Skin Wound Healing Effects of Pectinodesmus javanensis Extract through Activation of TGF-β/SMAD Signaling Pathway

Skin Wound Healing Effects of Pectinodesmus javanensis Extract through Activation of TGF-β/SMAD Signaling Pathway | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Skin Wound Healing Effects of Pectinodesmus javanensis Extract through Activation of TGF-β/SMAD Signaling Pathway Jong Hyun Oh, Min Ho Han, Youn Seon Hwang, Do Hyun Jin, Jin Woo Kim This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8421472/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Molecular Biology Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study examined the wound-healing effect of Pectinodesmus javanensis extract (PJE) in dermal fibroblasts, emphasizing ECM regeneration via the TGF-β/SMAD pathway. The extract contained 1.5 mg GAE/g DM and 4.1 µg QE/g DM, and exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities of 32.5% and 34.6%, indicating strong antioxidant activity compared to other microalgal species. PJE and lutein inhibited collagenase and elastase by 79.3–78.9% and 77.4–77.3%, while enhancing cell migration by 51.8% and 60.3%, supporting their wound-healing potential. PJE and lutein enhanced cellular structural restoration, increasing fluorescence intensities to 31.2% and 30.1% (DAPI), 21.6% and 13.4% (ZO-1), and 16.9% and 11.1% (F-actin), supporting overall cellular structural integrity. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed that PJE increased TGF-β, SMAD2/3, and COL1A1 levels by 13.3–120.8% and decreased MMP-1 by 58.3%, while lutein elevated these markers by 12.0–129.9% and suppressed MMP-1 by 65.7%, suggesting their involvement in the wound-healing mechanism. Collectively, microalgal lutein represents a promising therapeutic for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications by enhancing migration through TGF-β/SMAD activation. Wound healing Pectinodesmus javanensis Microalgal lutein TGF-β/SMAD Cell proliferation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryTableS1.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Molecular Biology Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 29 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 26 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 06 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 23 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8421472","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":572811171,"identity":"a639fe74-b2d0-4244-a209-4ea221b8b274","order_by":0,"name":"Jong Hyun Oh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sun Moon University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jong","middleName":"Hyun","lastName":"Oh","suffix":""},{"id":572811174,"identity":"b9bbfa9d-efd7-4f23-812b-7f92e84084e2","order_by":1,"name":"Min Ho Han","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sun Moon 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Pathway\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"molecular-biology-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mole","sideBox":"Learn more about [Molecular Biology Reports](https://www.springer.com/journal/11033)","snPcode":"11033","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11033/3","title":"Molecular Biology Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer 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The extract contained 1.5 mg GAE/g DM and 4.1 \u0026micro;g QE/g DM, and exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities of 32.5% and 34.6%, indicating strong antioxidant activity compared to other microalgal species. PJE and lutein inhibited collagenase and elastase by 79.3\u0026ndash;78.9% and 77.4\u0026ndash;77.3%, while enhancing cell migration by 51.8% and 60.3%, supporting their wound-healing potential. PJE and lutein enhanced cellular structural restoration, increasing fluorescence intensities to 31.2% and 30.1% (DAPI), 21.6% and 13.4% (ZO-1), and 16.9% and 11.1% (F-actin), supporting overall cellular structural integrity. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed that PJE increased TGF-β, SMAD2/3, and COL1A1 levels by 13.3\u0026ndash;120.8% and decreased MMP-1 by 58.3%, while lutein elevated these markers by 12.0\u0026ndash;129.9% and suppressed MMP-1 by 65.7%, suggesting their involvement in the wound-healing mechanism. Collectively, microalgal lutein represents a promising therapeutic for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications by enhancing migration through TGF-β/SMAD activation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Skin Wound Healing Effects of Pectinodesmus javanensis Extract through Activation of TGF-β/SMAD Signaling Pathway","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-12 17:01:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8421472/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-02T10:57:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-29T17:11:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-26T05:23:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"131343078252021246129989854497577622696","date":"2026-01-24T15:50:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"77737572223125700688573367626609147200","date":"2026-01-23T17:20:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"2174270411837533190581023747568579047","date":"2026-01-18T17:39:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-06T15:47:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-23T15:23:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-23T12:41:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Molecular Biology Reports","date":"2025-12-22T06:09:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"molecular-biology-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mole","sideBox":"Learn more about [Molecular Biology Reports](https://www.springer.com/journal/11033)","snPcode":"11033","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11033/3","title":"Molecular Biology Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e42bcc90-3155-4804-ae20-ff93a0bada96","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:24:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8421472","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-026-11620-5","journal":{"identity":"molecular-biology-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Molecular Biology Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-24 16:11:39","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 24th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-12 17:01:10","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11033-026-11620-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-026-11620-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8421472","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8421472","identity":"rs-8421472","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}