A Filter-Based Malicious Traffic Detection Method Based on Unsupervised Models

A Filter-Based Malicious Traffic Detection Method Based on Unsupervised Models | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Filter-Based Malicious Traffic Detection Method Based on Unsupervised Models Ruohan SHI, Ziqiang MA, Jianglin YANG, Yan TANG This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7911194/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To address the current challenges in malicious traffic detection—namely the low accuracy of single unsupervised models and the strong dependence on labeled data in supervised approaches—this paper proposes a filtering-based malicious traffic detection method leveraging multiple unsupervised models. The proposed framework first extracts normal traffic samples from the dataset and employs a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network to capture their temporal characteristics, producing representation vectors for training an autoencoder. The trained autoencoder is then used to perform the first round of filtering on the raw traffic data. Subsequently, a Local Outlier Factor (LOF) algorithm and an attention-enhanced autoencoder are introduced to further refine the suspicious traffic identified in the first stage through two additional rounds of filtering. Ultimately, all samples identified as normal during any stage are combined with the malicious samples detected in the final round to achieve complete classification and labeling of the original dataset. Experimental results on publicly available attack datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art models. It requires no manual data annotation, enables multi-dimensional detection from temporal, local density, and global dependency perspectives, and effectively captures various obfuscation strategies used in malicious traffic. The method achieves detection accuracy and precision rates exceeding 99%. Unsupervised learning BiLSTM LOF Autoencoder Self-attention mechanism Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7911194","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":551105792,"identity":"54af435b-c63e-4f53-8ecc-cc48c7f9374e","order_by":0,"name":"Ruohan SHI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruohan","middleName":"","lastName":"SHI","suffix":""},{"id":551105793,"identity":"b2764e73-7299-4a0c-a3ab-2ed30bd6ce84","order_by":1,"name":"Ziqiang MA","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAwwGQJK9AcxhbCBeC88BErRAgEQCkVp0248/PPCmwC5PPvLtMWkeBhvZDQeYnz3Ap8XsTELCwTkGycWGt/OSjXkY0ow3HGAzN8Cr5UDCgcM8BsyJG2fnGD7mYTicuOEAD5sEXi3nHzYAtdQnbpx5xuAwD8N/IrTcSGYAajmcOF+CB2TLAWK0PGMA+uV44gaeHGNDoKeMZx5mMyPgsPTHH978qU6c337GTOJNhZ1s3/HmZ3i1gAEPEBscALFAQcVMUD1Ui3wDMSpHwSgYBaNgRAIAe5ZMfBR51K8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ziqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"MA","suffix":""},{"id":551105794,"identity":"9014950d-b4cd-4ab9-8a59-ef7452be1a7d","order_by":2,"name":"Jianglin YANG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianglin","middleName":"","lastName":"YANG","suffix":""},{"id":551105795,"identity":"f7fc4015-6b2c-490e-a4ed-62dd3d71a0b5","order_by":3,"name":"Yan TANG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yan","middleName":"","lastName":"TANG","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-21 06:38:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7911194/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7911194/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96877855,"identity":"6ceb48cf-851c-420d-af91-8e11b3033fe4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":599646,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FilterBasedMaliciousTrafficDetection.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/e2ed2cb1161a40268bfeaddb.docx"},{"id":96918804,"identity":"16448069-64f9-45dc-a86e-9b7ac6c5dbc6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:12:37","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"62e967b0f0bd46f99a4885f9a6235e23.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/bf57945b9060754bff494ef9.json"},{"id":96877860,"identity":"f6200ecd-97be-455c-8208-dfb45cfa4a65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":119893,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"62e967b0f0bd46f99a4885f9a6235e231enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/2c9d94e079b735d4897b6eaa.xml"},{"id":96919876,"identity":"1a6b37a8-8ad6-4c2d-8dd6-b77bcc60b8b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:34","extension":"emf","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":146564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ff521a14b4931cba6ad3dbe8.emf"},{"id":96877894,"identity":"8bcd0ab6-0903-4837-a70e-f62f4392f592","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"emf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":144660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/6c3ea63130513340a9d0d725.emf"},{"id":96920131,"identity":"f430ad00-68c3-4a85-b812-40da94bab5c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:49","extension":"emf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/40a9549b4d849dd6dcf334e5.emf"},{"id":96919902,"identity":"86c59cce-665c-449f-8d38-b26345ff9d34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:36","extension":"emf","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/d6305f7de5edd2058e513568.emf"},{"id":96877839,"identity":"c5776c0d-ef3e-45d2-9240-3b7f23175233","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:51","extension":"emf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":58072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/770698409a681dba24d3419f.emf"},{"id":96877859,"identity":"de4e9ae3-f4de-41d0-a772-2f28164b21be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":155232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/7405128e803a4a6b079ff5c5.png"},{"id":96877980,"identity":"72de61a0-5e44-4be9-a2af-14d7691a9ed0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:59","extension":"wmf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image1.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/bfe08132338811bc0c3d0cd2.wmf"},{"id":96877927,"identity":"997db8c1-3d50-4f08-bad6-d230c6b8707e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image10.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/fe2aad2d7aedba64a4d8a8fc.wmf"},{"id":96877846,"identity":"b9a08039-8992-4795-a42f-ffaf4fb4832d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:51","extension":"wmf","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/4cbac28e1866039b479e2740.wmf"},{"id":96877963,"identity":"8bb7d563-9ff8-4118-ad66-649863e115f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:58","extension":"wmf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image12.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/6fc1fc1fb6f95b1c0d5b5c94.wmf"},{"id":96877856,"identity":"c49a678e-9c06-4929-ac91-90c1d8bedd82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image13.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/0c3b53542d08285fba13a063.wmf"},{"id":96877881,"identity":"509bda59-c6af-4e51-b2d1-eea8cb98656d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"wmf","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image14.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/83789f160de5e110e9920113.wmf"},{"id":96919995,"identity":"5c536389-a813-4123-8657-a85a80e046b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:40","extension":"wmf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/72ff58af9d223525e81f3fc6.wmf"},{"id":96877969,"identity":"828cba04-c4e6-4f69-b097-29f4e1dcbc39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:58","extension":"wmf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image16.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/6f9b00e331a429210d3ec793.wmf"},{"id":96920398,"identity":"ff598a87-4dca-4175-9d48-9f56b71125e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:07","extension":"wmf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image17.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/66787eb1017de454faccfed6.wmf"},{"id":96877944,"identity":"e57acdc2-18bf-4f66-ade2-f6715edf5223","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image18.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/cd9aa908cf0be217a5431b13.wmf"},{"id":96877908,"identity":"4a530dba-3046-4548-81a9-87b68bda4788","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"wmf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image19.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/dd2bd0861b03f736d2fd6785.wmf"},{"id":96877973,"identity":"7080bcac-6de0-4ec9-a40e-53ef8dcedbf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:59","extension":"wmf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image2.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/e48997d9b246d4dea07aaf17.wmf"},{"id":96877848,"identity":"81618459-6e13-4273-aa97-80bcba3083b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:51","extension":"wmf","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image20.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/cdc4517c83c7e0c9e4e44c52.wmf"},{"id":96920921,"identity":"cb1e19ad-c626-4dfd-be31-69a7c401a720","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:30","extension":"wmf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image21.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/89a1ed03e5680400c0ad1f6f.wmf"},{"id":96877868,"identity":"3353ec3a-f22a-4e91-83e8-1073a61d3d11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"wmf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image22.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/d97bdb70c90c9fd3812508e0.wmf"},{"id":96877933,"identity":"f2d8306b-107e-4d5a-ac09-ca9c10ed2443","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image23.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/10766f0943662ec0682b9c16.wmf"},{"id":96919634,"identity":"73fa4b45-ab3c-4c44-aa57-7ae68ae79262","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:14","extension":"wmf","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image24.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/258c56ee239b4468ca09273d.wmf"},{"id":96877905,"identity":"acd47e20-6c07-469e-a001-1ba1d430b4b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"wmf","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image25.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/c959fccb494325bc9645c786.wmf"},{"id":96877898,"identity":"ce0f6c38-3ec8-4d08-bd55-ccfad0629a34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"wmf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image26.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/e89e4c62f3c7e00decf53ebb.wmf"},{"id":96877854,"identity":"cc82234d-d086-4fa0-96f2-832888356349","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image27.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/4ad073347f5de882263c4623.wmf"},{"id":96877957,"identity":"ad673e5c-12a2-4d9e-9a2f-b9d62eb6883f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:58","extension":"wmf","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image28.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/f7e51709c9b8d2e1f25f4a8f.wmf"},{"id":96877952,"identity":"55e49441-b92d-446c-a3fa-3e4f44ae2b8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image29.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/4d0b3788190b5e81b75f19d4.wmf"},{"id":96877849,"identity":"7b1a8372-ee0d-4a87-9cb4-fc645946cb8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image3.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/061fbca4f817c35f848d6ed7.wmf"},{"id":96920278,"identity":"c834ab0e-9cc5-4a00-ac0e-414be2a53300","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:00","extension":"wmf","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image30.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/73fb84382dd51b052614678b.wmf"},{"id":96919780,"identity":"e2f8d62e-d61e-44c0-9728-3dcb739efa42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:27","extension":"wmf","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image31.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ccce71b5e6c6ecb737762520.wmf"},{"id":96877896,"identity":"8053beb9-64c4-452c-b7e4-f5df7e7777bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"wmf","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image32.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/500b6cde4cb2147e6c72f561.wmf"},{"id":96877861,"identity":"a021ac5c-64ac-445e-b811-49e9698d3528","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image34.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/366c48c7c7724961a73f931a.wmf"},{"id":96877865,"identity":"d417bb12-e65d-4729-8829-023b94b91130","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"wmf","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image35.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/669f0958dac30087da9bc9a7.wmf"},{"id":96920339,"identity":"6a526701-28be-41ad-84ed-bccab48c4a8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:04","extension":"wmf","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image36.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ccff4e4a7a912f0974948933.wmf"},{"id":96920677,"identity":"206918e4-6a90-4231-b1fc-6e88c1a1a843","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:22","extension":"wmf","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image37.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/6cc029cd51a50a0062256f55.wmf"},{"id":96877889,"identity":"0794224b-e407-44ff-8fb5-c41c80cab809","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"wmf","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":778,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image38.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/152a044626ff8bd46eb18ba3.wmf"},{"id":96877954,"identity":"d1e9b3b1-e684-4eb4-b4ee-6bef33c28fa1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:58","extension":"wmf","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image4.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/037cfd5826386604070b1a2a.wmf"},{"id":96877879,"identity":"3faceb11-89b2-4426-bd78-cb4d9ce14d9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"wmf","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image40.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/7604cb98cdb87f828a66e87b.wmf"},{"id":96877995,"identity":"46f6d3ba-46c5-4263-ba27-6b18706e03c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:00","extension":"wmf","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image41.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/3d980bf756af711af65b3f49.wmf"},{"id":96919551,"identity":"eac187c7-61be-41ec-9fad-edcb6cea6dc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:04","extension":"wmf","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image42.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/bd7973864563b5cd3cd670bc.wmf"},{"id":96919478,"identity":"f5a37c77-d5de-47be-84a5-79793143d481","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image43.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/5c4960722172907f95df5d02.wmf"},{"id":96919908,"identity":"42b92688-defd-4cd6-83ed-7d7152008739","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image45.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ad89f1aa2c93020c7b60514e.wmf"},{"id":96877975,"identity":"fe243b2f-c239-452c-b05d-326d581550ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:59","extension":"wmf","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image46.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/6ea47977ca6e4af522b9729a.wmf"},{"id":96918997,"identity":"d62d2884-eba7-4c3a-9186-4cd39f41e435","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:12:58","extension":"wmf","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image47.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ea294140c77aa1a156a4f562.wmf"},{"id":96918856,"identity":"ee6be99f-fbe9-4e38-92d8-d777c7e33b2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:12:44","extension":"wmf","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":668,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image48.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/f3fdd97f3cf8f248af556919.wmf"},{"id":96918681,"identity":"a1a7e67f-52bb-4289-8b5e-1b3478587504","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:12:20","extension":"wmf","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image49.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/e33dd7e082529ce7e143a839.wmf"},{"id":96919480,"identity":"5149de4b-16ec-4835-9e66-dc87e6f9b7aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image5.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ad38c1023c52f114edb5bf7b.wmf"},{"id":96877901,"identity":"e9345b79-636d-4015-bf88-7dc8b641e718","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"wmf","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1286,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image50.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/b6a68199c5e33ec81e3d5a98.wmf"},{"id":96920360,"identity":"66a99baa-53eb-4740-96ab-6b6e1a222fb0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:06","extension":"wmf","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image51.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/8d5c141df0ef117edfca92ee.wmf"},{"id":96877857,"identity":"c87322cf-41db-4842-a703-d1d2c0e1f4da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image52.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/8097099acb7a250c30ec9a60.wmf"},{"id":96877919,"identity":"693a8fbb-356a-49be-ad9a-1a9e47759b82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"wmf","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image53.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/92d5a4e2e686209879975cca.wmf"},{"id":96920338,"identity":"38baaae7-fbe8-4977-8c78-684955bf7e0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:04","extension":"wmf","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image54.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/a46908737186d5c61418ecc0.wmf"},{"id":96919116,"identity":"e8a9197d-15ea-4f55-a176-7832f53cd1fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:10","extension":"wmf","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image55.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/41cadef950f6d3fd8aec00b6.wmf"},{"id":96877850,"identity":"78ca2e97-bc64-4442-a413-ca40356b9dd3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image56.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ef44c30f363e232f83b0bea5.wmf"},{"id":96918960,"identity":"005ea8e1-6c06-48e6-ad71-225bfb5355cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:12:53","extension":"wmf","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image57.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/d06eee0e099323a24a47c171.wmf"},{"id":96877928,"identity":"fbc5abf8-7e2b-4e8c-8f75-591e0d4c1b2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image58.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/60a8d7bf9ca8b59d8c4b038a.wmf"},{"id":96877912,"identity":"417e0336-66ae-4ccb-a583-e66a4d82ea5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"wmf","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1436,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image59.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/97288591a685c99ffccfcade.wmf"},{"id":96877967,"identity":"efdf3352-c8eb-4435-bec7-cf70628c8f82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:58","extension":"wmf","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image6.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/bd960cf283cdeb9cd5ea5f8e.wmf"},{"id":96919958,"identity":"390c029a-d434-48c9-ab0f-1df45a20f838","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:39","extension":"wmf","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image60.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/290452524a38516efb8bd6af.wmf"},{"id":96877955,"identity":"0c8e4867-c429-47b2-bcb7-5783e9ff7de8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:58","extension":"wmf","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":686,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image61.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/4a339e11182a64e57f0ed5c8.wmf"},{"id":96877921,"identity":"26376e99-c78b-4d56-a2da-134e59688256","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"wmf","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image62.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/c99cb738b64ef447f9f22d5d.wmf"},{"id":96877934,"identity":"9b4e3ff2-5f84-424d-9f9f-c8134ac2ebe4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":546,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image63.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/3c1713630d4582cf96819b24.wmf"},{"id":96877925,"identity":"a295d969-a5ae-475c-920e-7640223bee1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image64.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/f14255990282542c808c7ba1.wmf"},{"id":96877871,"identity":"1708c67a-db6c-44e8-967b-67c0c4ce22df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"wmf","order_by":67,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":700,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image66.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/6fd68eb97b90b1fa82f98a1e.wmf"},{"id":96877841,"identity":"c4b06350-b701-4489-b435-31563908cfa4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:51","extension":"wmf","order_by":68,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image67.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/35713dbdae43bfc787f9b144.wmf"},{"id":96877867,"identity":"75222947-80ba-453a-a7f7-5ea2afede9eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"wmf","order_by":69,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":632,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image68.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/a21cbd479c515cd23c6e9891.wmf"},{"id":96920006,"identity":"cd63bffa-7f61-45ab-9e0e-d79b043eb4ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:40","extension":"wmf","order_by":70,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image7.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ba22d5169d11ded5b132aee1.wmf"},{"id":97135842,"identity":"8cabdf07-6dde-41a0-845d-6db011d4fe9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 09:53:59","extension":"wmf","order_by":71,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image70.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/fe8a734664541705acbca012.wmf"},{"id":96877949,"identity":"d1e6b09c-e3a3-4b67-9711-b52423b15fd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":72,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image71.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/d503a5aa13286b65d683ec4b.wmf"},{"id":96920358,"identity":"a66b20e8-687c-43d8-8d1c-4570b8bc1780","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:06","extension":"wmf","order_by":73,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image72.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/3d2193bda25e6d788711edb8.wmf"},{"id":96920251,"identity":"00f1f65f-1679-4ed8-83c8-7ffa9e736846","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:58","extension":"wmf","order_by":74,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":716,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image73.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/9b191c24c517ff923c1426aa.wmf"},{"id":96919499,"identity":"99134475-d542-4c40-b807-2cd6c387c680","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":75,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image74.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/65d8539318fc904712869474.wmf"},{"id":96919556,"identity":"98d7f1cc-61a4-4eb6-9174-0cd105b440d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:05","extension":"wmf","order_by":76,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image75.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/1530b82a7ef3548571674f5c.wmf"},{"id":96877899,"identity":"0a68b609-8075-45b0-b25e-e09c1367012d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"wmf","order_by":77,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image76.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/c4652ad1ebea0220c0e8494f.wmf"},{"id":96919784,"identity":"67c86a85-ae91-45d6-9833-b92a8d199a26","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:27","extension":"wmf","order_by":78,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image8.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/a153a5589646df49bead3950.wmf"},{"id":96877851,"identity":"fdd4d87c-d29e-48f3-a4cc-f0a2948a5b24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":79,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image9.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/0784447d10ae7d0aabcd28c5.wmf"},{"id":96877996,"identity":"02d81935-010c-4830-9b1f-8149ef769536","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":80,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/f68a6a3c2285e4d48b8bac4c.png"},{"id":96877950,"identity":"5114d282-d18a-4592-85a5-07e1aff97cca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:57","extension":"png","order_by":81,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/d05dcd2ecf4d62cdec465d43.png"},{"id":96918206,"identity":"6d7279ec-6183-4282-97aa-2f8e9e95d1ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:11:21","extension":"png","order_by":82,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/e0e812a1a7b2f87a72036572.png"},{"id":96877887,"identity":"0fa50884-a144-432b-b239-e26993a06fd1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"png","order_by":83,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/cf2e2a42632e70b8a34259a1.png"},{"id":96920703,"identity":"5331cf4a-277e-4f48-afe1-00d40c43b000","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:22","extension":"png","order_by":84,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/748ddef7e418a8f04928a8db.png"},{"id":96878000,"identity":"810d6f47-565b-4d28-8a4c-d48808233b6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:01","extension":"png","order_by":85,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55902,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/3ff4f84680e5a1318c1f44fd.png"},{"id":96877878,"identity":"d903123e-e186-4d22-af3c-ed9be4f7ad7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"png","order_by":86,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":169,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/690e4a55fca24cd33933e56c.png"},{"id":96877965,"identity":"88d70673-44b6-4a44-863e-0f5a9d6abb74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:58","extension":"png","order_by":87,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":233,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/1fce914dd88a9088c3208d88.png"},{"id":96877924,"identity":"9a923002-70c5-4f9e-9c4c-323bee6ee42c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"png","order_by":88,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/6a74ea1dff1c34d7f564e0b8.png"},{"id":96919961,"identity":"780da564-86ff-4738-8a7b-2cfc06feee93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:39","extension":"png","order_by":89,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/15baec1ee123caecb0031f39.png"},{"id":96877986,"identity":"a1225772-7c8a-4a58-b402-39543a4739ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:59","extension":"png","order_by":90,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":212,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/c0f41f75e97d1f089c2232ba.png"},{"id":96920236,"identity":"8ee45b5e-75f5-47bd-a8f2-4fd92848535d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:56","extension":"png","order_by":91,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":244,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/c40111a0684cb6cc6f7d4f20.png"},{"id":96920298,"identity":"ecc36ac3-5734-48bd-a40d-beac2f7b877f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:02","extension":"png","order_by":92,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/73c7a79969bedba58dcd9994.png"},{"id":96877946,"identity":"2a1baf10-f943-4374-b048-23a951f9b535","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:57","extension":"png","order_by":93,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/0c7a184edfaf84f45fd59b11.png"},{"id":96920038,"identity":"e9205249-9460-42dc-aa52-b57294a150a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:43","extension":"png","order_by":94,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/139cd14d4a9408117d38dd59.png"},{"id":96877876,"identity":"f25b2c1e-f37c-46f7-8498-10c2d4789bc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"png","order_by":95,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":250,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/8c2d60fa6c4c0f8fe59d87b6.png"},{"id":96877930,"identity":"6ffa142a-c11c-4088-b5c8-8df251b0c845","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"png","order_by":96,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/f3af09c40123e598e82e2d89.png"},{"id":96877853,"identity":"c7298ee1-ef1d-49bb-877f-d3ed8ed7a706","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"png","order_by":97,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/3ec2e24b26a52bc089ef3bbf.png"},{"id":96877929,"identity":"3269ff1f-f0f3-4ffe-b7ae-33129512c9cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"png","order_by":98,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/40987430bfaf0aa67a2d6ace.png"},{"id":96877998,"identity":"0522d9b7-ffe9-42e0-9e1f-cb50d5696d3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":99,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/06990e0fa4b9e82be0a198bf.png"},{"id":96877852,"identity":"28b1e776-b1a6-4c9d-a294-d5db978141d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"png","order_by":100,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":264,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/8d2c24374fa4f966018481fd.png"},{"id":96877993,"identity":"2b51ea4e-42ca-4f0f-8b40-4025e1664b21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":101,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/5721ca70eec1882fe2912db1.png"},{"id":96918822,"identity":"e34e8815-e11c-4394-9aea-aa24bd1b9993","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:12:39","extension":"png","order_by":102,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":257,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ecc2108c9fd3d07d08179292.png"},{"id":96920024,"identity":"383b8aba-0e41-4edf-8972-cad3645621c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:42","extension":"png","order_by":103,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/a1abe039d9b8649240aa9e62.png"},{"id":96919539,"identity":"ceeccfa1-1066-44b0-bcf5-a721b9af58ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:04","extension":"png","order_by":104,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":267,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/e6dc707ea391b082bdb3f6a1.png"},{"id":96920226,"identity":"d0a465c4-8ffd-4313-942a-b16fc88ab43b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:56","extension":"png","order_by":105,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":276,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage27.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/694508884af9f0fcc615a759.png"},{"id":96920281,"identity":"e51b58b1-0194-4b0a-9d8d-f59f1cf43ac9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:01","extension":"png","order_by":106,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage28.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/23b0743fd44576abf7ae42b4.png"},{"id":96877875,"identity":"5ca5c747-d28f-4d96-85fc-e357c5830487","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"png","order_by":107,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage29.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/43d7243ad9e3c02e095df1c1.png"},{"id":96877992,"identity":"e5cdfdcd-7204-4326-bb3c-9aabf76b3471","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":108,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/cd3a767262d9fa2f485babcd.png"},{"id":96877844,"identity":"d4a69daa-5734-4f59-943b-26c23b7c4275","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:51","extension":"png","order_by":109,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage30.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/b2277022cf1802002e804ebc.png"},{"id":96919559,"identity":"efee80eb-0800-4f43-90e1-5efe9d7f611e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:05","extension":"png","order_by":110,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":273,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/7f17a600cca6bc95e3a6564d.png"},{"id":96877911,"identity":"32fff029-05a4-4260-a870-64f55e53c95f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"png","order_by":111,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/4faf5e73b253d0e465f294df.png"},{"id":96877907,"identity":"87c0dd89-3485-4ebe-a574-b975a4e57d01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"png","order_by":112,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/f319beee9eff5cd0cf53b2e0.png"},{"id":96877990,"identity":"d277b85d-352d-4009-b9fb-2a93d3c1e9fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":113,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage35.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/4fe7f3975b32721819c05be6.png"},{"id":96877991,"identity":"a32c76c1-718d-4c51-a13e-8f194578d7db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":114,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage36.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/f041799053ae7b8834aa5476.png"},{"id":96877904,"identity":"a17cb62d-6d98-4847-afbc-50a00b3afce1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"png","order_by":115,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":275,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage37.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/1ff3a1229e92d13ee442794f.png"},{"id":96878002,"identity":"f1c03b88-bb0a-46db-9fb5-6501f5ece7d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:01","extension":"png","order_by":116,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage38.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/45b565044ae44d3291ca9ebb.png"},{"id":96877882,"identity":"748d9011-2cef-4271-9a29-2b0a692bd4ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"png","order_by":117,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/642ccc1dd148aeda93f61698.png"},{"id":96877971,"identity":"7c7a7d5e-a2c1-4604-bb8f-c465cb407094","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:59","extension":"png","order_by":118,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1590,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage40.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/a017a670640daee58f513967.png"},{"id":96919817,"identity":"9e2738a1-1f8c-417f-b4fc-8ae4c4e7c3f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:32","extension":"png","order_by":119,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":857,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage41.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/ceb6bd4269960c0f2048a430.png"},{"id":96877915,"identity":"4a5be048-536e-471d-b549-e8e34de1ca47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:55","extension":"png","order_by":120,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage42.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/96a1906f9aca2111432bc5b9.png"},{"id":96877931,"identity":"52401fee-3454-4d3e-a79b-1ea47de564a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"png","order_by":121,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1144,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage43.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/f59fb2b44c0297b1ddec18b7.png"},{"id":96877989,"identity":"fb8b1ba5-902f-4ab0-8707-e8f61a5564d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":122,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage45.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/67afe909a5627001fa24146c.png"},{"id":96877941,"identity":"210f0300-9ba3-4dd8-be63-f9be76ae9ece","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:57","extension":"png","order_by":123,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":498,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage46.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/d5efb91cf0382c668c4d45bb.png"},{"id":96877983,"identity":"888133a3-30ea-48ed-b898-82b3bfa342d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:59","extension":"png","order_by":124,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage47.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/96d70769549dad557707db5a.png"},{"id":96920549,"identity":"ee15e43b-711c-45c7-a627-a9bde65547be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:15","extension":"png","order_by":125,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage48.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/5d16d4937edea09ba4f223e7.png"},{"id":96877869,"identity":"198a53b0-40cc-4f60-b8c9-a45c3b1b7ed0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"png","order_by":126,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage49.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/37245ff64862e580ecb53879.png"},{"id":96918438,"identity":"2cb08fe1-a7e0-4c5d-94af-3dce89f18e48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":127,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/119f10044a9b9d8020540101.png"},{"id":96919498,"identity":"cede73e8-baea-4b5d-a4ea-ba04d2868ae9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:57","extension":"png","order_by":128,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1530,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage50.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/5cab0ea2e2bebf6714f9c109.png"},{"id":96920756,"identity":"80f8a9bb-31c9-4fd0-ba33-63688c448cad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:24","extension":"png","order_by":129,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/9689f5cf1526318c2a07b334.png"},{"id":96877979,"identity":"5fdce627-55b1-4df9-b29b-a819c4ff616c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:59","extension":"png","order_by":130,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage52.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/5fb6004d15547c9d213de98d.png"},{"id":96919453,"identity":"98a955d2-3a1b-4d4f-886b-ed8cced4e7bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:54","extension":"png","order_by":131,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":289,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage53.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/9f39a21de4ddf4f1e1aed048.png"},{"id":96920393,"identity":"bc5c0a51-e113-4c0f-affd-726fc364f9d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:07","extension":"png","order_by":132,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage54.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/5df1ece1d657f24a7c887cbe.png"},{"id":96918318,"identity":"686752da-dd5a-4c5a-838e-6275b5df9f1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:11:43","extension":"png","order_by":133,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":950,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage55.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/7eac936879aecdddd0be7ac0.png"},{"id":96877893,"identity":"71cc110a-1353-4eff-88e9-e779f54d7ba2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"png","order_by":134,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage56.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/3f729dbad12ec5508b180366.png"},{"id":96919977,"identity":"f86ebfee-3909-441c-9dcf-37dd8becef62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:39","extension":"png","order_by":135,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":411,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage57.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/6feb9c11c7e4b0e8a2a24046.png"},{"id":96877864,"identity":"d3974f5c-a2bf-423d-a243-c34253154f6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:52","extension":"png","order_by":136,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1836,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage58.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/9b5ff310a62824092b052c60.png"},{"id":96918338,"identity":"b0d9060c-334e-4a23-af06-2c3426d90078","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:11:46","extension":"png","order_by":137,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage59.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/7ef77557c187a7e92865f285.png"},{"id":96919376,"identity":"eccd8ead-2d3b-4e4a-8f7b-c16d69e72d7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:45","extension":"png","order_by":138,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":231,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/23a6949ba84b430945984893.png"},{"id":96919256,"identity":"b0cebcd5-9c2c-4a61-8637-ccbd4f6d37bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:30","extension":"png","order_by":139,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2237,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage60.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/86aee0a7d74b4a80efb53d12.png"},{"id":96877936,"identity":"1cdc14a3-b077-4dfd-9603-ab7003373fd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"png","order_by":140,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1026,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage61.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/33184926d47321600b3af2ac.png"},{"id":96877997,"identity":"504e857e-5e5a-4e97-9919-6e4c27c2eca9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":141,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage62.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/3868da5447353ecb984e2cca.png"},{"id":96918687,"identity":"f9804777-c2aa-4f13-810b-fbbac4e31a98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:12:20","extension":"png","order_by":142,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage63.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/47dabe7c531d682076244555.png"},{"id":96920248,"identity":"e1d31e0a-000e-48cd-b460-2b8a5fd40bfd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":143,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage64.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/3984db1c6600ae015bd26eac.png"},{"id":96877939,"identity":"c1470e1d-ba9f-4557-9193-b9eb7830dc34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:57","extension":"png","order_by":144,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":938,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage66.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/fe2b6ed6fb3a61ae9d5a7263.png"},{"id":96920671,"identity":"9239eedb-b557-4030-8c94-514165cce55e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:21","extension":"png","order_by":145,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1573,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage67.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/65fb2b58e82da1e5f5023bbd.png"},{"id":96877885,"identity":"8ad39966-afb9-4d4b-b56d-e548883365ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"png","order_by":146,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":460,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage68.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/2939f7b3ec3bd6e67c20f7e5.png"},{"id":96877932,"identity":"3a7c1cf3-8aff-40d0-b432-d0e9b6d5f020","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"png","order_by":147,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/cf22741dd63e5f14dffd004a.png"},{"id":96919718,"identity":"23472858-503b-4717-8ae4-d85d0d506372","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":148,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1552,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage70.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/0b54742612e8b185bb40ddaf.png"},{"id":96877888,"identity":"4f3b1335-8aa9-41e3-ae33-6cf5581e8ca0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:54","extension":"png","order_by":149,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage71.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/f76939eb6160ae0417ed5709.png"},{"id":96920590,"identity":"4b839439-0bcd-4c4b-921c-af6a96cccd3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:18","extension":"png","order_by":150,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1007,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage72.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/2fb0a29121e046cd3fcd159f.png"},{"id":96877937,"identity":"8e9ca038-4aa6-4999-a731-cb904f0c9907","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:56","extension":"png","order_by":151,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1156,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage73.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/3d3d82546d0a0b03b85a4334.png"},{"id":96919234,"identity":"8d15aca0-bda1-4e29-9f5d-616a02ad35a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:24","extension":"png","order_by":152,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":249,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage74.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/5e15b68d4d635b58cc54d446.png"},{"id":96877870,"identity":"d0468924-84c9-462a-be6b-bb6ba77d2878","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:53","extension":"png","order_by":153,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":273,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage75.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/0213af89fdd47e1ec14343b0.png"},{"id":96919103,"identity":"41ecf752-aab0-408e-87c8-d957b74222b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:09","extension":"png","order_by":154,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":257,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage76.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/0b5c5e8a5730e31eaae390a3.png"},{"id":96920674,"identity":"8888c368-d345-4dc8-acd3-70b87fb4cfa0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:21","extension":"png","order_by":155,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/b9a842c34237bd15fabb8121.png"},{"id":96919442,"identity":"fbcf906b-935e-4faf-8222-287019fad976","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:54","extension":"png","order_by":156,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":225,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/08c2b14acc777be7933f3929.png"},{"id":96877981,"identity":"38f5e03a-0b2a-448d-bf28-962829a4b029","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:59","extension":"xml","order_by":157,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114895,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"62e967b0f0bd46f99a4885f9a6235e231structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/a77a402ed70bb5b915bc826b.xml"},{"id":96877960,"identity":"46774ecb-b305-457e-bdb4-eccbfa5abe73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 06:08:58","extension":"html","order_by":158,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":131493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1/657f77fc10cfa6db521f6236.html"},{"id":108297650,"identity":"96fa081c-5b79-40dd-909f-dfa1b34e2ed5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-01 22:54:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":429318,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FilterBasedMaliciousTrafficDetection.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7911194/v1_covered_71e0b4a8-38af-42d9-b309-d48b0228e2be.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Filter-Based Malicious Traffic Detection Method Based on Unsupervised Models","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Unsupervised learning, BiLSTM, LOF, Autoencoder, Self-attention mechanism","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7911194/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7911194/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo address the current challenges in malicious traffic detection\u0026mdash;namely the low accuracy of single unsupervised models and the strong dependence on labeled data in supervised approaches\u0026mdash;this paper proposes a filtering-based malicious traffic detection method leveraging multiple unsupervised models. The proposed framework first extracts normal traffic samples from the dataset and employs a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network to capture their temporal characteristics, producing representation vectors for training an autoencoder. The trained autoencoder is then used to perform the first round of filtering on the raw traffic data. Subsequently, a Local Outlier Factor (LOF) algorithm and an attention-enhanced autoencoder are introduced to further refine the suspicious traffic identified in the first stage through two additional rounds of filtering. Ultimately, all samples identified as normal during any stage are combined with the malicious samples detected in the final round to achieve complete classification and labeling of the original dataset. Experimental results on publicly available attack datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art models. It requires no manual data annotation, enables multi-dimensional detection from temporal, local density, and global dependency perspectives, and effectively captures various obfuscation strategies used in malicious traffic. The method achieves detection accuracy and precision rates exceeding 99%.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Filter-Based Malicious Traffic Detection Method Based on Unsupervised Models","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-27 06:08:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7911194/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a13e6d13-fa7e-4bf8-bb42-e85b09e9c498","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-01T22:53:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-27 06:08:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7911194","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7911194","identity":"rs-7911194","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}