Nutritional status and associated factors of attending schools children in Burkina Faso

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R. COMPAORE, Ousmane OUEDRAOGO, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259116/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Child malnutrition remains a public health problem affecting both children under 5 years of age and adolescents in Burkina Faso. However, school-age children are not always considered in programs to reduce malnutrition, despite their negative impact on school performance. This study sought to identify the factors associated with the nutritional status of students in public primary schools. Method Three-stage sampling was used to select 559 students aged 5–14 years enrolled in 24 public elementary school. Face- to- face interview using a structured questionnaire were used to collect information from children and their parents. Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age were calculated using the AnthroPlus software to determine the prevalence of all aspects of malnutrition among the studied children. Binary logistic regressions were used to examine factors associated with malnutrition. Results The sample included 52.8% girls, with an average age of 10.79 years. The prevalence of undernutrition was 35.8%, with 12.9% for stunting, 9.1% for underweight, and 13.8% for thinness. The prevalence of being overweight and obese was 0.7%. Stunting is significantly associated with 5–10 age and water from non-portable sources. Being underweight is associated with living in the province of Kourwéogo and the father's lack of of schooling. Leanness is positively associated with the 5 to 10 age group, non-deworming of pupils and the father's occupation as a trader. Conclusion Undernutrition is a real health problem among students in public primary schools in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso. Actions to prevent undernutrition must be undertaken to benefit school-age children. school-children public primary school stunting thinness wasting overweight Burkina Faso Key Messages this article examines the nutritional status and associated factors of public primary school pupils in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso. the lack of data on the nutritional status of school-age children suggests that this population group is spared the problems of malnutrition. undernutrition among schoolchildren is associated with several factors that characterize the lack of attention paid to nutrition in this population group. a multi-sectoral approach to school nutrition should be implemented to effectively combat malnutrition in this population group. Introduction Child survival, protection and development are essential prerequisites for nation’s future development. Ensuring the optimal growth and development of children is important to significantly accelerate the economic development of each country (World Health, 1998). Children’s nutritional status is an indicator of national investment in the future development of human strength; it shows the changing trend in the nutritional profile of a region (Bundy D, 2009). For this reason, the nutritional status of children under 5 has been monitored regularly in all countries since the WHO introduced the standard growth curve in 1978 ("The Growth chart : a tool for use in infant and child health care," 1986). In Africa, malnutrition is characterized by a double burden with a concomitant existence of both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition results from insufficient food intake or poor absorption and has a negative impact on children's growth and cognitive and physical development (Mwaniki & Makokha, 2013). Thinness has recently been adopted as a more appropriate indicator of relatively recent nutritional deficiencies, such as inadequate dietary intakes of energy, protein or several micronutrients, than underweight in mature children (WHO., 1995). Unfortunately, malnutrition doesn't just affect children under 5. School-age children are also victims of illnesses with multi-factorial causes, with the same harmful consequences as for children under 5 years (Patton et al., 2016; Victora et al., 2016). In recent years, adolescence has been recognized as the second window of opportunity for targeted gains in growth and development, with long-term benefits in terms of nutrition and health for current and future generations (Das et al., 2018; Dorn et al., 2019). However, little is known about the burden of malnutrition in these age groups despite the significant impact of nutritional status on health cognition, school performance and future economic productivity (Canavan & Fawzi, 2019; Patton et al., 2016). What's more, according to the World Nutrition Report, malnutrition causes a considerable economic loss of around 11% of gross domestic product per year in Africa and Asia (Institute., 2016). However, there is evidence that catch-up growth can occur beyond the preschool age. Malnourished schoolchildren tend to have a delayed bone age, and with appropriate nutritional interventions, they can catch up during the pubertal period, which is considered a second window of opportunity (Lundeen et al., 2014). In 2007, the WHO launched a standard growth curve for children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years, applying the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting rather than thinness as indicators of malnutrition (De Onis M, 2007). Recently, the World Bank has begun to emphasize the need to treat malnutrition in school-age children as a fundamental investment that a country should make, by launching the Human Capital Measurement Project (Bank, 2021). Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the nutritional status, and associated factors, of children enrolled in public elementary school in the Central Plateau region of Burkina Faso. Material and methods Study area and population This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in public elementary schools in the Central Plateau region in Burkina Faso. The study population included pupils aged 5 to 14 years from purposively selected schools. The study region includes provinces of Ganzourgou, Kourwéogo and Oubritenga. Average annual rainfall varies between 600 and 800 mm (INSD, 2022). In 2019, the region's population was 978,614 (53.1% female), 90.4% of whom live in rural areas. This population includes 300,744 school-age children (aged 5-14). According to the statistical yearbook of the Ministry of Education, the region had 735 public schools in the 2021/2022 school year (Ministère de l’Education nationale, 2022). Inclusion criteria These criteria have two levels: Schools were selected according to the following criteria: - be a public school with a complete primary cycle; - have a functional canteen at the time of collection; - have the approval of the school principal. The number of schools to be surveyed per province was based on the representativeness of the province's student population to that of the region. A reasoned choice was made to include two schools in the province's capital, so as to be able to take into account the place of residence. Schools in rural areas were selected at random by province, in proportion to the number of schools that satisfied the criteria. Pupils in each school were selected on the basis of the following criteria : - eat in the school canteen meal - attend the school selected by lottery; - have parental consent; - be among those selected by lottery; - not be ill on the day of the collection. Excluded from the study are students who were not randomly selected and those over the age of 14 years. Sampling Sample size The sample size is calculated using the prevalence of anemia among school-age children, which was 53.3% in the Central Plateau region, as a reference (Ministère de la Santé, 2014). Population data for schoolchildren were provided by the Regional Direction of Preschool, Primary and Non-Formal Education (DREPPNF) of the Central Plateau. The sample size was estimated using OpenEpi (version 3), a free software package for calculating samples. For a representative sample with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%, at least 370 children are required for the study. Taking into account 10% "non-response", the final sample size we had planned is 407 subjects (370 + (370x 10/100). The survey involved 560 pupils aged 5 to 14 from 24 public schools in the region's three provinces. Variables The dependent variables are undernutrition and overweight/obesity. Indicators of undernutrition include underweight (weight-for-age Z-score [WAZ]), stunting (height-for-age Z-score [HAZ]) and thinness or wasting (body mass index for age [BMIZ] (Kristen Cashin & Oot., 2018)). Any child presenting one or more of the indicators of undernutrition is classified as undernourished. Overweight and obesity correspond to the BMI for age Z-score (BAZ). Independent variables included socio-demographic and economic characteristics, feeding practices, the source of water for domestic use, and hand washing practices. Socio-demographic and economic variables included gender, age, province, area of residence, parental education and occupation, household size, student status, deworming status during the last six months. The dietary diversity score (DDS) was determined qualitatively from foods consumed by the child in the 24 hours prior to data collection, based on the nine recommended food groups. Children are considered to have an adequate dietary diversity score if they have consummed at least five different food groups (G. Kennedy & Dop, 2010). The children's different household drinking water sources were classified as potable or non-potable according to the WHO classification (Kristen Cashin & Oot., 2018). Children's hand-washing practices were determined using the availability of the device and the student-defined washing time. Data collection Data collection was conducted in the selected schools of the children with their parents/guardians and a teacher, using a pre-tested, semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were carried out according to standard procedures (Kristen Cashin & Oot., 2018) using a dual-purpose measuring scale in the school classrooms of children selected by enumerators. Body mass index for age (BMI for age): This index is valid for people between the ages of 5 and 19, according to WHO standards (Kristen Cashin & Oot., 2018) to assess underweight, overweight and obesity. Data analysis WHO 2007 criteria were used to measure malnutrition in school-age children and adolescents (WHO., 2007). The collected data were exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Z-scores height for age, weight for age and BMI for age were calculated on the basis of the WHO standard reference population aged 5-19 years (WHO., 2007) using AnthroPlus on R 4.3.1 for Windows. Statistical analyses other than Z-score calculations were performed using SPSS for Windows, version 25 (IBM/SPSS Inc., Chicago) (IBM., 2022). The Z-scores obtained were re-exported to SPSS software to determine the proportion of stunted, underweight, underweight and overweight/obese children. The reference classification of nutritional indicator growth included stunting (HAZ <-2 SD), underweight (WAZ <-2 SD), thinness (BAZ +1 SD to +2 SD) (Kristen Cashin & Oot., 2018). We conducted a binary logistic regression analysis to examine factors associated with undernutrition and overweight/obesity. Independent variables with a p-value < 0.25 in the Chi-square test of independence were included in the binary logistic regression. In addition, context and previous studies were also taken into account to make a variable a candidate for multivariate analysis. Statistical significance at a p-value < 0.05 in logistic regression was taken into account. Results were presented in the form of tables showing crude odds ratios (COR) with accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Socio-demographic characteristics The table 1 shows the sociodemographic and contextual characteristics of the schoolchildren in the region. The majority (58.5%) were aged between 11 and 14 years, with an average age of 10.8 ± 2.1 years. More than half (52.8%) of the pupils interviewed for this study were girls. The average household size was 12.1 ± 8.8 people, with 51.5% of pupils living in households of between 7 and 15 people. The large majority (84.8%) of children came from households with access to drinking water for domestic activities. Toilets were used in 56.4% of schoolchildren's households. 89.4% of pupils live with at least one of their biological parents ( Table 1 ). Socio-economic status and dietary practices Concerning the place of residence, 88.6% of the schoolchildren lived in rural areas. Most schoolchildren had mothers (54.2%) who had not attended school, and 75.9% of mothers were housekeeper. Farmers accounted for 79.3% of students' fathers. Nearly 37.8% of students have adequate dietary diversity; SDA ≥ 5 food groups ( Table 2 ). Schoolchildren's nutritional status The table 3 below summarizes the nutritional status of schoolchildren aged 5 to 14 years attending public elementary school in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso. The prevalence of undernutrition in this population is 24.5%, with a prevalence of stunting of 12.9% [95% CI: 12.5-13.2], of which 1.9% [95% CI: 1.6-2.23] is severe, underweight of 9.1% [95% CI: 8.8-9.4] among 5-10 year-olds and emaciation of 13.8% [95% CI: 13.4-14.2]. Overweight represented by overnutrition had a prevalence of 0.7% [95% CI: 0.4-0.9] among schoolchildren ( Table 3 ). Explanatory variables for students' nutritional status A chi-square test was used for candidate variables in binary logistic regression to determine the factors associated with each type of malnutrition. This analysis covered all the variables collected in this study. Variables with a p-value ≤ 0.25 were selected for binary logistic regression. Following this analysis, the candidate variables were distributed by malnutrition type ( Table 4 ). Associated factors of undernutrition among schoolchildren Stunting Using binary logistic regression analysis, the probability of stunting is significantly higher for children in the 5-10 age group (OR = 4.95; 95% CI: 2.44-10.03); household drinking water source (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 0.98-6.14) (Table 5). Underweight According to the binary logistic regression analysis, pupils residing in the province of Kourwéogo (OR = 5.95; 95% CI: 0.96-36.60); and those whose fathers did not attend school (AOR = 4.27; 95% CI: (0.91-19.97) are more likely to be underweight (Table 5) . Thinness In the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso, thinness among pupils attending public elementary school was associated with the 5-10 age group (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.26-0.75), non-deworming in the last 6 months (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 0.95-2.75) and the father's occupation as a tradesman (OR = 3.63; 95% CI: 0.98-13.40) ( Table 5) Discussion Nutritional status of school children This study examined nutritional status according to anthropometric indicators and associated factors in public elementary school children aged 5 to 14 years in the Central Plateau region of Burkina Faso. The prevalence of undernutrition (stunting, underweight, leanness) was 24.5%, with 12.9%, 9.1% and 13.8% stunting, underweight and thinness respectively. The prevalence of undernutrition (24.5%) in this study is lower than the results of a similar study carried out in 2017 in the Central Plateau and Centre-Ouest regions of Burkina Faso, with 35.1% (Erismann et al., 2017). Undernutrition in the present study was higher than in studies carried out in Cameroon and Nigeria. In Cameroon, Tabi et al . (Tabi et al., 2019) found a 9.25% prevalence of undernutrition among primary school children. On the other hand, Umeokonkwo et al. (Umeokonkwo et al., 2020) reported that 15.7% of school-age children were undernourished in Nigeria. Also, a lower prevalence of undernutrition than in the present study was found in Ghana (21.5%) (Aboagye et al., 2022). Stunting , with a prevalence of 12.9%, was the most common form of undernutrition in this study, after wasting (13.8%). The prevalence of stunting was higher than that of a similar study in Burkina Faso 11.2% (Erismann et al., 2017) and another in Ghana 10.4% (Aboagye et al., 2022). Similar studies carried out in other countries give higher prevalence’s, such as in the Abakaliki metropolis in Nigeria with 15.7% (Umeokonkwo et al., 2020), in Kenya in public elementary school 24.5% (Mwaniki & Makokha, 2013), 34.9% in rural Madagascar (Aiga et al., 2019), 41.9% in Ethiopia (Tariku et al., 2018) and a prevalence of 40.3% in south-west Nigeria (Adenuga et al., 2017). In the present study, there was no relationship between the sex of the pupil and the occurrence of stunting, contrary to the results of other studies (Mwaniki & Makokha, 2013). The prevalence of underweigh t is 9.1% among public elementary school pupils in the region. This indicator measures past and recent weight loss or inability to gain weight (Mwaniki & Makokha, 2013), which is largely due to insufficient food supply, availability or consumption. A relationship has been established between underweight and food insecurity (Isanaka et al., 2007). Underweight in the present study was higher than in other studies conducted in Ghana 3.8% (Aboagye et al., 2022). A high prevalence of underweight was found in Madagascar (36.9%) (Aiga et al., 2019). The prevalence of underweight therefore reflects the presence of both long-term chronic malnutrition and recent food insecurity or illness. Underweight in schoolchildren may reflect prenatal undernutrition, a possible infection, or the presence of a disease (Isanaka et al., 2007). Thinness is a measure of acute undernutrition. The present study shows that in the Central Plateau region 13.8% of pupils in public elementary school are underweight, which is comparable to the 13.7% found in the NFSI study (Daboné et al., 2011). The prevalence of thinness in this study is higher than the 8.0% found 11.2% in Burkina Faso (Erismann et al., 2017). The level of thinness in the present study is similar to that of a study carried out in Ghana (12.1%) (Aboagye et al., 2022). Overweight represented 0.7% of schoolchildren in the Central Plateau region. Similar results were recorded in a similar study in Ghana (Kwabla et al., 2018). No cases of obesity were recorded in this study. The prevalence of overweight found in our study is insignificant compared with the prevalence of 24.8% and 22.6% reported in the District of Tongu in Ghana and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania (Aboagye et al., 2022; Pangani et al., 2016). Higher results than those of the present study have also been reported, 11.1% in Ghana (Aboagye et al., 2022) and 4.9% among pupils in semi-urban schools in Nigeria (Adetunji et al., 2019). Increased consumption of fatty and caloric foods, coupled with increasingly frequent sedentary behaviors, such as spending long hours in front of the TV, playing video games, could explain the differences in prevalence (Agbozo et al., 2017). A similar study carried out in the Central Plateau and Centre-Ouest region revealed an overweight prevalence of 1.1% (Erismann et al., 2017), also higher than observed in our study. Associated factors with undernutrition Stunting Malnutrition is the result of multidimensional and interdependent circumstances and factors, ranging from immediate to underlying causes. The present study showed that children's age is significantly associated with stunting. Children aged between 5 and 10 years are more likely to suffer from stunting than older children. A study of school-age children in northern Ethiopia (Herrador et al., 2014) shows a similar relationship between age and stunting, particularly for children aged 10 to 14 years. A study carried out in schoolchildren in the Gedeo zone in southern Ethiopia (Argaw et al., 2022) also shows that children in the 10-14 age group are at greater risk of stunting. This trend could be an indication of the continuity of the stunting process during school age in low- and middle-income countries. This could probably be explained by the fact that older children are in the transition phase to adolescence, when several unique challenges arise, including an increase in the body's nutritional requirements (Akseer et al., 2017). The present study reveals a statistically significant association between stunting and the sources of drinking water consumed in the household. These findings are in line with the results of studies carried out in low- and middle-income countries by Black et al . (Black et al., 2013) and in the Tongu district of Ghana (Aboagye et al., 2022). Corresponding results have been reported in studies carried out in Iran (Kavosi et al., 2014) and in Tanzania (Pangani et al., 2016) all of which reported similar findings to those of the present study. However, such an association was not proven in a study based on data from Niger and Lesotho (Oyekale, 2012). This can be justified by the fact that access to drinking water considerably reduces the occurrence of diarrheas diseases (Saheed et al., 2022). Also, children in the 5 to 10 age group are at greater risk of stunting. This result is contrary to that of a study carried out in Dori in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso (Ouédraogo et al., 2019), in Ethiopia (Tariku et al., 2018), which show that schoolchildren aged 10 to 15 years are more likely to be stunted than children aged 5 to 9 years. This trend could be an indication of the continuity of the stunting process during school age in Burkina Faso. The economic situation of the household in which the child lives has been identified as one of the main determinants of the child's nutritional status, and it has been established that the economic situation of the household and inappropriate dietary practices can have a negative effect on the child's growth and development, particularly in developing countries, where access to basic health services is inadequate (Vollmer et al., 2014). Underweight The results of the present study revealed a significant association p = 0.05 between underweight and the father's level of education. Another cross-sectional study carried out in the Dang district of Nepal revealed instead a significant association between underweight and the mother's level of education (Sigma & Chet Kant, 2019). The association between underweight and the mother's level of education was also found in a study by Li et al. in 35 low- and middle-income countries (Li et al., 2020). Thinness Thinness is often associated with short-term risk factors, such as seasonal climatic variations and increased disease (Egata et al., 2013). Our study was conducted during the dry season (March-June) (Mishra et al., 2008), suggesting that the cause of undernutrition was mainly food insufficiency, associated with long-term risk factors. The results of the logistic regression analyses show that the risk of leanness is significantly higher in children in the 5-10 age group. The results reveal also a statistically significant relationship (p = 0.05) between non-deworming in the last 6 months and thinness. Undernutrition and intestinal parasitic infections are intrinsically linked. While undernutrition and inadequate food intake lead to weight loss and weakened immunity, making the child more vulnerable to infection, parasitic infections contribute to stunting by causing a vicious circle of reduced food intake (loss of appetite), diarrhea, malabsorption and/or increased nutrient wastage (Pullan et al., 2013). The association observed in this study reinforces the evidence for the frequent coexistence of these conditions in children (Bhargava et al., 2003). This study shows an association between the father's trading function and the occurrence of leanness. Limits of the study This study has limitations in terms of the accuracy of individual schoolchildren's dietary data, given that 24-hour parental food recalls and school feeding program records were the sources of the data. The study also failed to assess intestinal parasites and anemia status, which influence undernutrition. Another limitation of this study is that it was carried out in schools where the canteen was functional, which may underestimate the prevalence of thinness. However, despite these limitations, the results of the study highlight a number of important issues for the Ministry of Education and Health. Conclusion This study reveals the coexistence of stunting (12.9%), wasting (9.1%), underweight (13.8%) and overweight/obesity (0.7%) among schoolchildren aged 5 to 14 years in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso. Factors such as age between 5 and 10 years and the use of water from non-portable household sources are associated with stunted growth. Schoolchildren aged between 5 and 10 years, those who had not been dewormed in the previous six months and those whose fathers were shopkeepers were more likely to be thinness. None of the factors used in this study is associated with the occurrence of overnutrition. In order to find a long-term solution to undernutrition, it is important to study other primary factors linked to the burden of undernutrition in school-age children, such as malaria and other parasitic infections, as well as the bioavailability and absorption of micronutrients, in order to prevent the long-term effects of undernutrition. However, the results of the present study show that, in order to resolve the problem of undernutrition in the region, it is necessary to improve or reinforce the conditions of drinking water access and adequate dietary practices in schools and households. Also, parents and guardians of schoolchildren need to be made aware of the feeding program, so that they understand that school feeding is not a replacement diet, but rather a complementary diet designed to improve children's nutritional status. The Ministry of Education must also adopt a multi-sectoral approach to school feeding policy, with the full participation and support of stakeholders from the various sectors. All these actions contribute to achieving target 2.2 of the sustainable development objective. Declarations Conflict of interests The Authors declares that there is no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Ministry of National Education, Literacy and Promotion of National Languages, the Regional Directorate of Preschool, Primary and Non-Formal Education and the teaching staff of the local elementary school for the permission granted to carry out the study. We would also like to thank the pupils and their parents for their participation in the study. Authors’ Contributions O.S.D. and E.W.R.C. designed and carried out the study. O.O. participated in data collection, analysis and interpretation. O.S.D. wrote the manuscript. O.O. and E.W.R.M.M.C. made critical revisions to the article. The final manuscript was approved by Mamoudou H. DICKO. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript as submitted. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Materials availability is not applicable. Ethical Approval This study is approved by the Burkina Faso Health Research Ethics Committee (CERS) with reference N 2022_33_/MS/MESRSI/CERS of 14-02-202. In addition to the approval of the Ethics Committee, the study was authorized (Ref. N 000115/MENAPLN/SG/DAMSSE of 21-01-2022) by the Ministry in charge of National Education. Consent for Publication Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents. Funding Not applicable References Aboagye, R. G., Kugbey, N., Ahinkorah, B. O., Seidu, A.-A., Cadri, A., Bosoka, S. A., . . . Takase, M. (2022). Nutritional status of school children in the South Tongu District, Ghana. 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Food Insecurity Is Highly Prevalent and Predicts Underweight but Not Overweight in Adults and School Children from Bogotá, Colombia1,2,3. J Nutr , 137 (12), 2747-2755. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.12.2747 Kavosi, E., Hassanzadeh Rostami, Z., Kavosi, Z., Nasihatkon, A., Moghadami, M., & Heidari, M. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of under-nutrition among children under six: a cross-sectional survey in Fars province, Iran. Int J Health Policy Manag , 3 (2), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2014.63 Kristen Cashin, & Oot., L. (2018). Guide to Anthropometry: A Practical Tool for Program Planners, Managers, and Implementers. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA)/ FHI 360 . Kwabla, M. P., Gyan, C., & Zotor, F. (2018). Nutritional status of in-school children and its associated factors in Denkyembour District, eastern region, Ghana: comparing schools with feeding and non-school feeding policies. 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N. (2008). Sorghum yield prediction from seasonal rainfall forecasts in Burkina Faso. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 148 (11), 1798-1814. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.06.007 Mwaniki, E. W., & Makokha, A. N. (2013). Nutrition status and associated factors among children in public primary schools in Dagoretti, Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Health Sci , 13 (1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i1.6 Ouédraogo, O., Garanet, F., Compaoré, E., Hermann, L., Zoma, L. R., Kaboré, S., . . . Kouanda, S. (2019). Prévalence et facteurs associés au retard de croissance chez des écoliers à Dori, Burkina Faso. Santé Publique , 31 (1), 153-163. https://doi.org/10.3917/spub.191.0153 Oyekale, A. (2012). Factors explaining acute malnutrition among under-five children in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA). Life Science Journal , 9 , 2101-2107. Pangani, I. N., Kiplamai, F. K., Kamau, J. W., & Onywera, V. O. (2016). Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Primary School Children Aged 8-13 Years in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Adv Prev Med , 2016 , 1345017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1345017 Patton, G., Sawyer, S., Santelli, J., Ross, D., Afifi, R., Allen, N., . . . Viner, R. (2016). Our future: A Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. The Lancet , 387 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00579-1 Pullan, R. L., Gitonga, C., Mwandawiro, C., Snow, R. W., & Brooker, S. J. (2013). Estimating the relative contribution of parasitic infections and nutrition for anaemia among school-aged children in Kenya: a subnational geostatistical analysis. BMJ Open , 3 (2). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001936 Saheed, R., Shahid, M., Wang, J., Qureshi, M. G., Sun, X., Bibi, A., . . . Tang, K. (2022). Impact of Drinking Water Source and Sanitation Facility on Malnutrition Prevalence in Children under Three: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis Using PDHS 2017-18. Children (Basel) , 9 (11). https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111674 Sigma, B., & Chet Kant, B. (2019). Prevalence and associated factors of malnutrition among school going adolescents of Dang district, Nepal. AIMS Public Health , 6 (3), 291-306. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.291 Tabi, E. S. B., Cumber, S. N., Juma, K. O., Ngoh, E. A., Akum, E. A., & Eyong, E. M. (2019). A cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of anaemia and malnutrition in primary school children in the Tiko Health District, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J , 32 , 111. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2019.32.111.15728 Tariku, E. Z., Abebe, G. A., Melketsedik, Z. A., & Gutema, B. T. (2018). Prevalence and factors associated with stunting and thinness among school-age children in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One , 13 (11), e0206659. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206659 Umeokonkwo, A. A., Ibekwe, M. U., Umeokonkwo, C. D., Okike, C. O., Ezeanosike, O. B., & Ibe, B. C. (2020). Nutritional status of school age children in Abakaliki metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. BMC Pediatr , 20 (1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-1994-5 Victora, C., Requejo, J., Boerma, T., Amouzou, A., Bhutta, Z. A., Black, R. E., . . . Countdown, t. (2016). Countdown to 2030 for reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and nutrition. Lancet Glob Health , 4 (11), e775-e776. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30204-2 Vollmer, S., Harttgen, K., Subramanyam, M. A., Finlay, J., Klasen, S., & Subramanian, S. V. (2014). Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: evidence from 121 Demographic and Health Surveys from 36 low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Health , 2 (4), e225-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70025-7 WHO. (1995). Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser , 854 , 1-452. WHO. (2007). Computation of centiles and z-scores for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. Genève . WHO. World Health, O. (1998). The World health report : 1998 : Life in the 21st century : a vision for all : report of the Director-General. In. Geneva: World Health Organization. Tables Table 1 : Socio-demographic characteristics Variable Modality Number Percentage (%) Province Ganzourgou 234 41.9 Kourwéogo 141 25.2 Oubritenga 184 32.9 Student's age 5 to 10 years 232 41.5 11 to 14 years 327 58.5 Mean age - 10,79 ± 2,1 years - Sex Female 295 52.8 Male 264 47.2 Household size 6 143 25.6 7-15 288 51.5 16-30 112 20.0 31 16 2.9 Average size of household - 12,07 ± 8,8 - Household toilet use No 244 43.6 Yes 315 56.4 Household drinking water sources Others 85 15.2 Faucet 47 8.4 Fountain bollard 427 76.4 Dewormed in the last 6 months No 384 68.7 Yes 175 31.3 Student's status Child with parents 500 89.4 Child in care 59 10.6 Table 2 : Socio-economic status and dietary practices Variable Modality Number Percentage (%) Place of residence Urban 64 11.45 Rural 495 88.55 Mother's occupation Tradeswoman 102 18.25 Housekeeper 424 75.85 Civil servant 19 3.40 Dressmaker 14 2.50 Mother's education No schooling 303 54.20 Primary 188 33.63 Secondary and above 68 12.16 Father’s occupation Trader 60 10.73 Farmer 443 79.25 Informal sector 27 4.83 Civil servant 29 5.19 Father’s education No schooling 226 40.43 Primary 274 49.02 Secondary and + 59 10.55 Dietary Diversity Class <= 3 75 13.42 4 273 48.84 5+ 211 37.75 Table 3 : Nutritional status of schoolchildren Undernutrition n = 559 Overnutrition n = 559 Z–score +1 % (95 CI)) 24.5 (24.1-24.9) 0.7% (0.4-0.9) Stunting (Height-for-age) Underweight (Weight-for-age) Thinness (BMI-for-age) Overweight/Obesity (BMI-for-age) n = 559 n = 232 n = 559 n = 559 Z–score <–3 % (95 CI)) -3 ≥ Z–score < -2 % (95 CI)) Z–score <–2 % (95 CI)) Z–score +1 % (95 CI)) 1.9 (1.6-2.2) 11 (10.7-11.3 9.1 (8.8-9.4) 13.8 (13.4-14.2) 0.7% (0.4-0.9) 12.9 (12.5-13.2) Table 4 : Explanatory variables of nutritional status Variable Modality Number Nutritional status Stunting Underweight Thinness Overweight/Obesity Proportion P-Value Proportion P-Value Proportion P-Value Proportion P-Value n = 559 n = 232 n = 559 n = 559 Place of residence Urban 64 7(10.9%) 0.62 0 0.04 6 (9.5%) 0.32 1 (1.6%) NA Rural 495 65 (13.1%) 21 (10.6%) 70 (14.4%) 3 (0.6%) Province Ganzourgou 234 26 (11.1%) 0.22 13 (13.4%) 0.14 34 (14.8%) 0.85 1 (0.4%) NA Kourwéogo 141 24 (17%) 3 (5.4%) 16 (11.5%) 1 (0.7%) Oubritenga 184 22 (12%) 5 (6.3%) 26 (14.4%) 2 (1.1%) Student's age 5 to 10 years 232 10 (4.3%) 0.00 21 (9.1%) 17 (7.5%) 0.01 2 (0.9%) NA 11 to 14 years 327 62 (19%) NA 59 (18.3%) 2 (0.6%) Household size 6 143 15 (10.5%) 0.27 7 (9.3%) 0.13 16 (11.8%) 0.75 1 (0.7%) NA 7-15 288 36 (12.5%) 7 (6.1%) 38 (13.3%) 3 (1%) 16-30 112 20 (17.9%) 6 (15.4%) 19 (17.1%) 0 (0%) 31 16 1 (6.3%) 1 (33.3%) 3 (18.8%) 0 (0%) Household toilet use No 244 32 (13.1%) 0.89 11 (10.9%) 0.39 37 (15.4%) 0.63 2 (0.8%) NA Yes 315 40 (12.7%) 10 (7.6%) 39 (12.6%) 2 (0.6%) Household drinking water sources Others 85 6 (7.1%) 0.11 1 (2.9%) 0.21 12 (14.1%) 0.48 0 (0%) NA Faucet 47 4 (8.5%) 1 (4.2%) 5 (10.9%) 2 (4.3%) Fountain bollard 427 62 (14.5%) 19 (11%) 59 (14.1%) 2 (0.5%) Dewormed in the last 6 months No 384 47 (12.2%) 0.50 11 (7%) 0.10 44 (11.6%) 0.07 3 (0.8%) Yes 175 25 (14.3%) 10 (13.5%) 32 (18.7%) 1 (0.6%) Mother's occupation Tradeswoman 102 9 (8.8%) 0.27 0 (0%) 0.06 10 (9.9%) 0.68 1 (1%) NA Housekeeper 424 61 (14.4%) 19 (11.7%) 60 (14.4%) 3 (0.7%) Civil servant 19 1 (5.3%) 2 (14.3%) 4 (23.5%) 0 (0%) Dressmaker 14 1 (7.1%) 0 (0%) 2 (15.4%) 0 (0%) Mother's education No schooling 303 38 (12.5%) 0.42 13 (11.3%) 0.46 44 (14.8%) 0.58 3 (1%) NA Primary 188 28 (14.9%) 6 (7.5%) 24 (12.8%) 0 (0%) Secondary and + 68 6 (8.8%) 2 (5.4%) 8 (12.5%) 1 (1.6%) Father's occupation Trader 60 6 (10%) 0.34 0 (0%) 0.26 5 (8.3%) 0.36 0 (0%) NA Farmer 443 62 (14%) 16 (9.5%) 65 (14.9%) 3 (0.7%) Informal sector 27 3 (11.1%) 2 (13.3%) 3 (11.1%) 1 (3.7%) Civil servant 29 1 (3.1%) 3 (14.3%) 3 (11.5%) 0 (0%) Father's education No schooling 226 28 (12.4%) 0.26 9 (10.2%) 0.03 37 (16.5%) 0.55 2 (0.9%) NA Primary 274 40 (14.6%) 5 (4.7%) 33 (12.2%) 2 (0.7%) Secondary and + 59 4 (6.8%) 7 (18.4%) 6 (10.9%) 0 (0%) Dietary Diversity Class <= 3 75 8 (10.7%) 0.58 4 (12.9%) 0.82 8 (10.8%) 0.76 1 (1.4%) NA 4 - 4 273 39 (14.3%) 10 (8.3%) 34 (12.7%) 1 (0.4%) 5+ 211 25 (11.8%) 7 (8.8%) 34 (16.4%) 2 (0.9%) Student's status Child with parents 500 63 (12.6%) 0.56 17 (8.3%) 0.28 68 (13.8%) 0.78 4 (0.8%) NA Child in care 59 9 (15.3%) 4 (14.8%) 8 (13.8%) 0 (0%) Sex Female 295 38 (12.9%) 0.99 13 (10.4%) 0.43 38 (13.1%) 0.58 3 (1%) NA Male 264 34 (12.9%) 8 (7.5%) 38 (14.7%) 1 (0.4%) Total Number of pupils 559 72 21 76 4 Prevalence % du total 12.9% 9.1% 13.8% 0.7% Table 5 : Factors Associated factors with undernutrition among schoolchildren Stunting Variable Modality N=559 Proportion OR ( 95% CI) P-Value Province Ganzourgou 234 26 (11.1%) 1.24 (0.72-2.98) 0.28 Kourwéogo 141 24 (17%) 0,77 (0.38-1.54) 0.46 Oubritenga 184 22 (12%) 1 Student's age 5 to 10 years 232 10 (4.3%) 4.95 (2.44-10.03) 0.000** 11 to 14 years 327 62 (19%) 1 Household size 6 143 15 (10.5%) 0.46 (0.05-4.01) 0.48 7-15 288 36 (12.5%) 0.44 (0.05-3.68) 0.45 16-30 112 20 (17.9%) 0.25 (0.03-2.13) 0.20 31 16 1 (6.3%) 1 Household drinking water sources Others 85 6 (7.1%) 2.45 (0.98-6.14) 0.05* Faucet 47 4 (8.5%) 1.50 (0.47-4.84) 0.49 Fountain bollard 427 62 (14.5%) 1 Mother's occupation Tradeswoman 102 9 (8.8%) 1.33 (0.13-13.14) 0.80 Housekeeper 424 61 (14.4%) 0.76 (0.08-6.79) 0.80 Civil servant 19 1 (5.3%) 0.8 (0.03-20.5) 0.89 Dressmaker 14 1 (7.1%) 1 Father's education No schooling 226 28 (12.4%) 1.01 (0.26-3.9) 0.98 Primary 274 40 (14.6%) 0.77 (0.2-2.9) 0.70 Secondary and + 59 4 (6.8%) 1 Underweight Place of residence Urban 64 0 Rural 495 21 (10.6%) 1 Province Ganzourgou 234 13 (13.4%) 2.27 (0.60-10.08) 0.20 Kourweogo 141 3 (5.4%) 5.95 (0.96-36.60) 0.05* Oubritenga 184 5 (6.3%) 1 Household size 6 143 7 (9.3%) 8.34 (0.39-177.51) 0.17 7-15 288 7 (6.1%) 8.36 (0.43-159.11) 0.15 16-30 112 6 (15.4%) 3.95 (0.21-73.75) 0.35 31 16 1 (33.3%) 1 Household drinking water sources Others 85 1 (2.9%) 4.39 (0.46-41.42) 0.19 Faucet 47 1 (4.2%) 2.72 (0.16-43.93) 0.47 Fountain bollard 427 19 (11%) 1 Dewormed in the last 6 months No 384 11 (7%) 1.33 (0.43-4.12) 0.61 Yes 175 10 (13.5%) 1 Father's occupation Trader 60 0 (0%) 8699 0.99 Farmer 443 16 (9.5%) 5.36 (0.21-163.36) 0.30 Informal sector 27 2 (13.3%) 0.86 (0.01-48.39) 0.94 Civil servant 29 3 (14.3%) 1 Father's education No schooling 226 9 (10.2%) 4.27 (0.91-19.97) 0.05* Primary 274 5 (4.7%) 11.09 (1.72-71.23) 0.11 Secondary and + 59 7 (18.4%) 1 Thinness Student's age 5 to 10 years 232 17 (7.5%) 0.44 (0.26-0.75) 0.03* 11 to 14 years 327 59 (18.3%) 1 Déparasité les 6 derniers mois No 384 44 (11.6%) 1.62 (0.95-2.75) 0.05* Yes 175 32 (18.7%) 1 Father's occupation Trader 60 5 (8.3%) 3.63 (0.98-13.40) 0.05* Farmer 443 65 (14.9%) 1.79 (0.68-4.72) 0.23 Informal sector 27 3 (11.1%) 2.45 (0.53-11.19) 0.24 Civil servant 29 3 (11.5%) 1 OR= Odds Ratios; *p < 0.05 ; **p < 0.01 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4259116","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":291658927,"identity":"6bf58ae6-3017-4ee0-acea-e12f162bc975","order_by":0,"name":"Daniel Somwaoga OUEDRAOGO","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniel","middleName":"Somwaoga","lastName":"OUEDRAOGO","suffix":""},{"id":291658928,"identity":"d4b60c0a-9edb-4b9e-a79c-528942f7c420","order_by":1,"name":"Ella W. R. COMPAORE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ella","middleName":"W. R.","lastName":"COMPAORE","suffix":""},{"id":291658929,"identity":"8311e47b-571c-467c-ad1b-cbeadf76456b","order_by":2,"name":"Ousmane OUEDRAOGO","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ousmane","middleName":"","lastName":"OUEDRAOGO","suffix":""},{"id":291658930,"identity":"dbd653c0-b686-48a5-85b2-58b023e5c5ea","order_by":3,"name":"Mamoudou H. DICKO","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mamoudou","middleName":"H.","lastName":"DICKO","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-12 17:14:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259116/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259116/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55313830,"identity":"b846faf4-53ec-4132-8861-94757543925c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-25 15:18:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1443152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4259116/v1/642ec56b-90fb-435a-8798-6f911eebd044.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Nutritional status and associated factors of attending schools children in Burkina Faso","fulltext":[{"header":"Key Messages","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ethis article examines the nutritional status and associated factors of public primary school pupils in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ethe lack of data on the nutritional status of school-age children suggests that this population group is spared the problems of malnutrition.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eundernutrition among schoolchildren is associated with several factors that characterize the lack of attention paid to nutrition in this population group.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ea multi-sectoral approach to school nutrition should be implemented to effectively combat malnutrition in this population group.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eChild survival, protection and development are essential prerequisites for nation\u0026rsquo;s future development. Ensuring the optimal growth and development of children is important to significantly accelerate the economic development of each country\u0026nbsp;(World Health, 1998). Children\u0026rsquo;s nutritional status is an indicator of national investment in the future development of human strength; it shows the changing trend in the nutritional profile of a region\u0026nbsp;(Bundy D, 2009). For this reason, the nutritional status of children under 5 has been monitored regularly in all countries since the WHO introduced the standard growth curve in 1978\u0026nbsp;(\u0026quot;The Growth chart : a tool for use in infant and child health care,\u0026quot; 1986). In Africa, malnutrition is characterized by a double burden with a concomitant existence of both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition results from insufficient food intake or poor absorption and has a negative impact on children\u0026apos;s growth and cognitive and physical development\u0026nbsp;(Mwaniki \u0026amp; Makokha, 2013). Thinness has recently been adopted as a more appropriate indicator of relatively recent nutritional deficiencies, such as inadequate dietary intakes of energy, protein or several micronutrients, than underweight in mature children\u0026nbsp;(WHO., 1995). Unfortunately, malnutrition doesn\u0026apos;t just affect children under 5. School-age children are also victims of illnesses with multi-factorial causes, with the same harmful consequences as for children under 5 years\u0026nbsp;(Patton et al., 2016; Victora et al., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, adolescence has been recognized as the second window of opportunity for targeted gains in growth and development, with long-term benefits in terms of nutrition and health for current and future generations\u0026nbsp;(Das et al., 2018; Dorn et al., 2019). However, little is known about the burden of malnutrition in these age groups despite the significant impact of nutritional status on health cognition, school performance and future economic productivity\u0026nbsp;(Canavan \u0026amp; Fawzi, 2019; Patton et al., 2016). What\u0026apos;s more, according to the World Nutrition Report, malnutrition causes a considerable economic loss of around 11% of gross domestic product per year in Africa and Asia\u0026nbsp;(Institute., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, there is evidence that catch-up growth can occur beyond the preschool age. Malnourished schoolchildren tend to have a delayed bone age, and with\u0026nbsp;appropriate\u0026nbsp;nutritional interventions, they can catch up during the pubertal period,\u0026nbsp;which is\u0026nbsp;considered a second window of opportunity\u0026nbsp;(Lundeen et al., 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2007, the WHO launched a standard growth curve for children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years, applying the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting rather than thinness as indicators of malnutrition (De Onis M, 2007). Recently, the World Bank has begun to emphasize the need to treat malnutrition in school-age children as a fundamental investment that a country should make, by launching the Human Capital Measurement Project (Bank, 2021). Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the nutritional status, and associated factors, of children enrolled in public elementary school in the Central Plateau region of Burkina Faso.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy area and population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in public elementary schools in the Central Plateau region in Burkina Faso. The study population included pupils aged 5 to 14 years from purposively selected schools. The study region includes provinces of Ganzourgou, Kourw\u0026eacute;ogo and Oubritenga. Average annual rainfall varies between 600 and 800 mm\u0026nbsp;(INSD, 2022). In 2019, the region\u0026apos;s population was 978,614 (53.1% female), 90.4% of whom live in rural areas. This population includes 300,744 school-age children (aged 5-14). According to the statistical yearbook of the Ministry of Education, the region had 735 public schools in the 2021/2022 school year\u0026nbsp;(Minist\u0026egrave;re de l\u0026rsquo;Education nationale, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese criteria have two levels:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchools were selected according to the following criteria:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;be a public school with a complete primary cycle;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;have a functional canteen at the time of collection;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;have the approval of the school principal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of schools to be surveyed per province was based on the representativeness of the province\u0026apos;s student population to that of the region. A reasoned choice was made to include two schools in the province\u0026apos;s capital, so as to be able to take into account the place of residence. Schools in rural areas were selected at random by province, in proportion to the number of schools that satisfied the criteria.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePupils in each school were selected on the basis of the following criteria :\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;eat in the school canteen meal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;attend the school selected by lottery;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;have parental consent;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;be among those selected by lottery;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;not be ill on the day of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded from the study are students who were not randomly selected and those over the age of 14 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size is calculated using the prevalence of anemia among school-age children, which was 53.3% in the Central Plateau region, as a reference\u0026nbsp;(Minist\u0026egrave;re de la Sant\u0026eacute;, 2014). Population data for schoolchildren were provided by the Regional Direction of Preschool, Primary and Non-Formal Education (DREPPNF) of the Central Plateau. The sample size was estimated using OpenEpi (version 3), a free software package for calculating samples. For a representative sample with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%, at least 370 children are required for the study. Taking into account 10% \u0026quot;non-response\u0026quot;, the final sample size we had planned is 407 subjects (370 + (370x 10/100). The survey involved 560 pupils aged 5 to 14 from 24 public schools in the region\u0026apos;s three provinces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variables are undernutrition and overweight/obesity. Indicators of undernutrition include underweight (weight-for-age Z-score [WAZ]), stunting (height-for-age Z-score [HAZ]) and thinness or wasting (body mass index for age [BMIZ]\u0026nbsp;(Kristen Cashin \u0026amp; Oot., 2018)). Any child presenting one or more of the indicators of undernutrition is classified as undernourished. Overweight and obesity correspond to the BMI for age Z-score (BAZ).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndependent\u0026nbsp;variables\u0026nbsp;included\u0026nbsp;socio-demographic\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;economic\u0026nbsp;characteristics,\u0026nbsp;feeding\u0026nbsp;practices,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;source\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;water\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;domestic\u0026nbsp;use,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;hand\u0026nbsp;washing\u0026nbsp;practices.\u0026nbsp;Socio-demographic and economic variables included gender, age, province, area of residence, parental education and occupation, household size, student status, deworming status during the last six months. The dietary diversity score (DDS) was determined qualitatively from foods consumed by the child in the 24 hours prior to data collection, based on the nine recommended food groups.\u0026nbsp;Children are considered to have an adequate dietary diversity score if they have consummed at least five different food groups\u0026nbsp;(G. Kennedy \u0026amp; Dop, 2010).\u0026nbsp;The children\u0026apos;s different household drinking water sources were classified as potable or non-potable according to the WHO classification\u0026nbsp;(Kristen Cashin \u0026amp; Oot., 2018). Children\u0026apos;s hand-washing practices were determined using the availability of the device and the student-defined washing time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection was conducted in the selected schools of the children with their parents/guardians and a teacher, using a pre-tested, semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were carried out according to standard procedures\u0026nbsp;(Kristen Cashin \u0026amp; Oot., 2018)\u0026nbsp;using a dual-purpose measuring scale in the school classrooms of children selected by enumerators.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBody mass index for age (BMI for age):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis index is valid for people between the ages of 5 and 19, according to WHO standards\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e(Kristen Cashin \u0026amp; Oot., 2018)\u0026nbsp;to assess underweight, overweight and obesity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO 2007 criteria were used to measure malnutrition in school-age children and adolescents\u0026nbsp;(WHO., 2007). The collected data were exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Z-scores height for age, weight for age and BMI for age were calculated on the basis of the WHO standard reference population aged 5-19 years\u0026nbsp;(WHO., 2007)\u0026nbsp;using AnthroPlus on R 4.3.1 for Windows. Statistical analyses other than Z-score calculations were performed using SPSS for Windows, version 25 (IBM/SPSS Inc., Chicago)\u0026nbsp;(IBM., 2022). The Z-scores obtained were re-exported to SPSS software to determine the proportion of stunted, underweight, underweight and overweight/obese children. The reference classification of nutritional indicator growth included stunting (HAZ \u0026lt;-2 SD), underweight (WAZ \u0026lt;-2 SD), thinness (BAZ \u0026lt;-2 SD), overweight (BAZ \u0026gt;+1 SD to \u0026lt;+2 SD) and obesity (BAZ \u0026gt;+2 SD)\u0026nbsp;(Kristen Cashin \u0026amp; Oot., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conducted a binary logistic regression analysis to examine factors associated with undernutrition and overweight/obesity. Independent variables with a p-value \u0026lt; 0.25 in the Chi-square test of independence were included in the binary logistic regression. In addition, context and previous studies were also taken into account to make a variable a candidate for multivariate analysis. Statistical significance at a p-value \u0026lt; 0.05 in logistic regression was taken into account. Results were presented in the form of tables showing crude odds ratios (COR) with accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CI).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table 1 shows the sociodemographic and contextual characteristics of the schoolchildren in the region. The majority (58.5%) were aged between 11 and 14 years, with an average age of 10.8 \u0026plusmn; 2.1 years. More than half (52.8%) of the pupils interviewed for this study were girls.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average household size was 12.1 \u0026plusmn; 8.8 people, with 51.5% of pupils living in households of between 7 and 15 people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe large majority (84.8%) of children came from households with access to drinking water for domestic activities. Toilets were used in 56.4% of schoolchildren\u0026apos;s households. 89.4% of pupils live with at least one of their biological parents (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-economic status and dietary practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcerning the place of residence, 88.6% of the schoolchildren lived in rural areas. Most schoolchildren had mothers (54.2%) who had not attended school, and 75.9% of mothers were housekeeper. Farmers accounted for 79.3% of students\u0026apos; fathers. Nearly 37.8% of students have adequate dietary diversity; SDA \u0026ge; 5 food groups (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchoolchildren\u0026apos;s nutritional status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table 3 below summarizes the nutritional status of schoolchildren aged 5 to 14 years attending public elementary school in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso. The prevalence of undernutrition in this population is 24.5%, with a prevalence of stunting of 12.9% [95% CI: 12.5-13.2], of which 1.9% [95% CI: 1.6-2.23] is severe, underweight of 9.1% [95% CI: 8.8-9.4] among 5-10 year-olds and emaciation of 13.8% [95% CI: 13.4-14.2]. Overweight represented by overnutrition had a prevalence of 0.7% [95% CI: 0.4-0.9] among schoolchildren\u0026nbsp;(\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanatory variables for students\u0026apos; nutritional status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA chi-square test was used for candidate variables in binary logistic regression to determine the factors associated with each type of malnutrition. This analysis covered all the variables collected in this study. Variables with a p-value \u0026le; 0.25 were selected for binary logistic regression. Following this analysis, the candidate variables were distributed by malnutrition type (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociated factors of undernutrition among schoolchildren\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStunting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing binary logistic regression analysis, the probability of stunting is significantly higher for children in the 5-10 age group (OR = 4.95; 95% CI: 2.44-10.03); household drinking water source (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 0.98-6.14) \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 5).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnderweight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the binary logistic regression analysis, pupils residing in the province of Kourw\u0026eacute;ogo (OR = 5.95; 95% CI: 0.96-36.60); and those whose fathers did not attend school (AOR = 4.27; 95% CI: (0.91-19.97) are more likely to be underweight \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 5)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThinness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso, thinness among pupils attending public elementary school was associated with the 5-10 age group (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.26-0.75), non-deworming in the last 6 months (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 0.95-2.75) and the father\u0026apos;s occupation as a tradesman (OR = 3.63; 95% CI: 0.98-13.40) (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNutritional status of school children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study examined nutritional status according to anthropometric indicators and associated factors in public elementary school children aged 5 to 14 years in the Central Plateau region of Burkina Faso. The prevalence of undernutrition (stunting, underweight, leanness) was 24.5%, with 12.9%, 9.1% and 13.8% stunting, underweight and\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003ethinness\u003c/strong\u003e respectively. The prevalence of undernutrition (24.5%) in this study is lower than the results of a similar study carried out in 2017 in the Central Plateau and Centre-Ouest regions of Burkina Faso, with 35.1%\u0026nbsp;(Erismann et al., 2017). Undernutrition in the present study was higher than in studies carried out in Cameroon and Nigeria. In Cameroon, Tabi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;(Tabi et al., 2019)\u0026nbsp;found a 9.25% prevalence of undernutrition among primary school children. On the other hand, Umeokonkwo \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (Umeokonkwo et al., 2020)\u0026nbsp;reported that 15.7% of school-age children were undernourished in Nigeria. Also, a lower prevalence of undernutrition than in the present study was found in Ghana (21.5%)\u0026nbsp;(Aboagye et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStunting\u003c/strong\u003e, with a prevalence of 12.9%, was the most common form of undernutrition in this study, after wasting (13.8%). The prevalence of stunting was higher than that of a similar study in Burkina Faso 11.2%\u0026nbsp;(Erismann et al., 2017)\u0026nbsp;and another in Ghana 10.4%\u0026nbsp;(Aboagye et al., 2022). Similar studies carried out in other countries give higher prevalence\u0026rsquo;s, such as in the Abakaliki metropolis in Nigeria with 15.7%\u0026nbsp;(Umeokonkwo et al., 2020), in Kenya in public elementary school 24.5%\u0026nbsp;(Mwaniki \u0026amp; Makokha, 2013), 34.9% in rural Madagascar\u0026nbsp;(Aiga et al., 2019), 41.9% in Ethiopia\u0026nbsp;(Tariku et al., 2018)\u0026nbsp;and a prevalence of 40.3% in south-west Nigeria\u0026nbsp;(Adenuga et al., 2017). In the present study, there was no relationship between the sex of the pupil and the occurrence of stunting, contrary to the results of other studies\u0026nbsp;(Mwaniki \u0026amp; Makokha, 2013).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of \u003cstrong\u003eunderweigh\u003c/strong\u003et is 9.1% among public elementary school pupils in the region. This indicator measures past and recent weight loss or inability to gain weight\u0026nbsp;(Mwaniki \u0026amp; Makokha, 2013), which is largely due to insufficient food supply, availability or consumption. A relationship has been established between underweight and food insecurity\u0026nbsp;(Isanaka et al., 2007). Underweight in the present study was higher than in other studies conducted in Ghana 3.8%\u0026nbsp;(Aboagye et al., 2022). A high prevalence of underweight was found in Madagascar (36.9%)\u0026nbsp;(Aiga et al., 2019).\u0026nbsp;The prevalence of underweight therefore reflects the presence of both long-term chronic malnutrition and recent food insecurity or illness. Underweight in schoolchildren may reflect prenatal undernutrition, a possible infection, or the presence of a disease\u0026nbsp;(Isanaka et al., 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThinness\u003c/strong\u003e is a measure of acute undernutrition. The present study shows that in the Central Plateau region 13.8% of pupils in public elementary school are underweight, which is comparable to the 13.7% found in the NFSI study\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(Dabon\u0026eacute; et al., 2011).\u0026nbsp;The prevalence of thinness in this study is higher than the 8.0% found\u0026nbsp;11.2% in Burkina Faso\u0026nbsp;(Erismann et al., 2017). The level of thinness in the present study is similar to that of a study carried out in Ghana (12.1%)\u0026nbsp;(Aboagye et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverweight\u003c/strong\u003e represented 0.7% of schoolchildren in the Central Plateau region. Similar results were recorded in a similar study in Ghana\u0026nbsp;(Kwabla et al., 2018). No cases of obesity were recorded in this study. The prevalence of overweight found in our study is insignificant compared with the prevalence of 24.8% and 22.6% reported in the District of Tongu in Ghana and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania\u0026nbsp;(Aboagye et al., 2022; Pangani et al., 2016). Higher results than those of the present study have also been reported, 11.1% in Ghana\u0026nbsp;(Aboagye et al., 2022)\u0026nbsp;and 4.9% among pupils in semi-urban schools in Nigeria\u0026nbsp;(Adetunji et al., 2019). Increased consumption of fatty and caloric foods, coupled with increasingly frequent sedentary behaviors, such as spending long hours in front of the TV, playing video games, could explain the differences in prevalence\u0026nbsp;(Agbozo et al., 2017). A similar study carried out in the Central Plateau and Centre-Ouest region revealed an overweight prevalence of 1.1%\u0026nbsp;(Erismann et al., 2017), also higher than observed in our study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociated factors with undernutrition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStunting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalnutrition is the result of multidimensional and interdependent circumstances and factors, ranging from immediate to underlying causes. The present study showed that children\u0026apos;s age is significantly associated with stunting. Children aged between 5 and 10 years are more likely to suffer from stunting than older children. A study of school-age children in northern Ethiopia\u0026nbsp;(Herrador et al., 2014)\u0026nbsp;shows a similar relationship between age and stunting, particularly for children aged 10 to 14 years. A study carried out in schoolchildren in the Gedeo zone in southern Ethiopia\u0026nbsp;(Argaw et al., 2022)\u0026nbsp;also shows that children in the 10-14 age group are at greater risk of stunting. This trend could be an indication of the continuity of the stunting process during school age in low- and middle-income countries. This could probably be explained by the fact that older children are in the transition phase to adolescence, when several unique challenges arise, including an increase in the body\u0026apos;s nutritional requirements\u0026nbsp;(Akseer et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study reveals a statistically significant association \u003cstrong\u003ebetween stunting\u003c/strong\u003e and the sources of drinking water consumed in the household. These findings are in line with the results of studies carried out in low- and middle-income countries by Black \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;(Black et al., 2013)\u0026nbsp;and in the Tongu district of Ghana\u0026nbsp;(Aboagye et al., 2022). Corresponding results have been reported in studies carried out in Iran\u0026nbsp;(Kavosi et al., 2014)\u0026nbsp;and in Tanzania\u0026nbsp;(Pangani et al., 2016)\u0026nbsp;all of which reported similar findings to those of the present study. However, such an association was not proven in a study based on data from Niger and Lesotho\u0026nbsp;(Oyekale, 2012). This can be justified by the fact that access to drinking water considerably reduces the occurrence of diarrheas diseases\u0026nbsp;(Saheed et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, children in the 5 to 10 age group are at greater risk of stunting. This result is contrary to that of a study carried out in Dori in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso\u0026nbsp;(Ou\u0026eacute;draogo et al., 2019), in Ethiopia\u0026nbsp;(Tariku et al., 2018), which show that schoolchildren aged 10 to 15 years are more likely to be stunted than children aged 5 to 9 years. This trend could be an indication of the continuity of the stunting process during school age in Burkina Faso.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe economic situation of the household in which the child lives has been identified as one of the main determinants of the child\u0026apos;s nutritional status, and it has been established that the economic situation of the household and inappropriate dietary practices can have a negative effect on the child\u0026apos;s growth and development, particularly in developing countries, where access to basic health services is inadequate\u0026nbsp;(Vollmer et al., 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnderweight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the present study revealed a significant association p = 0.05 between underweight and the father\u0026apos;s level of education. Another cross-sectional study carried out in the Dang district of Nepal revealed instead a significant association between underweight and the mother\u0026apos;s level of education\u0026nbsp;(Sigma \u0026amp; Chet Kant, 2019). The association between underweight and the mother\u0026apos;s level of education was also found in a study by Li \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e in 35 low- and middle-income countries\u0026nbsp;(Li et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThinness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThinness is often associated with short-term risk factors, such as seasonal climatic variations and increased disease\u0026nbsp;(Egata et al., 2013). Our study was conducted during the dry season (March-June)\u0026nbsp;(Mishra et al., 2008), suggesting that the cause of undernutrition was mainly food insufficiency, associated with long-term risk factors. The results of the logistic regression analyses show that the risk of leanness is significantly higher in children in the 5-10 age group. The results reveal also a statistically significant relationship (p = 0.05) between non-deworming in the last 6 months and thinness.\u0026nbsp;Undernutrition and intestinal parasitic infections are intrinsically linked. While undernutrition and inadequate food intake lead to weight loss and weakened immunity, making the child more vulnerable to infection, parasitic infections contribute to stunting by causing a vicious circle of reduced food intake (loss of appetite), diarrhea, malabsorption and/or increased nutrient wastage\u0026nbsp;(Pullan et al., 2013). The association observed in this study reinforces the evidence for the frequent coexistence of these conditions in children\u0026nbsp;(Bhargava et al., 2003). This study shows an association between the father\u0026apos;s trading function and the occurrence of leanness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimits of the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has limitations in terms of the accuracy of individual schoolchildren\u0026apos;s dietary data, given that 24-hour parental food recalls and school feeding program records were the sources of the data. The study also failed to assess intestinal parasites and anemia status, which influence undernutrition. Another limitation of this study is that it was carried out in schools where the canteen was functional, which may underestimate the prevalence of thinness. However, despite these limitations, the results of the study highlight a number of important issues for the Ministry of Education and Health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals the coexistence of stunting (12.9%), wasting (9.1%), underweight (13.8%) and overweight/obesity (0.7%) among schoolchildren aged 5 to 14 years in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso. Factors such as age between 5 and 10 years and the use of water from non-portable household sources are associated with stunted growth.\u0026nbsp;Schoolchildren aged between 5 and 10 years, those who had not been dewormed in the previous six months and those whose fathers were shopkeepers were more likely to be thinness. None of the factors used in this study is associated with the occurrence of overnutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to find a long-term solution to undernutrition, it is important to study other primary factors linked to the burden of undernutrition in school-age children, such as malaria and other parasitic infections, as well as the bioavailability and absorption of micronutrients, in order to prevent the long-term effects of undernutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the results of the present study show that, in order to resolve the problem of undernutrition in the region, it is necessary to improve or reinforce the conditions of drinking water access and adequate dietary practices in schools and households. Also, parents and guardians of schoolchildren need to be made aware of the feeding program, so that they understand that school feeding is not a replacement diet, but rather a complementary diet designed to improve children\u0026apos;s nutritional status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ministry of Education must also adopt a multi-sectoral approach to school feeding policy, with the full participation and support of stakeholders from the various sectors. All these actions contribute to achieving target 2.2 of the sustainable development objective.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Authors declares that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the Ministry of National Education, Literacy and Promotion of National Languages, the Regional Directorate of Preschool, Primary and Non-Formal Education and the teaching staff of the local elementary school for the permission granted to carry out the study. We would also like to thank the pupils and their parents for their participation in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO.S.D. and E.W.R.C. designed and carried out the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO.O. participated in data collection, analysis and interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO.S.D. wrote the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO.O. and E.W.R.M.M.C. made critical revisions to the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final manuscript was approved by Mamoudou H. DICKO. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript as submitted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaterials availability is not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is approved by the Burkina Faso Health Research Ethics Committee (CERS) with reference N 2022_33_/MS/MESRSI/CERS of 14-02-202. In addition to the approval of the Ethics Committee, the study was authorized (Ref. N 000115/MENAPLN/SG/DAMSSE of 21-01-2022) by the Ministry in charge of National Education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAboagye, R. G., Kugbey, N., Ahinkorah, B. O., Seidu, A.-A., Cadri, A., Bosoka, S. A., . . . Takase, M. (2022). Nutritional status of school children in the South Tongu District, Ghana. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 17\u003c/em\u003e(8), e0269718. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdenuga, W. U., Obembe, T. A., Odebunmi, K. O., \u0026amp; Asuzu, M. C. (2017). 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Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: evidence from 121 Demographic and Health Surveys from 36 low-income and middle-income countries. \u003cem\u003eLancet Glob Health\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 2\u003c/em\u003e(4), e225-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70025-7 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. (1995). Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. \u003cem\u003eWorld Health Organ Tech Rep Ser\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 854\u003c/em\u003e, 1-452. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. (2007). \u003cem\u003eComputation of centiles and z-scores for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. Gen\u0026egrave;ve\u003c/em\u003e. WHO. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health, O. (1998). The World health report : 1998 : Life in the 21st century : a vision for all : report of the Director-General. In. Geneva: World Health Organization.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Socio-demographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProvince\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGanzourgou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKourw\u0026eacute;ogo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOubritenga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudent\u0026apos;s age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 to 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 to 14 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,79 \u0026plusmn; 2,1 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage size of household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,07 \u0026plusmn; 8,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold toilet use\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold drinking water sources\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFaucet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFountain bollard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDewormed in the last 6 months\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudent\u0026apos;s status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild with parents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.42857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild in care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-economic status and dietary practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother\u0026apos;s occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTradeswoman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousekeeper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDressmaker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother\u0026apos;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo schooling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformal sector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo schooling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary and +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDietary Diversity Class\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;= 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.142857142857146%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNutritional status of schoolchildren\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75.75757575757575%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUndernutrition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 559\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.242424242424242%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvernutrition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 559\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75.75757575757575%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026ndash;score \u0026lt;\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% (95 CI))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.242424242424242%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026ndash;score \u0026gt; +1\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;% (95 CI))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75.75757575757575%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5 (24.1-24.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.242424242424242%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7% (0.4-0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69387755102041%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStunting (Height-for-age)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnderweight\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(Weight-for-age)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThinness (BMI-for-age)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverweight/Obesity (BMI-for-age)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69387755102041%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 559\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 232\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 559\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 559\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026ndash;score \u0026lt;\u0026ndash;3\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;% (95 CI))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3 \u0026ge; Z\u0026ndash;score \u0026lt; -2\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;% (95 CI))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.742268041237114%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026ndash;score \u0026lt;\u0026ndash;2\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;% (95 CI))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026ndash;score \u0026lt;\u0026ndash;2\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;% (95 CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.742268041237114%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026ndash;score \u0026gt; +1\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;% (95 CI))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 (1.6-2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (10.7-11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.742268041237114%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1 (8.8-9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8 (13.4-14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.742268041237114%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7% (0.4-0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9 (12.5-13.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanatory variables of nutritional status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Modality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.185567010309279%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"60.824742268041234%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNutritional status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStunting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnderweight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.4375%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThinness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.6875%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverweight/Obesity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46031746031746%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProportion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.936507936507937%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-Value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProportion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.936507936507937%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-Value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProportion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-Value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProportion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-Value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46031746031746%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 559\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.936507936507937%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 232\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.936507936507937%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 559\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en = 559\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.62\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.04\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.32\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (10.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProvince\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGanzourgou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.22\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (13.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.14\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.85\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKourw\u0026eacute;ogo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (11.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOubritenga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudent\u0026apos;s age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 to 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.00\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.35483870967742%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 to 14 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.741935483870968%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (19%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.064516129032258%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (18.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.35483870967742%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (10.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.27\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.13\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (11.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.75\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (17.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold toilet use\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.89\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.39\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.63\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (12.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (7.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (12.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold drinking water sources\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.11\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.21\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.48\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFaucet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (8.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFountain bollard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (14.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDewormed in the last 6 months\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (12.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.50\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (11.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.07\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (13.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (18.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother\u0026apos;s occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTradeswoman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (8.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.27\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.06\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (9.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.68\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousekeeper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (23.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDressmaker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother\u0026apos;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo schooling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.42\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.46\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.58\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (14.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary and +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (8.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026apos;s occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.34\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.26\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.36\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (14.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformal sector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (11.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026apos;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo schooling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.26\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (10.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.03\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (16.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.55\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (14.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (12.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary and +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (18.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDietary Diversity Class\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;= 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (10.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.58\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (12.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.82\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (10.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.76\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 - 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (12.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (11.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (8.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (16.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudent\u0026apos;s status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild with parents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (12.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.56\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.28\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (13.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.78\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild in care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (13.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (12.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.99\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (10.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.43\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.58\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.29824561403509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (12.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.035087719298245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of pupils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.829787234042554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% du total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.702127659574469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.9% \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.1%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.8%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.7%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors Associated factors with\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eundernutrition among schoolchildren\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStunting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN=559\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProportion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68041237113402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR (\u003c/strong\u003e95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-Value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProvince\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGanzourgou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68041237113402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.24 (0.72-2.98)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.28\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKourw\u0026eacute;ogo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0,77 (0.38-1.54)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.46\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOubritenga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudent\u0026apos;s age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 to 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68041237113402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.95 (2.44-10.03)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.000**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 to 14 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (19%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (10.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68041237113402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.46 (0.05-4.01)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.48\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.44 (0.05-3.68)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.45\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.25 (0.03-2.13)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.20\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold drinking water sources\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68041237113402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.45 (0.98-6.14)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.05*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFaucet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (8.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.50 (0.47-4.84)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.49\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFountain bollard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (14.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother\u0026apos;s occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTradeswoman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (8.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68041237113402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.33 (0.13-13.14)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.80\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousekeeper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.76 (0.08-6.79)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.80\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8 (0.03-20.5)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.89\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDressmaker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026apos;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo schooling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68041237113402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.01 (0.26-3.9)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.98\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (14.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.77 (0.2-2.9)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.70\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary and +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.9873417721519%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.848101265822784%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.181818181818183%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.81818181818181%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnderweight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.865671641791046%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91044776119403%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.388059701492537%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (10.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.83582089552239%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProvince\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGanzourgou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (13.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.27 (0.60-10.08)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.20\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKourweogo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5.95 (0.96-36.60)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.05*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOubritenga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8.34 (0.39-177.51)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.17\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8.36 (0.43-159.11)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.15\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.95 (0.21-73.75)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.35\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold drinking water sources\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.39 (0.46-41.42)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.19\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFaucet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.72 (0.16-43.93)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.47\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFountain bollard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDewormed in the last 6 months\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.33 (0.43-4.12)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.61\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (13.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026apos;s occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8699\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.99\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5.36 (0.21-163.36)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.30\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformal sector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.86 (0.01-48.39)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.94\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026apos;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo schooling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (10.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.27 (0.91-19.97)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.05*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e11.09 (1.72-71.23)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.11\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary and +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (18.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThinness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudent\u0026apos;s age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 to 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.44 (0.26-0.75)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.03*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 to 14 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (18.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD\u0026eacute;parasit\u0026eacute; les 6 derniers mois\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (11.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.62 (0.95-2.75)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.05*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (18.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026apos;s occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.63 (0.98-13.40)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.05*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (14.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.79 (0.68-4.72)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.23\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformal sector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.45 (0.53-11.19)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.24\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.5%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (11.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.25%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOR= Odds Ratios;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e*p\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e**p\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"school-children, public primary school, stunting, thinness, wasting, overweight, Burkina Faso","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259116/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259116/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eChild malnutrition remains a public health problem affecting both children under 5 years of age and adolescents in Burkina Faso. However, school-age children are not always considered in programs to reduce malnutrition, despite their negative impact on school performance. This study sought to identify the factors associated with the nutritional status of students in public primary schools.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree-stage sampling was used to select 559 students aged 5\u0026ndash;14 years enrolled in 24 public elementary school. Face- to- face interview using a structured questionnaire were used to collect information from children and their parents. Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age were calculated using the AnthroPlus software to determine the prevalence of all aspects of malnutrition among the studied children. Binary logistic regressions were used to examine factors associated with malnutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample included 52.8% girls, with an average age of 10.79 years. The prevalence of undernutrition was 35.8%, with 12.9% for stunting, 9.1% for underweight, and 13.8% for thinness. The prevalence of being overweight and obese was 0.7%. Stunting is significantly associated with 5\u0026ndash;10 age and water from non-portable sources. Being underweight is associated with living in the province of Kourw\u0026eacute;ogo and the father's lack of of schooling. Leanness is positively associated with the 5 to 10 age group, non-deworming of pupils and the father's occupation as a trader.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndernutrition is a real health problem among students in public primary schools in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso. Actions to prevent undernutrition must be undertaken to benefit school-age children.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Nutritional status and associated factors of attending schools children in Burkina Faso","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-18 10:02:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259116/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"099c11a5-176c-4d95-b638-9f1242c4f6ba","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-07T08:14:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-18 10:02:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4259116","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4259116","identity":"rs-4259116","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}