Factors Influencing the Use of Skin Bleaching Products Among Women in Mogadishu, Somalia

Factors Influencing the Use of Skin Bleaching Products Among Women in Mogadishu, Somalia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Factors Influencing the Use of Skin Bleaching Products Among Women in Mogadishu, Somalia Mohamed Ismael Iman This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8075410/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background . Skin bleaching is common among women in Mogadishu, Somalia, despite associated health risks. This study investigates the socio-demographic factors, awareness, and socio-cultural motivations influencing the use of skin bleaching products (SBPs). Method . A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and July 2024, involving 425 young women aged 18-35 years across five districts in Mogadishu.Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed with SPSS software to examine socio-demographic factors, health risk awareness, and socio-cultural motivators. Results . Most respondents (55.8%) were aged 21-29, and 63.5% were unaware of the health risks associated with SBPs. Despite this, 51.5% reported experiencing negative effects. Peer pressure, cultural beliefs about beauty, and the notion that lighter skin enhances social status and marriage prospects were key motivators. Women with lower income and less education were more likely to use SBPs and perceive them as common among peers. Conclusion . the widespread use of SBPs in Mogadishu is fueled by cultural and psychological factors, along with limited awareness of health risks. Public health initiatives, stricter regulations, and educational campaigns are essential to reduce SBP use and promote awareness of the dangers. Dermatology Skin bleaching health risks awareness socio-cultural factors Mogadishu INTRODUCTION Skin Bleaching Products are used worldwide, but their use is particularly widespread in many African, Asian and Caribbean countries (WHO, 2008). Skin Bleaching Products are used by both women and men (Peltzer et al., 2016). The skin lightening industry is one of the fastest growing beauty industries worldwide and is estimated to be worth US $ 31.2 billion by 2024 (Shroff et al., 2017). In India, for example, the skin lightening industry (including products with and without mercury) represents 50% of the skincare market and is estimated to be worth US $ 450–535 million (Shroff et al., 2017). There are varying proportions of skin bleaching product use. For example In Africa, the prevalence varies significantly, ranging from 25% in Mali to 77% in Nigeria, with other countries reporting intermediate rates: 31.15% in Zimbabwe, 32% in South Africa, 39% in Ghana, 50% in Senegal and 66% in Congo-Brazzaville (del Giudice P, 2022). 52–67% of women in Dakar, and Senegal, used skin bleaching products (del Giudice P, 2022). According to a cross-sectional analytical study, was conducted from May to July of 2021 in representative samples of all beauty salons available in Asmara shows that the participants have a perception that the use of SLAs is associated with being trendy, popular, and beautiful (Tesfamariam, 2023). Since consumers’ buying behaviour is influenced by their perception on purchasing the product, (Islam & Hani, 2021) the findings of this study intimate that the use of SLAs among the respondents will continue without seeking guidance from health-care professionals (Tesfamariam, 2023). The rate of usage of SLP among women of reproductive age in Somalia was 75.6% which was significantly higher than the global and continental rates (Ndiritu et al., 2022). According to the cross-sectional study conducted which aided in identifying factors associated with usage of Skin Bleaching Products among women of reproductive age in Mogadishu shows that the prevalence of usage of SLP was significantly higher than the rate reported among female health students in Somaliland (Yusuf et al., 2019). Equally the prevalence of usage of SLP among Somali women was significantly higher than the global rate (27.7%) and the continental rate (27.1%) (Sagoe et al., 2019) Many of Somali women believe that beauty is incomplete if their skin remains black; they would go to great lengths to transform their natural dark skin color to a lighter one by bleaching it with chemicals, soaps, lotions, and other products. The popular Somali saying (fool and night are black) lends credence to the active use of skin lightening agents by Somali. This growing misconception about skin bleaching has pushed most women into patronizing cosmetic agents such as kojic acid, corticosteroids, and hydroquinone-based products. Somalia lacks legislation which further propagates the marketing and application of Skin Bleaching Products. Skin bleaching is an ongoing trend and practice among Somali irrespective of gender. It does not appear that the skin bleaching phenomenon has been viewed from public policy perspectives, especially among the users of skin bleaching creams. Skin lightening is a global problem that has gained little attention despite the threat it poses to general wellbeing of the public. According to the cross-sectional study conducted in Mogadishu shows that the rate of usage of SLP among women of reproductive age in Somalia was 75.6% which was significantly higher than the global and continental rates (Ndiritu et al., 2022) Limited research has been conducted to ascertain the motivation behind the practice amongst women in Somalia. Despite the limited research conducted within the social science field, there is however hope as many researchers have indicated interest on skin lightening and the complications associate with it.We attempting to investigate the socio-demographic determinants those influence the use of skin bleaching products and awareness and perception of the health risks associated with it. Also we are attempting to identify the socio-cultural and psychological motivations behind skin bleaching products.there is a considerable gap between the desired awareness about negative impacts of skin bleaching and the current problems about skin bleaching products of the Somali women, therefore there is a need to investigate the factors that are contributing the use of skin bleaching products among women in Mogadishu, Somalia. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Study Design : the study was community-based, analytical cross-sectional in design. This was a cross-sectional type of study of skin bleaching conducted with the main aim of assessing the Girls who whiten the body. 2.2 Study Population : the study target populations were young females use skin bleaching products and residing in Mogadishu Somalia.We visit beauty salons, dermatology clinics beauty cosmetics that located in district Hodan, Wadejir, Hamarweyne, Kaaran and Deyniile. 2.3 Sampling technique: A cluster sampling technique was employed to select the districts and the associated cosmetic centers, beauty salons, and dermatology clinics for the study. This approach allowed for efficient data collection by grouping locations within the five major districts of Mogadishu:Hodan,Wadajir, Hamarweyne, Karaan, and Daynile. 2.4 Data collection methods . the study was conducted May-September 2024 Data was collected by using a structured and semi-structured questionnaire. Some members of researchers was recruited to participate in data collection. 2.5 Data analysis methods. the data was cleaned, collated and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 27. Descriptive statistics generated frequency tables, means and standard deviations. Inferential statistics were carried out, and the Chi-Squared test was used to test for the association between categorical variables bivariate and multivariate tables was used. RESULTS OF THE STUDY Table: 1 Univariate Socio-demographic factors The study found that the majority of respondents were aged between 21-29 years, making up 55.8% of the sample. In terms of marital status, most respondents were single (41.2%), followed by those who were married (32.0%), divorced (21.4%), and widowed (5.4%). Regarding education, the highest proportion of respondents had completed secondary education (29.4%), while 28.5% had higher education, 14.1% had only primary education, and 28.0% had no formal education. Among the respondents, 41.6% were employed, 36.9% were unemployed, and 21.4% were students. In terms of income, 44.2% earned between $201-500 per month, 25.6% earned $100-200 per month, 24.0% reported having no income, and only 6.1% had an income of over $500 per month. Table 1: Socio-demographic factors skin bleaching products Variables N % Age Group 15-20 years 80 18.8 21-29 years 237 55.8 30-39 years 94 22.1 40-49 years 13 3.1 > 50 years 1 0.2 Total 425 100 Marital Status Single 175 41.2 Married 136 32.0 Divorced 91 21.4 Windowed 23 5.4 Total 425 100 Level of Education Primary level 60 14.1 Secondary level 125 29.4 Higher education 121 28.5 No formal education 119 28.0 Total 425 100 Occupation Student 91 21.4 Employed 177 41.6 Unemployed 157 36.9 Total 425 100 Income level $100-200 per months 109 25.6 $201-500 per months 188 44.2 >$500 per months 26 6.1 No income 102 24.0 Total 425 100 Table: 2 Univariate Awareness and Perception of Skin Bleaching Products Most respondents obtained their information about skin bleaching products from social media, which was reported by 48.7% of the sample. A significant majority of respondents (60.9%) were not aware of the ingredients commonly found in skin bleaching products. Additionally, 63.5% were unaware of the potential health risks associated with these products. About 51.5% of respondents reported experiencing negative health effects from using skin bleaching products. Perceptions of health risks were varied, with 42.8% believing the risks to be moderate, 25.6% perceiving them as mild, and 15.3% considering them severe. Only 16.2% believed there were no risks associated with these products. The study also found that 52.9% of respondents were unaware of the long-term health consequences of using skin bleaching products, and 65.9% had never consulted a dermatologist or healthcare provider about their use. Furthermore, 58.1% stated that information about health risks had not influenced their decision to use or not use these products. Table 2: Awareness and perception of SBPs Variables N % Where do you primarily get your information about the health risks associated with the use of SBPs? Social media 207 48.7 Healthcare provider 56 13.6 Friends 94 22.1 Others 68 16.0 Total 425 100 Are you aware of the ingredients commonly found in SBPs? Yes 166 39.1 No 259 60.9 Total 425 100 Are you aware of the potential health risks associated with the use of SBPs? Yes 155 36.5 No 270 63.5 Total 425 100 Have you ever experienced any negative health effects from using SBPs? Yes 219 51.5 No 206 48.5 Total 425 100 How serious do you think the health risks of using SBPs are? Mild risks 138 25.6 Moderate risks 182 42.8 Severe health risks 65 15.3 No risks 69 16.2 Total 425 100 Are you aware of the long-term health consequences of using SBPs? Yes 200 47.1 No 225 52.9 Total 425 100 Have you ever consulted a dermatologist or healthcare provider about the use of SBPs? Yes 145 34.1 No 280 65.9 Total 425 100 Has information about health risks influenced your decision to use or not use SBPs? Yes 178 41.9 No 247 58.1 Total 425 100 Table 3 : Bivariate Correlation between Age Group and Awareness of Potential Health Risks The analysis revealed a significant correlation between age group and awareness of the potential health risks associated with the use of skin bleaching products, with a p-value of 0.027. Younger respondents, particularly those aged 21-29 years, showed lower awareness levels, while older respondents demonstrated a higher awareness of these risks. Table 3: Correlation between age group and you awareness of the potential health risks Variables Awareness of the potential health risks associated with the use of SBPs? P value Yes No Age group of respondents Categories N (%) N (%) 0.027 40-49 years 9(2.117) 4 (0.942) 30-39 years 40 (9.411) 54 (12.71) 21-29 years 77 (18.12) 160 (37.647) 15-20 years 28 (6.588) 52 (12.23) > 50 years 1 (0.235) 0 (00) Table 4 : Bivariate Correlation between Marital Status and Perceived Impact of Lighter Skin on Marriage Prospects The results indicated a significant correlation between marital status and the belief that having lighter skin improves marriage prospects, with a p-value of 0.013. Single and married respondents were more likely to agree with this belief compared to those who were widowed or divorced. Table 4: Correlation between occupation and chances of getting married Variables Do you believe that having lighter skin improves your chances of getting married? P value Agree Disagree Marital status Categories N (%) N (%) 0.013 Widowed 20 (4.71) 3 (0.71) Single 147 (34.588) 28 (6.588) Married 101 (23.76) 35 (8.241) Divorced 62 (14.58) 29 (6.823) Table 5 : Bivariate Correlation between Awareness of Long-term Health Consequences and Perceived Seriousness of Health Risks The results indicated a significant correlation between awareness of long-term health consequences and the perceived seriousness of health risks, with a p-value of less than 0.001. Respondents who were aware of the long-term consequences were more likely to perceive the risks as severe Table 5:Correlation between awareness of the long-term health consequences and seriousness of health risks Variables How serious do you think the health risks of using SBPs P value Risk No risk Are you aware of the long-term health consequences of using SBPs Categories N (%) N (%) <0.001 Table 6 : Bivariate Correlation between Awareness of Potential Health Risks and Negative Health Effects from Using SBPs A significant correlation was observed between awareness of potential health risks and the experience of negative health effects from using skin bleaching products, with a p-value of less than 0.001. Respondents who were aware of the risks were more likely to have experienced negative health effects. Table 6: Correlation between awareness of the potential health risks and negative health effects from using SBPs Variables Have you ever experienced any negative health effects from using SBPs? P value Yes No Are you aware of the potential health risks associated with the use of SBPs? Categories N (%) N (%) <0.001 Yes 98(23.0588) 57 (13.411) No 121(28.47) 149(35.06) Table 7 : Bivariate Correlation between Peer Pressure and Self-esteem and Self-confidence The analysis showed a significant correlation between peer pressure and self-esteem and self-confidence related to having lighter skin, with a p-value of less than 0.001. Respondents who felt pressure from peers were more likely to report improved self-esteem and confidence. Table 7: Correlation between peer pressure and self-esteem and self-confidence Variables How does having lighter skin affect your self-esteem and self-confidence? P value Improved Normal No improved Peer pressure Categories N (%) N (%) N (%) <0.001 Pressure 208(48.9) 37(8.70) 11(2.58) Neutral 95(22.3) 24(5.64) 9(2.11) No Pressure 13(3.05) 19(4.47) 9(2.11) Table 8 : Bivariate Correlation between Family Encouragements and SBP Use among Friends or Peers The results revealed a significant correlation between family encouragement to use skin bleaching products and the perception of their common use among friends or peers, with a p-value of 0.045. Respondents who received family encouragement were more likely to perceive SBP use as common among their peers. Table 8: Correlation between family encouragements and SBPs among friends or peers Variables Do you think the use of SBPs is more common among your friends or peers, and does this influence your decision to use them? P value No Yes N (%) N (%) 0.045 Have your family members ever encouraged you to use SBPs? Yes 35(8.23) 94(22.1) No 110(25.8) 186(43.7) Table 9 : Bivariate Correlation between Consultation by Dermatologist and Awareness of Health Risks There was a significant correlation between consulting a dermatologist and awareness of the potential health risks associated with the use of skin bleaching products, with a p-value of 0.001. Respondents who consulted a dermatologist were more likely to be aware of these risks. Table 9: Correlation between consultation by dermatologist and awareness of the health risks Variables Are you aware of the potential health risks associated with the use of SBPs? P value Yes No Have you ever consulted a dermatologist or healthcare provider about the SBPs ? Categories N (%) N (%) 0.001 Yes 78(46.3) 67(15.7) No 77(18.1) 203(47.7) Table 10: Multivariate Analysis on Awareness of Ingredients and Socio-demographic Characteristics The table 18 shows a multivariate analysis of the awareness of ingredients in SBP (possibly a product or topic) and the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents. The P-values indicate the statistical significance, with age group (P=0.045), marital status (P=0.000), and education level (P=0.000) being significant. These variables have a strong association with awareness of SBP ingredients. The odds ratios (Ex(B)) suggest that marital status (2.047) and age group (1.374) increase the likelihood of awareness, while education level (0.640) decreases it. The 95% confidence intervals further support these findings, especially for marital status and age group, as their intervals do not cross 1, indicating a robust association. Table 10: Multivariate analysis on the awareness of ingredients and the Socio-demographic characteristics P value Ex(B) 95% CI Lower Upper Age group 0.045 1.374 1.007 1.874 Marital status 0.000 2.047 1.554 2.698 Education level 0.000 .640 .529 .774 Occupation 0.221 .854 .662 1.100 Income level 0.477 .910 .701 1.180 Source of information 0.088 1.172 .977 1.408 Table 11 : Multivariate analysis on the believe that having lighter skin improves chances of getting marriage P value Ex(B) 95%Cl Lower Upper Age group 0.971 1.006 0.725 1.396 Marital status 0.009 1.469 1.099 1.963 Education level 0.682 0.957 0.774 1.183 Occupation 0.012 0.705 0.537 0.925 Income level 0.933 1.012 0.768 1.334 source of information 0.036 1.229 1.014 1.489 The table presents the results of a multivariate analysis examining the belief that having lighter skin improves the chances of getting married. Marital status (P=0.009), occupation (P=0.012), and source of information (P=0.036) are statistically significant, meaning they have a strong association with the belief in question. The Ex(B) column shows the odds ratio, indicating the strength and direction of the association between each factor and the belief. For instance, marital status hsas an odds ratio of 1.469, suggesting those who are married or in a certain marital category are more likely to hold this belief. The confidence intervals (CI) in the last two columns provide a range in which the true odds ratio likely falls. For marital status, the 95% CI does not include 1, further confirming its significance. DISCUSSIONS Regarding socio-demographic factors, the majority of respondents were aged between 21-29 years (55.8%), with most being single (41.2%) or married (32%). Another cross-sectional survey study aimed to examine the practices, beliefs, and self-reported adverse effects among female health science students in Borama, Somaliland shows that the vast majority of participants were single (91.2%)(Yusuf et al., 2019). Same as another recent study conducted in Ghana also shows that the singles are most (72.4%) (Asumah et al., 2022) The education levels varied, with the highest proportion having completed secondary education (29.4%), and the income distribution showed that 44.2% earned between $201-500 per month. These figures suggest that younger individuals and those with lower income levels are the primary consumers of SBPs.In terms of awareness and perception of SBPs, social media played a crucial role in disseminating information, as nearly half of the respondents (48.7%) relied on it. However, 60.9% of participants were unaware of the ingredients in SBPs, and 63.5% were not familiar with the associated health risks. Despite this lack of awareness, over half (51.5%) reported experiencing negative health effects, with most respondents (42.8%) perceiving moderate health risks. The disconnect between awareness and experience suggests a need for better education on SBPs' long-term consequences, as 52.9% were unaware of these impacts. CONCLUSION The study reveals that the use of skin bleaching products (SBPs) is driven bya combination of socio-demographic, cultural, and psychological factors. Young women, particularly those aged 21-29 with lower income levels, are the primary consumers of SBPs. Despite a significant portion of users experiencing negative health effects, there is a widespread lack of awareness regarding the harmful ingredients and long-term risks of these products. Cultural perceptions of beauty, peer pressure, and economic aspirations, such as improved marriage prospects and higher social status, are significant motivators. The study underscores the need for targeted awareness campaigns and interventions to address the health risks and socio-cultural factors perpetuating SBP use. 6. RECOMMENDATION .Promote educational campaigns highlighting the health risks and ethical concerns associated with skin bleaching. Develop community-based workshops that focus on self-esteem and the dangers of skin bleaching.Collaborate with local influencers and celebrities to advocate for natural beauty standards.Implement stricter regulations and monitoring of skin bleaching product sales.Provide accessible dermatological support and counseling for individuals affected by skin bleaching. References WHO. (2019). Mercury in skin Lightemimg products. Switzerland: World Health Organization. Adewoyin, A. A. (2020). Skin Bleaching Among Female University Students. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection , October , 42–165. Agra, F. E., Joana, A., Obinnim, E. D., & Gbadegbe, R. (2016). 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The globalization of whitening: prevalence of skin lighteners (or bleachers) use and its social correlates among university students in 26 countries. International Journal of Dermatology , 55 (2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12860 Petit, A., & Hp, A. P. (2019). History of dermatology Skin lightening and its motives : a historical overview 1 La dépigmentation volontaire et ses motivations : une perspective historique Conflicts of interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest relating to the pr . March 2018 . Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Al-Hayat Medical University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8075410","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":542557874,"identity":"645c0faf-9f56-4b6c-83cf-55a2eda6489e","order_by":0,"name":"Mohamed Ismael Iman","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7979-1640","institution":"Al Hayat Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Ismael","lastName":"Iman","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-10 10:11:53","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8075410/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8075410/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95626525,"identity":"3d6ced2e-f9cc-4804-8b1e-46c5a9018e76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 10:48:37","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SkinBleaching.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8075410/v1/bfc24bfcf102d421f213396d.docx"},{"id":95656916,"identity":"38788e22-08a2-40b3-889f-06c45624185a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:19:43","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs8075410.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8075410/v1/7ae3dd5a92096cfdf79b9c3d.json"},{"id":95626527,"identity":"4c063550-43a7-4896-b9fe-a6107f5a89ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 10:48:37","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":79156,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs80754100enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8075410/v1/41629c2ae8028f938ea8864e.xml"},{"id":95626528,"identity":"7cfdd3b5-b7ef-44ce-b0cf-6d7a48a24294","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 10:48:37","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs80754100structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8075410/v1/6a0eb51ee1db1775b896b448.xml"},{"id":95657756,"identity":"5d254af5-dddd-409f-ad95-eb196f634b4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:21:51","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":86717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8075410/v1/0db5fc55efff36437ea03334.html"},{"id":95660354,"identity":"bde39aa7-1ad9-4efc-a7da-9f37f62b8a47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:31:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1973792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8075410/v1/5e6ccf8d-14e4-40c3-a249-cf5abb7e0bee.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Al-Hayat Medical University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors Influencing the Use of Skin Bleaching Products Among Women in Mogadishu, Somalia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSkin Bleaching Products are used worldwide, but their use is particularly widespread in many African, Asian and Caribbean countries (WHO, 2008). Skin Bleaching Products are used by both women and men (Peltzer et al., 2016). The skin lightening industry is one of the fastest growing beauty industries worldwide and is estimated to be worth US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 31.2\u0026nbsp;billion by 2024 (Shroff et al., 2017). In India, for example, the skin lightening industry (including products with and without mercury) represents 50% of the skincare market and is estimated to be worth US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 450–535\u0026nbsp;million (Shroff et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are varying proportions of skin bleaching product use. For example In Africa, the prevalence varies significantly, ranging from 25% in Mali to 77% in Nigeria, with other countries reporting intermediate rates: 31.15% in Zimbabwe, 32% in South Africa, 39% in Ghana, 50% in Senegal and 66% in Congo-Brazzaville (del Giudice P, 2022). 52–67% of women in Dakar, and Senegal, used skin bleaching products (del Giudice P, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to a cross-sectional analytical study, was conducted from May to July of 2021 in representative samples of all beauty salons available in Asmara shows that the participants have a perception that the use of SLAs is associated with being trendy, popular, and beautiful (Tesfamariam, 2023). Since consumers’ buying behaviour is influenced by their perception on purchasing the product, (Islam \u0026amp; Hani, 2021) the findings of this study intimate that the use of SLAs among the respondents will continue without seeking guidance from health-care professionals (Tesfamariam, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rate of usage of SLP among women of reproductive age in Somalia was 75.6% which was significantly higher than the global and continental rates (Ndiritu et al., 2022). According to the cross-sectional study conducted which aided in identifying factors associated with usage of Skin Bleaching Products among women of reproductive age in Mogadishu shows that the prevalence of usage of SLP was significantly higher than the rate reported among female health students in Somaliland (Yusuf et al., 2019). Equally the prevalence of usage of SLP among Somali women was significantly higher than the global rate (27.7%) and the continental rate (27.1%) (Sagoe et al., 2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany of Somali women believe that beauty is incomplete if their skin remains black; they would go to great lengths to transform their natural dark skin color to a lighter one by bleaching it with chemicals, soaps, lotions, and other products. The popular Somali saying (fool and night are black) lends credence to the active use of skin lightening agents by Somali. This growing misconception about skin bleaching has pushed most women into patronizing cosmetic agents such as kojic acid, corticosteroids, and hydroquinone-based products. Somalia lacks legislation which further propagates the marketing and application of Skin Bleaching Products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSkin bleaching is an ongoing trend and practice among Somali irrespective of gender. It does not appear that the skin bleaching phenomenon has been viewed from public policy perspectives, especially among the users of skin bleaching creams. Skin lightening is a global problem that has gained little attention despite the threat it poses to general wellbeing of the public.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e According to the cross-sectional study conducted in Mogadishu shows that the rate of usage of SLP among women of reproductive age in Somalia was 75.6% which was significantly higher than the global and continental rates (Ndiritu et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimited research has been conducted to ascertain the motivation behind the practice amongst women in Somalia. Despite the limited research conducted within the social science field, there is however hope as many researchers have indicated interest on skin lightening and the complications associate with it.We attempting to investigate the socio-demographic determinants those influence the use of skin bleaching products and awareness and perception of the health risks associated with it. Also we are attempting to identify the socio-cultural and psychological motivations behind skin bleaching products.there is a considerable gap between the desired awareness about negative impacts of skin bleaching and the current problems about skin bleaching products of the Somali women, therefore there is a need to investigate the factors that are contributing the use of skin bleaching products among women in Mogadishu, Somalia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.1 Study Design\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e the study was community-based, analytical cross-sectional in design. This was a cross-sectional type of study of skin bleaching conducted with the main aim of assessing the Girls who whiten the body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2 Study Population\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e the study target populations were young females use skin bleaching products and residing in Mogadishu Somalia.We visit beauty salons, dermatology clinics beauty cosmetics that located in district Hodan, Wadejir, Hamarweyne, Kaaran and Deyniile.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.3 Sampling technique:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A cluster sampling technique was employed to select the districts and the associated cosmetic centers, beauty salons, and dermatology clinics for the study. This approach allowed for efficient data collection by grouping locations within the five major districts of Mogadishu:Hodan,Wadajir, Hamarweyne, Karaan, and Daynile.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.4 Data collection methods\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. the study was conducted May-September 2024 Data was collected by using a structured and semi-structured questionnaire. Some members of researchers was recruited to participate in data collection.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.5 Data analysis methods.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003ethe data was cleaned, collated and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 27. Descriptive statistics generated frequency tables, means and standard deviations. Inferential statistics were carried out, and the Chi-Squared test was used to test for the association between categorical variables bivariate and multivariate tables was used.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS OF THE STUDY","content":"\u003ch3\u003eTable: 1 Univariate Socio-demographic factors\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study found that the majority of respondents were aged between 21-29 years, making up 55.8% of the sample. In terms of marital status, most respondents were single (41.2%), followed by those who were married (32.0%), divorced (21.4%), and widowed (5.4%). Regarding education, the highest proportion of respondents had completed secondary education (29.4%), while 28.5% had higher education, 14.1% had only primary education, and 28.0% had no formal education. Among the respondents, 41.6% were employed, 36.9% were unemployed, and 21.4% were students. In terms of income, 44.2% earned between $201-500 per month, 25.6% earned $100-200 per month, 24.0% reported having no income, and only 6.1% had an income of over $500 per month.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 607px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327108\"\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1: Socio-demographic factors skin bleaching products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 451px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 295px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-20 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21-29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-39 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-49 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 50 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 295px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWindowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 295px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 295px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 295px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e$100-200 per months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e$201-500 per months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;$500 per months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc177327192\"\u003eTable: 2 Univariate Awareness and Perception of Skin Bleaching Products\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost respondents obtained their information about skin bleaching products from social media, which was reported by 48.7% of the sample. A significant majority of respondents (60.9%) were not aware of the ingredients commonly found in skin bleaching products. Additionally, 63.5% were unaware of the potential health risks associated with these products. About 51.5% of respondents reported experiencing negative health effects from using skin bleaching products. Perceptions of health risks were varied, with 42.8% believing the risks to be moderate, 25.6% perceiving them as mild, and 15.3% considering them severe. Only 16.2% believed there were no risks associated with these products. The study also found that 52.9% of respondents were unaware of the long-term health consequences of using skin bleaching products, and 65.9% had never consulted a dermatologist or healthcare provider about their use. Furthermore, 58.1% stated that information about health risks had not influenced their decision to use or not use these products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"649\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 649px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327109\"\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2: Awareness and perception of SBPs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 475px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhere do you primarily get your information about the health risks associated with the use of SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial media\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthcare provider\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAre you aware of the ingredients commonly found in SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAre you aware of the potential health risks associated with the use of SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you ever experienced any negative health effects from using SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow serious do you think the health risks of using SBPs are?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild risks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate risks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere health risks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo risks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAre you aware of the long-term health consequences of using SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you ever consulted a dermatologist or healthcare provider about the use of SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHas information about health risks influenced your decision to use or not use SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e425\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Correlation between Age Group and Awareness of Potential Health Risks\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis revealed a significant correlation between age group and awareness of the potential health risks associated with the use of skin bleaching products, with a p-value of 0.027. Younger respondents, particularly those aged 21-29 years, showed lower awareness levels, while older respondents demonstrated a higher awareness of these risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327111\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 3: Correlation between age group and you awareness of the potential health risks\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAwareness of the potential health risks associated with the use of SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge group of respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-49 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(2.117)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.942)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-39 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (9.411)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (12.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21-29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (18.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (37.647)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-20 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (6.588)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (12.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 50 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.235)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Correlation between Marital Status and Perceived Impact of Lighter Skin on Marriage Prospects\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicated a significant correlation between marital status and the belief that having lighter skin improves marriage prospects, with a p-value of 0.013. Single and married respondents were more likely to agree with this belief compared to those who were widowed or divorced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327112\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 4: \u0026nbsp;Correlation between occupation and \u0026nbsp;chances of getting married\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 223px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 348px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you believe that having lighter skin improves your chances of getting married?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (4.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (34.588)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (6.588)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (23.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (8.241)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (14.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (6.823)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Correlation between Awareness of Long-term Health Consequences and Perceived Seriousness of Health Risks\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicated a significant correlation between awareness of long-term health consequences and the perceived seriousness of health risks, with a p-value of less than 0.001. Respondents who were aware of the long-term consequences were more likely to perceive the risks as severe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"651\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 651px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327118\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 5:Correlation between awareness of the long-term health consequences and seriousness of health risks\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 277px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow serious do you think the health risks of using SBPs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAre you aware of the long-term health consequences of using SBPs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Correlation between Awareness of Potential Health Risks and Negative Health Effects from Using SBPs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant correlation was observed between awareness of potential health risks and the experience of negative health effects from using skin bleaching products, with a p-value of less than 0.001. Respondents who were aware of the risks were more likely to have experienced negative health effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"651\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 651px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327119\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 6: Correlation between awareness of the potential health risks and negative health effects from using SBPs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 277px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you ever experienced any negative health effects from using SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAre you aware of the potential health risks associated with the use of SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98(23.0588)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (13.411)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121(28.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149(35.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Correlation between Peer Pressure and Self-esteem and Self-confidence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis showed a significant correlation between peer pressure and self-esteem and self-confidence related to having lighter skin, with a p-value of less than 0.001. Respondents who felt pressure from peers were more likely to report improved self-esteem and confidence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"652\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 652px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327121\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 7: Correlation between \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; peer pressure and self-esteem and self-confidence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 255px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 328px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow does having lighter skin affect your self-esteem and self-confidence?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo improved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeer pressure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePressure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208(48.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(8.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(2.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95(22.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(5.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(3.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(4.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Correlation between Family Encouragements and SBP Use among Friends or Peers\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results revealed a significant correlation between family encouragement to use skin bleaching products and the perception of their common use among friends or peers, with a p-value of 0.045. Respondents who received family encouragement were more likely to perceive SBP use as common among their peers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"656\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 656px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327123\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 8: Correlation between \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; family encouragements and \u0026nbsp; SBPs among friends or peers\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you think the use of SBPs is more common among your friends or peers, and does this influence your decision to use them?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave your family members ever encouraged you to use SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(8.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94(22.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(25.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186(43.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc177327195\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 9\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCorrelation between Consultation by Dermatologist and Awareness of Health Risks\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a significant correlation between consulting a dermatologist and awareness of the potential health risks associated with the use of skin bleaching products, with a p-value of 0.001. Respondents who consulted a dermatologist were more likely to be aware of these risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"635\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 635px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327124\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 9: Correlation between consultation by dermatologist and \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; awareness of the health risks\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 272px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 291px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAre you aware of the potential health risks associated with the use of SBPs?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you ever consulted a dermatologist or healthcare provider about the SBPs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203(47.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 10: Multivariate Analysis on Awareness of Ingredients and Socio-demographic Characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table 18 shows a multivariate analysis of the awareness of ingredients in SBP (possibly a product or topic) and the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents. The P-values indicate the statistical significance, with age group (P=0.045), marital status (P=0.000), and education level (P=0.000) being significant. These variables have a strong association with awareness of SBP ingredients. The odds ratios (Ex(B)) suggest that marital status (2.047) and age group (1.374) increase the likelihood of awareness, while education level (0.640) decreases it. The 95% confidence intervals further support these findings, especially for marital status and age group, as their intervals do not cross 1, indicating a robust association.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp id=\"_Toc177327125\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 10: Multivariate analysis on the awareness of ingredients and the Socio-demographic \u0026nbsp;characteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEx(B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLower\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUpper\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource of information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.977\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 11 : Multivariate analysis on the believe that having lighter skin improves chances of getting marriage\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 193px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEx(B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95%Cl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLower\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUpper\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 193px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Age group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 193px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Marital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.963\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 193px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Education level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 193px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 193px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Income level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.933\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 193px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;source of information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table presents the results of a multivariate analysis examining the belief that having lighter skin improves the chances of getting married. Marital status (P=0.009), occupation (P=0.012), and source of information (P=0.036) are statistically significant, meaning they have a strong association with the belief in question. The Ex(B) column shows the odds ratio, indicating the strength and direction of the association between each factor and the belief. For instance, marital status hsas an odds ratio of 1.469, suggesting those who are married or in a certain marital category are more likely to hold this belief. The confidence intervals (CI) in the last two columns provide a range in which the true odds ratio likely falls. For marital status, the 95% CI does not include 1, further confirming its significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eRegarding socio-demographic factors, the majority of respondents were aged between 21-29 years (55.8%), with most being single (41.2%) or married (32%). Another cross-sectional survey study aimed to examine the practices, beliefs, and self-reported adverse effects among female health science students in Borama, Somaliland shows that the vast majority of participants were single (91.2%)(Yusuf et al., 2019). Same as another recent study conducted in Ghana also shows that the singles are most (72.4%) (Asumah et al., 2022) The education levels varied, with the highest proportion having completed secondary education (29.4%), and the income distribution showed that 44.2% earned between $201-500 per month. These figures suggest that younger individuals and those with lower income levels are the primary consumers of SBPs.In terms of awareness and perception of SBPs, social media played a crucial role in disseminating information, as nearly half of the respondents (48.7%) relied on it. However, 60.9% of participants were unaware of the ingredients in SBPs, and 63.5% were not familiar with the associated health risks. Despite this lack of awareness, over half (51.5%) reported experiencing negative health effects, with most respondents (42.8%) perceiving moderate health risks. The disconnect between awareness and experience suggests a need for better education on SBPs\u0026apos; long-term consequences, as 52.9% were unaware of these impacts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study reveals that the use of skin bleaching products (SBPs) is driven bya combination of socio-demographic, cultural, and psychological factors. Young women, particularly those aged 21-29 with lower income levels, are the primary consumers of SBPs. Despite a significant portion of users experiencing negative health effects, there is a widespread lack of awareness regarding the harmful ingredients and long-term risks of these products. Cultural perceptions of beauty, peer pressure, and economic aspirations, such as improved marriage prospects and higher social status, are significant motivators. The study underscores the need for targeted awareness campaigns and interventions to address the health risks and socio-cultural factors perpetuating SBP use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e6. RECOMMENDATION\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e.Promote educational campaigns highlighting the health risks and ethical concerns associated with skin bleaching. Develop community-based workshops that focus on self-esteem and the dangers of skin bleaching.Collaborate with local influencers and celebrities to advocate for natural beauty standards.Implement stricter regulations and monitoring of skin bleaching product sales.Provide accessible dermatological support and counseling for individuals affected by skin bleaching.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWHO. (2019). \u003cem\u003eMercury in skin Lightemimg products.\u003c/em\u003e Switzerland: World Health Organization.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdewoyin, A. A. (2020). Skin Bleaching Among Female University Students. \u003cem\u003eWalden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eOctober\u003c/em\u003e, 42\u0026ndash;165.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAgra, F. E., Joana, A., Obinnim, E. D., \u0026amp; Gbadegbe, R. (2016). Skin bleaching and it\u0026rsquo;s negative effects on the physical appearance of the black skin (A case study of youthful ladies and women in Ho municipality in Ghana). \u003cem\u003eResearch on Humanities and Social Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(12), 1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAhmed, A. E., \u0026amp; Hamid, M. E. (2017). Use of Skin-Whitening Products by Sudanese Undergraduate Females: a Survey. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(2), 149\u0026ndash;155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-016-0212-5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAl-Saleh, I., Khogali, F., Al-Amodi, M., El-Doush, I., Shinwari, N., \u0026amp; Al-Baradei, R. (2003). Histopathological effects of mercury in skin-lightening cream. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of \u0026nbsp;the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e(4), 287\u0026ndash;299. https://doi.org/10.1615/jenvpathtoxoncol.v22.i4.30\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlaa, A. S., Anthony, B., Ilaria, D. L., Mariya, P., \u0026amp; Ornella, C. (2021). Image enhancing drugs: A narrative review on the motivational risk factors influencing skin lightening use. \u003cem\u003eEmerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(April), 100009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etdah.2021.100009\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlghamdi, K. M. (2010). The use of topical bleaching agents among women: a cross-sectional study of \u0026nbsp;knowledge, attitude and practices. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e(10), 1214\u0026ndash;1219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03629.x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmodu, M. O., Bolori, M. T., Ahmad, I. M., Kale, A., \u0026amp; Kuchichi, A. (2018). \u003cem\u003eKnowledge , Attitude and Practice of Skin Whitening among Female University Students in Northeastern Nigeria\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;14. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104501\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAramide, K. O., Olatunji, O., \u0026amp; Ayandele, O. (2019). \u003cem\u003eHealth Information Literacy on the Risks of Using Skin Bleaching Products\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(1), 159\u0026ndash;163.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAsumah, M. N., Abubakari, A., Dzantor, E. K., Ayamgba, V., Gariba, A., \u0026amp; Buremah-, G. (2022). \u003cem\u003ePrevalence of skin bleaching and its associated factors among young adults in Ghana\u003c/em\u003e. 1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAtadokp\u0026eacute;d\u0026eacute;, F., Ad\u0026eacute;gbidi, H., Koudoukpo, C., T\u0026eacute;clessou, J., Aholoukp\u0026eacute;, C., Degbo\u0026eacute;, B., Ango-padonou, F., \u0026amp; Yedomon, H. (2015). \u003cem\u003eEpidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Skin Bleaching in Secondary School in Bohicon , Benin\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eMarch\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBashir Ma\u0026rsquo;alim Mahamud and Atanga Desmond Funwie. (2022). \u003cem\u003eOver the Counter (OTC) Skin Bleaching Products in Somalia: Usage and Complications\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e001\u003c/em\u003e(007).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBeshir, S., Shamseldin, E., Gailani, A., \u0026amp; Ramadan, D. (2023). \u003cem\u003eWomen \u0026rsquo; s knowledge , perception , practice , and experience of using of skin-lightening products in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ): A cross-sectional survey\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1177/22799036231204356\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBy, P., \u0026amp; Medical, T. H. E. (2023). \u003cem\u003eHealth Research\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e8642\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0901-01-185\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDarj, E., Infanti, J. J., Ahlberg, B. M., \u0026amp; Okumu, J. (2015). \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo; The fairer the better ?\u0026rdquo; Use of potentially toxic skin bleaching products .15\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1074\u0026ndash;1080.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003edel Giudice P, Y. P. (2022). The widespread use of skin lightening creams in Senegal: a persistent public health problem in West Africa. \u003cem\u003eInt J Dermatol\u003c/em\u003e. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11982639/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDlova, N. C., Hamed, S. H., Tsoka-Gwegweni, J., \u0026amp; Grobler, A. (2015). Skin lightening practices: an epidemiological study of South African women of \u0026nbsp; African and Indian ancestries. \u003cem\u003eThe British Journal of Dermatology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e173 Suppl 2\u003c/em\u003e, 2\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13556\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDlova, N., Hamed, S. H., Tsoka-Gwegweni, J., Grobler, A., \u0026amp; Hift, R. (2014). Women\u0026rsquo;s perceptions of the benefits and risks of skin-lightening creams in two \u0026nbsp;South African communities. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Cosmetic Dermatology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(3), 236\u0026ndash;241. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12104\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFaronbi, *, Oyediran, ;, Adereti, ;, Faronbi, ;, \u0026amp; Famakinwa, ; (2018). Perceived Risk and Consequences of Bleaching Practices Among University Students in Southwest Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Basic, Applied and Innovative Research IJBAIR\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(1), 2\u0026ndash;11. www.arpjournals.com;www.antrescentpub.com\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHamann, C. R., Boonchai, W., Wen, L., Sakanashi, E. N., Chu, C.-Y., Hamann, K., Hamann, C. P., Sinniah, K., \u0026amp; Hamann, D. (2014). Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skin-lightening products: is \u0026nbsp;mercury toxicity a hidden global health hazard? \u003cem\u003eJournal of the American Academy of Dermatology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e70\u003c/em\u003e(2), 281-7.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.050\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIbekwe, P. U., Okwuonu, C., Babba, Z., Otokpa, G., \u0026amp; Ukonu, B. A. (2020).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eSkin Lightening Among University Students : Knowledge , Attitudes and Reasons for Use\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(July), 253\u0026ndash;260.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIslam, M., \u0026amp; Hani, F. F. (2021). Hopes and reality : consumers \u0026rsquo; purchase intention towards whitening cream. \u003cem\u003eFuture Business Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00098-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKamagaju, L., Morandini, R., Gahongayire, F., St\u0026eacute;vigny, C., Ghanem, G., Pirotte, G., \u0026amp; Duez, P. (2016). Survey on skin-lightening practices and cosmetics in Kigali, Rwanda. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Dermatology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e55\u003c/em\u003e(1), 45\u0026ndash;51. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12833\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLewis, K. M., Robkin, N., Gaska, K., \u0026amp; Njoki, L. C. (2011). Investigating Motivations for Women\u0026rsquo;s Skin Bleaching in Tanzania. \u003cem\u003ePsychology of Women Quarterly\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c/em\u003e(1), 29\u0026ndash;37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684310392356\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNdiritu, A. K., Aden, H. M., \u0026amp; Nur, A. A. (2022). Prevalence and socio demographic factors associated with usage of Skin Bleaching Products among women of reproductive age in Mogadishu, Somalia. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Applied Academic Studies\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(April), 1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNyoni-kachambwa, P., Naravage, W., James, N. F., \u0026amp; Putten, M. Van Der. (2021). \u003cem\u003eA preliminary study of skin bleaching and factors associated with skin bleaching among women living in Zimbabwe\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNyoni-Kachambwa, P., Naravage, W., James, N. F., \u0026amp; Van der Putten, M. (2021). A preliminary study of skin bleaching and factors associated with skin bleaching \u0026nbsp;among women living in Zimbabwe. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Health Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(1), 132\u0026ndash;139. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i1.18\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOlumide, Y. M., Akinkugbe, A. O., Altraide, D., Mohammed, T., Ahamefule, N., Ayanlowo, S., Onyekonwu, C., \u0026amp; Essen, N. (2008). Complications of chronic use of skin lightening cosmetics. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Dermatology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e(4), 344\u0026ndash;353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.02719.x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eosei m, ali m, awusu a, \u0026nbsp;baien f. (2018). skin lightining practices among femaleshigh school in Ghana. \u003cem\u003ePublic Health\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.11.016\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOwusu-Agyei m, Agyei m, O. (2020). skin-lightining practices among shoppers in select markets in Kumasi, Ghana: a cross-sectional survey.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eJAAD Int\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1016/j\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePeltzer, K., Pengpid, S., \u0026amp; James, C. (2016). The globalization of whitening: prevalence of skin lighteners (or bleachers) use \u0026nbsp;and its social correlates among university students in 26 countries. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Dermatology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e55\u003c/em\u003e(2), 165\u0026ndash;172. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12860\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePetit, A., \u0026amp; Hp, A. P. (2019). \u003cem\u003eHistory of dermatology Skin lightening and its motives : a historical overview 1 La d\u0026eacute;pigmentation volontaire et ses motivations : une perspective historique Conflicts of interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest relating to the pr\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eMarch 2018\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Al Hayat Medical University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Skin bleaching, health risks, awareness, socio-cultural factors, Mogadishu","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8075410/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8075410/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. Skin bleaching is common among women in Mogadishu, Somalia, despite associated health risks. This study investigates the socio-demographic factors, awareness, and socio-cultural motivations influencing the use of skin bleaching products (SBPs).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and July 2024, involving 425 young women aged 18-35 years across five districts in Mogadishu.Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed with SPSS software to examine socio-demographic factors, health risk awareness, and socio-cultural motivators.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. Most respondents (55.8%) were aged 21-29, and 63.5% were unaware of the health risks associated with SBPs. Despite this, 51.5% reported experiencing negative effects. Peer pressure, cultural beliefs about beauty, and the notion that lighter skin enhances social status and marriage prospects were key motivators. Women with lower income and less education were more likely to use SBPs and perceive them as common among peers.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. the widespread use of SBPs in Mogadishu is fueled by cultural and psychological factors, along with limited awareness of health risks. Public health initiatives, stricter regulations, and educational campaigns are essential to reduce SBP use and promote awareness of the dangers.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Factors Influencing the Use of Skin Bleaching Products Among Women in Mogadishu, Somalia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-11 10:48:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8075410/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"95cf1ade-98e3-4f1b-9856-c9ad3f503c18","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":57793776,"name":"Dermatology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-11T10:48:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-11 10:48:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8075410","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8075410","identity":"rs-8075410","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}