e 53.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 3.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e 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1.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003csup\u003eAf\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e 54.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003ed 1.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e52.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e 55.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e 1.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003csup\u003eBe\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e 56.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e 2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003csup\u003eCf\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e 57.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e 1.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*NS: Not significant; : Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same column with different superscript letters (A, B, C, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImmunoglobulins (IgG and IgM)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of the study, IgG levels were similar among all groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In the first week, however, IgG concentrations were significantly higher in the 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml propolis groups compared with the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In subsequent weeks, IgG levels showed fluctuations across all groups, with an increasing trend during weeks 2 and 3. In week 6, the control group exhibited higher IgG levels than the propolis-treated groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). These results suggest that propolis supplementation may transiently stimulate the humoral immune response during the early stage of the experiment. IgM levels showed some weekly fluctuations during the pre-weaning period; however, differences among groups were generally not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the post-weaning period, IgG levels were initially similar among groups, decreased temporarily in week 4, and increased again in weeks 6 and 8, reaching the highest values in week 8. Although significant differences were observed between weeks within groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), no significant differences were detected among treatment groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), suggesting that the increase in IgG levels may be related to the natural maturation of the immune system rather than propolis supplementation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error values of IgG and IgM levels in goat kids during the pre-weaning period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgG\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003csup\u003eAb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003csup\u003eAc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,2 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgG\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003csup\u003eBb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003csup\u003eBc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,4 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgG\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003csup\u003eBb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003csup\u003eBc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*NS: Not significant; : Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same column with different superscript letters (A, B, C, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error values of IgG and IgM levels in goat kids during the post-weaning period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgG\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,2 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgG\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgM .\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,4 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgG\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 3.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 2.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e 3.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*NS: Not significant; : Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOxidative Stress Parameters (MDA and GSH)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the pre-weaning period, plasma MDA levels increased until week 4 and then decreased in all groups. Although significant differences were observed between weeks within the same group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), no significant differences were detected among the groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), indicating that propolis supplementation did not markedly affect MDA levels (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). GSH levels in the control group remained relatively stable, whereas propolis-treated groups showed a moderate increase over time, with the highest value observed in the 0.4 ml group at week 4. However, differences among groups were not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the post-weaning period, MDA levels decreased in week 4 and then returned to near baseline levels. GSH levels increased markedly by week 8 in all groups, suggesting improved antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly MDA (\u0026micro;mol/L) and GSH (\u0026micro;mol/gHb) values of kids during the pre-weaning period (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaşlangı\u0026ccedil;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.36\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.28\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e169.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 142.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,2 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.85\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 97.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 138.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.48\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e 156.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 157.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.69\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 150.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.45\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,4 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.63\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 101.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.85\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 157.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.48\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.80\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e 185.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.79\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e 156.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 171.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.45\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*NS: Not significant; : Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly MDA (\u0026micro;mol/L) and GSH (\u0026micro;mol/gHb) values of kids during the post-weaning period (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 142.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 141.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.77\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e 169.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 172.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 256.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,2 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.69\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 150.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 143.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e 181.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 138.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 283.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,4 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 171.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 189.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e 157.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 181.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 248.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*NS: Not significant; : Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHematological Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematological parameters showed significant variations across weeks within groups during the pre-weaning period (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). WBC, LYM#, and GRAN# values generally increased with age, indicating normal developmental changes in leukocyte profiles. Similarly, erythrocyte-related parameters (RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, and MCH) showed temporal fluctuations during the experimental period. However, no statistically significant differences were detected among the treatment groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), indicating that propolis supplementation did not markedly affect the hematological profile of the kids during the pre-weaning period (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in hematological parameters during the post-weaning period are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e. Leukocyte-related parameters (WBC, LYM#, MID#, and GRAN#) showed temporal fluctuations throughout the experimental period. However, no statistically significant differences were observed among the treatment groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The percentages of leukocyte subpopulations (LYM%, MID%, and GRAN%) also varied across weeks. Significant differences between weeks within groups were detected (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In contrast, comparisons among treatment groups remained statistically non-significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Erythrocyte-related parameters (RBC, HGB, and HCT) remained relatively stable across the experimental period. No significant differences among treatment groups were observed for these parameters (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Erythrocyte indices such as MCV and MCH increased significantly over time in all groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Additionally, occasional differences among groups were observed for MCV and MCHC values in some weeks (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Overall, propolis supplementation did not produce a consistent effect on the hematological profile of kids during the post-weaning period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values and standard errors of whole blood parameters of kids during the pre-weaning period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLYM# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAN# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L) LYM%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAND%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHGB (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCT%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCV (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCH (pg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCHC (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-CV%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-SD (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 4.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 4.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003eac\u003c/sup\u003e 48.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 44.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.99\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.56\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.95\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e 7.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 6.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e 52.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 42.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 72.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e 24.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e16.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e 11.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68 2.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.32\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.95\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values and standard errors of whole blood parameters of kids during the pre-weaning period (Continued).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,4 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLYM# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAN# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L) LYM%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAND%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHGB\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCT%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCV (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCH (pg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCHC (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-CV%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-SD (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.66 5.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.06\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e 7.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.34 4.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.22\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.24 3.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.82\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.28\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.27\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e 9.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.00 3.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.49\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.76\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e 9.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68 3.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.55\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.95\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*NS: Not significant; : Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same column with different superscript letters (A, B, C, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values and standard errors of whole blood parameters of kids during the post-weaning period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLYM# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAN# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L) LYM%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAND%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHGB (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCT%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCV (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCH (pg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCHC (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-CV%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-SD (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40 10.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88 69.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58 30.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.22\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85 66.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99 29.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.66\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.78\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e168.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.79\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.76\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e195.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.99\u003csup\u003ecA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.01\u003csup\u003edA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e283.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.90\u003csup\u003edA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.87\u003csup\u003edA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e293.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;70.01\u003csup\u003edA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,2 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLYM# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAN# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLYM%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAND%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHGB (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCT%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCV (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCH (pg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCHC (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-CV%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-SD (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68 2.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.95\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08 1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85 60.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99 34.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e154.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.76\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e185.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.99\u003csup\u003ebA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.01\u003csup\u003ecB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e242.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.90\u003csup\u003ecB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.87\u003csup\u003ecB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e238.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;70.01\u003csup\u003ecB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab14\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values and standard errors of whole blood parameters of kids during the post-weaning period (Continued).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,4 ml propolis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLYM# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAN# (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L) LYM%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMID%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAND%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRBC (10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHGB (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCT%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCV (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCH (pg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCHC (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-CV%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW-SD (fl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*NS: Not significant; : Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans within the same column with different superscript letters (A, B, C, \u0026hellip;) are significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThermal\u0026ndash;Humidity Index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the average temperature\u0026ndash;humidity index (THI) ranged from 27.58 to 33.83 during the pre-weaning period and from 33.76 to 35.08 during the post-weaning period. According to the classification of Marai et al. (2007), these values indicate the presence of heat stress conditions for goats. Although the ambient temperature exceeded the optimal range reported for goats (13\u0026ndash;18\u0026deg;C) by McDowell and Woodward (1982), no severe health problems were observed in the animals throughout the experiment. This suggests that the animals were able to physiologically adapt to the environmental conditions during the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBody Weight and Growth Performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe initial body weights of the kids were similar among the experimental groups. During the pre-weaning period, propolis supplementation (0.2 and 0.4 cc) did not significantly affect body weight gain (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were detected among the groups in the post-weaning period. However, kids receiving propolis tended to show numerically higher body weight gains compared with the control group, particularly in the 0.4 cc group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe positive tendency observed in propolis-supplemented groups may be associated with the bioactive compounds present in propolis, especially flavonoids and phenolic components, which are known to improve gut health, rumen microbial activity, and nutrient utilization (Morsy et al., 2011; de Aguiar et al., 2013; Soltan and Patra, 2020). Previous studies conducted on ruminants have also reported improvements in growth performance following propolis supplementation (Gubicza and Molnar, 1987; \u0026Iacute;tavo et al., 2011; Sadek et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn comparison with previous studies conducted on Saanen kids (Teke et al., 2011; Bolacalı and K\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml;k, 2011), the body weights obtained in the present study were generally similar or slightly higher. These differences may be related to management conditions, feeding strategies, or the potential beneficial effects of propolis supplementation on nutrient utilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody measurements such as withers height, body length, and chest circumference also showed similar trends among groups, with slightly higher values observed in the propolis-supplemented groups, although the differences were not statistically significant. Similar findings have been reported in studies evaluating propolis supplementation in ruminants (\u0026Iacute;tavo et al., 2009; Abd-Allah and Daghash, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMortality and Diarrhea Incidence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea is one of the most common health problems in young ruminants and is frequently associated with pathogens such as enterotoxigenic \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCryptosporidium parvum\u003c/em\u003e, rotavirus, and coronavirus. Propolis has been reported to possess strong antimicrobial and antiviral properties against various pathogens (Kaal, 1991; Y\u0026uuml;cel et al., 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, no kid mortality occurred during the pre-weaning period. During the post-weaning period, two deaths occurred in the control group, whereas only one death was observed in each propolis-supplemented group. The relatively lower incidence of mortality and diarrhea in propolis groups may be associated with the antimicrobial activity of propolis and its beneficial effects on intestinal health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropolis has been reported to exert bacteriostatic effects by altering the bioenergetic status of bacterial cell membranes and inhibiting bacterial motility (Mirzoeva et al., 1997). Therefore, propolis may function as a natural alternative to ionophore antibiotics by improving rumen fermentation efficiency and microbial balance (Soltan et al., 2018; Morsy et al., 2016; Morsy et al., 2021; de Melo Garcia et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImmunoglobulins\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn ruminants, neonates are born agammaglobulinemic because immunoglobulins cannot pass through the ruminant placenta. Therefore, the intake of colostrum shortly after birth is essential for passive immunity (Napodano et al. 2021; Zamuner et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, IgG levels tended to be higher in the propolis-supplemented groups at certain sampling periods; however, the differences among groups were not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similar findings were reported by Sarker and Yang (2010), who observed no significant effect of propolis supplementation on IgG concentrations in calves. Nevertheless, several studies have reported that propolis supplementation may enhance immunoglobulin production due to its phenolic compounds and immunomodulatory properties (Hegazi et al., 2021a; Al-Kahtani et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgM levels remained relatively stable throughout the experimental period and did not differ significantly among the groups. These findings suggest that although propolis may support immune responses, its effects on circulating immunoglobulin concentrations in kids may be limited or dose-dependent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHematological Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematological parameters are important indicators of the physiological and health status of animals. In the present study, most hematological parameters remained within the physiological range and were not significantly affected by propolis supplementation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropolis has been reported to possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties that may influence leukocyte activity (Dantas et al., 2006; Talas and Gulhan, 2009; Morsy et al., 2013). Although some fluctuations were observed in leukocyte counts during the experimental period, these changes were not associated with clinical health problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome erythrocyte indices showed variations across sampling weeks. However, the overall hematological profile suggested that propolis supplementation did not induce adverse physiological effects in the animals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOxidative Stress\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropolis is well known for its strong antioxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. In the present study, glutathione (GSH) levels tended to increase in propolis-supplemented groups, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) levels showed relatively lower values compared with the control group during some sampling periods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings indicate that propolis supplementation may contribute to the reduction of lipid peroxidation and the improvement of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Similar results have been reported in studies demonstrating that propolis supplementation enhances antioxidant enzyme activity and reduces oxidative stress markers in ruminants (Abdlazez and Saleh, 2016; Shedeed et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the results suggest that propolis supplementation may exert beneficial effects on antioxidant status, although further studies are needed to clarify its mechanisms of action in goats.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, propolis supplementation did not produce statistically significant differences in body measurements of kids during the pre-weaning period; however, kids receiving 0.4 cc propolis showed numerically better growth performance and were observed to be more active and had a higher appetite during the critical neonatal period. In addition, diarrhea cases were observed regularly in the control group, whereas the incidence was lower in the propolis-supplemented groups, and recovery from diarrhea was faster. These findings suggest that propolis supplementation may help reduce the incidence and severity of diarrhea in young kids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough IgG levels were generally below reference values at the beginning of the study, relatively higher IgG concentrations were observed in the 0.4 cc propolis group during the pre-weaning period and in the 0.2 cc propolis group during the post-weaning period. This may indicate that propolis supplementation positively influences humoral immune responses, possibly due to its biologically active compounds such as phenolic substances and flavonoids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropolis supplementation also appeared to influence oxidative stress parameters. Higher GSH levels observed in propolis groups suggest improved antioxidant defense mechanisms, whereas changes in MDA levels indicate a potential reduction in lipid peroxidation. These results support the antioxidant properties of propolis and its role in enhancing physiological resilience in kids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, propolis can be considered a promising natural feed additive in kid rearing for improving health status, supporting immune function, and reducing diarrhea incidence. Although the effects on growth performance were not statistically significant, the numerical improvements observed in propolis-supplemented groups may still have practical and economic importance in goat production. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to better clarify the biological mechanisms and optimal dosage of propolis in goat nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics approval\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll procedures of the study were approved by the Animal Experiments Ethic Committee of Adnan Menderes University (approval no.: 2021/36 and date: 18/03/2021). The procedures performed in the study were also in accordance with the national legislation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e All authors consented to participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e All authors consented to submit the manuscript to the journal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Adnan Menderes University. Project number: ZRF-21031.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":" \u003cp\u003eAbd-Allah, M., \u0026amp; Daghash, M. W. H. (2019). 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Evaluation of plasma immunoglobulin G and BW thresholds for predicting preweaning mortality in commercially raised dairy goat kids. animal, 17 (10), 100989.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Saanen Kid, Propolis, IgG, IgM, Oxidative stress, Whole blood","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9209090/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9209090/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the effects of different doses of propolis supplementation on IgG and IgM levels, oxidative stress markers, blood parameters, and growth performance in Saanen kids during pre- and post-weaning periods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThirty one-week-old Saanen kids were divided into three groups: control, 0.2 ml propolis, and 0.4 ml propolis (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 per group), and all were fed the same diet. Growth parameters were monitored for 16 weeks, along with fecal scores. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological values, oxidative stress indicators (MDA, GSH), and serum IgG and IgM levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of both propolis supplementation doses on body growth parameters, IgG and IgM levels, and oxidative stress markers were found to be statistically not significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Analysis of hematological values showed that all parameters, except for RBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, were within the reference ranges for kids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo mortality was observed during the pre-weaning period. Although differences among groups were statistically not significant, kids supplemented with 0.4 ml propolis showed better growth performance. Mild diarrhea was observed in a few animals in both propolis groups during this period. In the post-weaning period, two kid deaths occurred in the control group during the 1st and 2nd weeks, and one death each occurred in the 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml propolis groups during the 7th week. Pneumonia was identified as the cause of death.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, propolis supplementation is recommended during critical periods to potentially support kid health and reduce mortality.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of Postnatal Propolis Supplementation at Different Doses on Igg and Igm Levels, Oxidative Stress Markers, Hematological Parameters, and Growth Performance in Saanen Kids","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-08 13:42:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9209090/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T06:44:00+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T13:11:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-03T04:40:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","date":"2026-03-31T18:21:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2ed2f6c1-83a2-48e1-86bd-041188c3f94b","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 8th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T06:44:00+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T13:11:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T13:42:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-08 13:42:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9209090","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9209090","identity":"rs-9209090","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}