Plant - Based Proteins in Aquafeeds : Recent Advances and Sustainable Strategies - A Review

The global expansion of aquaculture has intensified the demand for sustainable, nutritionally balanced, and cost-effective feed formulations. Traditionally, fishmeal and fish oil have dominated aqua feed as primary protein sources. However, ecological concerns, rising costs, and limited availability of fishmeal have prompted the exploration of alternative protein sources, particularly plant-based ingredients. This review synthesizes recent advancements (2015–2025) in the utilization of plant-derived proteins such as soybean meal, lupin, pea protein, cottonseed, microalgae, and insect meals, with a focus on their nutritional profiles, anti-nutritional factors, and digestibility performance in cultured freshwater and marine fish species.Special emphasis is placed on studies analyzing growth performance, feed conversion ratios, immune modulation, and gut histomorphology upon inclusion of these alternative proteins. Furthermore, recent research incorporating fermentation, enzyme supplementation, and nano-formulations is critically discussed to highlight technological strategies that improve bioavailability and mitigate negative effects associated with certain plant-based compounds.The role of plant protein in supporting intestinal micro biota stability, enhancing innate immunity, and reducing feed-related stress responses is also examined. Collectively, the review presents an integrative view of both the benefits and limitations of replacing fishmeal with plant-derived proteins and identifies key knowledge gaps in long-term performance, reproductive outcomes, and species-specific tolerance.Given the urgent need for sustainable aquaculture practices under climate and resource pressures, this article underscores the importance of developing efficient, ecologically sound feed solutions. Future perspectives for precision nutrition, genetically engineered crops, and microbial protein biotechnology are briefly addressed.