Behavior and Motivational Profiles of Aging People's Participation in Swimming: A Cross-sectional Study in Southeastern China

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With China’s rapidly aging population and the growing emphasis on healthy aging, investigating the swimming behavior and motivations for participation among aging individuals (aged > 45 years) in southeastern China is crucial for public health strategies. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in southeastern China, and 353 regular swimmers (175 males, 178 females) were recruited to complete questionnaires assessing swimming behavior (stroke preference, duration, intensity, and frequency), and motivations (enjoyment, health benefits, social interaction, self-image, and personal achievement). Results The results indicated that health benefits were the primary motivation (score: 4.062), followed by enjoyment. Aging men exhibited higher exercise frequency (27.43% swam 3–4 times/week vs. 4.12% women) and intensity (47.43% reported "fairly intense" exertion vs. 33.71% females) compared to aging women. Additionally, men favored technically demanding strokes (e.g., freestyle: 66.29%), whereas women preferred simpler techniques (14.04% used leg-only movements). Furthermore, education and income significantly influenced swimming motivations, with higher education or income groups prioritizing health, personal achievement, and social interaction motivation. Notably, older men (65–74 years) demonstrated stronger self-image motivation than the youngers, whereas women’s motivations were more income-dependent. Conclusions These findings highlight the need for tailored swimming exercise interventions to promote health among aging populations in China. Practical implications include designing skill-focused programs for men and relaxation-oriented activities for women, and advocating for age-friendly swimming policies such as discounted memberships or accessible facilities for low-income groups. swimming motivation aging health benefits Southeastern China Background Regular physical activity is essential for aging adults' physical fitness and psychological well-being ( 1 – 3 ). With the rapid growth of the aging population in China, promoting healthy aging has become a critical public health priority ( 4 ). However, aging adults encounter significant challenges in regular physical activity, including declining physical function, chronic health disorders, and social isolation ( 5 , 6 ). Physical activity has been widely recognized as an effective strategy to enhance the quality of life, prevent chronic diseases, and improve mental well-being among older adults ( 1 , 7 , 8 ). Studies have shown that older adults exhibit diverse physical activity behaviors and motivations. Some exercise regularly for health maintenance and disease prevention, while others are motivated by social interaction, personal achievement, or simply for enjoyment ( 9 ). Understanding these behavioral patterns and motivational drivers is crucial for designing effective policies to promote physical activity among this population. Among various forms of exercise, swimming has gained popularity in China due to its low-impact nature and multiple health benefits, which include enhanced cardiovascular well-being, alleviated symptoms of anxiety and depression, and enhanced overall well-being, making it particularly suitable for aging individuals ( 10 – 13 ). However, little is known about the swimming behavior and motivations of aging individuals. Previous studies have focused primarily on health and mental benefits, especially concerning its effectiveness for chronic diseases ( 2 , 11 , 13 , 14 ). Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the swimming behavior and motivations of aging individuals in Southeastern China. Specifically, we aimed to ( 1 ) describe the demographic characteristics and swimming behavior of aging individuals in Southeastern China, ( 2 ) identify the motivations and barriers to swimming among aging individuals, and ( 3 ) explore the relationships between swimming behavior and motivations. Ultimately, this study provides insights into the cultural and societal factors that influence their participation in swimming, which contributes to the development of exercise programs and policies that promote physical activity and healthy aging among this population. Method Study Design Aging individuals participating in swimming activities in Southeastern China were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study to explore their behavior and motivational profiles. Participants were informed that the study would involve a questionnaire or semi-structured interview, depending on their preference, cognition capacity. The interviews or questionnaires were conducted in a quiet, private setting, such as a community center, swimming club, or outdoor park area, to ensure participant comfort and minimize distractions. The research assistant was present during the data collection process to provide assistance and answer any questions. Participants who required assistance due to visual or cognitive impairments were offered the option to have the questions read aloud by the researcher, and their responses were recorded verbatim, ensuring that all participants could comfortably share their thoughts and experiences regarding their motivation to participate in swimming activities. Participants A total of 353 adults aged 45–74 years were enrolled in this study. They were from community centers, swimming clubs, and retirement communities in Wenzhou City, which is located in Southeastern China. The participants consisted of 175 males and 178 females. All participants swam at least once per week. Questionnaires The questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic characteristics, swimming exercise behavior, and swimming exercise motivation. The demographic characteristics part collected the information of participants' characteristics, including age, gender, education level, and income level. The behavior part assessed the participants' swimming exercise behavior, including swimming stroke, duration, distance, intensity, frequency, and other related aspects. To assess motivation, Chen's validated 15-item exercise motivation scale was employed, utilizing a 5-point Likert scale ("strongly agree" to "strongly disagree") for participants' responses regarding swimming exercise (15). The items assessed five dimensions of exercise motivation: enjoyment, health benefits, social interaction, self-image, and personal achievement. We assessed the reliability and validity for assessing swimming motivation in aging individuals were conducted, the overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.844, indicating good internal consistency, and expert review by 10 experts confirmed its content validity and appropriateness for this population. The full survey is provided in the Supplementary Data. Statistics All the data were presented as percentages and means ± standard deviation. Chi-square tests were used to examine the differences in swimming behavior, including stroke, duration, intensity, and frequency between males and females. An independent samples t-test was used to compare the means of continuous variables between males and females. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the differences in swimming motivation across different subgroups (e.g., age, education and income levels), followed by a post hoc analysis with Tukey’s correction if significant differences were observed. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for windows software (IBM SPSS Statistics, version 19). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results 3.1 Swimming Behavior of Aging individuals in Southeastern China Warm-up Practices Swimming exercise differs significantly from land-based sports programs due to its aquatic environment. Consequently, adequate land warm-up preparations are essential for exericse safety and injury prevention, particularly for muscle cramps. However, only 28% of aging individuals reported engaging in sufficient warm-up activities, while 72% did not perform warm-ups adequately. These findings suggest that most aging individuals are unaware of the importance of land-based warm-up before swimming. Swimming Strokes As shown in Table 1, breaststroke was the most popular stroke among both male (85.14%) and female (67.42%) participants, with 76.20% overall preference. Freestyle was the second most common stroke (49.29%), preferred more by males (66.29%) than females (32.58%). Backstroke, butterfly, and reverse breaststroke were less frequently used, accounting for 15.58%, 8.50%, and 4.82% of responses, respectively. Interestingly, an abnormal swimming style described as 'swimming without sinking' was observed in 9.92% of participants overall (10.29% males, 9.55% females). Furthermore, no males reported using legs only, while 14.04% of females did so. Overall, the results suggest aging men preferred more technical strokes like freestyle and butterfly, while aging women favored simpler strokes or leg-only swimming. Duration, Intensity and Frequency The majority of the participants (56.09%) exercised for 30-60 minutes per session. No significant difference was observed in exercise duration between males and females (Table 2). Swimming intensity was assessed employing the 5-point Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale (ranging from 'very light' to 'very hard') (16, 17). The majority of participants reported a fairly intense exercise experience (40.51%), with males being more likely to report fairly intense exercise (47.43%) than females (33.71%). Conversely, females were more likely to report light intensity (14.61%) than males (5.71%) (Table 2), suggesting a tendency for females to engage in swimming at a more relaxed intensity. Most participants exercised less than 3 times per week (52.12%). A significant difference was found in the exercise frequency between males and females (p < 0.001). Specifically, 73.03% of females exercised less than 2 times per week, compared to 30.86% of males. In contrast, 27.43% of males exercised 3-4 times per week, compared to 4.12% of females did so (Table 2). Overall, these findings suggest that males tend to engage in swimming more frequently than females. 3.2 Motivation Profiles of Aging Individuals in Swimming This study categorized 15 factors into 5 dimensions of motivation. As shown in Table 3, health benefit motivation emerged as the primary driver, with a high mean score of 4.062. Notably, items 7 ("I want to stay physically and mentally healthy") and 11 ("I desire to lead a healthy life") received the top two mean scores (4.159 and 4.127, respectively). This indicated that participants prioritized improving their overall well-being and life satisfaction through swimming. Enjoyment motivation was ranked second, with items 9 ("I want to maintain a pleasant mood") and 13 ("I want to enjoy a happy life") receiving high scores of 4.119 and 4.116, respectively. Personal achievement motivation was ranked third, with item 15 ("I want to maintain the current level of sports skills") achieving a high score of 3.873, followed by self-image and social interaction motivations, respectively. Gender Differences in Motivations for Swimming Exercise Table 4 showed that the health benefits motivation and enjoyment motivation were the top two motivations for both aging males and females. Additionally, aging men showed higher scores in health benefits and social interaction motivation when compared to aging women (p0.05). Specifically, among the 15 items, aging men scored higher than women on the items of "I want to stay physically and mentally healthy", "I desire to lead a healthy life", "I want to enjoy a happy life" and "I want to maintain the current level of sports skills", further suggesting that men tend to prioritize maintaining their health and swim skills more than women among aging individuals. Age Differences in Motivations for Swimming Exercise We divided the participants into three age subgroups (45-54 years, 55-64 years, and 65-74 years) and examined the differences in motivations for swimming. Table 5 reveals no significant differences regarding the 5 motivations among the three age subgroups. However, male aging individuals in 65-74 years subgroup showed significantly higher scores for both self-image motivation and total motivation compared to the younger subgroups. Other motivation dimensions did not differ significantly across the three subgroups. This suggests that age may play an essential role specifically in self-image motivation among men, with older men exhibiting higher self-image motivation for swimming. Furthermore, no significant age group differences were found in any motivation dimension for aging female individuals. Education Level Differences in Motivations for Swimming Exercise The results revealed significant differences in social motivation and total motivation among the four education level groups (primary school, junior-senior high school, undergraduate, and postgraduate). The postgraduate group exhibited the highest score (4.20) compared to the other three groups (Table 6). Further analysis by gender revealed that male aging individuals with postgraduate and primary education levels had significantly higher social motivation for swimming compared to those with junior-senior high school and undergraduate education levels. Whereas, female aging individuals did not exhibit significant differences in social motivation for swimming exercise among different education levels. However, female aging individuals with junior-senior high school education levels showed significantly higher personal achievement and self-image motivation than those with primary education level. No significant difference was observed between the undergraduate education level group and the other education level groups. It is worth noting that due to the limited sample size of postgraduate females (n = 1), we did not conduct separate analyses for this group. Incomes Differences in Motivations for Swimming Exercise The results demonstrated a significant positive association between higher income levels and motivations of health, enjoyment, personal achievement, and self-image. Specifically, the highest monthly income group (above 5,000 Yuan) had the highest motivation scores for swimming (Table 7). Subsequently, further analyses showed that among male participants, monthly income level significantly influenced only health motivation. Consistent with the overall trend, the highest income group (above 5,000 Yuan) also scored the highest in health motivation. Additionally, other motivations including social interaction, enjoyment, personal achievement, or self-image did not exhibit significant differences among the three income groups. For female participants, monthly income significantly affected health, personal achievement, and self-image motivations for swimming, with the highest income group (above 5,000 Yuan) demonstrating the highest motivation scores. These findings suggest that income level plays an essential role in shaping motivations for swimming, particularly among female aging individuals. Discussion Swimming Behavior of Aging People in Southeastern China: Motivational Insights and Gender Differences This study revealed that breaststroke (76.2%) and freestyle (49.29%) were the most commonly practiced swimming strokes among aging individuals in southeastern China. Based on swimming expertise and common knowledge, it is widely accepted that the technique of the breaststroke is generally easier for beginners to master compared to other competitive swimming strokes like the butterfly or freestyle ( 18 , 19 ). Besides, the conventional, flatter breaststroke involves a more intuitive movement pattern, a stable rhythm, and lower swimming speed and exercise intensity ( 20 ). This explains why breaststroke is often recommended for older adults’ swimming exercise for health reasons. Consistently, our results indicated that health benefits were the primary motivation for aging individuals to swim, which aligns with the observed popularity of breaststroke among our participants. Interestingly, female participants had a notable proportion (14.04%) using only their legs, which suggested that they might be beginners, and men more often use freestyle stroke than women, indicating that aging men may be more likely motivated by personal challenge and achievement, as well as enjoyment for engaging swimming, while aging women emphasize enjoyment, considering swimming as a relaxing activity. In addition, our findings revealed that most participants swam for 30–60 minutes at a fairly intense level for one session, which consistent with the primary motivation of the aging individuals was health related. Furthermore, male participants exhibited relatively higher intensity (more fairly and less very light intensity) and frequent swimming activities, which may be explained by the results that men had greater motivation for health and social related. Interesting, 14.04% female participants reported using only their legs while swimming, potentially suggesting they were beginners. Conversely, men favored freestyle more often than women. This suggests that aging men may be more motivated by personal challenge and achievement, as well as enjoyment derived from swimming, while aging women may emphasize enjoyment and view swimming more as a relaxing activity. Our findings also showed that most participants swam for 30–60 minutes per session at a fairly intense level, which is consistent with the dominant health-related motivation in this population. Moreover, male participants reported relatively higher swimming intensity (more 'fairly intense' and less 'very light' intensity) and frequency than females, possibly reflecting their stronger motivation related to health and social benefits. In summarize, gender differences in swimming intensity and frequency, with men swimming more frequently and at higher intensity, may be attributed to men's stronger emphasis on fitness maintenance and social motivations. The Motivational Drivers of Swimming Among Aging Individuals The findings showed that health benefits were the primary motivation for aging individuals to engage in swimming exercise, followed by enjoyment, which were consistent with previous investigations for motivation of physical activity among aging individuals ( 9 , 21 , 22 ). Tsai et al. suggested that aging individuals primarily participate in physical activity for health and wellness reasons, such as maintaining physical function and preventing disease ( 9 ). Similarly, Quindry et al. found that exercise engagement in middle-aged adults was associated with health or fitness motivation, and that health motivations are important across the lifespan, although perhaps less so in childhood ( 22 ). Dacey et al. also demonstrated that older adults are physically active due to health, fitness, and enjoyment motivations ( 21 ). As mentioned above, most aging individuals in this study swam 2–4 times per week, and the duration and intensity of their swimming sessions were generally appropriate for health maintenance. These behavioral patterns align with our motivation findings, indicating that health benefits are the primary driver for aging individuals engaging in swimming. These findings demonstrated that the intrinsic factors, such as health benefits and enjoyment, played a more prominent role in motivating aging individuals to engage in swimming exercise in Southeastern China. Demographic Influences on Swimming Motivations: Gender, Age, Income, and Education The findings on demographic variations, including gender, age, income, and education, provide valuable insights into how different subgroups of aging individuals approach swimming. These demographic variations reveal the factors influencing their swimming motivations. The results demonstrate that men exhibit higher motivation levels for swimming when compared to women, particularly in health and social motivation dimensions. Portela-Pino et al. demonstrated a similar gender pattern in younger populations, finding that boys exhibited higher levels of motivation for physical exercise, while girls reported more barriers to participation ( 23 ). Our findings align with this prior research and extend its applicability to aging individuals in Southeastern China. The observed differences in swimming behavior (higher intensity and frequency in men) further support the finding that men exhibit stronger health motivations than women. Specifically, men's engagement in swimming exercise appears more driven by health benefits. In addition, our findings also show indicate aging men have higher social interaction motivation than women. Previous studies indicated that sports activities can enhance athletes’ social relationships, and vibrant social interaction is crucial both within and beyond sports, leading to continuous sports participation and social engagement ( 24 , 25 ). This framework helps explain our observation that aging men participate more actively in swimming than to women. Moreover, the results also reveal that aging men displayed higher motivation related to statements such as "I want to enjoy a happy life" and " I want to maintain the current level of sports skills” compared to aging women, suggesting that men tend to high technology or personal achievement, and enjoyment. This suggests that men are more inclined towards activities involving technical skill, personal achievement, and enjoyment, which aligns with the established theory that men show a greater inclination for competition in sports ( 26 , 27 ). This is also consistent with our finding that men tend to favor more technically demanding swimming strokes than women. In terms of age, the findings of this study demonstrate that there is no significant difference in motivation among the three age subgroups (45–54, 55–64, and 65–74 years old). However, further analysis reveals that the older male group (65–74 years old) exhibited higher levels of self-image and total motivation compared to younger age groups, while motivation among women showed no significant difference across the three age groups. Research suggests that retirement prompt older men to rebuild their self-worth or seek social recognition ( 28 ). Physical activity or exercise is viewed as an effective way to enhance self-image and maintain a sense of youthfulness ( 27 ). This theoretical framework theory helps to explain why older men in our study exhibit higher self-image motivation than younger age groups. Previous studies indicated that individuals with higher education exhibited a greater propensity to participate in physical activities( 29 ), and that the influence of education was more significant for women than for men ( 30 ). Consistent with these studies, our findings reveal that the education levels significantly affected the motivations for swimming exercise among aging individuals in Southeastern China, with different patterns observed between males and females. Specifically, the postgraduate group exhibited the highest social and total motivation scores, suggesting that higher education levels may enhance motivation for participating in swimming. Furthermore, among men, those with postgraduate and primary education levels demonstrated higher social motivation than the junior-senior high school and undergraduate groups. This may be attributed to different social networks need across education levels. Postgraduate males, who often integrated within professional or academic communities, may utilize swimming as a platform for social interaction and networking. Conversely, aging males with primary education may engage in swimming more due to community-based activities ( 24 ). Alternatively, aging females with higher education levels (junior-senior high school and college education) exhibited higher motivation for personal achievement and self-image, rather than social interaction motivation. This might reflect that higher education empowers women to enhance physical competence and foster a positive self-image, rather than primarily seeking social interaction through swimming. The findings also highlight the significant role of income level in the motivations for swimming among the aging individuals. Higher income levels were associated with greater health, enjoyment, personal achievement, and self-image motivations, particularly in the highest income group (above 5,000 Yuan), suggesting that financial resources enable greater access to swimming facilities and related expenses, such as membership fees or equipment. This is consistent with previous research indicating that financial support enhances participation in exercise ( 31 , 32 ). Among elderly men, income level specifically influenced health motivation, with the highest income group demonstrating the highest scores. This suggests that high-income men prioritize swimming exercise for health maintenance. However, for aging men, motivations such as social interaction, enjoyment, and self-image were not similarly associated with income level. Furthermore, income level significantly affected health, personal achievement, and self-image motivations for swimming among aging women. Higher-income women may have greater opportunities to engage in swimming for both health and self-enhancement purposes, as financial stability allows them to invest in activities that promote physical and emotional well-being ( 27 ). These findings suggest that income level plays an essential role in shaping motivations for swimming, particularly among female aging individuals. Strengths and Limitations This study provides detailed results that the influence of age, gender, education level, and income level on motivations for swimming among aging individuals in southeastern China. By integrating these motivational factors with observed swimming exercise behaviors, this research offers better understanding of the motivational profiles driving swimming participation in older adults. However, several limitations need to be acknowledged. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small. For instance, the postgraduate female group had only one participant. Recruiting a large sample with greater diversity is recommended for future study. Secondly, the data collection methods relied on self-reported questionnaires, which are susceptible to biases. Furthermore, due to its cross-sectional design, the study cannot determine causality between motivations and swimming behaviors. Conclusion Health benefits motivation is the primary motivation in aging people to participate in swimming, followed by enjoyment. Men exhibited higher exercise frequency, intensity, and social motivation, while women favored simpler swim strokes. Education and income levels significantly influenced motivations, with individuals in higher education or income groups prioritizing health, personal achievement, and social interaction motivations. Older men (65–74 years) demonstrated stronger self-image motivation than younger men, while women’s motivations were more influenced by income level. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki，and the protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Wenzhou Medical University (Approval No. 2024055). Prior to participation, all participants provided written informed consent after being fully informed about the study procedures. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. Competing interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest or competing interests. Funding This work was supported by the funding from Wenzhou basic scientific research project (Grant No. R2023130) and the ministry of education project of humanities and social sciences (Grant No. 23YJA890002). Data Availability The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 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Swimming Styles in aging individuals in Southeastern China Swimming Style Male (n=175) N (%) Female (n=178) N (%) Total (n=353) N (%) Breaststroke 149 (85.14) 120 (67.42) 269 (76.20) Freestyle 116 (66.29) 58 (32.58) 174 (49.29) Backstroke 32 (18.29) 23 (12.92) 55 (15.58) Butterfly 19 (10.86) 11 (6.18) 30 (8.50) Reverse breaststroke 13 (7.43) 4 (2.25) 17 (4.82) Non-standard stroke 18 (10.29) 17 (9.55) 35 (9.92) Leg-only 0 (0.00) 25 (14.04) 25 (7.08) Leg-only: individuals who could swim using only legs without coordinated arm movements. Table 2. Swimming Frequency, Duration, and Intensity in aging individuals in Southeastern China Swimming Frequency, Duration, and Intensity Category Gender Total (n=353) N (%) χ 2 p Male (n=175) N (%) Female (n=178) N (%) Frequency < 2 times 54 (30.86) 130 (73.03) 184 (52.12) 74.05 5 times 15 (8.57) 2 (1.12) 17 (4.82) Duration 60 minutes 12 (6.86) 5 (2.81) 17 (4.82) Intensity Very light 10 (5.71) 26 (14.61) 36 (10.20) 13.446 0.009 Light 56 (32.00) 56 (31.46) 112 (31.73) Fair 83 (47.43) 60 (33.71) 143 (40.51) Somewhat Hard 25 (14.29) 32 (17.98) 57 (16.15) Very Hard 1 (0.57) 4 (2.25) 5 (1.42) Table 3. Motivation Scores for Swimming in Aging Individuals Motivation Item Mean (SD ） Rank (Motivation) Health Benefits 1 1. I want to I want to be strong and fit 3.85 (0.97） 7. I want to stay physically and mentally healthy 4.13 (0.74） 11. I desire to lead a healthy life 4.16 (0.73） Total 4.06 (0.73 ） Enjoyment 2 3. I want to engage in recreational activities 3.54 (0.88) 9. I want to maintain a pleasant mood 4.12 (0.71) 13. I want to enjoy a happy life 4.12 (0.73) Total 3.94 (0.67 ） Personal Achievement 3 8. I want to acquire new exercise skills 3.69 (0.86） 12. I want to improve existing sports skills 3.79 (0.86） 15. I want to maintain the current level of sports skills 3.87 (0.82） Total 3.79 (0.75 ） Self-image 4 4. I want to improve my physique 3.89 (0.81） 6. I want to enhance my appearance 3.44 (0.96) 10. I want to control my weight 3.94 (0.84) Total 3.78 (0.75) Social Interaction 5 2. I want to enhance friendships 3.73 (0.91） 5. I want to make new friends 3.53 (0.94） 14. I want to maintain social relationships 3.95 (0.79） Total 3.76 (0.79) Table 4. Gender Differences in Motivations for Swimming in Aging Individuals Motivation Item Male (n=175) Mean (SD) Female (n=178) Mean (SD) t p Health Benefits Total 4.15 (0.60) 3.98 (0.83) 2.219 0.027* 1. I want to I want to be strong and fit 3.91 (0.88) 3.80 (1.05) 1.073 0.284 7. I want to stay physically and mentally healthy 4.21 (0.58) 4.04 (0.86) 2.132 0.034* 11. I desire to lead a healthy life 4.24 (0.60) 4.08 (0.83) 2.089 0.037* Enjoyment Total 3.99 (0.55) 3.89 (0.77) 1.494 0.136 3. I want to engage in recreational activities 3.55 (0.79) 3.53 (0.96) 0.22 0.826 9. I want to maintain a pleasant mood 4.18 (0.55) 4.06 (0.84) 1.522 0.129 13. I want to enjoy a happy life 4.20 (0.59) 4.03 (0.84) 2.159 0.032* Personal Achievement Total 3.81 (0.68) 3.78 (0.83) 0.379 0.705 8. I want to acquire new exercise skills 3.65 (0.82) 3.72 (0.91) -0.86 0.391 12. I want to improve existing sports skills 3.78 (0.81) 3.80 (0.92) -0.224 0.823 15. I want to maintain the current level of sports skills 3.98 (0.68) 3.77 (0.94) 2.386 0.018* Self-image Total 3.81 (0.66) 3.76 (0.84) 0.59 0.556 4. I want to improve my physique 3.90 (0.68) 3.88 (0.91) 0.243 0.808 6. I want to enhance my appearance 3.48 (0.86) 3.40 (1.05) 0.739 0.46 10. I want to control my weight 4.01 (0.69) 3.87 (0.95) 1.65 0.1 Social Interaction Total 3.85 (0.67) 3.67 (0.88) 2.125 0.034* 2. I want to enhance friendships 3.82 (0.77) 3.64 (1.02) 1.84 0.067 5. I want to make new friends 3.62 (0.81) 3.44 (1.04) 1.859 0.064 14. I want to maintain social relationships 4.03 (0.66) 3.88 (0.89) 1.826 0.069 *：P<0.05 Table 5. Age and Gender Differences in Motivations for Swimming in Aging Individuals Motivation Age Group F p 45-54 (n=114) 55-64 (n=174) 65-74 (n=65) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Health Benefits 4.05 (0.74) 4.07 (0.69) 4.06 (0.81) 0.017 0.983 Social Interaction 3.73 (0.84) 3.74 (0.76) 3.86 (0.77) 0.71 0.492 Enjoyment 3.95 (0.69) 3.97 (0.65) 3.85 (0.71) 0.824 0.44 Personal Achievement 3.75 (0.84) 3.84 (0.66) 3.71 (0.84) 0.972 0.379 Self-image 3.75 (0.77) 3.79 (0.70) 3.82 (0.86) 0.144 0.866 Total 3.88 (0.71) 3.91 (0.64) 3.95 (0.84) 0.249 0.78 Male Subgroup (n=175) 45-54(n=66) 55-64(n=73) 65-74(n=36) Health Benefits 4.08 (0.64) 4.15 (0.57) 4.28 (0.57) 1.337 0.265 Social Interaction 3.77 (0.76) 3.82 (0.61) 4.03 (0.61) 1.766 0.174 Enjoyment 3.94 (0.63) 4.04 (0.54) 4.00 (0.41) 0.588 0.556 Personal Achievement 3.76 (0.80) 3.81 (0.54) 3.89 (0.67) 0.438 0.646 Self-image 3.71 (0.67) 3.77 (0.64) 4.06 (0.63) 3.482 0.033 * Total 3.88 (0.64) 3.92 (0.46) 4.19 (0.58) 4.038 0.019 * Female Subgroup (n=178) 45-54 (n=48) 55-64(n=101) 65-74 (n=29) Health Benefits 4.02 (0.86) 4.01 (0.77) 3.79 (0.98) 0.857 0.426 Social Interaction 3.67 (0.95) 3.67 (0.85) 3.66 (0.90) 0.005 0.995 Enjoyment 3.96 (0.77) 3.92 (0.72) 3.66 (0.94) 1.616 0.202 Personal Achievement 3.75 (0.89) 3.87 (0.73) 3.48 (0.99) 2.563 0.08 Self-image 3.81 (0.89) 3.80 (0.75) 3.52 (1.02) 1.441 0.239 Total 3.88 (0.79) 3.90 (0.74) 3.66 (1.01) 1.079 0.342 *：P<0.05 Table 6. Education Level and Gender Differences in Motivations for Swimming in Aging Individuals Motivation Education Level (Mean (SD)) F p Primary School (n=39) Junior-Senior High (n=223) Undergraduate (n=76) Postgraduate (n=15) Health Benefits 3.85 (0.99) 4.06 (0.69) 4.12 (0.69) 4.40 (0.51) 2.402 0.067 Social Interaction 3.69 (0.92) 3.79 (0.74) 3.61 (0.82) 4.20 (0.86) 2.767 0.042* Enjoyment 3.87 (0.92) 3.92 (0.62) 3.95 (0.69) 4.33 (0.49) 1.898 0.13 Personal Achievement 3.59 (0.97) 3.83 (0.71) 3.72 (0.64) 4.00 (1.20) 1.763 0.154 Self-Image 3.56 (0.91) 3.83 (0.71) 3.74 (0.81) 3.93 (0.59) 1.629 0.182 Total 3.69 (0.92) 3.94 (0.66) 3.84 (0.65) 4.27 (0.70) 3.003 0.031* Male Subgroup n=15 n=97 n=49 n=14 Health Benefits 4.13 (0.74) 4.10 (0.55) 4.18 (0.67) 4.36 (0.50) 0.813 0.488 Social Interaction 4.13 (0.64) 3.89 (0.52) 3.59 (0.81) 4.14 (0.86) 4.524 0.004** Enjoyment 4.13 (0.64) 3.94 (0.50) 3.98 (0.63) 4.29 (0.47) 1.999 0.116 Personal Achievement 4.07 (0.46) 3.79 (0.61) 3.71 (0.65) 3.93 (1.21) 1.214 0.306 Self-Image 3.87 (0.64) 3.82 (0.58) 3.73 (0.84) 3.86 (0.53) 0.285 0.836 Total 4.07 (0.59) 3.97 (0.53) 3.84 (0.59) 4.21 (0.70) 1.899 0.132 Female Subgroup n=24 n=126 n=27 n=1 Health Benefits 3.67 (1.09) 4.02 (0.78) 4.00 (0.73) 5.00 (N/A) 1.789 0.151 Social Interaction 3.42 (0.97) 3.71 (0.87) 3.63 (0.84) 5.00 (N/A) 1.56 0.201 Enjoyment 3.71 (1.04) 3.91 (0.70) 3.89 (0.80) 5.00 (N/A) 1.168 0.323 Personal Achievement 3.29 (1.08) 3.87 (0.77) 3.74 (0.66) 5.00 (N/A) 4.195 0.007** Self-Image 3.38 (1.01) 3.83 (0.80) 3.74 (0.76) 5.00 (N/A) 2.751 0.044* Total 3.46 (1.02) 3.92 (0.74) 3.85 (0.77) 5.00 (N/A) 3.008 0.032* *：P<0.05，**：P<0.01 Table 7. Income Level and Gender Differences in Motivations for Swimming in Aging Individuals Motivation Monthly Income after tax (Mean (SD)) F p 5000 RMB (n=176) Health Benefits 3.78 (0.77) 3.92 (0.80) 4.24 (0.61) 12.319 <0.001** Social Interaction 3.64 (0.80) 3.69 (0.84) 3.84 (0.74) 1.816 0.164 Enjoyment 3.78 (0.74) 3.89 (0.74) 4.02 (0.59) 3.086 0.047* Personal Achievement 3.56 (0.78) 3.73 (0.83) 3.89 (0.67) 4.208 0.016* Self-Image 3.56 (0.76) 3.70 (0.79) 3.90 (0.71) 4.903 0.008** Total 3.69 (0.76) 3.80 (0.76) 4.04 (0.61) 7.064 0.001** Male Subgroup n=17 n=42 n=116 Health Benefits 4.06 (0.56) 3.95 (0.58) 4.23 (0.60) 3.719 0.026* Social Interaction 3.94 (0.56) 3.83 (0.54) 3.84 (0.73) 0.188 0.829 Enjoyment 3.94 (0.43) 3.90 (0.58) 4.03 (0.56) 0.938 0.393 Personal Achievement 3.82 (0.53) 3.71 (0.71) 3.84 (0.68) 0.506 0.604 Self-Image 3.71 (0.59) 3.71 (0.60) 3.85 (0.69) 0.905 0.407 Total 4.00 (0.50) 3.81 (0.55) 4.01 (0.58) 1.942 0.147 Female Subgroup n=28 n=90 n=60 Health Benefits 3.61 (0.83) 3.90 (0.89) 4.27 (0.63) 7.309 0.001** Social Interaction 3.46 (0.88) 3.62 (0.94) 3.83 (0.76) 1.946 0.146 Enjoyment 3.68 (0.86) 3.88 (0.80) 4.00 (0.66) 1.678 0.19 Personal Achievement 3.39 (0.88) 3.74 (0.88) 4.00 (0.64) 5.544 0.005** Self-Image 3.46 (0.84) 3.70 (0.87) 3.98 (0.75) 4.244 0.016* Total 3.50 (0.84) 3.80 (0.84) 4.10 (0.66) 6.065 0.003** *：P<0.05，**：P<0.01 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6382936","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":458070732,"identity":"1815e19b-75a7-4353-941f-0313d03900f1","order_by":0,"name":"Xueyan Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang College of Security Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xueyan","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":458070733,"identity":"edcc3c16-8cac-4017-8efd-4009f90f28f1","order_by":1,"name":"manling Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"manling","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":458070734,"identity":"32c6eae3-e95d-474e-8c81-c17b069d4c2b","order_by":2,"name":"Yinan Shi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yinan","middleName":"","lastName":"Shi","suffix":""},{"id":458070735,"identity":"ed08aa90-be06-4e19-b0cd-b0f928b2a139","order_by":3,"name":"Na Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Na","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":458070736,"identity":"3e6270f0-b150-4b4b-b461-eb9096d55269","order_by":4,"name":"Yu Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yu","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":458070737,"identity":"ce0cd199-8b32-444e-ac29-950a24ec044a","order_by":5,"name":"Xiaorui Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaorui","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":458070738,"identity":"09bd3cf2-b89b-4dd3-a8d6-48c138680124","order_by":6,"name":"Xi Chen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAt0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCRBhYAPh8JCgJY1kLQyHSdDCP7v52GOegvOJa2ckMD5428Ygb07QkjvH0g1nGNxO3HYjgdlwbhuD4c4GAloMJHLMJD4Y3M4FamGT5m1jSDA4QFBL/jeJBINzIC3sv4nUksMGtOUA2BZmorRI3Egzk5xhkFy/7czDZsk55yQMNxDSwj8j+Zk0zx87Y7PjyQc/vCmzkSdoCxJgbGCARdMoGAWjYBSMAgoBAM46PgydDdFbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Wenzhou Medical University Institute of Medical Humanities","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xi","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-05 15:38:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6382936/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6382936/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83129223,"identity":"619ef65d-72ed-4527-9a38-b24561ee697b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-20 10:04:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1625238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6382936/v1/2c7ec81e-93d8-4106-9c0b-e7072af05b0d.pdf"},{"id":83125831,"identity":"2688b6e1-47ed-4038-a720-b584911014fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-20 09:40:07","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":21681,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supplymentdata.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6382936/v1/ccb9e4a82b07a91c9ac10590.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Behavior and Motivational Profiles of Aging People's Participation in Swimming: A Cross-sectional Study in Southeastern China","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eRegular physical activity is essential for aging adults' physical fitness and psychological well-being (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). With the rapid growth of the aging population in China, promoting healthy aging has become a critical public health priority (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). However, aging adults encounter significant challenges in regular physical activity, including declining physical function, chronic health disorders, and social isolation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Physical activity has been widely recognized as an effective strategy to enhance the quality of life, prevent chronic diseases, and improve mental well-being among older adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that older adults exhibit diverse physical activity behaviors and motivations. Some exercise regularly for health maintenance and disease prevention, while others are motivated by social interaction, personal achievement, or simply for enjoyment (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding these behavioral patterns and motivational drivers is crucial for designing effective policies to promote physical activity among this population. Among various forms of exercise, swimming has gained popularity in China due to its low-impact nature and multiple health benefits, which include enhanced cardiovascular well-being, alleviated symptoms of anxiety and depression, and enhanced overall well-being, making it particularly suitable for aging individuals (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). However, little is known about the swimming behavior and motivations of aging individuals. Previous studies have focused primarily on health and mental benefits, especially concerning its effectiveness for chronic diseases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study is designed to investigate the swimming behavior and motivations of aging individuals in Southeastern China. Specifically, we aimed to (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) describe the demographic characteristics and swimming behavior of aging individuals in Southeastern China, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) identify the motivations and barriers to swimming among aging individuals, and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) explore the relationships between swimming behavior and motivations. Ultimately, this study provides insights into the cultural and societal factors that influence their participation in swimming, which contributes to the development of exercise programs and policies that promote physical activity and healthy aging among this population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAging individuals participating in swimming activities in Southeastern China were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study to explore their behavior and motivational profiles. Participants were informed that the study would involve a questionnaire or semi-structured interview, depending on their preference, cognition capacity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe interviews or questionnaires were conducted in a quiet, private setting, such as a community center, swimming club, or outdoor park area, to ensure participant comfort and minimize distractions. The research assistant was present during the data collection process to provide assistance and answer any questions. Participants who required assistance due to visual or cognitive impairments were offered the option to have the questions read aloud by the researcher, and their responses were recorded verbatim, ensuring that all participants could comfortably share their thoughts and experiences regarding their motivation to participate in swimming activities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 353 adults aged 45\u0026ndash;74 years were enrolled in this study. They were from community centers, swimming clubs, and retirement communities in Wenzhou City, which is located in Southeastern China. The participants consisted of 175 males and 178 females. All participants swam at least once per week.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestionnaires\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic characteristics, swimming exercise behavior, and swimming exercise motivation. The demographic characteristics part collected the information of participants\u0026apos; characteristics, including age, gender, education level, and income level. The behavior part assessed the participants\u0026apos; swimming exercise behavior, including swimming stroke, duration, distance, intensity, frequency, and other related aspects. To assess motivation, Chen\u0026apos;s validated 15-item exercise motivation scale was employed, utilizing a 5-point Likert scale (\u0026quot;strongly agree\u0026quot; to \u0026quot;strongly disagree\u0026quot;) for participants\u0026apos; responses regarding swimming exercise (15). The items assessed five dimensions of exercise motivation: enjoyment, health benefits, social interaction, self-image, and personal achievement. We assessed the reliability and validity for assessing swimming motivation in aging individuals were conducted, the overall Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha was 0.844, indicating good internal consistency, and expert review by 10 experts confirmed its content validity and appropriateness for this population. The full survey is provided in the Supplementary Data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the data were presented as percentages and means \u0026plusmn; standard deviation. Chi-square tests were used to examine the differences in swimming behavior, including stroke, duration, intensity, and frequency between males and females. An independent samples t-test was used to compare the means of continuous variables between males and females. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the differences in swimming motivation across different subgroups (e.g., age, education and income levels), followed by a post hoc analysis with Tukey\u0026rsquo;s correction if significant differences were observed. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for windows software (IBM SPSS Statistics, version 19). Statistical significance was set at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Swimming Behavior of Aging individuals in Southeastern China\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarm-up Practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwimming exercise differs significantly from land-based sports programs due to its aquatic environment. Consequently, adequate land warm-up preparations are essential for exericse safety and injury prevention, particularly for muscle cramps. However, only 28% of aging individuals reported engaging in sufficient warm-up activities, while 72% did not perform warm-ups adequately. These findings suggest that most aging individuals are unaware of the importance of land-based warm-up before swimming.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSwimming Strokes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 1, breaststroke was the most popular stroke among both male (85.14%) and female (67.42%) participants, with 76.20% overall preference. Freestyle was the second most common stroke (49.29%), preferred more by males (66.29%) than females (32.58%). Backstroke, butterfly, and reverse breaststroke were less frequently used, accounting for 15.58%, 8.50%, and 4.82% of responses, respectively. Interestingly, an abnormal swimming style described as \u0026apos;swimming without sinking\u0026apos; was observed in 9.92% of participants overall (10.29% males, 9.55% females). Furthermore, no males reported using legs only, while 14.04% of females did so.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the results suggest aging men preferred more technical strokes like freestyle and butterfly, while aging women favored simpler strokes or leg-only swimming.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration, Intensity and Frequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the participants (56.09%) exercised for 30-60 minutes per session. No significant difference was observed in exercise duration between males and females (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwimming intensity was assessed employing the 5-point Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale (ranging from \u0026apos;very light\u0026apos; to \u0026apos;very hard\u0026apos;) (16, 17). The majority of participants reported a fairly intense exercise experience (40.51%), with males being more likely to report fairly intense exercise (47.43%) than females (33.71%). Conversely, females were more likely to report light intensity (14.61%) than males (5.71%) (Table 2), suggesting a tendency for females to engage in swimming at a more relaxed intensity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost participants exercised less than 3 times per week (52.12%). A significant difference was found in the exercise frequency between males and females (p \u0026lt; 0.001). Specifically, 73.03% of females exercised less than 2 times per week, compared to 30.86% of males. In contrast, 27.43% of males exercised 3-4 times per week, compared to 4.12% of females did so (Table 2). Overall, these findings suggest that males tend to engage in swimming more frequently than females.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Motivation Profiles of Aging Individuals in Swimming\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study categorized 15 factors into 5 dimensions of motivation. As shown in Table 3, health benefit motivation emerged as the primary driver, with a high mean score of 4.062. Notably, items 7 (\u0026quot;I want to stay physically and mentally healthy\u0026quot;) and 11 (\u0026quot;I desire to lead a healthy life\u0026quot;) received the top two mean scores (4.159 and 4.127, respectively). This indicated that participants prioritized improving their overall well-being and life satisfaction through swimming.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnjoyment motivation was ranked second, with items 9 (\u0026quot;I want to maintain a pleasant mood\u0026quot;) and 13 (\u0026quot;I want to enjoy a happy life\u0026quot;) receiving high scores of 4.119 and 4.116, respectively. Personal achievement motivation was ranked third, with item 15 (\u0026quot;I want to maintain the current level of sports skills\u0026quot;) achieving a high score of 3.873, followed by self-image and social interaction motivations, respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender Differences in Motivations for Swimming Exercise\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 showed that the health benefits motivation and enjoyment motivation were the top two motivations for both aging males and females. Additionally, aging men showed higher scores in health benefits and social interaction motivation when compared to aging women (p\u0026lt;0.05). However, enjoyment, personal achievement, and self-image motivations did not show significant differences (p\u0026gt;0.05). Specifically, among the 15 items, aging men scored higher than women on the items of \u0026quot;I want to stay physically and mentally healthy\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;I desire to lead a healthy life\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;I want to enjoy a happy life\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;I want to maintain the current level of sports skills\u0026quot;, further suggesting that men tend to prioritize maintaining their health and swim skills more than women among aging individuals.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Differences in Motivations for Swimming Exercise\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe divided the participants into three age subgroups (45-54 years, 55-64 years, and 65-74 years) and examined the differences in motivations for swimming. Table 5 reveals no significant differences regarding the 5 motivations among the three age subgroups. However, male aging individuals in 65-74 years subgroup showed significantly higher scores for both self-image motivation and total motivation compared to the younger subgroups. Other motivation dimensions did not differ significantly across the three subgroups. This suggests that age may play an essential role specifically in self-image motivation among men, with older men exhibiting higher self-image motivation for swimming. Furthermore, no significant age group differences were found in any motivation dimension for aging female individuals. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation Level Differences in Motivations for Swimming Exercise\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The results revealed significant differences in social motivation and total motivation among the four education level groups (primary school, junior-senior high school, undergraduate, and postgraduate). The postgraduate group exhibited the highest score (4.20) compared to the other three groups (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther analysis by gender revealed that male aging individuals with postgraduate and primary education levels had significantly higher social motivation for swimming compared to those with junior-senior high school and undergraduate education levels. Whereas, female aging individuals did not exhibit significant differences in social motivation for swimming exercise among different education levels. However, female aging individuals with junior-senior high school education levels showed significantly higher personal achievement and self-image motivation than those with primary education level. No significant difference was observed between the undergraduate education level group and the other education level groups. It is worth noting that due to the limited sample size of postgraduate females (n = 1), we did not conduct separate analyses for this group.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncomes Differences in Motivations for Swimming Exercise\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results demonstrated a significant positive association between higher income levels and motivations of health, enjoyment, personal achievement, and self-image. Specifically, the highest monthly income group (above 5,000 Yuan) had the highest motivation scores for swimming (Table 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, further analyses showed that among male participants, monthly income level significantly influenced only health motivation. Consistent with the overall trend, the highest income group (above 5,000 Yuan) also scored the highest in health motivation. Additionally, other motivations including social interaction, enjoyment, personal achievement, or self-image did not exhibit significant differences among the three income groups. For female participants, monthly income significantly affected health, personal achievement, and self-image motivations for swimming, with the highest income group (above 5,000 Yuan) demonstrating the highest motivation scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings suggest that income level plays an essential role in shaping motivations for swimming, particularly among female aging individuals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSwimming Behavior of Aging People in Southeastern China: Motivational Insights and Gender Differences\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that breaststroke (76.2%) and freestyle (49.29%) were the most commonly practiced swimming strokes among aging individuals in southeastern China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on swimming expertise and common knowledge, it is widely accepted that the technique of the breaststroke is generally easier for beginners to master compared to other competitive swimming strokes like the butterfly or freestyle (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Besides, the conventional, flatter breaststroke involves a more intuitive movement pattern, a stable rhythm, and lower swimming speed and exercise intensity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). This explains why breaststroke is often recommended for older adults\u0026rsquo; swimming exercise for health reasons. Consistently, our results indicated that health benefits were the primary motivation for aging individuals to swim, which aligns with the observed popularity of breaststroke among our participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterestingly, female participants had a notable proportion (14.04%) using only their legs, which suggested that they might be beginners, and men more often use freestyle stroke than women, indicating that aging men may be more likely motivated by personal challenge and achievement, as well as enjoyment for engaging swimming, while aging women emphasize enjoyment, considering swimming as a relaxing activity. In addition, our findings revealed that most participants swam for 30\u0026ndash;60 minutes at a fairly intense level for one session, which consistent with the primary motivation of the aging individuals was health related. Furthermore, male participants exhibited relatively higher intensity (more fairly and less very light intensity) and frequent swimming activities, which may be explained by the results that men had greater motivation for health and social related.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteresting, 14.04% female participants reported using only their legs while swimming, potentially suggesting they were beginners. Conversely, men favored freestyle more often than women. This suggests that aging men may be more motivated by personal challenge and achievement, as well as enjoyment derived from swimming, while aging women may emphasize enjoyment and view swimming more as a relaxing activity. Our findings also showed that most participants swam for 30\u0026ndash;60 minutes per session at a fairly intense level, which is consistent with the dominant health-related motivation in this population. Moreover, male participants reported relatively higher swimming intensity (more 'fairly intense' and less 'very light' intensity) and frequency than females, possibly reflecting their stronger motivation related to health and social benefits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summarize, gender differences in swimming intensity and frequency, with men swimming more frequently and at higher intensity, may be attributed to men's stronger emphasis on fitness maintenance and social motivations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Motivational Drivers of Swimming Among Aging Individuals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings showed that health benefits were the primary motivation for aging individuals to engage in swimming exercise, followed by enjoyment, which were consistent with previous investigations for motivation of physical activity among aging individuals (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Tsai et al. suggested that aging individuals primarily participate in physical activity for health and wellness reasons, such as maintaining physical function and preventing disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Quindry et al. found that exercise engagement in middle-aged adults was associated with health or fitness motivation, and that health motivations are important across the lifespan, although perhaps less so in childhood (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Dacey et al. also demonstrated that older adults are physically active due to health, fitness, and enjoyment motivations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). As mentioned above, most aging individuals in this study swam 2\u0026ndash;4 times per week, and the duration and intensity of their swimming sessions were generally appropriate for health maintenance. These behavioral patterns align with our motivation findings, indicating that health benefits are the primary driver for aging individuals engaging in swimming. These findings demonstrated that the intrinsic factors, such as health benefits and enjoyment, played a more prominent role in motivating aging individuals to engage in swimming exercise in Southeastern China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographic Influences on Swimming Motivations: Gender, Age, Income, and Education\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings on demographic variations, including gender, age, income, and education, provide valuable insights into how different subgroups of aging individuals approach swimming. These demographic variations reveal the factors influencing their swimming motivations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results demonstrate that men exhibit higher motivation levels for swimming when compared to women, particularly in health and social motivation dimensions. Portela-Pino et al. demonstrated a similar gender pattern in younger populations, finding that boys exhibited higher levels of motivation for physical exercise, while girls reported more barriers to participation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). Our findings align with this prior research and extend its applicability to aging individuals in Southeastern China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observed differences in swimming behavior (higher intensity and frequency in men) further support the finding that men exhibit stronger health motivations than women. Specifically, men's engagement in swimming exercise appears more driven by health benefits. In addition, our findings also show indicate aging men have higher social interaction motivation than women. Previous studies indicated that sports activities can enhance athletes\u0026rsquo; social relationships, and vibrant social interaction is crucial both within and beyond sports, leading to continuous sports participation and social engagement (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). This framework helps explain our observation that aging men participate more actively in swimming than to women. Moreover, the results also reveal that aging men displayed higher motivation related to statements such as \"I want to enjoy a happy life\" and \" I want to maintain the current level of sports skills\u0026rdquo; compared to aging women, suggesting that men tend to high technology or personal achievement, and enjoyment. This suggests that men are more inclined towards activities involving technical skill, personal achievement, and enjoyment, which aligns with the established theory that men show a greater inclination for competition in sports (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). This is also consistent with our finding that men tend to favor more technically demanding swimming strokes than women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of age, the findings of this study demonstrate that there is no significant difference in motivation among the three age subgroups (45\u0026ndash;54, 55\u0026ndash;64, and 65\u0026ndash;74 years old). However, further analysis reveals that the older male group (65\u0026ndash;74 years old) exhibited higher levels of self-image and total motivation compared to younger age groups, while motivation among women showed no significant difference across the three age groups. Research suggests that retirement prompt older men to rebuild their self-worth or seek social recognition (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). Physical activity or exercise is viewed as an effective way to enhance self-image and maintain a sense of youthfulness (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). This theoretical framework theory helps to explain why older men in our study exhibit higher self-image motivation than younger age groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies indicated that individuals with higher education exhibited a greater propensity to participate in physical activities(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e), and that the influence of education was more significant for women than for men (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Consistent with these studies, our findings reveal that the education levels significantly affected the motivations for swimming exercise among aging individuals in Southeastern China, with different patterns observed between males and females. Specifically, the postgraduate group exhibited the highest social and total motivation scores, suggesting that higher education levels may enhance motivation for participating in swimming. Furthermore, among men, those with postgraduate and primary education levels demonstrated higher social motivation than the junior-senior high school and undergraduate groups. This may be attributed to different social networks need across education levels. Postgraduate males, who often integrated within professional or academic communities, may utilize swimming as a platform for social interaction and networking. Conversely, aging males with primary education may engage in swimming more due to community-based activities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Alternatively, aging females with higher education levels (junior-senior high school and college education) exhibited higher motivation for personal achievement and self-image, rather than social interaction motivation. This might reflect that higher education empowers women to enhance physical competence and foster a positive self-image, rather than primarily seeking social interaction through swimming.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings also highlight the significant role of income level in the motivations for swimming among the aging individuals. Higher income levels were associated with greater health, enjoyment, personal achievement, and self-image motivations, particularly in the highest income group (above 5,000 Yuan), suggesting that financial resources enable greater access to swimming facilities and related expenses, such as membership fees or equipment. This is consistent with previous research indicating that financial support enhances participation in exercise (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Among elderly men, income level specifically influenced health motivation, with the highest income group demonstrating the highest scores. This suggests that high-income men prioritize swimming exercise for health maintenance. However, for aging men, motivations such as social interaction, enjoyment, and self-image were not similarly associated with income level. Furthermore, income level significantly affected health, personal achievement, and self-image motivations for swimming among aging women. Higher-income women may have greater opportunities to engage in swimming for both health and self-enhancement purposes, as financial stability allows them to invest in activities that promote physical and emotional well-being (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). These findings suggest that income level plays an essential role in shaping motivations for swimming, particularly among female aging individuals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths and Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study provides detailed results that the influence of age, gender, education level, and income level on motivations for swimming among aging individuals in southeastern China. By integrating these motivational factors with observed swimming exercise behaviors, this research offers better understanding of the motivational profiles driving swimming participation in older adults.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, several limitations need to be acknowledged. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small. For instance, the postgraduate female group had only one participant. Recruiting a large sample with greater diversity is recommended for future study. Secondly, the data collection methods relied on self-reported questionnaires, which are susceptible to biases. Furthermore, due to its cross-sectional design, the study cannot determine causality between motivations and swimming behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eHealth benefits motivation is the primary motivation in aging people to participate in swimming, followed by enjoyment. Men exhibited higher exercise frequency, intensity, and social motivation, while women favored simpler swim strokes. Education and income levels significantly influenced motivations, with individuals in higher education or income groups prioritizing health, personal achievement, and social interaction motivations. Older men (65\u0026ndash;74 years) demonstrated stronger self-image motivation than younger men, while women\u0026rsquo;s motivations were more influenced by income level.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki，and the protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Wenzhou Medical University (Approval No. 2024055). Prior to participation, all participants provided written informed consent after being fully informed about the study procedures. \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest or competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the funding from Wenzhou basic scientific research project (Grant No. R2023130) and the ministry of education project of humanities and social sciences (Grant No. 23YJA890002).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXC designed and supervised the whole project, XJ, ML, YS, and NZ performed the questionnaire preparation and collection, YZ, ML and XZ analyzed the data and prepared the tables, XC and XJ wrote the manuscript. 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International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(21).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDalen HB, Seippel O. Friends in Sports: Social Networks in Leisure, School and Social Media. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(12).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eComeig I, Grau-Grau A, Jaramillo-Guti\u0026eacute;rrez A, Ram\u0026iacute;rez F. Gender, self-confidence, sports, and preferences for competition. Journal of Business Research. 2016;69(4):1418-22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evan Uffelen JGZ, Khan A, Burton NW. Gender differences in physical activity motivators and context preferences: a population-based study in people in their sixties. BMC public health. 2017;17(1):624.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCulph JS, Wilson NJ, Cordier R, Stancliffe RJ. Men\u0026apos;s Sheds and the experience of depression in older Australian men. Aust Occup Ther J. 2015;62(5):306-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDroomers M, Schrijvers CT, van de Mheen H, Mackenbach JP. Educational differences in leisure-time physical inactivity: a descriptive and explanatory study. Social science \u0026amp; medicine (1982). 1998;47(11):1665-76.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePan SY, Cameron C, Desmeules M, Morrison H, Craig CL, Jiang X. Individual, social, environmental, and physical environmental correlates with physical activity among Canadians: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health. 2009;9:21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMitchell MS, Goodman JM, Alter DA, John LK, Oh PI, Pakosh MT, et al. Financial incentives for exercise adherence in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of preventive medicine. 2013;45(5):658-67.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHillsdon M, Panter J, Foster C, Jones A. Equitable access to exercise facilities. American journal of preventive medicine. 2007;32(6):506-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Swimming Styles in aging individuals in Southeastern China\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"536\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSwimming Style\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale (n=175)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale (n=178)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal (n=353)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreaststroke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149 (85.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (67.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269 (76.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFreestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (66.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (32.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174 (49.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBackstroke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (18.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (12.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (15.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eButterfly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (10.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (6.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (8.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReverse breaststroke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (7.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-standard stroke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (10.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (9.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (9.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeg-only\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (14.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (7.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeg-only: individuals who could swim using only legs without coordinated arm movements.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Swimming Frequency, Duration, and Intensity in aging individuals in Southeastern China\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"599\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSwimming Frequency, Duration, and Intensity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=353)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale (n=175)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale (n=178)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 2 times\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (30.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (73.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184 (52.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-3 times\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (33.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (21.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (27.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5 times\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (27.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (4.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (15.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 5 times\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (8.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;30 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (36.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (42.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (39.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-60 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (57.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (55.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198 (56.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 60 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (6.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery light\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (5.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (14.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (10.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.446\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (32.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (31.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (31.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (47.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (33.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (40.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomewhat Hard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (14.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (17.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (16.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery Hard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. \u0026nbsp;Motivation Scores for Swimming in Aging Individuals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"572\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMotivation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e）\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRank (Motivation)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth Benefits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. I want to I want to be strong and fit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85 (0.97）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7. I want to stay physically and mentally healthy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13 (0.74）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11. I desire to lead a healthy life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16 (0.73）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.06 (0.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e）\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnjoyment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. I want to engage in recreational activities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54 (0.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9. I want to maintain a pleasant mood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12 (0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13. I want to enjoy a happy life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12 (0.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.94 (0.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e）\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal Achievement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8. I want to acquire new exercise skills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69 (0.86）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12. I want to improve existing sports skills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79 (0.86）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15. I want to maintain the current level of sports skills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87 (0.82）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.79 (0.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e）\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf-image\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. I want to improve my physique\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89 (0.81）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6. I want to enhance my appearance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44 (0.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10. I want to control my weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.78 (0.75)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. I want to enhance friendships\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73 (0.91）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. I want to make new friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53 (0.94）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14. I want to maintain social relationships\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95 (0.79）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 286px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.76 (0.79)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. Gender Differences in Motivations for Swimming in Aging Individuals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMotivation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale (n=175) Mean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale (n=178) Mean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth Benefits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15 (0.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98 (0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. I want to I want to be strong and fit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91 (0.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80 (1.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7. I want to stay physically and mentally healthy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21 (0.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04 (0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11. I desire to lead a healthy life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24 (0.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08 (0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnjoyment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99 (0.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89 (0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. I want to engage in recreational activities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.55 (0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53 (0.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9. I want to maintain a pleasant mood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18 (0.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13. I want to enjoy a happy life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20 (0.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal Achievement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81 (0.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78 (0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8. I want to acquire new exercise skills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65 (0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72 (0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12. I want to improve existing sports skills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78 (0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80 (0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15. I want to maintain the current level of sports skills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98 (0.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77 (0.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf-image\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81 (0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. I want to improve my physique\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90 (0.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88 (0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6. I want to enhance my appearance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48 (0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40 (1.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.739\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10. I want to control my weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.01 (0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87 (0.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85 (0.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67 (0.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. I want to enhance friendships\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82 (0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64 (1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. I want to make new friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62 (0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44 (1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14. I want to maintain social relationships\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03 (0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88 (0.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*：P\u0026lt;0.05\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5. Age and Gender Differences in Motivations for Swimming in Aging Individuals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"539\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMotivation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 272px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45-54 (n=114)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55-64 (n=174)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65-74 (n=65)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth Benefits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05 (0.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07 (0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06 (0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74 (0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86 (0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnjoyment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95 (0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97 (0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85 (0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Achievement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84 (0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.71 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-image\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75 (0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79 (0.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82 (0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.866\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88 (0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91 (0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale Subgroup (n=175)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45-54(n=66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55-64(n=73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65-74(n=36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth Benefits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08 (0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15 (0.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28 (0.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77 (0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82 (0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03 (0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.766\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnjoyment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94 (0.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04 (0.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00 (0.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Achievement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76 (0.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81 (0.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89 (0.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.646\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-image\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.71 (0.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77 (0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06 (0.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.033\u003c/strong\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88 (0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92 (0.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19 (0.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.019\u003c/strong\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale Subgroup (n=178)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45-54 (n=48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55-64(n=101)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65-74 (n=29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth Benefits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02 (0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.01 (0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79 (0.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.426\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67 (0.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67 (0.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66 (0.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnjoyment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96 (0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92 (0.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66 (0.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Achievement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75 (0.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87 (0.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48 (0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-image\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81 (0.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80 (0.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52 (1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88 (0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90 (0.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66 (1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*：P\u0026lt;0.05\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6. \u0026nbsp;Education Level and Gender Differences in Motivations for Swimming in Aging Individuals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"577\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMotivation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation Level (Mean (SD))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School (n=39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior-Senior High (n=223)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate (n=76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate (n=15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth Benefits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85 (0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06 (0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12 (0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.40 (0.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69 (0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79 (0.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.61 (0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20 (0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.042*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnjoyment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87 (0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92 (0.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95 (0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33 (0.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.898\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Achievement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59 (0.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83 (0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72 (0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00 (1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-Image\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56 (0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83 (0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74 (0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93 (0.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.629\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69 (0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94 (0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84 (0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27 (0.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.031*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale Subgroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Health Benefits\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.13 (0.74)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.10 (0.55)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.18 (0.67)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.36 (0.50)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.813\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Social Interaction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.13 (0.64)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.89 (0.52)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.59 (0.81)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.14 (0.86)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.524\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004**\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enjoyment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.13 (0.64)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.94 (0.50)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.98 (0.63)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.29 (0.47)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Personal Achievement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.07 (0.46)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.79 (0.61)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.71 (0.65)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.93 (1.21)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Self-Image\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.87 (0.64)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.82 (0.58)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.73 (0.84)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.86 (0.53)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.07 (0.59)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.97 (0.53)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.84 (0.59)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.21 (0.70)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.899\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale Subgroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Health Benefits\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.67 (1.09)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.02 (0.78)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.00 (0.73)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5.00 (N/A)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Social Interaction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.42 (0.97)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.71 (0.87)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.63 (0.84)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5.00 (N/A)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enjoyment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.71 (1.04)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.91 (0.70)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.89 (0.80)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5.00 (N/A)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Personal Achievement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.29 (1.08)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.87 (0.77)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.74 (0.66)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5.00 (N/A)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.007**\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Self-Image\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.38 (1.01)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.83 (0.80)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.74 (0.76)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5.00 (N/A)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e0.044*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.46 (1.02)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.92 (0.74)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.85 (0.77)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5.00 (N/A)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e0.032*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*：P\u0026lt;0.05，**：P\u0026lt;0.01\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7. \u0026nbsp; Income Level and Gender Differences in Motivations for Swimming in Aging Individuals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"546\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMotivation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 298px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Monthly Income after tax (Mean (SD))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;3000 RMB (n=45)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3000-5000 RMB (n=132)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026gt; 5000 RMB (n=176)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth Benefits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78 (0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92 (0.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24 (0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64 (0.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84 (0.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnjoyment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78 (0.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89 (0.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02 (0.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.047*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Achievement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56 (0.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73 (0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89 (0.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.016*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-Image\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56 (0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70 (0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90 (0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.008**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69 (0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80 (0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04 (0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale Subgroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Health Benefits\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.06 (0.56)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.95 (0.58)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.23 (0.60)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.026*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Social Interaction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.94 (0.56)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.83 (0.54)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.84 (0.73)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enjoyment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.94 (0.43)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.90 (0.58)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.03 (0.56)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Achievement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.82 (0.53)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.71 (0.71)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.84 (0.68)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Self-Image\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.71 (0.59)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.71 (0.60)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.85 (0.69)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.00 (0.50)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.81 (0.55)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.01 (0.58)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;Subgroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Health Benefits\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.61 (0.83)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.90 (0.89)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.27 (0.63)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.001**\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Social Interaction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.46 (0.88)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.62 (0.94)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.83 (0.76)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enjoyment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.68 (0.86)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.88 (0.80)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.00 (0.66)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.678\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Achievement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.39 (0.88)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.74 (0.88)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.00 (0.64)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.005**\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Self-Image\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.46 (0.84)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.70 (0.87)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.98 (0.75)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.016*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.50 (0.84)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.80 (0.84)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.10 (0.66)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.003**\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*：P\u0026lt;0.05，**：P\u0026lt;0.01\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"swimming, motivation, aging, health benefits, Southeastern China","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6382936/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6382936/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwimming is a popular form of exercise in southeastern China. With China\u0026rsquo;s rapidly aging population and the growing emphasis on healthy aging, investigating the swimming behavior and motivations for participation among aging individuals (aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45 years) in southeastern China is crucial for public health strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted in southeastern China, and 353 regular swimmers (175 males, 178 females) were recruited to complete questionnaires assessing swimming behavior (stroke preference, duration, intensity, and frequency), and motivations (enjoyment, health benefits, social interaction, self-image, and personal achievement).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that health benefits were the primary motivation (score: 4.062), followed by enjoyment. Aging men exhibited higher exercise frequency (27.43% swam 3\u0026ndash;4 times/week vs. 4.12% women) and intensity (47.43% reported \"fairly intense\" exertion vs. 33.71% females) compared to aging women. Additionally, men favored technically demanding strokes (e.g., freestyle: 66.29%), whereas women preferred simpler techniques (14.04% used leg-only movements). Furthermore, education and income significantly influenced swimming motivations, with higher education or income groups prioritizing health, personal achievement, and social interaction motivation. Notably, older men (65\u0026ndash;74 years) demonstrated stronger self-image motivation than the youngers, whereas women\u0026rsquo;s motivations were more income-dependent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings highlight the need for tailored swimming exercise interventions to promote health among aging populations in China. Practical implications include designing skill-focused programs for men and relaxation-oriented activities for women, and advocating for age-friendly swimming policies such as discounted memberships or accessible facilities for low-income groups.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Behavior and Motivational Profiles of Aging People's Participation in Swimming: A Cross-sectional Study in Southeastern China","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-20 09:40:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6382936/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-19T07:05:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"324304782507175433029240489853991466232","date":"2026-05-18T23:10:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"101937986056125888085506751194292574861","date":"2026-05-18T10:54:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-09T14:59:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"284170315405704040160273961531149916967","date":"2025-07-08T16:07:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"113100083117594252767206553766976419690","date":"2025-07-06T19:15:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"321289184965657922922957655137810404525","date":"2025-05-15T17:59:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-15T16:16:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-14T12:14:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-24T18:20:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-23T08:43:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-04-23T08:42:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c96bcbb8-259d-482e-b0fb-7d9d7f1747c6","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-19T07:05:18+00:00","index":195,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"324304782507175433029240489853991466232","date":"2026-05-18T23:10:19+00:00","index":193,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"101937986056125888085506751194292574861","date":"2026-05-18T10:54:50+00:00","index":190,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-20T09:40:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-20 09:40:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6382936","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6382936","identity":"rs-6382936","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}