CMR Versius Robotic Platform in Urinary Tract Tumors: A Tertiary Center Experience

CMR Versius Robotic Platform in Urinary Tract Tumors: A Tertiary Center Experience | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review CMR Versius Robotic Platform in Urinary Tract Tumors: A Tertiary Center Experience Ismail Rady Saad, Ahmed Assem, Mohamed Hesham Agamy, Ahmed Abdullah Ashmawy, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8790033/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Versius® robotic surgical platform (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) in the surgical management of urological malignancies. Methods This prospective observational study included 45 patients with urological malignancies who were eligible for minimally invasive surgery between May 2023 and May 2024. Patients underwent robotic procedures using the Versius® platform. Perioperative, postoperative, and pathological outcomes were prospectively collected and analyzed. Results Among the 45 patients, the most frequently performed procedure was robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) (n = 26, 57.8%). Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) was performed in 5 patients (11%), robot-assisted radical nephrectomy (RARN) in 3 (6%), robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) in 8 (18%), robot-assisted nephroureterectomy (RANU) in 2 (4%), and robot-assisted adrenalectomy (RAA) in 1 patient (2%). Mean operative times were 307.8, 318, 325.2, 258.6, 285, and 135 minutes for RARP, RARC, RARN, RAPN, RANU, and RAA, respectively. Median length of hospital stay was 3 days for RARP, 7 days for RARC, 2 days for RARN, 3 days for RAPN, 17 days for RANU, and 4 days for RAA. Conversion to conventional laparoscopy occurred in 4 patients (8.9%), while conversion to open surgery was required in 2 patients (4.4%). Postoperative complications were reported in 13 patients (28.9%), with the majority being low-grade according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Conclusions The Versius® (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) robotic surgical platform appears to be a safe and effective option for the management of a wide range of urological malignancies, with acceptable perioperative outcomes and a manageable learning curve. Larger prospective studies with long-term oncological and functional follow-up are required to further validate these findings. CMR Versius® Robotic System Urinary Tract Malignancies Renal Cell Carcinoma Robotic Assisted Partial Nephrectomy Introduction Over the past two decades, robotic-assisted surgery has transformed the surgical management of urologic malignancies. Building upon the principles of minimally invasive surgery, namely less blood loss and postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, better cosmetic results, and shorter convalescence, robotic platforms have enabled enhanced visualization, improved instrument dexterity, and greater precision in complex oncologic procedures. As a result, robotic surgery has become an integral component of contemporary urologic oncology, particularly in the management of prostate, kidney, and bladder cancers. Moreover, the learning curve was shorter and less steep even for complex procedures such as radical prostatectomy where laparoscopy required advanced skills [ 1 ]. Ever since robotics were introduced, the Da Vinci® (Intuitive, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) surgical robot has been the only available platform for use in urologic surgery for over 20 years. It has established its status as the benchmark platform [ 2 ].However, in recent years, other surgical robotic platforms have started to be commercially available [ 2 ]. The Versius® by CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK was introduced in 2014, and a number of studies have reported on its use in urology and general surgery [ 3 ]. The Versius® robotic system has a modular and portable design, offering an open console with 3D visualization and ergonomic controls that may facilitate integration into existing operating room workflows [ 4 ]. CMR Versius® robotic platform is composed of: Master console: Three-dimensional vision is provided via passive polarized glasses, with hand-controlled operation. The controller includes a handle with jaw lever, clutch and energy buttons, and joysticks for endoscope and camera arm control. Bedside units: Three to four bedside units (BSUs) are connected to the console, with a fifth available as backup or for future upgrades. BSUs (≤ 100 kg) are manually positioned, covered with sterile drapes, and braked before docking. A 12-mm endoscope and 5-mm instruments are then inserted, followed by “port training,” where instruments adapt to implanted ports by cone-like trocar rotation. Despite promising early experiences, data on its application specifically in urologic malignancy are still emerging, with a need for further clinical evaluation [ 4 ]. Importantly, recent work published has begun to address robot-assisted radical prostatectomy using the Versius® platform, providing evidence on surgical setup and performance in real-world practice [ 5 ]. In our present study we aim to assess the safety and efficacy of using The Versius® (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) surgical Robotic Platform for the surgical management of patients with different urological malignancy. Materials and methods This study was conducted at the Urology Department of Cairo University Hospital from May 2023 to May 2024. After obtaining the approval of our institution’s ethical committee and informed patient consents, 45 patients with urological malignancy, who were eligible for minimally invasive surgery (prostate, bladder, kidney, adrenal) underwent robotic surgery using the Versius® (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) robotic platform. Perioperative data were collected. This included preoperative patient demographics (age, gender, BMI, medical and surgical history, Charlson Comorbidity Index), type, pathology, and clinical stage of urological malignancy. Operative data included operative time (docking time, console time, total time), blood loss and transfusion, conversion to laparoscopy or open surgery, and intraoperative complications. Postoperative data included length of hospital stay, postoperative complication (using the Clavien-Dindo Classification[ 6 ]), and pathological stage of the addressed malignancy. All the procedures performed were attempted using the Versius® (CMR) Surgical, Cambridge, UK). The techniques used for these procedures were those previously described for RARP by Huynh and Ahlering [ 7 ], for RARC Menon et al. [ 8 ], for RARN by Davila et al [ 9 ], for RAPN by Kaouk et al. [ 10 ], and for RAA by Piramide et al [ 11 ] respectively. For RARP and RARC, five ports were inserted and four BSUs were used including the visualization unit while one port was used for bed-side assistant. While for upper tract surgery: RARN, RAPN, RANU and RAA, three BSUs were used including the visualization unit with one or two extra ports used for bed-side assistance. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was done by SPSS v26 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Quantitative variables were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). Qualitative variables were presented as frequency and percentage (%). Results A total of 45 patients with urological malignancies underwent robotic surgery using the Versius® platform during the study period. Overall Patient Demographics Thirty-nine patients (86.7%) were males. Mean age was 58.9 ± 11.9 years(range) , mean BMI was 27.9 ± 5.1 kg/m² (range) , mean CCI was 4.2 ± 1.5 (range) with mean estimated 10-year survival was 47.5 ± 30.8% . Comorbidities included diabetes mellitus in 11 patients , hypertension in 12 patients , and a history of cardiac disease in 7 patients . The distribution of surgical procedures is summarized in Table 1 . Table 1 Overall Patient Demographics and Distribution of Different Surgery Types and postoperative complications Age in years 58.87 ± 11.9 (21–76) BMI in kg/m 2 27.87 ± 5.1 (18.4–39.2) Diabetic patients 11 (24%) Hypertensive patients 12 (27%) History of Cardiac disease 7 (16%) Chest diseases 2 (4%) Prior abdominal surgeries 16 (36%) CCI 4.16 ± 1.5 (2–8) 10-year survival 47.47 ± 30.8 (0–90) Gender Male 39 (87%) Female 6 (13%) Surgery Type N (%) Radical Prostatectomy 26 (58%) Radical Cystectomy 5 (11%) Radical Nephrectomy 3 (6%) Partial Nephrectomy 8 (18%) Radical Nephroureterectomy 2 (4%) Adrenalectomy 1 (2%) Post operative complications Fever 5 (11%) Wound infection 4 (9%) Urinary leak 5 (11%) AKI requiring dialysis 1 (2%) arrhythmia 1 (2%) RARP was the most frequently performed procedure, accounting for 26 cases (57.8%) . Patient demographics, PSA, prostate volume, transrectal ultrasound findings, biopsy International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade group, operative variables, and postoperative outcomes for RARP are detailed in Table 2 . Table 2 Demographic data, PSA, prostate size, ISUP grade group of prostatic biopsies, operative and post operative data of RARP patients RARP Patient Demographics Age in years 62.19 ± 7.2 (44–75) BMI in kg/m 2 27.72 ± 5 (20-37.5) DM (%) 6 (23%) HTN (%) 6 (23%) Cardiac Disease 3 (11.5%) Chest Disease 1 (3.8%) Patients with prior abdominal surgeries 6 (23%) CCI 4.23 ± 1 (3–7) 10-year survival (%) 46.69 ± 25.1 (0–77) PSA (ng/dl) 16.50 ± 15.5 (0.8–81) Mean TRUS gland size in cc 39.99 ± 22.2 (21–125) ISUP grade grouping of the biopsy Grade group 1 5 (19.2%) Grade group 2 11 (42.3%) Grade group 3 8 (30.8%) Grade group 4 2 (7.6%) Operative Date for RARP Patients Mean operative time in minutes (range) Docking time 18.2 ± 7.2 (10–45) Console time 270 ± 84 (168–480) Total operative time 307.8 ± 84 (198–510) Surgical technique (%) Nerve sparing 7 (26.9%) Retzius sparing technique 6 (23%) Conversion (%) To open surgery 1 (3.8%) To conventional laparoscopy 3 (11.5%) Mean blood loss (cc) (range) 234.62 ± 123.9 (100–500) Mean blood Transfusion (units) 1 ± 0 Post operative data of RARP patients Post operative labs Mean Hemoglobin in gm/dl (range) 12.25 ± 1.6 (7.8–15) Mean creatinine in mg/dl 1.12 ± 0.2 (0.7–1.7) Post operative complications Fever 2 (7.7%) wound infection 1 (3.8%) urine leak catheter repositioning open surgical repair 5/26 (19.2%) 3/5 (60%) 1/5 (20%) anemia 1 (3.8%) Clavien-Dindo Classification of the complication encountered Total patients with complications 6/26 (23.1%) grade 1 2 (8%) grade 2 1 (4%) grade 3a 2 (8%) grade 3b 1 (4%) Median length of hospital-stay in days 3 (2–21) Five patients ( 11.1% ) underwent RARC . Patient demographics, preoperative clinical staging, operative parameters, and postoperative outcomes are summarized in Table 3 . Table 3 Demographic data, clinical staging, operative data and post operative complications of patients underwent RARC RARC Patient Demographics Gender Male 4 (80%) Female 1(20%) Age in years 63.8 ± 10.8 (47–76) BMI in kg/m 2 25.36 ± 6.5 (18.4–32.4) DM (%) 1 (20%) HTN (%) 2 (40%) Cardiac Disease 1 (20%) Chest Disease 1 (20%) Patients with prior abdominal surgeries 3 (60%) CCI 4.8 ± 1.9 (2–7) 10-year survival (%) 33.2 ± 38.2 (0–90) Tumor staging (T stage) cT2 1 (20%) cT3 4 (80%) Nodal staging (N stage) N0 5 (100%) Operative Mean operative time in minutes Docking time 23.60 ± 6.5 (15–30) Console time 226.8 ± 54 (168–312) Total operative time 318 ± 36 (270–360) Type of urinary diversion Orthotopic neobladder 2 (40%) Ileal conduit 3 (60%) Blood Loss (cc) 380 ± 164.3 (100–500) Blood Transfusion (units) 1.67 ± 1.2 (1–3) Post Operative Data Post operative labs Mean Hemoglobin in gm/dl 10.5 ± 1.1 (9–12) Mean creatinine in mg/dl 1.32 ± 0.3 (1-1.7) Post operative complications fever 1 (20%) paralytic ileus 1 (20%) Clavien-Dindo Classification of the complication encountered Total number of complications 2 (40%) grade 2 2 (40%) Median length of hospital-stay in days 7 (5–12) Three patients ( 6.7% ) underwent (RARN) , while eight patients (17.8%) underwent robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) . Patient demographics, preoperative clinical staging, operative, postoperative, and pathological outcomes for RARN and RAPN are summarized in Table 4 . Among RAPN cases, final pathology revealed renal cell carcinoma in four patients (50%) (three clear cell and one chromophobe), multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential in two patients (25%) , and benign pathology in two patients (25%) (oncocytoma and cystic nephroma). A positive surgical margin was detected in one patient (12.5%) . Table 4 Demographic data, clinical staging, operative, post operative data of patients underwent RARN, RAPN and post-operative pathology of RAPN patients RARN patient Demographics Sex Male 1 (33%) Female 2 (67%) Age in years 50.33 ± 19.4 (28–63) BMI in kg/m 2 27.93 ± 9.8 (22-39.2) DM (%) 1 (33%) HTN (%) 1 (33%) Cardiac Disease 1 (33%) Patients with of prior abdominal surgeries 2 (67%) CCI 4 ± 1.73 (2–5) 10-year survival (%) 44 ± 39.8 (21–90) Clinical staging cT1a 1 (33%) cT2 2 (67%) largest tumor diameter in cm based on CT or MRI 6.1 ± 1.8 (4-7.3) Operative data Mean operative time in minutes Docking time 13 ± 2 (11–15) Console time 285 ± 108 (210–408) Total operative time 325.2 ± 108 (258–450) Blood loss (cc) 200 ± 100 (100–300) Post operative data Post operative labs Mean Hemoglobin in gm/dl 11.20 ± 1.3 (10-12.6) Mean creatinine in mg/dl 2.43 ± 2.2 (1–5) Median length of hospital-stay in days 2 (2–9) RAPN patient Demographics Sex Male 3 (38%) Female 5 (62%) Age in years 50.63 ± 15.6 (21–72) BMI in kg/m 2 29.33 ± 3.5 (22–32) DM (%) 1 (12.5%) HTN (%) 1 (12.5%) Patients with prior abdominal surgeries 4 (50%) CCI 3.13 ± 1.4 (2–5) 10-year survival (%) 66.5 ± 30.8 (21–90) Tumor staging (T stage) cT1a 4 (50%) cT1b 4 (50%) Largest tumor diameter in cm based on CT or MRI 4.4 ± 1.7 (3–8) Nodal staging (N stage) N0 8 (100%) Operative Mean operative time in minutes Docking time 18.63 ± 7.4 (13–20) Console time 202.8 ± 78 (90–360) Total operative time 258.6 ± 84 (150–420) Ischemia to the kidney No kidney Ischemia 6 (75%) Hot kidney Ischemia 2 (25%) Conversion To open surgery 1 (12.5%) To conventional laparoscopy 1 (12.5%) Mean blood loss (cc) 375 ± 305.9 (100–1000) Mean blood Transfusion (units) 1.25 ± 0.5 (1–2) Post operative Post operative labs Mean Hemoglobin in gm/dl 13 ± 2.5 (10-16.9) Mean creatinine in mg/dl 1.1 ± 0.3 (0.9–1.7) Post operative complications Fever 1 (12.5%) wound infection 1 (12.5%) anemia 1 (12.5%) sepsis 1 (12.5%) Need for dialysis 1 (12.5%) Clavien-Dindo Classification of the complication encountered Total number of complications 3 (37.5%) grade 1 1 (12.5%) grade 2 1 (12.5%) grade 4a 1 (12.5%) Median length of hospital-stay in days 3 (2–7) Post-operative pathology Tumor type Benign tumor 2 Low malignant potential tumor 2 Malignant tumor 4 (50%) Surgical margin Negative surgical margin 7 (87%) Fragmented tumor tissue 1 (13%) Two patients ( 4.4% ) underwent RANU . Patient demographics, operative, and postoperative data for RANU are summarized in Table 5 . Table 5 Demographic, operative, post-operative data, pathology of patients underwent RANU 1st case 2nd case Gender Male Male Age (years) 62 65 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 33.7 28.5 DM Yes Yes HTN Yes Yes Cardiac Disease Yes Yes Patients with previous abdominal surgery Yes no CCI 8 6 10-year survival 2 0 Operative Docking time (minutes) 30 23 Console time (minutes) 285 150 Operative time (minutes) 360 210 Blood loss (cc) 100 1100 Blood Transfusion (units) 0 3 Post-operative Fever No Yes wound infection Yes Yes Anemia No Yes Sepsis No Yes Clavien-Dindo Classification of the complication encountered Grade 1 Grade 4a Length of hospital stay (days) 4 17 Post-operative pathology Pathological stage T2 T1 N0 Yes yes Positive margin No Yes One patient ( 2.2% ) underwent RAA for a left-sided 5-cm pheochromocytoma . The patient was a 30-year-old male with a BMI of 26 kg/m² . The procedure was performed using three BSUs and one assistant port. Total operative time was 135 minutes , including 15 minutes docking time and 105 minutes console time , with an estimated blood loss of 100 mL . Postoperatively, the patient required ICU admission for management of cardiac arrhythmia (Clavien–Dindo grade IVa). Postoperative hemoglobin was 13 g/dL , and serum creatinine was 0.7 mg/dL . The patient was discharged on day 4. Final histopathology revealed an adrenocortical adenoma . Learning-curve analysis for RARP A subgroup analysis compared patients who underwent RARP during the first six months of the study ( n = 13 ) with those performed in the second six months ( n = 13 ). There were no significant differences in baseline patient characteristics between the two groups, except for a significantly higher proportion of clinical T2 disease in the first six months ( 77% vs 38%, p < 0.05 ) (Table 6 ). Table 6 Comparison between demographic data, PSA, prostate size, ISUP grade group, clinical staging, operative data, conversion rate and blood loss, post-operative complication, hospital-stay, and post-operative pathology of patients underwent RARP in the first 6 months and the second 6 months, 1st period 2nd period P value Total number of patients 13(50%) 13(50%) 1 Age in years 61.77 ± 8.2 (44–74) 62.62 ± 6.6 (54–75) 0.774 BMI in kg/m 2 28.32 ± 5.6 (20-37.5) 27.12 ± 4.6 (20.7–36.3) 0.551 DM (%) 2 (15.4%) 4 (30.8%) 0.645 HTN (%) 3 (23%) 3 (23%) 1 Cardiac Disease 2 (15.4%) 1 (7.7%) 1 Chest Disease 0(0%) 1 (7.7%) 1 Patients with prior abdominal surgeries 3 (23%) 3 (23%) 1 CCI 4.3 ± 1.2 (3–7) 4.2 ± 1 (3–6) 0.72 10-year survival 45.6 ± 26.6 (0–77) 27.8 ± 24.7 (2–77) 0.88 PSA (ng/dl) 21.19 ± 19.8 (7.3–81) 11.8 ± 7.8 (0.8–32) 0.113 Mean TRUS gland size in cc 45.48 ± 26.8 (24–125) 32 ± 9.5 (21–48) 0.164 ISUP grade group Grade group 1 2 (15%) 3 (23.1%) 0.769 Grade group 2 5 (39%) 7 (53.8%) Grade group 3 5 (38%) 2 (15.4%) Grade group 4 1 (8%) 1 (7.7%) Clinical stage (T) cT1a 0 (0%) 1 (8%) 1 cT1c 1 (8%) 3 (23%) 0.59 cT2 10 (77%) 5 (38%) 0.047* cT3 2 (15%) 4 (31%) 0.65 Clinical Node Staging cN1 2 (15%) 0 (0%) 0.48 Operative time, conversion rate and blood loss Mean operative time in minutes Docking time 21.17 ± 8.9 (13–45) 15.46 ± 3.9 (10.22) 0.046* Console time 302.4 ± 90 (210–480) 237.6 ± 66 (168–378) 0.057 Total operative time 337.2 ± 90 (240–510) 277.8 ± 66 (198–438) 0.076 Surgical technique Nerve sparing 4 (31%) 3 (23%) 1 Conversion Open surgery 0 (0%) 1 (8%) 0.593 Laparoscopic surgery 1 (8%) 2 (15%) Mean blood loss (cc) (range) 223.08 ± 103 (100–500) 246.15 ± 145 (100–500) 0.920 Mean blood Transfusion (units) 1 ± 0 0 Post-operative complication and hospital-stay Fever 1 (8%) 1 (8%) 1 Wound infection 0 (0%) 1 (8%) 1 Urine leak Catheters reposition Open surgical repair 2 (17%) 2 (15%) 0 (0%) 3 (25%) 1 (8%) 1 (8%) 1 1 1 Anemia 0 (0%) 1 (8%) 1 Clavien-Dindo Classification of the complications encountered grade 1 0 (0%) 2 (17%) 0.107 grade 2 0 (0%) 1 (8%) grade 3a 2 (15%) 0 (0%) grade 3b 0 (0%) 1 (8%) Median length of hospital-stay in days 4 (2–21) 3 (2–15) 0.448 Post operative pathology pT2 7 (53.8%) 8 (66.7%) 0.688 pT3 6 (46.2%) 4 (33.3%) 1 pN1 0 (0%) 1 (8.3%) 1 Positive margin 2 (15.4%) 1 (8.3%) 1 ISUP grade group Grade group 1 1 (8%) 0 (0%) Grade group 2 6 (46%) 6 (50%) 1 Grade group 3 4 (31%) 4 (34%) Grade group 4 2 (15%) 1 (8%) Grade group 5 0 (0%) 1 (8%) Analysis of operative data revealed a significantly shorter docking time during the second six months ( 15.5 vs 21.2 minutes, p < 0.05 ). Console time showed a trend towards reduction in the second six months ( 237.6 vs 302.4 minutes ), approaching statistical significance ( p = 0.057 ). No statistically significant differences were observed in total operative time, estimated blood loss, blood transfusion rate, or conversion to laparoscopic or open surgery (Table 6 ). Postoperative outcomes and final histopathological findings were comparable between the two groups, with no statistically significant differences identified (Table 6 ). Discussion Robotic-assisted surgery has become a cornerstone of minimally invasive urologic oncology, offering enhanced visualization, precise dissection with wristed instruments and tremor reduction, and thus improved postoperative outcomes. Systems like the da Vinci® (Intuitive, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) have transformed prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer surgeries, with robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) now considered the gold standard due to favorable functional outcomes with comparable oncologic control [ 12 , 13 ]. The Versius® (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) platform is a novel robotic system that allows modular setup with individual bedside units (BSUs) and an open console, offering flexibility for various procedures [14 and 15]. In our study, the mean docking, console, and total operative times for RARP were 18.2 ± 7.2, 270 ± 84, and 307.8 ± 84 minutes, respectively. These values are comparable to early Versius® experiences reported by Reeves et al. [ 14 ] who performed RARP, RARN, RAPP, and RAA in 10 patients (console time 272 min, total operative time 335 min). Rocco et al. [ 16 ] reported on a case of RARP using the same robotic platform with a docking time of 30 minutes and console time of 130 min. Our analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in docking time and a trend toward shorter console time between the first and second six months of the study, indicating a rapid learning curve. Similar trends have been observed in other robotic platforms, including Senhance® and Versius®, where operative times decreased with surgeon experience [ 17 ]. For RARN and RAPN, total operative times were 325.2 ± 108 minutes and 258.6 ± 84 minutes, respectively. This is slightly longer than times reported in similar series of RARN and RAPN using the Versius® by CMR platform [ 18 , 19 ]. The single adrenalectomy case required 135 minutes, similar to other reports using Versius® [ 19 ]. Vascular injury occurred in two cases (4.4%). In one patient this was a small renal vein injury that was sutured robotically. The other was a mesenteric vessel injury during port placement that required open exploration and control. No other major intraoperative complications occurred. Six patients (13.3%) required conversion to conventional laparoscopy (4) or open surgery (2) due to robotic arm malfunction, bleeding preventing progress of the case robotically. Estimated blood loss was 287 ± 218 mL, with a mean transfusion of 1.42 ± 0.79 units for 12/45 (26.1%) patients. These outcomes are comparable to other early Versius® reports [ 14 , 17 – 20 ]. Postoperative complications occurred in 10 patients (22%) mentioned in Table 1 , with Clavien-Dindo grades ranging from 1–4a. Grade 3 and 4 complications occurred in 3 patients (7%) including acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, arrhythmia and urinary leak requiring open surgical repair. The median hospital stay was 4 days. Soumpasis et al [ 20 ] and Huddy et al. [ 21 ] reported similar results in their respective reports on using the Versius® system in urological. Intra-operative bleeding and fatal myocardial infarction was reported in 1.1% of the patients in the study by Soumpasis et el [ 20 ]. Huddy et al [ 21 ] reported on 5 patients with intra- and postoperative complications in series of 50 patients who underwent urological procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding histopathology, variable outcomes have been reported. In RARP, Organ confined prostate cancer (pT2) was found in 15/25 (60%) patients, while extra prostatic extension (pT3) was found in 10/25 (40%) patients with three patients (12%) having positive surgical margin and one patient (8.3%) having positive lymph node disease. In RARC, Four out of five patients (80%) had pT2b disease. Only 1 patient (20%) had extravesical extension (pT3a). All patients (100%) had negative surgical margin with only one patient (20%) having lymph node positive disease. In RARN, all patients had clear margins, with two benign (angiomyolipoma, oncocytoma) and one malignant lesion (papillary RCC type 1). In RAPN, 87.5% had negative margins, with 50% malignant lesions (3 clear cell, 1 chromophobe), 25% benign, and 25% low-malignant-potential tumours. Patients underwent RANU, both patients had transitional cell carcinoma of the upper tract with no lymph node disease with one patient (50%) who had a positive ureteric surgical margin. The adrenalectomy patient had an adrenocortical adenoma. Reeves et al. reported negative surgical margins in all cases of his series with organ confined disease in the four RARP cases, one benign case of nephrectomy while the other case had a T1b Grade 2 clear-cell cancer and the adrenalectomy was a benign cortical adenoma. [ 14 ]. In our study, conversion either to conventional laparoscopy or to open surgery was resorted to in six patients (13.3%). The reasons for conversion were robotic arm malfunction, intraoperative bleeding, and failure to progress. Hussein et al. reported malfunction of robotic arms in 1.9% of patients and conversion to open surgery in 5.7% of patients [ 19 ]. There was no conversion in the study reported by Reeves et al [ 14 ]. Soumpasis et al. reported a rate of conversion to an alternative surgical technique in 29/175 urological procedures (16.6%), 18 of which (62%) were converted to conventional laparoscopy [ 20 ]. They did not state the reasons for conversion. The Versius® system demonstrated adaptability across multiple urological procedures. RARP and RARC required four BSUs plus one assistant port, whereas RARN, RANU, and RAA required three BSUs plus one assistant port. Optimal port and BSU placement is crucial to avoid instrument collisions, especially in broader operative fields [ 18 ]. Preoperative simulation, dry-lab, and cadaveric training are recommended for team proficiency. Strengths of our study include prospective data collection, inclusion of multiple urologic malignancies, and detailed perioperative reporting. Limitations include a single-center design, small cohort, and lack of long-term functional and oncologic outcomes. Larger prospective multicentre studies are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of the Versius® robotic platform. Standardization of training and procedural protocols will support reproducibility and wider adoption in urologic oncology. Conclusion The Versius® robotic system is a safe and effective platform for a wide range of urological malignancies. Early outcomes demonstrate acceptable operative times, low morbidity, and satisfactory pathological results, with a rapid learning curve even for complex procedures. Further studies are required to assess long-term oncologic and functional outcomes and optimize adoption in clinical practice. Declarations Acknowledgments: Nil Declaration of interest statement: There was no declaration of interest statement. Funding: No funding was received for conducting this study. Competing interests: The authors have no financial or proprietary interest in any material discussed in this article. Ethics approval: This study was done from May 2023 to May 2024, after approval from Ethical Committee, Al-Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo, Egypt (Approval code: MD-160-2023). An informed written consent was obtained from the patient. Consent: Informed written consent was obtained from all patients. Data Materials and/or Code availability: Data is available on reasonable requests from the corresponding author. References Katsimperis S, Tzelves L, Feretzakis G, Bellos T, Triantafyllou P, Arseniou P, Skolarikos A. Beyond Da Vinci: Comparative Review of Next-Generation Robotic Platforms in Urologic Surgery. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025;14(19):6775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14196775 Kallidonis P, Gkeka K, Tatanis V, Katsakiori P, Vrettos T, Liatsikos E. Novel robotic platforms for robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in urology: A narrative review. Journal of Endourology. 2024;38(7):652–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2023.0732 Sighinolfi MC, De Maria M, Meneghetti I, Felline M, Ceretti AP, Mosillo L, Catalano C, Morandi A, Calcagnile T, Panio E, Sangalli M. The use of Versius CMR for pelvic surgery: a multicentric analysis of surgical setup and early outcomes. World Journal of Urology. 2024;42(1):31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-023-04730-3 Alkatout I, Salehiniya H, Allahqoli L. Assessment of the Versius robotic surgical system in minimal access surgery: a systematic review. Journal of clinical medicine. 2022;11(13):3754. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133754 Abdelhakim MA, Abdelwahab M. Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy with the Versius surgical platform: An objective criticism and a guide for an optimal surgical setup. Arab Journal of Urology. 2025;23(2):152–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20905998.2024.2442267 Clavien PA, Barkun J, de Oliveira ML, et al. The clavien-dindo classification of surgical complications: Five-year experience. Ann Surg. 2009;250:187–96. 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181b13ca2 . DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181b13ca2 Huynh LM, Ahlering TE. Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a step-by-step guide. Journal of endourology. 2018;32(S1):S-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2017.0723 Menon M, Hemal AK, Tewari A, Shrivastava A, Shoma AM, El-Tabey NA, Shaaban A, Abol‐Enein H, Ghoneim MA. Nerve‐sparing robot‐assisted radical cystoprostatectomy and urinary diversion. BJU international. 2003;92(3):232–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04329.x Davila HH, Storey RE, Rose MC. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy using the Da Vinci Si system: how to improve surgeon autonomy. Our step-by-step technique. Journal of Robotic Surgery. 2016;10(3):285–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-016-0608-6 Kaouk JH, Khalifeh A, Hillyer S, Haber GP, Stein RJ, Autorino R. Robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: step-by-step contemporary technique and surgical outcomes at a single high-volume institution. European urology. 2012;62(3):553–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.021 Piramide F, Bravi CA, Paciotti M, Sarchi L, Nocera L, Piro A, Lores MP, Balestrazzi E, Mottaran A, Farinha R, Nicolas H. Robot-assisted adrenalectomy: Step-by-step technique and surgical outcomes at a high-volume robotic center. Asian Journal of Urology. 2023;10(4):475–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2023.04.001 Li J-K, Tang T, Zong H, et al. Intelligent medicine in focus: the 5 stages of evolution in robot-assisted surgery for prostate cancer in the past 20 years and future implications. Mil Med Res. 2024;11:58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-024-00566-z Lama DJ, Thomas K, Vernez SL, Okunowo O, Lau CS, Yuh BE. Minimally invasive cytoreductive radical prostatectomy, exploring the safety and feasibility of a single-port or multi-port robotic platform. BMC urology. 2024;24:72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-024-01463-2 Reeves F, Challacombe B, Ribbits A, Ourselin S, Dasgupta P. Idea, development, exploration, assessment, long-term follow-up study (ideal) stage 1/2a evaluation of urological procedures with the Versius robot. BJU Int. 2022;130:441–3. 10.1111/bju.15829 . DOI: 10.1111/bju.15829 Haig F, Medeiros ACB, Chitty K, Slack M. Usability assessment of Versius, a new robot-assisted surgical device for use in minimal access surgery. BMJ SIT. 2020;2:2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsit-2019-000028 Rocco B, Turri F, Sangalli M, et al. Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy with the Versius robotic surgical system: First description of a clinical case. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2023;48:82 – 3.10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euros.2022.11.019 Venckus R, Jasenas M, Telksnys T, et al. Robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy with the senhance(®) robotic platform: Single center experience. World J Urol. 2021;39:4305–10. 10.1007/s00345-021-03792-5 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03792-5 Abdelhakim MA, Abdelwahab M. Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in complex renal tumors using the Versius platform: An initial but promising experience. Arab J Urol. 2025;23:145–51. DOI: 10.1080/20905998.2024.2442268 Hussein AA, Mohsin R, Qureshi H, et al. Transition from da vinci to Versius robotic surgical system: Initial experience and outcomes of over 100 consecutive procedures. J Robot Surg. 2023;17:419–26. DOI: 10.1007/s11701-022-01422-9 Soumpasis I, Nashef S, Dunning J, Moran P, Slack M. Safe implementation of a next-generation surgical robot: First analysis of 2,083 cases in the Versius surgical registry. Ann Surg. 2023;278:903–10. DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005871 Huddy JR, Crockett M, Nizar AS, Smith R, Malki M, Barber N, Tilney HS. Experiences of a “COVID protected” robotic surgical centre for colorectal and urological cancer in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Robotic Surgery. 2022;16(1):59–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-021-01199-3 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8790033","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":590926385,"identity":"82dc53c6-b044-46fa-81b2-6d3091c3295d","order_by":0,"name":"Ismail Rady Saad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cairo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ismail","middleName":"Rady","lastName":"Saad","suffix":""},{"id":590926388,"identity":"c7ccc104-0847-4cc6-b3e0-cf6ad28e13de","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmed Assem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cairo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"","lastName":"Assem","suffix":""},{"id":590926390,"identity":"27c291ec-a191-46b2-b5ac-898be9df606e","order_by":2,"name":"Mohamed Hesham Agamy","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Cairo University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Hesham","lastName":"Agamy","suffix":""},{"id":590926391,"identity":"2d94076a-c844-491a-ac85-f826630e9ea9","order_by":3,"name":"Ahmed Abdullah Ashmawy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cairo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"Abdullah","lastName":"Ashmawy","suffix":""},{"id":590926393,"identity":"ffdc0ec0-00c7-449f-9eda-4546f60d6b84","order_by":4,"name":"Khaled Mursi Hammoud","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cairo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khaled","middleName":"Mursi","lastName":"Hammoud","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-04 20:08:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8790033/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8790033/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103049239,"identity":"dc8ca44b-53a3-42cd-a07a-2127095db6c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-20 07:38:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3347780,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8790033/v1/697c0ea0-179e-4317-83e7-7413332004dd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"CMR Versius Robotic Platform in Urinary Tract Tumors: A Tertiary Center Experience","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOver the past two decades, robotic-assisted surgery has transformed the surgical management of urologic malignancies. Building upon the principles of minimally invasive surgery, namely less blood loss and postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, better cosmetic results, and shorter convalescence, robotic platforms have enabled enhanced visualization, improved instrument dexterity, and greater precision in complex oncologic procedures. As a result, robotic surgery has become an integral component of contemporary urologic oncology, particularly in the management of prostate, kidney, and bladder cancers. Moreover, the learning curve was shorter and less steep even for complex procedures such as radical prostatectomy where laparoscopy required advanced skills [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver since robotics were introduced, the Da Vinci\u0026reg; (Intuitive, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) surgical robot has been the only available platform for use in urologic surgery for over 20 years. It has established its status as the benchmark platform [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].However, in recent years, other surgical robotic platforms have started to be commercially available [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The Versius\u0026reg; by CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK was introduced in 2014, and a number of studies have reported on its use in urology and general surgery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The Versius\u0026reg; robotic system has a modular and portable design, offering an open console with 3D visualization and ergonomic controls that may facilitate integration into existing operating room workflows [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCMR Versius® robotic platform is composed of:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMaster console:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional vision is provided via passive polarized glasses, with hand-controlled operation. The controller includes a handle with jaw lever, clutch and energy buttons, and joysticks for endoscope and camera arm control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBedside units:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree to four bedside units (BSUs) are connected to the console, with a fifth available as backup or for future upgrades. BSUs (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;100 kg) are manually positioned, covered with sterile drapes, and braked before docking. A 12-mm endoscope and 5-mm instruments are then inserted, followed by \u0026ldquo;port training,\u0026rdquo; where instruments adapt to implanted ports by cone-like trocar rotation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite promising early experiences, data on its application specifically in urologic malignancy are still emerging, with a need for further clinical evaluation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Importantly, recent work published has begun to address robot-assisted radical prostatectomy using the Versius\u0026reg; platform, providing evidence on surgical setup and performance in real-world practice [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our present study we aim to assess the safety and efficacy of using The Versius\u0026reg; (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) surgical Robotic Platform for the surgical management of patients with different urological malignancy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted at the Urology Department of Cairo University Hospital from May 2023 to May 2024. After obtaining the approval of our institution\u0026rsquo;s ethical committee and informed patient consents, 45 patients with urological malignancy, who were eligible for minimally invasive surgery (prostate, bladder, kidney, adrenal) underwent robotic surgery using the Versius\u0026reg; (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) robotic platform.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerioperative data were collected. This included preoperative patient demographics (age, gender, BMI, medical and surgical history, Charlson Comorbidity Index), type, pathology, and clinical stage of urological malignancy. Operative data included operative time (docking time, console time, total time), blood loss and transfusion, conversion to laparoscopy or open surgery, and intraoperative complications. Postoperative data included length of hospital stay, postoperative complication (using the Clavien-Dindo Classification[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]), and pathological stage of the addressed malignancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the procedures performed were attempted using the Versius\u0026reg; (CMR) Surgical, Cambridge, UK). The techniques used for these procedures were those previously described for RARP by Huynh and Ahlering [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], for RARC Menon et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], for RARN by Davila et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], for RAPN by Kaouk et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], and for RAA by Piramide et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] respectively. For RARP and RARC, five ports were inserted and four BSUs were used including the visualization unit while one port was used for bed-side assistant. While for upper tract surgery: RARN, RAPN, RANU and RAA, three BSUs were used including the visualization unit with one or two extra ports used for bed-side assistance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was done by SPSS v26 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Quantitative variables were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). Qualitative variables were presented as frequency and percentage (%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of \u003cb\u003e45 patients\u003c/b\u003e with urological malignancies underwent robotic surgery using the Versius\u0026reg; platform during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOverall Patient Demographics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThirty-nine patients \u003cb\u003e(86.7%)\u003c/b\u003e were males. Mean age was \u003cb\u003e58.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.9 years(range)\u003c/b\u003e, mean BMI was \u003cb\u003e27.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.1 kg/m\u0026sup2; (range)\u003c/b\u003e, mean CCI was \u003cb\u003e4.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5 (range)\u003c/b\u003e with mean estimated 10-year survival was \u003cb\u003e47.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.8%\u003c/b\u003e. Comorbidities included diabetes mellitus in \u003cb\u003e11 patients\u003c/b\u003e, hypertension in \u003cb\u003e12 patients\u003c/b\u003e, and a history of cardiac disease in \u003cb\u003e7 patients\u003c/b\u003e. The distribution of surgical procedures is summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall Patient Demographics and Distribution of Different Surgery Types and postoperative complications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge in years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.9 (21\u0026ndash;76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI in kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.1 (18.4\u0026ndash;39.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetic patients\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHypertensive patients\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHistory of Cardiac disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChest diseases\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrior abdominal surgeries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (36%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5 (2\u0026ndash;8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10-year survival\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.8 (0\u0026ndash;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (87%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSurgery Type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRadical Prostatectomy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (58%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRadical Cystectomy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRadical Nephrectomy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePartial Nephrectomy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRadical Nephroureterectomy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdrenalectomy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative complications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFever\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWound infection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUrinary leak\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAKI requiring dialysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003earrhythmia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRARP\u003c/b\u003e was the most frequently performed procedure, accounting for \u003cb\u003e26 cases (57.8%)\u003c/b\u003e. Patient demographics, PSA, prostate volume, transrectal ultrasound findings, biopsy International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade group, operative variables, and postoperative outcomes for RARP are detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic data, PSA, prostate size, ISUP grade group of prostatic biopsies, operative and post operative data of RARP patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRARP Patient Demographics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge in years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2 (44\u0026ndash;75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI in kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5 (20-37.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDM (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHTN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCardiac Disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (11.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChest Disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatients with prior abdominal surgeries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 (3\u0026ndash;7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10-year survival (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.1 (0\u0026ndash;77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSA (ng/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.5 (0.8\u0026ndash;81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean TRUS gland size in cc\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.2 (21\u0026ndash;125)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eISUP grade grouping of the biopsy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (19.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (42.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (30.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (7.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOperative Date for RARP Patients\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean operative time in minutes (range)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDocking time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2 (10\u0026ndash;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsole time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84 (168\u0026ndash;480)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal operative time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84 (198\u0026ndash;510)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSurgical technique (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNerve sparing\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (26.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRetzius sparing technique\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConversion (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTo open surgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTo conventional laparoscopy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (11.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean blood loss (cc) (range)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;123.9 (100\u0026ndash;500)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean blood Transfusion (units)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative data of RARP patients\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative labs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean Hemoglobin in gm/dl (range)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6 (7.8\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean creatinine in mg/dl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 (0.7\u0026ndash;1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"3\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative complications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFever\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (7.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewound infection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eurine leak\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecatheter repositioning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eopen surgical repair\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5/26 (19.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/5 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eanemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"4\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClavien-Dindo Classification of the complication encountered\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal patients with complications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6/26 (23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 3a\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 3b\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedian length of hospital-stay in days\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive patients (\u003cb\u003e11.1%\u003c/b\u003e) underwent \u003cb\u003eRARC\u003c/b\u003e. Patient demographics, preoperative clinical staging, operative parameters, and postoperative outcomes are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic data, clinical staging, operative data and post operative complications of patients underwent RARC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRARC Patient Demographics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge in years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8 (47\u0026ndash;76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI in kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.5 (18.4\u0026ndash;32.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDM (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHTN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCardiac Disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChest Disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatients with prior abdominal surgeries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9 (2\u0026ndash;7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10-year survival (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38.2 (0\u0026ndash;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTumor staging (T stage)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNodal staging (N stage)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOperative\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean operative time in minutes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDocking time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.5 (15\u0026ndash;30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsole time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54 (168\u0026ndash;312)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal operative time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e318\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36 (270\u0026ndash;360)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of urinary diversion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOrthotopic neobladder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIleal conduit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood Loss (cc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;164.3 (100\u0026ndash;500)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood Transfusion (units)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost Operative Data\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative labs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean Hemoglobin in gm/dl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 (9\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean creatinine in mg/dl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 (1-1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative complications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efever\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eparalytic ileus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClavien-Dindo Classification of the complication encountered\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal number of complications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedian length of hospital-stay in days\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (5\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree patients (\u003cb\u003e6.7%\u003c/b\u003e) underwent \u003cb\u003e(RARN)\u003c/b\u003e, while \u003cb\u003eeight patients (17.8%)\u003c/b\u003e underwent \u003cb\u003erobot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN)\u003c/b\u003e. Patient demographics, preoperative clinical staging, operative, postoperative, and pathological outcomes for RARN and RAPN are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Among RAPN cases, final pathology revealed \u003cb\u003erenal cell carcinoma in four patients (50%)\u003c/b\u003e (three clear cell and one chromophobe), \u003cb\u003emultilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential in two patients (25%)\u003c/b\u003e, and \u003cb\u003ebenign pathology in two patients (25%)\u003c/b\u003e (oncocytoma and cystic nephroma). A \u003cb\u003epositive surgical margin\u003c/b\u003e was detected in \u003cb\u003eone patient (12.5%)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic data, clinical staging, operative, post operative data of patients underwent RARN, RAPN and post-operative pathology of RAPN patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRARN patient Demographics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (67%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge in years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.4 (28\u0026ndash;63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI in kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.8 (22-39.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDM (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHTN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCardiac Disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatients with of prior abdominal surgeries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (67%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10-year survival (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.8 (21\u0026ndash;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClinical staging\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT1a\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (67%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elargest tumor diameter in cm based on CT or MRI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8 (4-7.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOperative data\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean operative time in minutes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDocking time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 (11\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsole time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108 (210\u0026ndash;408)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal operative time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e325.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108 (258\u0026ndash;450)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood loss (cc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;100 (100\u0026ndash;300)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative data\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative labs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean Hemoglobin in gm/dl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 (10-12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean creatinine in mg/dl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedian length of hospital-stay in days\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRAPN patient Demographics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (62%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge in years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.6 (21\u0026ndash;72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI in kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5 (22\u0026ndash;32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDM (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHTN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatients with prior abdominal surgeries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10-year survival (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.8 (21\u0026ndash;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTumor staging (T stage)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT1a\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT1b\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLargest tumor diameter in cm based on CT or MRI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7 (3\u0026ndash;8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNodal staging (N stage)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOperative\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean operative time in minutes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDocking time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.4 (13\u0026ndash;20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsole time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;78 (90\u0026ndash;360)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal operative time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e258.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84 (150\u0026ndash;420)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIschemia to the kidney\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo kidney Ischemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHot kidney Ischemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConversion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTo open surgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTo conventional laparoscopy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean blood loss (cc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;305.9 (100\u0026ndash;1000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean blood Transfusion (units)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 (1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative labs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean Hemoglobin in gm/dl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5 (10-16.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean creatinine in mg/dl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 (0.9\u0026ndash;1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative complications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFever\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewound infection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eanemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003esepsis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeed for dialysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClavien-Dindo Classification of the complication encountered\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal number of complications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 4a\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedian length of hospital-stay in days\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost-operative pathology\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTumor type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenign tumor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLow malignant potential tumor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMalignant tumor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSurgical margin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNegative surgical margin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (87%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFragmented tumor tissue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo patients (\u003cb\u003e4.4%\u003c/b\u003e) underwent \u003cb\u003eRANU\u003c/b\u003e. Patient demographics, operative, and postoperative data for \u003cb\u003eRANU\u003c/b\u003e are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic, operative, post-operative data, pathology of patients underwent RANU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st case\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd case\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHTN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCardiac Disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatients with previous abdominal surgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10-year survival\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOperative\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDocking time (minutes)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsole time (minutes)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOperative time (minutes)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood loss (cc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood Transfusion (units)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost-operative\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFever\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewound infection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSepsis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClavien-Dindo Classification of the complication encountered\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade 4a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of hospital stay (days)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost-operative pathology\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePathological stage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePositive margin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne patient (\u003cb\u003e2.2%\u003c/b\u003e) underwent \u003cb\u003eRAA\u003c/b\u003e for a \u003cb\u003eleft-sided 5-cm pheochromocytoma\u003c/b\u003e. The patient was a \u003cb\u003e30-year-old male\u003c/b\u003e with a BMI of \u003cb\u003e26 kg/m\u0026sup2;\u003c/b\u003e. The procedure was performed using \u003cb\u003ethree BSUs\u003c/b\u003e and one assistant port. Total operative time was \u003cb\u003e135 minutes\u003c/b\u003e, including \u003cb\u003e15 minutes docking time\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e105 minutes console time\u003c/b\u003e, with an estimated blood loss of \u003cb\u003e100 mL\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostoperatively, the patient required ICU admission for management of \u003cb\u003ecardiac arrhythmia\u003c/b\u003e (Clavien\u0026ndash;Dindo grade IVa). Postoperative hemoglobin was \u003cb\u003e13 g/dL\u003c/b\u003e, and serum creatinine was \u003cb\u003e0.7 mg/dL\u003c/b\u003e. The patient was discharged on day 4. Final histopathology revealed an \u003cb\u003eadrenocortical adenoma\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLearning-curve analysis for RARP\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA subgroup analysis compared patients who underwent RARP during the \u003cb\u003efirst six months\u003c/b\u003e of the study (\u003cb\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/b\u003e) with those performed in the \u003cb\u003esecond six months\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cb\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/b\u003e). There were no significant differences in baseline patient characteristics between the two groups, except for a significantly higher proportion of \u003cb\u003eclinical T2 disease\u003c/b\u003e in the first six months (\u003cb\u003e77% vs 38%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/b\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between demographic data, PSA, prostate size, ISUP grade group, clinical staging, operative data, conversion rate and blood loss, post-operative complication, hospital-stay, and post-operative pathology of patients underwent RARP in the first 6 months and the second 6 months,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal number of patients\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge in years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.2 (44\u0026ndash;74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6 (54\u0026ndash;75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI in kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6 (20-37.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6 (20.7\u0026ndash;36.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDM (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (30.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHTN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCardiac Disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (7.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChest Disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (7.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatients with prior abdominal surgeries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 (3\u0026ndash;7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10-year survival\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.6 (0\u0026ndash;77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.7 (2\u0026ndash;77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSA (ng/dl)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.8 (7.3\u0026ndash;81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8 (0.8\u0026ndash;32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean TRUS gland size in cc\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.8 (24\u0026ndash;125)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.5 (21\u0026ndash;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eISUP grade group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (39%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (53.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (7.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClinical stage (T)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT1a\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT1c\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (77%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.047*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecT3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClinical Node Staging\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecN1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOperative time, conversion rate and blood loss\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean operative time in minutes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDocking time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9 (13\u0026ndash;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9 (10.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.046*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsole time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;90 (210\u0026ndash;480)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;66 (168\u0026ndash;378)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal operative time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;90 (240\u0026ndash;510)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;66 (198\u0026ndash;438)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSurgical technique\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNerve sparing\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConversion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOpen surgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLaparoscopic surgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean blood loss (cc) (range)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103 (100\u0026ndash;500)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;145 (100\u0026ndash;500)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean blood Transfusion (units)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost-operative complication and hospital-stay\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFever\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWound infection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUrine leak\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCatheters reposition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOpen surgical repair\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClavien-Dindo Classification of the complications encountered\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 3a\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003egrade 3b\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedian length of hospital-stay in days\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost operative pathology\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epT2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (53.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epT3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (46.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epN1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePositive margin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eISUP grade group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (46%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (34%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrade group 5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of operative data revealed a \u003cb\u003esignificantly shorter docking time\u003c/b\u003e during the second six months (\u003cb\u003e15.5 vs 21.2 minutes, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/b\u003e). Console time showed a trend towards reduction in the second six months (\u003cb\u003e237.6 vs 302.4 minutes\u003c/b\u003e), approaching statistical significance (\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.057\u003c/b\u003e). No statistically significant differences were observed in total operative time, estimated blood loss, blood transfusion rate, or conversion to laparoscopic or open surgery (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostoperative outcomes and final histopathological findings were comparable between the two groups, with \u003cb\u003eno statistically significant differences\u003c/b\u003e identified (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eRobotic-assisted surgery has become a cornerstone of minimally invasive urologic oncology, offering enhanced visualization, precise dissection with wristed instruments and tremor reduction, and thus improved postoperative outcomes. Systems like the da Vinci\u0026reg; (Intuitive, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) have transformed prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer surgeries, with robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) now considered the gold standard due to favorable functional outcomes with comparable oncologic control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The Versius\u0026reg; (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) platform is a novel robotic system that allows modular setup with individual bedside units (BSUs) and an open console, offering flexibility for various procedures [14 and 15].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the mean docking, console, and total operative times for RARP were 18.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2, 270\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84, and 307.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84 minutes, respectively. These values are comparable to early Versius\u0026reg; experiences reported by Reeves et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] who performed RARP, RARN, RAPP, and RAA in 10 patients (console time 272 min, total operative time 335 min). Rocco et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] reported on a case of RARP using the same robotic platform with a docking time of 30 minutes and console time of 130 min. Our analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in docking time and a trend toward shorter console time between the first and second six months of the study, indicating a rapid learning curve. Similar trends have been observed in other robotic platforms, including Senhance\u0026reg; and Versius\u0026reg;, where operative times decreased with surgeon experience [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor RARN and RAPN, total operative times were 325.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108 minutes and 258.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84 minutes, respectively. This is slightly longer than times reported in similar series of RARN and RAPN using the Versius\u0026reg; by CMR platform [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The single adrenalectomy case required 135 minutes, similar to other reports using Versius\u0026reg; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVascular injury occurred in two cases (4.4%). In one patient this was a small renal vein injury that was sutured robotically. The other was a mesenteric vessel injury during port placement that required open exploration and control. No other major intraoperative complications occurred. Six patients (13.3%) required conversion to conventional laparoscopy (4) or open surgery (2) due to robotic arm malfunction, bleeding preventing progress of the case robotically. Estimated blood loss was 287\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;218 mL, with a mean transfusion of 1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79 units for 12/45 (26.1%) patients. These outcomes are comparable to other early Versius\u0026reg; reports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostoperative complications occurred in 10 patients (22%) mentioned in Table\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, with Clavien-Dindo grades ranging from 1\u0026ndash;4a. Grade 3 and 4 complications occurred in 3 patients (7%) including acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, arrhythmia and urinary leak requiring open surgical repair. The median hospital stay was 4 days. Soumpasis et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] and Huddy et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] reported similar results in their respective reports on using the Versius\u0026reg; system in urological. Intra-operative bleeding and fatal myocardial infarction was reported in 1.1% of the patients in the study by Soumpasis et el [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Huddy et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] reported on 5 patients with intra- and postoperative complications in series of 50 patients who underwent urological procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding histopathology, variable outcomes have been reported. In RARP, Organ confined prostate cancer (pT2) was found in 15/25 (60%) patients, while extra prostatic extension (pT3) was found in 10/25 (40%) patients with three patients (12%) having positive surgical margin and one patient (8.3%) having positive lymph node disease. In RARC, Four out of five patients (80%) had pT2b disease. Only 1 patient (20%) had extravesical extension (pT3a). All patients (100%) had negative surgical margin with only one patient (20%) having lymph node positive disease. In RARN, all patients had clear margins, with two benign (angiomyolipoma, oncocytoma) and one malignant lesion (papillary RCC type 1). In RAPN, 87.5% had negative margins, with 50% malignant lesions (3 clear cell, 1 chromophobe), 25% benign, and 25% low-malignant-potential tumours. Patients underwent RANU, both patients had transitional cell carcinoma of the upper tract with no lymph node disease with one patient (50%) who had a positive ureteric surgical margin. The adrenalectomy patient had an adrenocortical adenoma. Reeves et al. reported negative surgical margins in all cases of his series with organ confined disease in the four RARP cases, one benign case of nephrectomy while the other case had a T1b Grade 2 clear-cell cancer and the adrenalectomy was a benign cortical adenoma. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, conversion either to conventional laparoscopy or to open surgery was resorted to in six patients (13.3%). The reasons for conversion were robotic arm malfunction, intraoperative bleeding, and failure to progress. Hussein et al. reported malfunction of robotic arms in 1.9% of patients and conversion to open surgery in 5.7% of patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. There was no conversion in the study reported by Reeves et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Soumpasis et al. reported a rate of conversion to an alternative surgical technique in 29/175 urological procedures (16.6%), 18 of which (62%) were converted to conventional laparoscopy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. They did not state the reasons for conversion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Versius\u0026reg; system demonstrated adaptability across multiple urological procedures. RARP and RARC required four BSUs plus one assistant port, whereas RARN, RANU, and RAA required three BSUs plus one assistant port. Optimal port and BSU placement is crucial to avoid instrument collisions, especially in broader operative fields [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Preoperative simulation, dry-lab, and cadaveric training are recommended for team proficiency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrengths of our study include prospective data collection, inclusion of multiple urologic malignancies, and detailed perioperative reporting. Limitations include a single-center design, small cohort, and lack of long-term functional and oncologic outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarger prospective multicentre studies are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of the Versius\u0026reg; robotic platform. Standardization of training and procedural protocols will support reproducibility and wider adoption in urologic oncology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Versius\u0026reg; robotic system is a safe and effective platform for a wide range of urological malignancies. Early outcomes demonstrate acceptable operative times, low morbidity, and satisfactory pathological results, with a rapid learning curve even for complex procedures. Further studies are required to assess long-term oncologic and functional outcomes and optimize adoption in clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interest statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no declaration of interest statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for conducting this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no financial or proprietary interest in any material discussed in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was done from May 2023 to May 2024, after approval from Ethical Committee, Al-Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo, Egypt (Approval code: MD-160-2023). An informed written consent was obtained from the patient.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed written consent was obtained from all patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Materials and/or Code availability:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is available on reasonable requests from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKatsimperis S, Tzelves L, Feretzakis G, Bellos T, Triantafyllou P, Arseniou P, Skolarikos A. Beyond Da Vinci: Comparative Review of Next-Generation Robotic Platforms in Urologic Surgery. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025;14(19):6775. 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DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s11701-022-01422-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11701-022-01422-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoumpasis I, Nashef S, Dunning J, Moran P, Slack M. Safe implementation of a next-generation surgical robot: First analysis of 2,083 cases in the Versius surgical registry. Ann Surg. 2023;278:903\u0026ndash;10. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1097/sla.0000000000005871\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1097/sla.0000000000005871\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuddy JR, Crockett M, Nizar AS, Smith R, Malki M, Barber N, Tilney HS. Experiences of a \u0026ldquo;COVID protected\u0026rdquo; robotic surgical centre for colorectal and urological cancer in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Robotic Surgery. 2022;16(1):59\u0026ndash;64. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-021-01199-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11701-021-01199-3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CMR Versius® Robotic System, Urinary Tract Malignancies, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Robotic Assisted Partial Nephrectomy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8790033/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8790033/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjectives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Versius\u0026reg; robotic surgical platform (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) in the surgical management of urological malignancies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis prospective observational study included 45 patients with urological malignancies who were eligible for minimally invasive surgery between May 2023 and May 2024. Patients underwent robotic procedures using the Versius\u0026reg; platform. Perioperative, postoperative, and pathological outcomes were prospectively collected and analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the 45 patients, the most frequently performed procedure was robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26, 57.8%). Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) was performed in 5 patients (11%), robot-assisted radical nephrectomy (RARN) in 3 (6%), robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) in 8 (18%), robot-assisted nephroureterectomy (RANU) in 2 (4%), and robot-assisted adrenalectomy (RAA) in 1 patient (2%). Mean operative times were 307.8, 318, 325.2, 258.6, 285, and 135 minutes for RARP, RARC, RARN, RAPN, RANU, and RAA, respectively. Median length of hospital stay was 3 days for RARP, 7 days for RARC, 2 days for RARN, 3 days for RAPN, 17 days for RANU, and 4 days for RAA. Conversion to conventional laparoscopy occurred in 4 patients (8.9%), while conversion to open surgery was required in 2 patients (4.4%). Postoperative complications were reported in 13 patients (28.9%), with the majority being low-grade according to the Clavien\u0026ndash;Dindo classification.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Versius\u0026reg; (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) robotic surgical platform appears to be a safe and effective option for the management of a wide range of urological malignancies, with acceptable perioperative outcomes and a manageable learning curve. Larger prospective studies with long-term oncological and functional follow-up are required to further validate these findings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"CMR Versius Robotic Platform in Urinary Tract Tumors: A Tertiary Center Experience","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-16 10:44:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8790033/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a3879b61-6e18-472f-a5b1-d9d4bfe57a33","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-16T10:44:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-16 10:44:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8790033","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8790033","identity":"rs-8790033","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}