Therapeutic Potential of Combretum Mossambicense Extracts Against P. Falciparum Parasite

Therapeutic Potential of Combretum Mossambicense Extracts Against P. 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Falciparum Parasite Viness Malumbe Chikambwe, Patrick Mubambe, Kakoma Maseka, Lameck Banda This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4541548/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the increase in the resistance of P. falciparum (the deadliest malaria-causing Plasmodium) to antimalarial alkaloid-based drugs, there is intense research on new drugs that can combat malaria. Plants provide an unlimited source of bioactive compounds that can be used to treat various diseases. In addition, plant host endophytes such as bacteria and fungi are regarded as ideal sources of bioactive constituents. The Combretum Mossambicense plant is a medicinal plant traditionally used as an effective herbal remedy for malaria treatment. However, very little research has been conducted to investigate the phytochemical composition of this plant. In this study, the phytochemistry of the extracts of this plant was investigated and referenced to the chemistry of the commercial drugs used to treat malaria. The results showed that Combretum mossambicense extracts contained alkaloids. However, the alkaloids found in the plant extracts are not directly linked to those reported for the treatment of malaria. A literature review of other compounds found in the plant showed that other non-alkaloid compounds had a positive effect on P. falciparum . According to literature, antimicrobial compounds can be used to treat malaria. The profiles of all plant parts revealed the presence of numerous compounds with reported biological importance, including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, some of these samples contained compounds similar to those reported for conventional non-alkaloid antimalarial drugs. It has been shown that Combretum mossambicense contains non-alkaloid but anti-plasmodial compounds such as 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (linoleic acid), 17octadecynoic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and beta-sitosterol. These compounds are present as modern non-alkaloid-based antimalarial drugs that fight P. falciparum resistance. Given the reported increase in the resistance of P. falciparum to alkaloid-based anti-malaria drugs, the efficacy of this non-alkaloid herbal remedy for malaria treatment is important. Organic Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry Malaria anti-plasmodial compounds alkaloids bioactive p. falciparum Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by plasmodium parasites that are transmitted to people through bites of the malaria vector-infected female mosquitoes. A vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal. Vectors are usually arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas, and lice. Malaria is the most lethal disease in Africa (CDC - Impact of Malaria 2015). In Benin and Zambia, up to 40 percent of all outpatient visits are due to malaria (Intensifying Fight Against Malaria, 2008). In 2015, the World Bank provided funding worth US $ 470 million to African countries to fight malaria. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than one million people in Africa die from malaria every year, including 3,000 children (Bank, 2002 ). Most of the infected populations in endemic countries use antimalarial medicinal plants to treat malaria. However, very little scientific data exist to validate the antimalarial properties of most medicinal plants. Studies to establish the identity, purity, and quality of natural products include macroscopic and microscopic evaluations, physicochemical and chemical characteristics of crude plant extracts, and alkaloid contents (Vivekraj, 2015 ). Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes compounds with neutral or weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds with similar structures can also be termed as alkaloids. Alkaloids in their pure form are usually colorless, odorless crystalline solids, but sometimes can be yellowish liquids. They often have bitter tastes. More than 3,000 alkaloids are known to be present in over 4,000 plants. They are all secondary compounds and are a collection of various elements and biomolecules derived from amino acids or transamination. There are three types of alkaloids: true alkaloids, protoalkaloids, and pseudoalkaloids. True alkaloids and protoalkaloids are produced from amino acids, whereas pseudoalkaloids are not derived from these compounds (Dey et al. 2020 ). True Alkaloids This alkaloid is obtained from amino acids and contains a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. They are highly reactive and exhibit potent biological activity. They form water-soluble salts, many of which are crystalline. They then conjugate with acids to form salts. Almost all true alkaloids are bitter in taste and solid, except nicotine, which is a brown liquid (Aniszewski, 2007 ). Their occurrence in plants occurs in three forms: (a) in the free state, (b) as N-oxides, or (c) as salts. Various amino acids, such as l-phenylalanine/l-tyrosine, l-ornithine, l-histidine, and l-lysine, are the main sources of alkaloids (Alamgir, 2017 ; Katavic & Peter, 2006). Cocaine, morphine, and quinine (Figs. 1, 2, and 3, respectively) are common alkaloids found in nature. The Malaria Problem in Zambia Zambia remains an endemic malaria country, with the entire population at risk of contracting malaria. The risk of contracting malaria is highest in the wetter, rural, and low-income provinces of Luapula, Northern, Muchinga, and North-Western, and lowest in Lusaka and Southern. The increase in malaria cases in Zambia has led to high demand for antimalarial drugs. In addition to the side effects, most modern medicines are too expensive for poor rural people. Some possible side effects of antimalarial drugs include dizziness, headache, sleep disturbances (insomnia and vivid dreams), and psychiatric reactions (anxiety, depression, panic attacks, and hallucinations). For many years, the local people have used herbs to treat malaria and other ailments. Despite recent efforts to study these herbal remedies, little is known about the medicinal contents of most herbs. Some studies have been conducted in Zambia on the treatment of malaria using herbal remedies, although there is very little available literature. This study is intended to add to the body of knowledge on a well-utilized antimalarial herbal remedy. This study aimed to determine the presence of alkaloids in selected plants from the Chikankata District, which are known to treat malaria and other malaria-related diseases in the local population for many generations. The Malaria Disease Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes (Hermans et al., 2004 ). In biology, a vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal. Vectors are frequently arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas, and lice. The four parasitic species are known to cause malaria in humans. These are Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium malariae, plasmodium ovale, and plasmodium vivax, but the two that present the great threat are the P. falciparum and P. vivax (Bruice, 2005 ). Transmission of Malaria Malaria is transmitted through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes (WHO 2020). There are more than 400 different species of Anopheles mosquitoes, of which only 30 are vectors of malaria of major importance. An important vector species bites between dusks and dawns (Ross 2001 ). The intensity of transmission depends on factors related to the parasite, namely the vector, human host, and environment (Kabula et al., 2012 ). Anopheles mosquitoes lay eggs in water, hatch into larvae, and eventually emerge as adult mosquitoes. Female mosquitoes seek blood to nurture eggs. During a blood meal, it sucks gametocytes, which develop into sporozoites in the female mosquitoes. The sporozoites were injected into another human at the next blood meal (US EPA, 2021 ). Transmission is more intense in places where the mosquito lifespan is longer, as this increases the chance of the parasite fully developing inside the mosquito. These mosquitoes prefer to bite humans than other animals. Approximately 90% of African malaria cases occur because of their long lifespan and human preferences (Rasmussen et al., 2022 ). Transmission also depends on climatic conditions, such as rainfall patterns, temperature, and humidity, which may affect the number of mosquitoes and their survival. Seasonal transmission peaks occur during and after the rainy season because of the many mosquito breeding sites (Bilia, 2006 ). Immunity is another factor that increases malaria transmission, especially in adults. Those with partial immunity, which develops over the years of exposure to the disease, provide partial protection (WHO, 2020). Incubation of the Parasite P. falciparum repeatedly replicates within erythrocytes over the course of 48 h, resulting in exponential growth and rapid disease progression. Following an infective bite by an Anopheles mosquito, its parasites grow and multiply first in liver cells and then in red blood cells. A period called the “incubation period” goes by before the first symptoms appear. The incubation period In most cases varies from seven to 30 days ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010)). Each parasite has its own incubation period, that is; for plasmodium falciparum is nine-14 days, 12–17 days for Plasmodium vivax, and plasmodium malariae it is–18–40 days (Pelczar et al., 1998). Shorter periods were observed most frequently for P. falciparum and longer periods for P. malariae . The Symptoms The symptoms of malaria can develop as quickly as seven days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Typically, the time between infection and symptom onset is 7–18 days, depending on the specific parasite that is infected. However, in some cases, symptoms can take up to a year to develop depending on the victim’s immunity (Blenkinsopp et al., 2008 ). The initial symptoms of malaria are flu-like. These include a high temperature of 38°C or above, feeling hot and shivering, headaches, vomiting, muscle pain, diarrhea, and generally feeling unwell, just to mention a few. These symptoms are often mild and can sometimes be difficult to associate with malaria infection. In some types of malaria, symptoms occur in 48-hour cycles. During these cycles, one feels cold at first, with shivering, and then develops a high temperature, accompanied by severe sweating and fatigue. These symptoms usually last between 6 and 12 h ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). Without prompt treatment, this type can lead to the rapid development of severe and life-threatening complications such as breathing problems and organ failure. As the symptoms are similar to those of flu, malaria infection can only be confirmed using a malaria test. The Fatality Rate Malaria is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Zambia (Nawa et al. 2019 ). Efforts to control, prevent, and eliminate it have intensified over the past two decades. These efforts have contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of malaria and fewer than five deaths (WHO 2015). However, the prevalence of malaria has increased by 21% between 2010 and 2015. According to the World Malaria Report, there were an estimated 241 million malaria cases and 627 000-malaria deaths worldwide in 2020. This represents approximately 14 million more cases in 2020 than in 2019 and 69,000 more deaths. Approximately two-thirds of these additional deaths (47 000) were linked to disruptions in malaria prevention, diagnosis, and treatment during the pandemic (WHO, 2021). Since 2015, 24 countries have registered an increase in malaria deaths, the baseline year for the WHO’s global malaria strategy. In the 11 countries that carry the highest burden of malaria worldwide, cases increased from 150 million in 2015 to 163 million in 2020, and malaria deaths increased from 390,000 to 444,600 over the same period. Alkaloids Classes of Alkaloids Alkaloids can be classified according to their biological system. The principal classes of alkaloids are pyrrolidines, pyridines, tropanes, pyrrolizidines, isoquinolines, indoles, quinolines, terpenoids, and steroids. (Kurek, 2019 ). Alkaloids are natural plant compounds with basic characteristics that contain at least one nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring and exhibit biological activities (Aniszewski, 2007 ). These compounds are mostly toxic and have strong physiological actions (Aniszewski, 2007 ). The bioactive properties of the class of plant secondary metabolites include antimalarial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties (Nchabeleng et al., 2017). Uzor provides a very good review of the various types of alkaloids (Uzor, 2020) Other Compounds that Treat Malaria Owing to the resistance of P. falciparum to alkaloid treatment, many compounds that treat malaria have been discovered. Some of these compounds are phenols, carboxylic acid esters, carboxylic acids, flavonoids, etc. Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (linoleic acid), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (linoleic acid), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-2-hydroxyethyl ester, eicosanoic acid, and 2-(acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl ester have been found in active anti-plasmodial fractions (Mustofa et al., 2007; Okokon, Augustine, et al., 2017). Butanedioic acid, mono[(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12Hpyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl] ester, common name Artesunate, and Artemether, with the chemical formula C 16 H 26 O 5 , are also used to treat malaria. Methodology Sample Size In this study, we evaluated C. mossambicense extracts from many parts of the plant. The plant was selected because it is commonly used by locals in the area. Three extractions were conducted for each sample. The roots, stems, and leaves of each plant were extracted. Traditionally, roots have been used to prepare antimalarial herbal remedies from these plants. In this study, the leaves and stems were included to investigate whether they also contained antimalarial remedies. Collection of Samples Samples were collected from the Chikankata District in June 2021. The roots were removed from the ground using a hoe. Leaves and stems were obtained from the plants. Samples were transported from the source to Kitwe in airtight plastic bags. An image of Combretum mossambicense is shown in Fig. 4. Coding of Combretum Mossambicense Samples Codes were developed and assigned for each part of the plant using the first letters of the names and sample numbers for easy identification of the samples. The sample codes used are listed in Table 1. Table 1 Sample Codes CODE SAMPLE NAME MZ Botanical Name: Combretum Mossambisence MZR 02 Roots MZS 02 Stems MZL 02 Leaves REFERENCE SAMPLES CODES lum Lumartem (Coaterm) quin Quinine sulp Sulphadar (Fansidar) Sample Preparation for Extraction The roots, leaves, and stems of Combretum mossambisense plants were dried under shade. After approximately one month of drying, the samples were ground to a moderately coarse powder using a mortar and pestle. The powder was sieved and extracted. The samples were weighed into 10 g packets using a balance. The samples were steeped in 6 g calcium hydroxide and 15 ml of sodium hydroxide. A measuring cylinder was used to measure 200 ml of ethanol, which was then transferred to a round-bottomed flask following the procedure described by Nafiah et al. (Nafiah et al., 2013). Extraction of Alkaloids using Soxhlet Apparatus Many methods are used for the extraction of alkaloids from herbs, and Soxhlet extraction is more effective for herb extraction. A 10-gram sample was placed in a 33 mm × 100 mm cellulose thimble, which was then placed in the extraction chamber of a 200 ml Soxhlet apparatus. To prevent the sample particles from being transported to the distillation flask, cotton wool was inserted into the cellulose thimble. On a 500 ml distillation flask containing 200 ml of solvent, the Soxhlet apparatus was set up. The extraction was performed at 80°C for 8 h. Extracted Samples The extracted samples were vacuum filtered. The samples were then concentrated using a rotary thin-film evaporator. Most alkaloids are sensitive to light; therefore, the samples were packed into amber bottles. Because the decomposition of alkaloids only occurs above 70°C, the samples were stored under ambient conditions. Preparation of Reference Samples Conventional anti-malaria medicines used as references were bought from Milestone Pharmacy in Kabulonga, Lusaka, in tablet form. Preparation for analysis of The samples were analyzed at the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) Chemistry Laboratories in Lusaka. The following drugs were purchased for reference: Lumartem also known as Coaterm, Sulphadar commonly known as Fansidar, and Quinine. Preparation of Quinine Tablets for Analysis by Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Using a crusher and pestle, a 300 mg quinine sulfate tablet was ground to powder. A 50 ml volumetric flask was filled with fifty milligrams (50 mg) of quinine sulphate. The powder was dissolved in methanol and used as quinine sulphate stock solution. Approximately 5 ml of the stock solution was transferred to a 50 ml volumetric flask and sonicated for 10 min before diluting with methanol to the desired concentration. Finally, the sample solution was filtered into a vial using a 0.45 mm membrane filter. As indicated in the packaging, the only active component in the tablet was quinine (248 mg) with 52 mg of sulphate. Using a micropipette, 1 ml of the filtered solution was transferred and diluted in 2 ml of methanol for GC and HPLC analyses. Preparation of Lumartem (Coartem) for GC and HPLC Analysis The lumarate pills were weighed and ground into a powder. A preparation comprising lumefantrine at a concentration of about 1.2 mg/ml (artemether at a concentration of about 0.2 mg/ml) was made using 0.2 g of the powder. Methanol was acidified using acetic acid (0.5%) as a dilution solvent. Then, 2 ml of the stock solution was diluted to 10 ml. For the GC and HPLC analyses, using a micropipette, 1 µL (0.001 ml) of the sample was transferred and diluted to 2 ml. The active ingredients in the tablets were artemether (20 mg) and lumartem (120 mg), as indicated on the packet. Preparation of Sulphadar (Fansidar) for GC and HPLC Analysis A 0.646 g tablet of Sulphadar was weighed and finely ground. The active ingredients in the tablets were sulfadoxine (500 mg) and pyrimethamine (25 mg). Approximately 0.100 g of tablet powder was transferred to a 50 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in methanol, followed by 0.002 ml of acetic acid. The mixture was sonicated for 15 min to disperse the contents completely. The volume was adjusted to the mark with acidified methanol. The sample was filtered through Whatman filter paper to obtain a stock solution. From this stock solution, 1 ml was transferred to a 10 ml volumetric test tube and diluted to the mark as a working sample. From the working sample, 1 µL was transferred to 2 ml and diluted with methanol for GC and HPLC analyses. Instrumentation for Analysis High-Performance Liquid Chromatography An AT-20 high-performance liquid chromatograph with a dual solvent pump high-pressure gradient system, SPD-20A photodiode array detector, and an autosampler was used for the first-dimension separation of alkaloids from the extract lid (Li et al., 2015 ). Chromatographic elution at pH 10.5 was conducted with a binary mobile phase gradient consisting of methanol (A) and water containing 0.2% phosphoric acid (B). The initial gradient conditions were set at 5% B at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min before incorporating a linear gradient (Li et al., 2015 ). HPLC was coupled with a UV and fluorescence detector. The parameters set on the HPLC for sample analysis are summarized in Table 2. Table 2. Parameters set for HPLC for sample analysis. All reagents were of analytical grade or similar and the samples were prepared for HPLC analysis without further purification. The first sample was run for 30 min as a test sample, once the apparatus was set. Gas Chromatography Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate the chemical components of a sample mixture to determine their presence or absence and how much is present. These chemical components are typically organic molecules or gases. For GC to be successful in analysis, these components need to be volatile, usually with a molecular weight below 1250 Da, and thermally stable, so they do not degrade in the GC system (Linn & Activities, 2018). GC-MS Analysis A Scion GC-MS SQ system with gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) equipped with an Elite-I fused silica capillary column (30 mm X 0.25 mm 1D X 1Mdf, consisting of 100 percent dimethyl poly siloxane, was used to analyze leaf, root, and stem samples. An electron ionization device with 70 eV ionizing energy was used for the GC-MS detection. The carrier gas was helium gas (99.999%) with a continuous flow rate of 1mL/min and an injection volume of 2 L (split ratio of 10:1). The injector temperature was 25°C, and the ionization temperature was 280°C. Mass spectra were collected at 70 eV with a 0.5-second scan interval with fragments ranging from 45 to 450 Da. The GC run required 30 min to complete. A Turbo mass spectrometer was used to handle mass spectra and chromatograms, and the relative % amount of each component was computed by comparing its average peak area to the total area. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database, which contains over 62,000 patterns, was used to interpret the GC-MS mass spectra (Maithili et al., 2018 ). The spectra of the unknown components were compared with the spectra of the known components contained in the NIST collection. The components of the test materials were identified based on their names, molecular weights, and structures. Results and Discussion Three samples extracted from the Combretum mossambisense tree were analyzed using GC-MS and HPLC. The results and their interpretations are presented in the following sections. Results and Interpretations The Combretum Mossambisence Leaf GC-MS analysis revealed 37 components in the ethanol extract of the Combretum mossambisense leaf. Table 3 shows the active principles, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT). Table 3 Compounds detected in the leaf ethanol extract of Combretum Mossambisence Index RT WM NAME FORMULA 1 5.147 120 Propanoicacid, 2-mercapto-methyl ester C 4 H 8 O 2 S 2 4.970 76 Propane, 2-fluoro-2-methyl- C 4 H 9 F 3 6.329 130 2(3H) Furanane, dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-di C 6 H 10 O 3 4 6.251 130 2(3H) Furanane, dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-di C 6 H 10 O 3 5 8.744 170 Dodecane C 12 H 26 6 10.107 444 Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- C 12 H 36 O 6 Si 6 7 10.241 604 Tetracontane,3,5,24-trimethyl- C 43 H 88 8 11.224 126 1,2,3-benzenetriol C 6 H 6 O 3 9 11.618 212 Pentadecane C 15 H 32 10 12.332 576 3-isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5- C 18 H 52 O 7 Si 7 11 12.902 212 Pentadecane C 15 H 32 12 13.527 240 Heptadecane C 17 H 36 13 13.765 282 2,2-dimethylloctadecane C 20 H 42 14 14.111 282 Eicosane C 20 H 42 15 14.384 194 Methyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside C 7 H 14 O 6 16 15.175 198 Naphthalene,1,6-dimethyleth… C 15 H 18 17 15.954 88 Silane, tetramethyl- C 4 H 12 Si 18 16.024 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 19 16.335 282 Eicosane C 20 H 42 20 16.490 350 Cyclohexane, nonadecyl- C 25 H 50 21 16.542 178 Phenanthrene C 14 H 10 22 17.044 278 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methyl C 16 H 22 O 4 23 17.441 652 2-(2’,4’,4’,6’,6’,8’,8’-heptamethyltetrasiloxane C 16 H 48 O 10 Si 9 24 17.858 188 Dodecane, 1-fluoro- C 12 H 25 F 25 17.958 256 n- Hexadecanoic acid C 16 H 32 O 2 26 18.348 338 Tetracosane C 24 H 50 27 18.542 350 Cyclohexane, nonadecyl- C 25 H 50 28 19.175 340 1-heneicosyl formate C 22 H 44 O 2 29 19.647 254 Cis-7-hexadecenoic acid C 16 H 30 O 2 30 19.846 282 Oleic acid C 18 H 34 O 2 31 20.185 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 32 20.414 350 Cyclohexane, nonadecyl- C 25 H 50 33 21.131 304 Malonic acid, bis (2-trimethylsilyethyl ester C 13 H 28 O 4 Si 2 34 22.188 676 1,4,10-trihydroxy-5-(hydroxyethyl)-8-meth… C 30 H 44 O 10 Si 4 35 22.983 502 Dodecyl phthalate C 32 H 54 O 4 36 24.373 358 Octadecanoic acid,2,3- dihydroxypropropyl ester C 21 H 42 O 4 37 27.484 490 17-pentatriacontene C 35 H 70 Combretum Mossambisence Root GC-MS analysis revealed 45 components in the ethanol extract of Combretum mossambisense root. Table 4 shows the active principles, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT). Table 4 Compounds detected in the root ethanol extract of Combretum Mossambisence. Index RT WM NAME FORMULA 1 4.978 120 Propanoicacid, 2-mercapto-methyl ester C 4 H 8 O 2 S 2 6.252 130 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-di C 6 H 10 O 3 3 6.741 219 4- methylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid, phe… C 13 H 17 NO 2 4 8.746 170 Dodecane C 12 H 26 5 8.962 184 (3H)-Furanane,5-heptydihydro C 11 H 20 O 2 6 9.174 126 5-hydroxymethylfurfural C 6 H 6 O 3 7 10.106 444 Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- C 12 H 36 O 6 Si 6 8 11.233 126 1,2,3-benzenetriol C 6 H 6 O 3 9 11.315 216 Nonane,1,1-diethoxyl C 13 H 28 O 2 10 11.618 212 Pentadecane C 15 H 32 11 12.329 576 3-isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5…. C 18 H 52 O 7 Si 7 12 13.527 436 Hentricontane C 31 H 64 13 14.108 240 Heptadecane C 17 H 36 14 14.211 168 Cyclopentane, 1-hexyl-3-methyl- C 12 H 24 15 14.407 180 d-mannose C 6 H 12 O 6 16 15.874 150 1,2,3,4,5-cyclopentanepentol C 5 H 10 O 5 17 15.957 88 Silane, tetramethyl C 4 H 12 Si 18 16.333 296 Heneicosane C 21 H 44 19 16.490 336 Cyclohexane, octadecyl- C 24 H 48 20 16.541 178 Diphenylacetylene C 14 H 10 21 17.040 278 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-met…. C 16 H 22 O 4 22 17.857 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 23 17.965 256 n-Hexadecanoic acid C 16 H 32 O 2 24 18.280 340 Eicosanoic acid, ethyl ester C 22 H 44 O 2 25 18.345 338 Tetracosane C 24 H 50 26 18.541 182 Heptycyclohexane C 13 H 26 27 19.177 364 1-hexacosene C 26 H 52 28 19.601 280 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- C 18 H 32 O 2 29 19.653 280 17-octadecynoic acid C 18 H 32 O 2 30 19.731 238 7- hexadecenal, (Z)- C 16 H 30 O 31 19.848 284 Octadecanoic acid C 18 H 36 O 2 32 19.913 282 Oleic acid C 18 H 34 O 2 33 20.185 604 Tritetracontane C 43 H 88 34 21.133 652 2-(2’,4’,4’,6’,6’,8’,8-heptamethytetrasiloxane C 16 H 48 O 10 Si 9 35 21.869 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 36 22.462 322 Benzene, 1,1’-( 1,2-ethanediyl) bis [2,3,4,5…. C 24 H 34 37 22.518 266 Conocarpan C 18 H 18 O 2 38 22.816 358 Octadecanoic acid,2,3-dihydroxypropyl… C 21 H 42 O 4 39 22.985 390 Phthalic acid, di(2-proylpentyl) ester C 24 H 38 O 4 40 24.186 266 Z, E-3,13-octadecadin-1-ol C 18 H 34 O 41 24.373 358 Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl. C 21 H 42 O 4 42 24.975 236 Acetic acid, [(trimethysilyl)thio]-, trimethylsilyl ester C 8 H 20 O 2 SSi 2 43 27.483 254 13-tetradecen-1-ol C 16 H 30 O 2 44 30.023 410 Butyl tetracosyl ether C 28 H 58 O 45 30.624 414 Beta-sitosterol C 29 H 50 O Combretum Mossambisence Stem GC-MS analysis revealed 39 components in the ethanol extract of Combretum Mossambisence stem. Table 5 shows the active principle, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT). Table 5 Compounds detected in the stem ethanol extract of Combretum Mossambisence Index RT WM NAME FORMULA 1 8.746 170 Dodecane C 12 H 26 2 10.105 444 Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl C 12 H 36 O 6 Si 6 3 10.969 254 9-methylheptadecane C 18 H 38 4 11.619 212 Pentadecane C 15 H 32 5 12.330 576 3-isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3- C 18 H 52 O 7 Si 7 6 12.901 198 Tridecane, 6-methyl- C 14 H 30 7 13.529 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 8 13.767 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 9 14.112 240 Heptadecane C 17 H 36 10 14.212 182 Heptylclohexane C 13 H 26 11 14.632 150 1,2,3,4,5-cyclopentanepentol C 4 H 22 O 4 12 15.176 198 Naphthalene,1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylet) C 15 H 18 13 15.721 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 14 15.955 88 Silane, tetramethyl C 4 H 12 Si 15 16.025 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 16 16.333 282 Eicosane C 20 H 42 17 16.489 350 Cyclohexane, nonadecyl C 25 H 50 18 16.541 178 Phenanthrene C 14 H 10 19 17.043 278 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-met) C 16 H 22 O 4 20 17.441 652 2-(2’,4’,4’,6’,6’,8’,8-heptamethytetrasiloxane C 16 H 48 O 10 Si 9 21 17.856 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 22 17.952 256 n-hexadecanoic acid C 16 H 32 O 2 23 18.004 278 Dibutyl phthalates C 16 H 22 O 4 24 18.073 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 25 18.284 340 Eicosanoic acid, ethyl ester C 22 H 44 O 2 26 18.349 338 Tetracosane C 24 H 50 27 18.544 242 1-hexadecanol C 16 H 34 O 28 19.175 256 n-heptadecanol-1 C 17 H 36 O 29 19.591 280 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- C 18 H 32 O 2 30 19.643 310 9-Eicosenoic acid, (Z)- C 20 H 38 O 2 31 19.730 310 Heneicosane,5-methyl- C 22 H 46 32 19.843 284 Octadecanoic acid C 18 H 36 O 2 33 20.185 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 34 20.411 350 Cyclohexane, nonadecyl C 25 H 50 35 21.133 234 Oxalic acid, 2TMS derivative C 8 H 20 O 2 SSi 2 36 22.981 390 bis (2- ethylhexyl) phthalate C 24 H 38 O 4 37 24.978 236 Mercaptoacetic acid, 2TMS derivative C 8 H 20 O 2 SSi 2 38 24.978 236 Mercaptoacetic acid, 2TMS derivative C 8 H 20 O 2 SSI 2 39 25.598 436 Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 GC-MS Results For Reference Samples Coartem The ethanol extract of Coartem was analysed by GC-MS and eleven components were detected. Table 6 shows the active principle, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT). Table 5 Compounds detected in the ethanol extract of Coartem. Index RT WM NAME FORMULA 1 10.110 444 Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- C 12 H 36 O 6 Si 6 2 12.330 576 3-isopropoxyl-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5- C 18 H 52 O 7 Si 7 3 13.039 206 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol C 14 H 22 O 4 15.170 238 1,4-Azulenediol,1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,8a-octahy… C 15 H 26 O 2 5 16.300 180 2-propen-1-ol, 3-, (2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cycloh…. C 12 H 20 O 6 17.524 205 (5R, 8R,8aS)-8-Methyl-5- (pent-4-yn-1-yl) o… C 14 H 23 N 7 18.002 256 n-hexadecanoic acid C 16 H 32 O 2 8 18.054 222 5-mthoxy-10,10-dimethyl-6-methylenebic C 14 H 22 O 2 9 18.930 236 5-mthoxy-10,10-dimethyl-6-methylenebic C 15 H 24 O 2 10 19.536 186 Methyl-8-methyl-nonaoate C 11 H 22 O 2 11 19.901 264 Octadecanoic acid C 18 H 36 O 2 Sulphadar By GC-MS analysis, 10 components in Sulphadar ethanol extract were detected. Table 6 shows the active principle, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT). Table 6 Compounds detected in the ethanol extract of Sulphadar. Index RT WM NAME FORMULA 1 5.839 93 Aniline C 6 H 7 N 2 8.674 182 6-tridecane, Z)- C 13 H 36 3 12.384 152 Benzoic acid, 4- hydroxyl- hydrazide C 7 H 8 N 2 O 2 4 12.604 328 Carbonic acid, ethyl heptedecyl ester C 20 H 40 O 3 5 14.197 228 Lauryl acetate C 14 H 28 O 2 6 15.041 260 Hexadecane,1-chloro… C 16 H 33 Cl 7 17.970 256 n-Hexadecanoic acid C 16 H 32 O 2 8 19.965 284 Octadecanoic acid C 18 H 36 O 2 9 20.328 248 Pyrimethamine C 12 H 13 ClN 4 10 25.742 310 Sulfadoxine C 12 H 14 N 44 O 4 S Quinine GC-MS study of Quinine's ethanol extract revealed the presence of twelve components. Table 6 shows the active principle, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT). Table 6 Compounds detected in the ethanol extract of Quinine. Index RT WM NAME FORMULA 1 10.110 444 Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- C 12 H 36 O 6 Si 6 2 4.032 151 Oxime, methoxy-phenyl- C 8 H 9 NO 2 3 12.374 152 Benzoic acid,4-hydroxy-hydrazide C 7 H 8 N 2 O 2 4 12.374 152 Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-hydraide C 7 H 8 N 2 O 2 5 14.066 222 Diethyl phthalate C 12 H 14 O 4 6 17.625 228 Methyl 11-methyl-dodecanoate C 14 H 28 O 2 7 17.963 256 n-hexadecanoic acid C 16 H 32 O 2 8 19.848 284 Octadecanoic acid C 18 H 36 O 2 9 20.246 248 Pyrimethamine C 12 H 13 ClN 4 10 25.580 356 Quinine 1,1’-dioxide, (9S)- C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 11 25.874 324 Quinine C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 12 26.286 324 4- (5-ethylquinulidine-2-carbonyl)-6-meth…. C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 Analysis of Results The data were organized into a Table, with colour codes used to designate substances of interest. All common components were combined for analysis. Alkaloids are indicated in green, active chemicals for malaria treatment are indicated in yellow, and common molecules found in reference medications are indicated in red. Table 7 shows the results for the Combretum Mossambisence plant. Table 7 The results for the Combretum Mossambisence plant. Compounds Formula RT MW Activity Propanoic acid, 2- mecapto- methyl ester C 4 H 8 O 2 S 5.147 120 Used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals Propane − 2-fluoro-2-methyl C 4 H 9 F 4.970 76 insecticide 2(3H)- Furanone, dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-4-di C 4 H 10 O 3 6.329 130 Causing relaxation. Increasing mental clarity Relieving depression and stress. Dodecane C 12 H 26 8.744 170 Antibacterial activity and antifungal activity. Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl C 12 H 36 O 6 Si 6 10.107 444 medical devices, blood-handling equipment, as a blood defoaming agents, protective barriers, lubricants, and surface treatment of wound dressings Tetracontane,3,5,24-trimethyl C 43 H 88 10.241 604 anti-inflammatory 1,2,3- Benzenetriol C 6 H 6 O 3 11.224 126 Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, Analysis, insecticide, anti-cancer, cytoxic Pentadecane C 15 H 32 11.618 212 Used in organic synthesis and as a solvent. 3- isopropoxyl-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3-5 C 18 H 52 O 7 Si 7 12.332 576 Antimicrobial Heptadecane C 17 H 36 12.902 212 Antifungal 2,2-dimethyoctadecane C 20 H 42 13.527 282 Antimicrobial Eicosane C 20 H 42 13.765 282 Antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, antimicrobial, larvicidal Methyl-beta-d-thiogalactoside (maaliol) C 7 H 14 O 6 14.111 194 Antinociceptive Anticancer Naphthalene,1,6-dimethyl-4-( 1- methyllethane C 15 H 18 14.384 198 Antioxidant, Antibacterial Silane, tetramethyl C 4 H 12 Si 15.175 88 used as a starting material for synthesizing more complex organosilanes, Hentriacontane C 31 H 64 15.954 436 Used to treat diseases such as skin diseases, ulcers, diabetes, piles, dysentery, asthma, gonorrhoea, gleets, leucorrhoea, and urinary diseases. Cyclohexane, nonadecyl C 25 H 50 16.024 350 Phenanthrene C 14 H 10 16.335 178 Used to make dyes, plastic, pesticides, explosives and drugs 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2- methyl propyl ester) C 16 H 22 O 4 17.044 278 antibacterial 2-(2’,4’,4’,6’,6’,8’,8’, - heptamethyltetrasiloxane C 16 H 48 O 10 Si 9 17,441 652 Antifungal Dodecane, 1-fluoro- C 12 H 25 F 17.854 188 n- Hexadecanoic acid C 16 H 32 O 2 17.958 256 Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypochglestero lenic, nematicide, pesticide, lubricant, antiandrogenic, flavour Tetracosane C 24 H 50 18.384 338 Treatment of nervous debility, insomnia, fatigue, low energy level, and brain tonic for memory functions. Cyclohexane, nonadecyl C 25 H 50 18.542 350 Hexanedioic, bis (2- ethylhexyl) ester C 22 H 44 O 2 Antifungal Cis − 7-hexadecenoic acid C 16 H 30 O 2 19.647 254 antibacterial Oleic acid C 18 H 34 O 2 19.846 282 Anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenetic cancer preventive Malonic acid, bis (2-trimethy silyl ethyl ester) C 13 H 38 O 4 Si 2 21.131 304 anti-inflammatory effect, bactericidal 1,4,10-trihydroxy-5-( hydroxymethyl) -8-methy C 30 H 44 O 10 Si 4 22.188 676 antimicrobial Didode cyl phthalate C 32 H 54 O 4 22.983 502 Used as a solvent and vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients, as well as an alcohol denaturant – that is, an additive to alcohol to make it unfit to drink. Octadecanoic acid,2,3-dihydroxypropyl C 21 H 42 O 4 24.373 358 Anticancer, antimicrobial 17-pentatriacontene C 35 H 7 0 27.484 490 anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and ant-arthritic properties 4-methylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid, C 13 H 17 NO 2 6.741 219 Anti-inflammatory, and rheumatic disorders used in ophthalmological eyedrops to enlarge pupils. 2(2H)-Furanone,5-heptydihydro C 11 H 20 O 2 8.962 184 Antifungal, antibacterial 5-hydroxymethylfurfural C 6 H 6 O 3 9.174 128 antioxidants Nonane,1,1-dethoxy C 13 H 28 O 2 11.315 216 Give a strong fruity aroma Cyclopentane,1-hexyl-3-methyl C 12 H 24 14.211 168 It has a role as a human metabolite and a mammalian metabolite. d-mannose C 6 H 12 O 6 14.407 180 Use to treat a rare disease called carbohydrate-deficient glycol protein syndrome type 1b 1,2,3,4,5- cyclopentol C 5 H 10 O 5 15.874 150 Used for pharmaceuticals, dyes, and spices production, it is also used as a solvent for drugs and spices. Cyclohexane, octadecyl C 24 H 48 16.490 336 Used for organic synthesis biphenyl acetylene C 24 H 10 16.541 178 it is used as a building block in organic synthesis and as a ligand in organometallic chemistry. 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methyl ester) C 16 H 22 O 4 17.040 278 Antimicrobial, antifouling Eisosanoic acid, ethyl ester C 22 H 44 O 2 18.280 340 Helps to store the skin's natural oils Tetracosane C 24 H 50 18.345 338 Used for organic synthesis heptylcyclohexane C 13 H 26 18.541 182 1-hexacosane C 26 H 52 19.177 364 antimicrobial activity 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (z, z) methyl ester C 18 H 32 O 2 19.601 280 Antibacterial, antiplasmodial activity 17-octaecynoic acid C 18 H 32 O 2 19.653 280 Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory Antiplasmodial 7-hexadecenal, (z) C 16 H 30 O 19.731 238 Octadecanoic acid C 16 H 36 O 2 19.848 284 Antibacterial Benezene,1,1-(1,2-ethane diyl) bis [2,3,4,5---- C 24 H 34 22.462 322 Antinociceptive anti- Inflammatory Conocarpan C 18 H 18 O 2 22.518 266 Anticancer, antimicrobial Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy propxyl C 21 H 42 O 4 22.816 358 Antimicrobial antifouling, antibacterial activity Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester C 24 H 38 O 4 22.985 390 Antibacterial used to treat TB, anti-malarial Z, E-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol C 18 H 34 O 24.186 266 Helps to lose weight 13-tetradecen-1-ol acetate C 16 H 30 O 2 27.483 254 Used for treatment of Parkinson's disease Butyl tetra cosyl ether C 28 H 58 O 30.023 410 Used to lower the level of lipids in the blood Beta-sitosterol C 29 H 50 O 30.624 414 Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-ulcer, and arthritic antiplasmodial Discussion Samples collected from the leaves stems, and roots presented in Table 7 show the results for the Combretum Mossambisence plant for this experiment. Due to space constraints, some of the GCMS data did not provide a complete name, but the chemical formula helped identify what they were. Results for an extract of parts of Combretum Mossambisence Leaf extract results and analysis (MZL02) Table 7 shows the results of the GC-MS investigation, which revealed a total of 37 chemicals. On the GC-MS chromatogram, their peaks were visible. Some of the chemicals found were propanoic acid, 2-mercapto-methyl ester, 3-isopropoxyl-1, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7-hxamethyl-3, 5-, Malonic acid, bis (2-trimethylsilyethyl ester, and Octadecanoic acid, 2, 3- dihydroxypropropyl ester. There were no alkaloids found. Table 3 shows the results of the leaf extracts for the Combretum Mossambisence , and none of the substances found had antiplasmodial activity, according to the literature available. Root extract results and analysis (MZR02) The GC-MS extract analysis revealed 45 compounds (Table 4). Only one alkaloid was detected, and it is used to treat anti-inflammatory and rheumatic illnesses, as well as to widen pupils in ophthalmological eye drops. MZR02 contained many compounds, including n-hexadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, ethyl ester, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (z, z), 17-octadecynoic acid, octadecanoic acid, beta-sitosterol, and others. The root had the greatest number of antimalarial chemicals, with four of them being identified: 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-methyl ester, (Okokon, Augustine, et al., 2017) 17-octadecynoic acid (Tajuddeen & Van Heerden, 2019 ), phthalic acid, di(2-propyl pentyl) ester also known as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(Enenebeaku et al., 2021 ), and beta-sitosterol (Gakunju et al., 1995 ). Stem extract results and analysis (MZS02) The ethanol extract of MZS02 (Table 5) yielded a total of 39 compounds. Some of the detected compounds are heptadecane, cyclopentane, 1-hexyl-3-methyl, hentriacontane, tetradecane,4-ethyl-, silane, tetramethyl, 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-met., eicosane, 2-(2’,4’,4’,6’,6’,8’,8-heptamethytetrasiloxane, phthalic acid, 2-chloropropyl isobutyl ester. There was no alkaloid found, but two antiplasmodial or antimalarial compounds were detected. These are 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-methyl ester, (Okokon et al., 2017 ), phthalic acid, di(2-propyl pentyl) ester also known as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (Enenebeaku et al., 2021 ) Analysis of Conventional Malaria Drugs Many diseases, including malaria, have been treated using single-component medications in recent decades. Combination therapy, a new technique that is effective against other multidrug-resistant illnesses like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis, is now widely suggested for malaria treatment (Marimani, 2020 ). As a result of the rapid rise of drug resistance among plasmodium parasites around the world, combination therapy has gradually supplanted single-drug treatment of malaria (Hunt et al., 2010 ). Combination therapy was used in traditional drugs studied, particularly quinine, which has been linked to plasmodium parasite resistance (Yeung et al., 2004 ). Researchers are working on novel medications to combat malaria, in addition to combination therapy for alkaloid drugs. Use of other Compounds to treat Malaria. There is advanced research on other compounds in the treatment of malaria, apart from alkaloids, as the resistance of the parasite to drugs increases. Esters, ethers, phenols are some of these compounds. Stigmasterol, p-hydroxycinnamic acid ethyl ester, docosanoic acid ethyl ester, Octadecanoic acid methyl ester, and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-ethyl ester. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (linoleic acid), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (linoleic acid), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z) Eicosanoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl] ethyl ester and − 2-hydroxyethyl ester are polyunsaturated fatty acids that exhibit anti-plasmodial action. This activity is said to grow as the degree of unsaturation increases (Gakunju et al., 1995 ; Mustofa et al., 2007; Okokon et al., 2017 ). According to research done on bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, it has similar action on malaria parasite as Artesunate scientifically called [(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12 Hpyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl] ester (Enenebeaku et al., 2021 ), an effective conventional malaria drug. Conclusions In this work, the phytochemical investigation for the Combretum Mossambisence , a plant whose herbal extract is utilized as a potent herbal anti-malaria remedy, was performed to establish whether the plant contains alkaloids found in anti-malaria drugs. It was established, however, that the plant does not contain antimalarial alkaloids. However, it was observed that the plant contains similar chemicals to those found in conventional malaria medicines. Compounds such as octadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, Cyclohexasiloxane, tetrasiloxane 3-isopropoxyl-1, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7-hxamethyl-3, 5, 5 TIS (trimethylsiloxyl) were detected in the herb as well as conventional medications. Combretum Mossambisence , as well as Coartem and quinine, contain n-hexadecanoic acid. Quinine, and Combretum Mossambisence contain Cyclohexasiloxane. The tetrasiloxane 3-isopropoxyl-1, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7-hexamethyl-3, 5, 5 TIS (trimethylsiloxyl) was discovered in Combretum Mossambisence and Coartem. Several comparable chemicals were also observed. Other forms of alkaloids were found but the data indicated that they could help with other conditions but not malaria. Norepinephrine(R), a 4TMS derivative, is an example of such an alkaloid. It is used to treat life-threatening low blood pressure (hypotension), which can arise because of certain medical conditions or surgical procedures. It was observed from the data gathered in this study that malaria is treated by more than just alkaloids. Other chemicals are also effective. The following compounds are reported to have a favourable effect on the malaria parasite P. falciparum , these are; 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z), methyl ester (Okokon et al., 2017 ), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (Enenebeaku et al., 2021 ), which were found in the Combretum Mossambisence extract. Combretum Mossambisence also contained 17-octadecynoic acid and beta-sitosterol. 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Tajuddeen, N., & Van Heerden, F. R. (2019). Antiplasmodial natural products: An update. Malaria Journal , 18 (1), 1–62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3026-1 US EPA. (2021). Mosquito Life Cycle | US EPA. In Https://Www.Epa.Gov/Mosquitocontrol/Mosquito-Life-Cycle . https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle Uzor, P. F. (2020a). Alkaloids from Plants with Antimalarial Activity: A Review of Recent Studies. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8749083 Vivekraj, P. (2015). Analysis of Phytochemical constituents of the chloroform extracts of Abutilon hirtum ( Lam .) Sweet using GC-MS Method . 5 (8), 167–171. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijpr World Health Organization. (2020). World Malaria Report: 20 years of global progress and challenges. World Health Organization , 300. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015791 World Health Organization. (2015). World Malaria Report 2015 - World Health Organization - Google Books. In WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland . https://books.google.com.gh/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rg4LDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=XTkHMPQ3GB&sig=Y_J4C-yoyR-z32UhR6BEtxy4dVs&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Yeung, S., Pongtavornpinyo, W., Hastings, I. M., Mills, A. J., & White, N. J. (2004). Antimalarial drug resistance, artemisinin-based combination therapy, and the contribution of modeling to elucidating policy choices. In American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (Vol. 71, Issue 2 SUPPL., pp. 179–186). https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.179 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4541548","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":311443503,"identity":"7515228b-f974-4545-9c7b-0fe3c8dda85b","order_by":0,"name":"Viness Malumbe Chikambwe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amrita School of Sustainable Futures, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Viness","middleName":"Malumbe","lastName":"Chikambwe","suffix":""},{"id":311443746,"identity":"70b73222-8cf0-44d9-9ca7-bcd2b7585d48","order_by":1,"name":"Patrick Mubambe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Copperbelt University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patrick","middleName":"","lastName":"Mubambe","suffix":""},{"id":311444551,"identity":"a4458cdf-b7cb-4931-9304-396bc5a827dc","order_by":2,"name":"Kakoma Maseka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Copperbelt University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kakoma","middleName":"","lastName":"Maseka","suffix":""},{"id":311444552,"identity":"1571e4a7-2032-49fa-8f1b-eee2c70dcf8b","order_by":3,"name":"Lameck 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15:54:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4541548/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4541548/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58025768,"identity":"30002bea-d6e4-4a3e-8017-18ea01ad497a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 06:33:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe structure of Quinine\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4541548/v1/0c3effaa6af09d8631ac0233.png"},{"id":58026131,"identity":"40fd147d-4379-4b1a-a2b8-b69dc371e51b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 06:41:27","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26469,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe structure of Cocaine\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4541548/v1/92b337bdb667f5c4993c7c5b.png"},{"id":58025765,"identity":"cd3ad2d8-07ff-4ba5-88ab-fb73a80e35de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 06:33:27","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe structure of Morphine\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4541548/v1/8c2f4d5880bc713297cbd1ca.png"},{"id":58025766,"identity":"79e3abfb-defd-40be-801d-1035c29f3093","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 06:33:27","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1465437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Combretum Mossambicense Plant\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4541548/v1/fdfe88897311dc66c37836c6.png"},{"id":58026614,"identity":"0c066773-8441-4be4-ba06-f617591965dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 06:49:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3098895,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4541548/v1/674965f6-41a8-422b-a099-b99371b45d60.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eTherapeutic Potential of Combretum Mossambicense Extracts Against P. Falciparum Parasite\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMalaria is a life-threatening disease caused by plasmodium parasites that are transmitted to people through bites of the malaria vector-infected female mosquitoes. A vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal. Vectors are usually arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas, and lice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria is the most lethal disease in Africa (CDC - Impact of \u003cem\u003eMalaria\u003c/em\u003e 2015). In Benin and Zambia, up to 40 percent of all outpatient visits are due to malaria (Intensifying Fight Against Malaria, 2008). In 2015, the World Bank provided funding worth US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e470\u0026nbsp;million to African countries to fight malaria. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than one million people in Africa die from malaria every year, including 3,000 children (Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the infected populations in endemic countries use antimalarial medicinal plants to treat malaria. However, very little scientific data exist to validate the antimalarial properties of most medicinal plants. Studies to establish the identity, purity, and quality of natural products include macroscopic and microscopic evaluations, physicochemical and chemical characteristics of crude plant extracts, and alkaloid contents (Vivekraj, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes compounds with neutral or weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds with similar structures can also be termed as alkaloids. Alkaloids in their pure form are usually colorless, odorless crystalline solids, but sometimes can be yellowish liquids. They often have bitter tastes. More than 3,000 alkaloids are known to be present in over 4,000 plants. They are all secondary compounds and are a collection of various elements and biomolecules derived from amino acids or transamination. There are three types of alkaloids: true alkaloids, protoalkaloids, and pseudoalkaloids. True alkaloids and protoalkaloids are produced from amino acids, whereas pseudoalkaloids are not derived from these compounds (Dey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTrue Alkaloids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis alkaloid is obtained from amino acids and contains a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. They are highly reactive and exhibit potent biological activity. They form water-soluble salts, many of which are crystalline. They then conjugate with acids to form salts. Almost all true alkaloids are bitter in taste and solid, except nicotine, which is a brown liquid (Aniszewski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheir occurrence in plants occurs in three forms: (a) in the free state, (b) as N-oxides, or (c) as salts. Various amino acids, such as l-phenylalanine/l-tyrosine, l-ornithine, l-histidine, and l-lysine, are the main sources of alkaloids (Alamgir, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Katavic \u0026amp; Peter, 2006). Cocaine, morphine, and quinine (Figs.\u0026nbsp;1, 2, and 3, respectively) are common alkaloids found in nature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Malaria Problem in Zambia\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eZambia remains an endemic malaria country, with the entire population at risk of contracting malaria. The risk of contracting malaria is highest in the wetter, rural, and low-income provinces of Luapula, Northern, Muchinga, and North-Western, and lowest in Lusaka and Southern. The increase in malaria cases in Zambia has led to high demand for antimalarial drugs. In addition to the side effects, most modern medicines are too expensive for poor rural people. Some possible side effects of antimalarial drugs include dizziness, headache, sleep disturbances (insomnia and vivid dreams), and psychiatric reactions (anxiety, depression, panic attacks, and hallucinations). For many years, the local people have used herbs to treat malaria and other ailments. Despite recent efforts to study these herbal remedies, little is known about the medicinal contents of most herbs. Some studies have been conducted in Zambia on the treatment of malaria using herbal remedies, although there is very little available literature. This study is intended to add to the body of knowledge on a well-utilized antimalarial herbal remedy. This study aimed to determine the presence of alkaloids in selected plants from the Chikankata District, which are known to treat malaria and other malaria-related diseases in the local population for many generations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Malaria Disease\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes (Hermans et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). In biology, a vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal. Vectors are frequently arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas, and lice. The four parasitic species are known to cause malaria in humans. These are Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium malariae, plasmodium ovale, and plasmodium vivax, but the two that present the great threat are the P. \u003cem\u003efalciparum\u003c/em\u003e and P. \u003cem\u003evivax\u003c/em\u003e (Bruice, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTransmission of Malaria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria is transmitted through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes (WHO 2020). There are more than 400 different species of Anopheles mosquitoes, of which only 30 are vectors of malaria of major importance. An important vector species bites between dusks and dawns (Ross \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). The intensity of transmission depends on factors related to the parasite, namely the vector, human host, and environment (Kabula et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Anopheles mosquitoes lay eggs in water, hatch into larvae, and eventually emerge as adult mosquitoes. Female mosquitoes seek blood to nurture eggs. During a blood meal, it sucks gametocytes, which develop into sporozoites in the female mosquitoes. The sporozoites were injected into another human at the next blood meal (US EPA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmission is more intense in places where the mosquito lifespan is longer, as this increases the chance of the parasite fully developing inside the mosquito. These mosquitoes prefer to bite humans than other animals. Approximately 90% of African malaria cases occur because of their long lifespan and human preferences (Rasmussen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Transmission also depends on climatic conditions, such as rainfall patterns, temperature, and humidity, which may affect the number of mosquitoes and their survival. Seasonal transmission peaks occur during and after the rainy season because of the many mosquito breeding sites (Bilia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Immunity is another factor that increases malaria transmission, especially in adults. Those with partial immunity, which develops over the years of exposure to the disease, provide partial protection (WHO, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIncubation of the Parasite\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e repeatedly replicates within erythrocytes over the course of 48 h, resulting in exponential growth and rapid disease progression. Following an infective bite by an Anopheles mosquito, its parasites grow and multiply first in liver cells and then in red blood cells. A period called the \u0026ldquo;incubation period\u0026rdquo; goes by before the first symptoms appear. The incubation period In most cases varies from seven to 30 days ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010)). Each parasite has its own incubation period, that is; for plasmodium falciparum is nine-14 days, 12\u0026ndash;17 days for Plasmodium vivax, and plasmodium malariae it is\u0026ndash;18\u0026ndash;40 days (Pelczar et al., 1998). Shorter periods were observed most frequently for \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e and longer periods for \u003cem\u003eP. malariae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Symptoms\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe symptoms of malaria can develop as quickly as seven days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Typically, the time between infection and symptom onset is 7\u0026ndash;18 days, depending on the specific parasite that is infected. However, in some cases, symptoms can take up to a year to develop depending on the victim\u0026rsquo;s immunity (Blenkinsopp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe initial symptoms of malaria are flu-like. These include a high temperature of 38\u0026deg;C or above, feeling hot and shivering, headaches, vomiting, muscle pain, diarrhea, and generally feeling unwell, just to mention a few. These symptoms are often mild and can sometimes be difficult to associate with malaria infection. In some types of malaria, symptoms occur in 48-hour cycles. During these cycles, one feels cold at first, with shivering, and then develops a high temperature, accompanied by severe sweating and fatigue. These symptoms usually last between 6 and 12 h ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). Without prompt treatment, this type can lead to the rapid development of severe and life-threatening complications such as breathing problems and organ failure. As the symptoms are similar to those of flu, malaria infection can only be confirmed using a malaria test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Fatality Rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Zambia (Nawa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Efforts to control, prevent, and eliminate it have intensified over the past two decades. These efforts have contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of malaria and fewer than five deaths (WHO 2015). However, the prevalence of malaria has increased by 21% between 2010 and 2015. According to the World Malaria Report, there were an estimated 241\u0026nbsp;million malaria cases and 627 000-malaria deaths worldwide in 2020. This represents approximately 14\u0026nbsp;million more cases in 2020 than in 2019 and 69,000 more deaths. Approximately two-thirds of these additional deaths (47 000) were linked to disruptions in malaria prevention, diagnosis, and treatment during the pandemic (WHO, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince 2015, 24 countries have registered an increase in malaria deaths, the baseline year for the WHO\u0026rsquo;s global malaria strategy. In the 11 countries that carry the highest burden of malaria worldwide, cases increased from 150\u0026nbsp;million in 2015 to 163\u0026nbsp;million in 2020, and malaria deaths increased from 390,000 to 444,600 over the same period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAlkaloids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClasses of Alkaloids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids can be classified according to their biological system. The principal classes of alkaloids are pyrrolidines, pyridines, tropanes, pyrrolizidines, isoquinolines, indoles, quinolines, terpenoids, and steroids. (Kurek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Alkaloids are natural plant compounds with basic characteristics that contain at least one nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring and exhibit biological activities (Aniszewski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). These compounds are mostly toxic and have strong physiological actions (Aniszewski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The bioactive properties of the class of plant secondary metabolites include antimalarial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties (Nchabeleng et al., 2017). Uzor provides a very good review of the various types of alkaloids (Uzor, 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOther Compounds that Treat Malaria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOwing to the resistance of \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e to alkaloid treatment, many compounds that treat malaria have been discovered. Some of these compounds are phenols, carboxylic acid esters, carboxylic acids, flavonoids, etc. Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (linoleic acid), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (linoleic acid), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-2-hydroxyethyl ester, eicosanoic acid, and 2-(acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl ester have been found in active anti-plasmodial fractions (Mustofa et al., 2007; Okokon, Augustine, et al., 2017). Butanedioic acid, mono[(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12Hpyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl] ester, common name Artesunate, and Artemether, with the chemical formula C\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e, are also used to treat malaria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample Size\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we evaluated C. \u003cem\u003emossambicense\u003c/em\u003e extracts from many parts of the plant. The plant was selected because it is commonly used by locals in the area. Three extractions were conducted for each sample. The roots, stems, and leaves of each plant were extracted. Traditionally, roots have been used to prepare antimalarial herbal remedies from these plants. In this study, the leaves and stems were included to investigate whether they also contained antimalarial remedies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCollection of Samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples were collected from the Chikankata District in June 2021. The roots were removed from the ground using a hoe. Leaves and stems were obtained from the plants. Samples were transported from the source to Kitwe in airtight plastic bags. An image of \u003cem\u003eCombretum mossambicense\u003c/em\u003e is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCoding of Combretum Mossambicense Samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCodes were developed and assigned for each part of the plant using the first letters of the names and sample numbers for easy identification of the samples. The sample codes used are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Codes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCODE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSAMPLE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNAME\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBotanical Name: \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMZR 02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMZS 02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMZL 02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eREFERENCE SAMPLES CODES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLumartem (Coaterm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003equin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuinine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esulp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulphadar (Fansidar)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample Preparation for Extraction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe roots, leaves, and stems of \u003cem\u003eCombretum mossambisense\u003c/em\u003e plants were dried under shade. After approximately one month of drying, the samples were ground to a moderately coarse powder using a mortar and pestle. The powder was sieved and extracted. The samples were weighed into 10 g packets using a balance. The samples were steeped in 6 g calcium hydroxide and 15 ml of sodium hydroxide. A measuring cylinder was used to measure 200 ml of ethanol, which was then transferred to a round-bottomed flask following the procedure described by Nafiah et al. (Nafiah et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExtraction of Alkaloids using Soxhlet Apparatus\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany methods are used for the extraction of alkaloids from herbs, and Soxhlet extraction is more effective for herb extraction. A 10-gram sample was placed in a 33 mm \u0026times; 100 mm cellulose thimble, which was then placed in the extraction chamber of a 200 ml Soxhlet apparatus. To prevent the sample particles from being transported to the distillation flask, cotton wool was inserted into the cellulose thimble. On a 500 ml distillation flask containing 200 ml of solvent, the Soxhlet apparatus was set up. The extraction was performed at 80\u0026deg;C for 8 h.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExtracted Samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extracted samples were vacuum filtered. The samples were then concentrated using a rotary thin-film evaporator. Most alkaloids are sensitive to light; therefore, the samples were packed into amber bottles. Because the decomposition of alkaloids only occurs above 70\u0026deg;C, the samples were stored under ambient conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of Reference Samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional anti-malaria medicines used as references were bought from Milestone Pharmacy in Kabulonga, Lusaka, in tablet form. Preparation for analysis of The samples were analyzed at the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) Chemistry Laboratories in Lusaka. The following drugs were purchased for reference: Lumartem also known as Coaterm, Sulphadar commonly known as Fansidar, and Quinine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of Quinine Tablets for Analysis by Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing a crusher and pestle, a 300 mg quinine sulfate tablet was ground to powder. A 50 ml volumetric flask was filled with fifty milligrams (50 mg) of quinine sulphate. The powder was dissolved in methanol and used as quinine sulphate stock solution. Approximately 5 ml of the stock solution was transferred to a 50 ml volumetric flask and sonicated for 10 min before diluting with methanol to the desired concentration. Finally, the sample solution was filtered into a vial using a 0.45 mm membrane filter. As indicated in the packaging, the only active component in the tablet was quinine (248 mg) with 52 mg of sulphate. Using a micropipette, 1 ml of the filtered solution was transferred and diluted in 2 ml of methanol for GC and HPLC analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of Lumartem (Coartem) for GC and HPLC Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lumarate pills were weighed and ground into a powder. A preparation comprising lumefantrine at a concentration of about 1.2 mg/ml (artemether at a concentration of about 0.2 mg/ml) was made using 0.2 g of the powder. Methanol was acidified using acetic acid (0.5%) as a dilution solvent. Then, 2 ml of the stock solution was diluted to 10 ml. For the GC and HPLC analyses, using a micropipette, 1 \u0026micro;L (0.001 ml) of the sample was transferred and diluted to 2 ml. The active ingredients in the tablets were artemether (20 mg) and lumartem (120 mg), as indicated on the packet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of Sulphadar (Fansidar) for GC and HPLC Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 0.646 g tablet of Sulphadar was weighed and finely ground. The active ingredients in the tablets were sulfadoxine (500 mg) and pyrimethamine (25 mg). Approximately 0.100 g of tablet powder was transferred to a 50 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in methanol, followed by 0.002 ml of acetic acid. The mixture was sonicated for 15 min to disperse the contents completely. The volume was adjusted to the mark with acidified methanol. The sample was filtered through Whatman filter paper to obtain a stock solution. From this stock solution, 1 ml was transferred to a 10 ml volumetric test tube and diluted to the mark as a working sample. From the working sample, 1 \u0026micro;L was transferred to 2 ml and diluted with methanol for GC and HPLC analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInstrumentation for Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn AT-20 high-performance liquid chromatograph with a dual solvent pump high-pressure gradient system, SPD-20A photodiode array detector, and an autosampler was used for the first-dimension separation of alkaloids from the extract lid (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Chromatographic elution at pH 10.5 was conducted with a binary mobile phase gradient consisting of methanol (A) and water containing 0.2% phosphoric acid (B). The initial gradient conditions were set at 5% B at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min before incorporating a linear gradient (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). HPLC was coupled with a UV and fluorescence detector. The parameters set on the HPLC for sample analysis are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Parameters set for HPLC for sample analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"569\" height=\"386\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll reagents were of analytical grade or similar and the samples were prepared for HPLC analysis without further purification. The first sample was run for 30 min as a test sample, once the apparatus was set.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGas Chromatography\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate the chemical components of a sample mixture to determine their presence or absence and how much is present. These chemical components are typically organic molecules or gases. For GC to be successful in analysis, these components need to be volatile, usually with a molecular weight below 1250 Da, and thermally stable, so they do not degrade in the GC system (Linn \u0026amp; Activities, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGC-MS Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Scion GC-MS SQ system with gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) equipped with an Elite-I fused silica capillary column (30 mm X 0.25 mm 1D X 1Mdf, consisting of 100 percent dimethyl poly siloxane, was used to analyze leaf, root, and stem samples. An electron ionization device with 70 eV ionizing energy was used for the GC-MS detection. The carrier gas was helium gas (99.999%) with a continuous flow rate of 1mL/min and an injection volume of 2 L (split ratio of 10:1). The injector temperature was 25\u0026deg;C, and the ionization temperature was 280\u0026deg;C. Mass spectra were collected at 70 eV with a 0.5-second scan interval with fragments ranging from 45 to 450 Da. The GC run required 30 min to complete. A Turbo mass spectrometer was used to handle mass spectra and chromatograms, and the relative % amount of each component was computed by comparing its average peak area to the total area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database, which contains over 62,000 patterns, was used to interpret the GC-MS mass spectra (Maithili et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The spectra of the unknown components were compared with the spectra of the known components contained in the NIST collection. The components of the test materials were identified based on their names, molecular weights, and structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThree samples extracted from the Combretum mossambisense tree were analyzed using GC-MS and HPLC. The results and their interpretations are presented in the following sections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResults and Interpretations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Combretum Mossambisence Leaf\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis revealed 37 components in the ethanol extract of the \u003cem\u003eCombretum mossambisense\u003c/em\u003e leaf. Table\u0026nbsp;3 shows the active principles, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds detected in the leaf ethanol extract of \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNAME\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFORMULA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropanoicacid, 2-mercapto-methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropane, 2-fluoro-2-methyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(3H) Furanane, dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-di\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(3H) Furanane, dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-di\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDodecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetracontane,3,5,24-trimethyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e43\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e88\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2,3-benzenetriol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,2-dimethylloctadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaphthalene,1,6-dimethyleth\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilane, tetramethyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, nonadecyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenanthrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-(2\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,8\u0026rsquo;,8\u0026rsquo;-heptamethyltetrasiloxane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDodecane, 1-fluoro-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en- Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.348\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetracosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, nonadecyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-heneicosyl formate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCis-7-hexadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.846\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOleic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, nonadecyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalonic acid, bis (2-trimethylsilyethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,4,10-trihydroxy-5-(hydroxyethyl)-8-meth\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e502\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDodecyl phthalate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e54\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid,2,3- dihydroxypropropyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17-pentatriacontene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e35\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e70\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e Root\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis revealed 45 components in the ethanol extract of \u003cem\u003eCombretum mossambisense\u003c/em\u003e root. Table\u0026nbsp;4 shows the active principles, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds detected in the root ethanol extract of \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNAME\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFORMULA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropanoicacid, 2-mercapto-methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-di\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4- methylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid, phe\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDodecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3H)-Furanane,5-heptydihydro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-hydroxymethylfurfural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2,3-benzenetriol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonane,1,1-diethoxyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentricontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclopentane, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-mannose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2,3,4,5-cyclopentanepentol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.957\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilane, tetramethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeneicosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, octadecyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiphenylacetylene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-met\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosanoic acid, ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetracosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptycyclohexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-hexacosene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17-octadecynoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.731\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7- hexadecenal, (Z)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOleic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTritetracontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e43\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e88\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-(2\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,8\u0026rsquo;,8-heptamethytetrasiloxane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.869\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenzene, 1,1\u0026rsquo;-( 1,2-ethanediyl) bis [2,3,4,5\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConocarpan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.816\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid,2,3-dihydroxypropyl\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhthalic acid, di(2-proylpentyl) ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ, E-3,13-octadecadin-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetic acid, [(trimethysilyl)thio]-, trimethylsilyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.483\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13-tetradecen-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eButyl tetracosyl ether\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e58\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.624\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta-sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e Stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis revealed 39 components in the ethanol extract of \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e stem. Table\u0026nbsp;5 shows the active principle, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds detected in the stem ethanol extract of \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNAME\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFORMULA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDodecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9-methylheptadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTridecane, 6-methyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptylclohexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2,3,4,5-cyclopentanepentol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaphthalene,1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylet)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.721\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilane, tetramethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, nonadecyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenanthrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-met)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-(2\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,8\u0026rsquo;,8-heptamethytetrasiloxane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDibutyl phthalates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosanoic acid, ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetracosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-hexadecanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-heptadecanol-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9-Eicosenoic acid, (Z)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeneicosane,5-methyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e46\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, nonadecyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxalic acid, 2TMS derivative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebis (2- ethylhexyl) phthalate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMercaptoacetic acid, 2TMS derivative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMercaptoacetic acid, 2TMS derivative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSSI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGC-MS Results For Reference Samples\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCoartem\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ethanol extract of Coartem was analysed by GC-MS and eleven components were detected. Table\u0026nbsp;6 shows the active principle, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds detected in the ethanol extract of Coartem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNAME\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFORMULA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-isopropoxyl-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,4-Azulenediol,1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,8a-octahy\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-propen-1-ol, 3-, (2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cycloh\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5R, 8R,8aS)-8-Methyl-5- (pent-4-yn-1-yl) o\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e23\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-mthoxy-10,10-dimethyl-6-methylenebic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-mthoxy-10,10-dimethyl-6-methylenebic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl-8-methyl-nonaoate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSulphadar\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy GC-MS analysis, 10 components in Sulphadar ethanol extract were detected. Table\u0026nbsp;6 shows the active principle, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds detected in the ethanol extract of Sulphadar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNAME\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFORMULA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAniline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-tridecane, Z)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenzoic acid, 4- hydroxyl- hydrazide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonic acid, ethyl heptedecyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLauryl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexadecane,1-chloro\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e33\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyrimethamine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eClN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulfadoxine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuinine\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS study of Quinine's ethanol extract revealed the presence of twelve components. Table\u0026nbsp;6 shows the active principle, molecular formula (MF), molecular weight (MW), and retention time (RT).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds detected in the ethanol extract of Quinine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNAME\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFORMULA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxime, methoxy-phenyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenzoic acid,4-hydroxy-hydrazide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-hydraide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiethyl phthalate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl 11-methyl-dodecanoate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyrimethamine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eClN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuinine 1,1\u0026rsquo;-dioxide, (9S)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuinine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4- (5-ethylquinulidine-2-carbonyl)-6-meth\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec34\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were organized into a Table, with colour codes used to designate substances of interest. All common components were combined for analysis. Alkaloids are indicated in green, active chemicals for malaria treatment are indicated in yellow, and common molecules found in reference medications are indicated in red. Table\u0026nbsp;7 shows the results for the \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results for the \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropanoic acid, 2- mecapto- methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed as a solvent in pharmaceuticals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropane \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2-fluoro-2-methyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einsecticide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(3H)- Furanone, dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-4-di\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCausing relaxation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing mental clarity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelieving depression and stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDodecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activity and antifungal activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emedical devices, blood-handling equipment, as a blood defoaming agents, protective barriers, lubricants, and surface treatment of wound dressings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetracontane,3,5,24-trimethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e43\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e88\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eanti-inflammatory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2,3- Benzenetriol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, Analysis, insecticide, anti-cancer, cytoxic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed in organic synthesis and as a solvent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3- isopropoxyl-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,2-dimethyoctadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, antimicrobial, larvicidal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl-beta-d-thiogalactoside\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(maaliol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntinociceptive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaphthalene,1,6-dimethyl-4-( 1- methyllethane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, Antibacterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilane, tetramethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eused as a starting material for synthesizing more complex organosilanes,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHentriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to treat diseases such as skin diseases, ulcers, diabetes, piles, dysentery, asthma, gonorrhoea, gleets, leucorrhoea, and urinary diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, nonadecyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenanthrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to make dyes, plastic, pesticides, explosives and drugs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2- methyl propyl ester)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eantibacterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-(2\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,8\u0026rsquo;,8\u0026rsquo;, - heptamethyltetrasiloxane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDodecane, 1-fluoro-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en- Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypochglestero lenic, nematicide, pesticide, lubricant, antiandrogenic, flavour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetracosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment of nervous debility, insomnia, fatigue, low energy level, and brain tonic for memory functions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, nonadecyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexanedioic, bis (2- ethylhexyl) ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCis \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7-hexadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eantibacterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOleic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.846\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, anti-androgenetic cancer preventive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalonic acid, bis (2-trimethy silyl ethyl ester)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eanti-inflammatory effect, bactericidal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,4,10-trihydroxy-5-( hydroxymethyl) -8-methy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eantimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDidode cyl phthalate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e54\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e502\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed as a solvent and vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients, as well as an alcohol denaturant \u0026ndash; that is, an additive to alcohol to make it unfit to drink.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid,2,3-dihydroxypropyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticancer, antimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17-pentatriacontene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e35\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eanti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and ant-arthritic properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-methylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, and rheumatic disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eused in ophthalmological eyedrops to enlarge pupils.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(2H)-Furanone,5-heptydihydro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungal, antibacterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-hydroxymethylfurfural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eantioxidants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonane,1,1-dethoxy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGive a strong fruity aroma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclopentane,1-hexyl-3-methyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has a role as a human metabolite and a mammalian metabolite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-mannose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse to treat a rare disease called carbohydrate-deficient glycol protein syndrome type 1b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2,3,4,5- cyclopentol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for pharmaceuticals, dyes, and spices production, it is also used as a solvent for drugs and spices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, octadecyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for organic synthesis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebiphenyl acetylene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eit is used as a building block in organic synthesis and as a ligand in organometallic chemistry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methyl ester)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, antifouling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEisosanoic acid, ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelps to store the skin's natural oils\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetracosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for organic synthesis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eheptylcyclohexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-hexacosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eantimicrobial activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12-octadecadienoic acid (z, z) methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eantiplasmodial activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17-octaecynoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial, anti-inflammatory\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiplasmodial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7-hexadecenal, (z)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.731\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenezene,1,1-(1,2-ethane diyl) bis [2,3,4,5----\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntinociceptive anti-\u003cb\u003eInflammatory\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConocarpan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticancer, antimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy propxyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.816\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial antifouling, antibacterial activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial used to treat TB, anti-malarial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ, E-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelps to lose weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13-tetradecen-1-ol acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.483\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treatment of Parkinson's disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eButyl tetra cosyl ether\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e58\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to lower the level of lipids in the blood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta-sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.624\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-ulcer, and arthritic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eantiplasmodial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDiscussion\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSamples collected from the leaves stems, and roots presented in Table\u0026nbsp;7 show the results for the \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e plant for this experiment. Due to space constraints, some of the GCMS data did not provide a complete name, but the chemical formula helped identify what they were.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResults for an extract of parts of Combretum Mossambisence\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec37\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLeaf extract results and analysis (MZL02)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;7 shows the results of the GC-MS investigation, which revealed a total of 37 chemicals. On the GC-MS chromatogram, their peaks were visible. Some of the chemicals found were propanoic acid, 2-mercapto-methyl ester, 3-isopropoxyl-1, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7-hxamethyl-3, 5-, Malonic acid, bis (2-trimethylsilyethyl ester, and Octadecanoic acid, 2, 3- dihydroxypropropyl ester. There were no alkaloids found. Table\u0026nbsp;3 shows the results of the leaf extracts for the \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e, and none of the substances found had antiplasmodial activity, according to the literature available.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec38\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRoot extract results and analysis (MZR02)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GC-MS extract analysis revealed 45 compounds (Table\u0026nbsp;4). Only one alkaloid was detected, and it is used to treat anti-inflammatory and rheumatic illnesses, as well as to widen pupils in ophthalmological eye drops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMZR02 contained many compounds, including n-hexadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, ethyl ester, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (z, z), 17-octadecynoic acid, octadecanoic acid, beta-sitosterol, and others. The root had the greatest number of antimalarial chemicals, with four of them being identified: 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-methyl ester, (Okokon, Augustine, et al., 2017) 17-octadecynoic acid (Tajuddeen \u0026amp; Van Heerden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), phthalic acid, di(2-propyl pentyl) ester also known as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(Enenebeaku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and beta-sitosterol (Gakunju et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec39\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStem extract results and analysis (MZS02)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ethanol extract of MZS02 (Table\u0026nbsp;5) yielded a total of 39 compounds. Some of the detected compounds are heptadecane, cyclopentane, 1-hexyl-3-methyl, hentriacontane, tetradecane,4-ethyl-, silane, tetramethyl, 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-met., eicosane, 2-(2\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,4\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,6\u0026rsquo;,8\u0026rsquo;,8-heptamethytetrasiloxane, phthalic acid, 2-chloropropyl isobutyl ester.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was no alkaloid found, but two antiplasmodial or antimalarial compounds were detected. These are 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-methyl ester, (Okokon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), phthalic acid, di(2-propyl pentyl) ester also known as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (Enenebeaku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec40\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of Conventional Malaria Drugs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany diseases, including malaria, have been treated using single-component medications in recent decades. Combination therapy, a new technique that is effective against other multidrug-resistant illnesses like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis, is now widely suggested for malaria treatment (Marimani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). As a result of the rapid rise of drug resistance among plasmodium parasites around the world, combination therapy has gradually supplanted single-drug treatment of malaria (Hunt et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Combination therapy was used in traditional drugs studied, particularly quinine, which has been linked to plasmodium parasite resistance (Yeung et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Researchers are working on novel medications to combat malaria, in addition to combination therapy for alkaloid drugs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eUse of other Compounds to treat Malaria.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is advanced research on other compounds in the treatment of malaria, apart from alkaloids, as the resistance of the parasite to drugs increases. Esters, ethers, phenols are some of these compounds. Stigmasterol, p-hydroxycinnamic acid ethyl ester, docosanoic acid ethyl ester, Octadecanoic acid methyl ester, and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-ethyl ester. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (linoleic acid), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (linoleic acid), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z) Eicosanoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl] ethyl ester and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2-hydroxyethyl ester are polyunsaturated fatty acids that exhibit anti-plasmodial action. This activity is said to grow as the degree of unsaturation increases (Gakunju et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Mustofa et al., 2007; Okokon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). According to research done on bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, it has similar action on malaria parasite as Artesunate scientifically called [(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12 Hpyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl] ester (Enenebeaku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), an effective conventional malaria drug.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this work, the phytochemical investigation for the \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e, a plant whose herbal extract is utilized as a potent herbal anti-malaria remedy, was performed to establish whether the plant contains alkaloids found in anti-malaria drugs. It was established, however, that the plant does not contain antimalarial alkaloids. However, it was observed that the plant contains similar chemicals to those found in conventional malaria medicines. Compounds such as octadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, Cyclohexasiloxane, tetrasiloxane 3-isopropoxyl-1, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7-hxamethyl-3, 5, 5 TIS (trimethylsiloxyl) were detected in the herb as well as conventional medications. \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e, as well as Coartem and quinine, contain n-hexadecanoic acid. Quinine, and \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e contain Cyclohexasiloxane. The tetrasiloxane 3-isopropoxyl-1, 1, 1, 7, 7, 7-hexamethyl-3, 5, 5 TIS (trimethylsiloxyl) was discovered in \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e and Coartem. Several comparable chemicals were also observed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther forms of alkaloids were found but the data indicated that they could help with other conditions but not malaria. Norepinephrine(R), a 4TMS derivative, is an example of such an alkaloid. It is used to treat life-threatening low blood pressure (hypotension), which can arise because of certain medical conditions or surgical procedures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was observed from the data gathered in this study that malaria is treated by more than just alkaloids. Other chemicals are also effective. The following compounds are reported to have a favourable effect on the malaria parasite \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e, these are; 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z), methyl ester (Okokon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (Enenebeaku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), which were found in the \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e extract. \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e also contained 17-octadecynoic acid and beta-sitosterol. According to the literature, 17-octadecynoic acid inhibits both plasmodium infections and plasmodial FAS-II enzymes, while beta-sitosterol in combination with other compounds shows potential anti-plasmodial activity. Because of these properties, it would be safe to conclude that the \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e extract is an effective non-alkaloid-based antimalarial herbal remedy. These results are important because of the observed resistance of the \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003efalciparum\u003c/em\u003e to alkaloid-based anti-malaria drugs. This could also help to explain the reason why some of the modern conventional anti-malaria drugs are nonalkaloid based. Further studies on \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambisence\u003c/em\u003e to interrogate the efficacy and toxicity of this herbal remedy will be reported in a subsequent publication.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlamgir, A. N. M. 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Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad - 580003, Karnataka, India.\u0026rsquo;, 9(5), pp. 2005\u0026ndash;2010. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(5).2005-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaithili, V., Arunazhagi, R., \u0026amp; Yogesh, V. (2018). \u003cem\u003ePHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF MEDICALLY SIGNIFICANT CRUDE EXTRACT USING GC-MS ANALYSIS\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(6).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarimani, M. (2020). Combination therapy against multidrug resistance. In \u003cem\u003eCombination Therapy Against Multidrug Resistance\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 39\u0026ndash;64). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820576-1.00002-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMustofa, Sholikhah, E. N., \u0026amp; Wahyuono, S. (2007). In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts of Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs traditionally used to treat malaria in Indonesia. \u003cem\u003eSoutheast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e38\u003c/em\u003e(4), 609\u0026ndash;615.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNawa, M., Hangoma, P., Morse, A. P., \u0026amp; Michelo, C. (2019). Investigating the upsurge of malaria prevalence in Zambia between 2010 and 2015: A decomposition of determinants. In \u003cem\u003eMalaria Journal\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 18, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2698-x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNafiah, M. A. (2013) \u0026lsquo;Extraction and Isolation of Alkaloids from The Leaves of Alseodaphne corneri Kosterm\u0026rsquo;, \u003cem\u003eMalaysian Journal of Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, pp. 27\u0026ndash;32.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNchabeleng, E. (2017) \u0026apos;Determination Of Biological Activity Of Celtis Africana Extracts And Its Endophytic Microflora And Mycoflora . A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science , University of Johannesburg In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of a Mast\u0026apos;, pp. 25\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkokon, J. E., Antia, B. S., Mohanakrishnan, D., Sahal, D., Okokon, J. E., Antia, B. S., \u0026amp; Mohanakrishnan, D. (2017). Antimalarial and antiplasmodial activity of husk extract and fractions of Zea mays. \u003cem\u003ePharmaceutical Biology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e(0), 000. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1302966\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkokon, J. E., Augustine, N. B., \u0026amp; Mohanakrishnan, D. (2017). Antimalarial, antiplasmodial, and analgesic activities of root extract of Alchornea laxiflora. \u003cem\u003ePharmaceutical Biology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e55\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1022\u0026ndash;1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1285947\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRasmussen, C., Alonso, P. and Ringwald, P. (2022) \u0026lsquo;Current and emerging strategies to combat antimalarial resistance\u0026rsquo;, \u003cem\u003eExpert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy\u003c/em\u003e, 20(3), pp. 353\u0026ndash;372. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1962291.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eRotary Evaporation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics\u003c/em\u003e. (2020). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/rotary-evaporation\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoss, I. A. 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(2015). \u003cem\u003eAnalysis of Phytochemical constituents of the chloroform extracts of Abutilon hirtum ( Lam .) Sweet using GC-MS Method\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(8), 167\u0026ndash;171. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijpr\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2020). World Malaria Report: 20 years of global progress and challenges. \u003cem\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/em\u003e, 300. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015791\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2015). World Malaria Report 2015 - World Health Organization - Google Books. In \u003cem\u003eWHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland\u003c/em\u003e. https://books.google.com.gh/books?hl=en\u0026amp;lr=\u0026amp;id=rg4LDgAAQBAJ\u0026amp;oi=fnd\u0026amp;pg=PP1\u0026amp;ots=XTkHMPQ3GB\u0026amp;sig=Y_J4C-yoyR-z32UhR6BEtxy4dVs\u0026amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage\u0026amp;q\u0026amp;f=false\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYeung, S., Pongtavornpinyo, W., Hastings, I. M., Mills, A. J., \u0026amp; White, N. J. (2004). Antimalarial drug resistance, artemisinin-based combination therapy, and the contribution of modeling to elucidating policy choices. In \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 71, Issue 2 SUPPL., pp. 179\u0026ndash;186). https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.179\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Copperbelt University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Malaria, anti-plasmodial compounds, alkaloids, bioactive, p. falciparum","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4541548/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4541548/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the increase in the resistance of \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e (the deadliest malaria-causing Plasmodium) to antimalarial alkaloid-based drugs, there is intense research on new drugs that can combat malaria. Plants provide an unlimited source of bioactive compounds that can be used to treat various diseases. In addition, plant host endophytes such as bacteria and fungi are regarded as ideal sources of bioactive constituents. The \u003cem\u003eCombretum Mossambicense\u003c/em\u003e plant is a medicinal plant traditionally used as an effective herbal remedy for malaria treatment. However, very little research has been conducted to investigate the phytochemical composition of this plant. In this study, the phytochemistry of the extracts of this plant was investigated and referenced to the chemistry of the commercial drugs used to treat malaria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that \u003cem\u003eCombretum mossambicense\u003c/em\u003e extracts contained alkaloids. However, the alkaloids found in the plant extracts are not directly linked to those reported for the treatment of malaria. A literature review of other compounds found in the plant showed that other non-alkaloid compounds had a positive effect on \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e. According to literature, antimicrobial compounds can be used to treat malaria. The profiles of all plant parts revealed the presence of numerous compounds with reported biological importance, including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, some of these samples contained compounds similar to those reported for conventional non-alkaloid antimalarial drugs. It has been shown that \u003cem\u003eCombretum mossambicense\u003c/em\u003e contains non-alkaloid but anti-plasmodial compounds such as 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (linoleic acid), 17octadecynoic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and beta-sitosterol. These compounds are present as modern non-alkaloid-based antimalarial drugs that fight \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e resistance. Given the reported increase in the resistance of \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e to alkaloid-based anti-malaria drugs, \u003cem\u003ethe efficacy of this non-alkaloid herbal remedy for malaria treatment is important.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Therapeutic Potential of Combretum Mossambicense Extracts Against P. Falciparum Parasite","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-10 06:33:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4541548/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b9ea47d8-5080-4bcf-80fd-433817b18b5e","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 10th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":33025052,"name":"Organic Chemistry"},{"id":33025053,"name":"Medicinal Chemistry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-10T06:33:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-10 06:33:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4541548","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4541548","identity":"rs-4541548","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}