Multiple sampling schemes and deep learning improve active learning performance in drug-drug interaction information retrieval analysis from the literature

Background: Drug-drug interaction (DDI) information retrieval (IR) is an important natural language process (NLP) task from the PubMed literature. For the first time, active learning (AL) is studied in DDI IR analysis. DDI IR analysis from PubMed abstracts faces the challenges of relatively small positive DDI samples among overwhelmingly large negative samples. Random negative sampling and positive sampling are purposely designed to improve the efficiency of AL analysis. The consistency of random negative sampling and positive sampling is shown in the paper. Results: : PubMed abstracts are divided into two pools. Screened pool contains all abstracts that pass the DDI keywords query in PubMed, while unscreened pool includes all the other abstracts. At a prespecified recall rate of 0.95, DDI IR analysis performance is evaluated and compared in precision. In screened pool IR analysis using supporting vector machine (SVM), similarity sampling plus uncertainty sampling improves the precision of AL over uncertainty sampling, from 0.89 to 0.92 respectively. In the unscreened pool IR analysis, the integrated random negative sampling, positive sampling, and similarity sampling improve the IR analysis performance over uncertainty sampling along, from 0.72 to 0.81 respectively. When we change the SVM to a deep learning method, all sampling schemes consistently benefit DDI AL analysis in both screened pool and unscreened pool. Deep learning has significant improvement of precision over SVM, 0.96 vs 0.91 in screened pool, and 0.90 vs 0.81 in the unscreened pool, respectively. Conclusions: By integrating various sampling schemes and deep learning algorithms into AL, the DDI IR analysis from literature is significantly improved. The random negative sampling and positive sampling are highly effective methods in improving AL analysis where the positive and negative samples are extremely imbalanced.