Radial astroglia cooperate with microglia to clear neuronal cell bodies during zebrafish optic tectum development

Summary The clearance of dead cells by phagocytes is an essential component of neural development in many organisms. Microglia are the main phagocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), but the extent of participation by other glial cells remains unclear, especially under homeostatic conditions. During zebrafish optic tectum (OT) development, we observed radial astroglia forming dynamic, spherical projections from their basal processes. These projections, which we call scyllate heads, coincide with a wave of neuronal cell death in the OT. We show that scyllate heads surround the majority of dying neurons soon after phosphatidylserine exposure. However, unlike traditional phagosomes, scyllate heads persist for many hours and are rarely acidified or internalized. Instead, microglia invade scyllate heads and remove their contents for terminal degradation. Our study reveals an active role for radial astroglia in homeostatic cell clearance and cooperation between microglia and radial astroglia during zebrafish OT development. Highlights Optic tectum astroglia form large, dynamic projections called scyllate heads Scyllate heads surround the majority of dying neurons during a wave of apoptosis Scyllate heads are intermediate containers of dying cells rather than phagosomes Microglia invade scyllate heads to remove their contents for terminal degradation