The efficacy of sexual selection under environmental change

Sexual selection can promote adaptation if sexually selected traits are reliable indicators of genetic quality. Moreover, stronger sexual selection in males, as often reported in empirical studies, may help purge deleterious alleles at a low cost to population productivity. However, to what extent this remains true when a changing environment affects sexual selection dynamics has been debated. Here, we show that even if sexually selected traits remain honest signals of male quality in new environments, the efficacy of sexual selection will often be reduced under stress. We model the strength of sex-specific selection under different levels of environmental stress in a population in which males compete with each other for fertilization success and in which females experience fecundity selection. We observe that the strength of sexual selection is reduced relative to fecundity selection, resulting in a lowered potential for selection on males to aid adaptation under environmental change.