Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS): evaluation of psychometric properties in older adults in Mexico

Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS): evaluation of psychometric properties in older adults in Mexico | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS): evaluation of psychometric properties in older adults in Mexico Lilián Elizabeth Bosques Brugada, Christian Jazmín Flores Pérez, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8534647/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The aging process involves a series of physical changes that socially characterize old age; this is why the perception of vitality in older adulthood is prejudiced and affected, especially for those who suffer from pathologies that could impair their functionality. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Functional Appreciation Scale in Mexican older adults. A total of 357 participants were collected, subdivided into two samples, and asked to complete a battery of tests consisting of the target scale and tests to assess self-esteem, gratitude, and body appreciation. All evaluations were conducted individually and face-to-face. Among the main results, the one-dimensionality of the scale was confirmed in both the exploratory factor analysis (86.42% of variance explained) and the confirmatory factor analysis ( x 2 = 20.2, gl = 14, p = .13; NNFI = .99, NFI = .976, CFI = .996, RMSEA = .045). Likewise, strong and statistically significant associations ( p < .0001) were observed between the measurement system and body appreciation ( r s = .33), gratitude ( r s = .41), and self-esteem ( r s = .48). The results obtained are discussed in the context of previous adoptions, particularly in studies that validated the instrument in older adults. Older adults Functional appreciation Positive body image Psychometric properties Mexico Figures Figure 1 Introduction Old age is a term coined by society to describe physical and tangible aspects of the aging process, which is characterized by factors such as the appearance and functionality of older adults (Cobo & María, 2012 ), relevant in understanding those related to body image in old age. Body image in older adults is related to feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction experienced due to physical changes, from socially widespread (wrinkles, grey hair, changes in body shape) to the loss of functionality that can significantly affect self-concept. Various factors are decisive, such as age-related health conditions, social expectations, and personal attitudes toward aging, contributing to how older adults perceive their bodies physically and emotionally (Sánchez-Cabrero, 2020 ). Understanding and evaluating these dimensions through the development of an associated scale can promote a positive, functional, and physically satisfying body image. Functional appreciation Functional appreciation is the valuation of physical functionality, respecting and praising the body for what it can do, beyond awareness of it. It concerns internal processes, bodily senses and perceptions, creative efforts, communication with others, and self-care. Although functionality can be altered by factors such as illness, injury, and structural differences, including old age, esteem for one's body refers to functionality regardless of its limitations (Alleva et al., 2017 ). One of the instruments that assesses functionality in a holistic sense is the Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS), designed by Alleva et al. ( 2017 ), which considers the evaluation of body image as a perception influenced by indicators associated with motivation, affective, and physical self-perception. The FAS consists of seven items, where a higher score indicates greater functional appreciation. This test has a unidimensional structure aimed at adults aged 18 to 75. Currently, several cultural adaptations exist (Latin America, Europe, and Asia), and validations exist in different age groups, including older adults (Table 1 ). Generally, the scale has been reported to have adequate internal consistency, ranging from .80 to .97 (Rekkers et al., 2023 ). Context in Mexico and older adults The prevalence of the aging population worldwide has been increasing significantly. In Mexico, the population over 65 years old constitutes 14% (National Institute of Statistics and Geography, 2022), with an annual increase of 1.3%. Therefore, the analysis, evaluation, and design of evidence-based tools to promote quality of life in this age group is imperative. According to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (2024), 50% of older adults in Mexico have some form of sensorimotor, cognitive, or basic activities of daily living limitation. Likewise, the prevalence of frailty is 11% in people aged 65 and over and is related to low socioeconomic status, cognitive impairment, falls, sarcopenia, malnutrition, and depression (Pérez-Zepeda et al., 2017 ). The perception of physical condition is a variable that influences older adults' self-assessment of their ability to perform physically demanding activities, strengthening their sense of competence in different areas of personal development. This, combined with the feeling of strength applied to tasks, constitutes a series of factors that contribute to a positive perception (Jodra Jiménez et al., 2019 ). Body image in older adults is aimed at giving greater importance to physical ability rather than physical appearance (Monsalve-Jaramillo et al., 2022 ), which is one of the reasons why the Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS) was developed (Alleva et al., 2017 ), focusing on people's ability to accept their bodies. Therefore, the study of positive psychological factors focused on physical functionality in old age is important for maintaining overall health. In this sense, this study aimed to determine the psychometric properties (construct validity and reliability) of the Functional Appreciation Scale for use in the Mexican older adult population. This study This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the FAS in a sample of older adults in Mexico. To date, there is no validated version of the FAS for the Mexican population. Therefore, this study examined the dimensions and indicators associated with functional appreciation through construct validity and internal consistency. The hypothesis was that the Mexican version of the FAS would show a unidimensional structure supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, considering gender invariance. Regarding convergent validity, a positive correlation between body appreciation, gratitude, and self-esteem, and a divergent correlation with the variables of anxiety and depression were hypothesized. Method A quantitative study was conducted, with a non-experimental, instrumental design. Participants To carry out the first part of the study, which involved exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a non-probabilistic, purposive sample was formed of 146 Mexican older adults living in the community, aged between 51 and 88 ( ߂ = 70.24, SD = 7.04), of whom 95 were women ( ߂ = 70.20, SD = 6.41) and 51 were men ( ߂ = 70.29, SD = 8.15). For the second part of the study, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a non-probabilistic, intentional sample of 211 older adults living in the community was composed, ranging in age from 50 to 96 years ( ߂ = 68.5, SD = 7.79), of whom 130 were women ( ߂ = 67.81, SD = 7.02) and 81 were men ( ߂ = 69.77, SD = 8.72). Instruments Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS) , designed by Alleva et al. ( 2017 ), a test that measures people's appreciation and respect for bodily functionality, comprising seven Likert-type items ranging from "strongly disagree" (1) to "strongly agree" (5), with an internal consistency of .91. For this study, the Spanish version for the Colombian population by Mebarak et al. ( 2023 ) was used. The comprehension of the instructions, items, and response options was verified in all participants in the sample (given that the application was face-to-face and individual), thus ensuring and corroborating its adaptability in the same language. Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2) , developed by Tylka and Wood-Barcalow ( 2015 ), is a test that measures the evaluation of body acceptance and respect, favourable opinions of the body, as well as the rejection of appearance ideals, comprising 10 Likert-type items ranging from "never" (1) to "always" (5). The BAS-2 has an internal consistency of .97 (.97 for women and .96 for men). The BAS-2 was validated in the Mexican population by Escoto et al. (2020) in a sample of 1,127 people (508 men and 619 women). An omega consistency of .93 was obtained for women and .90 for men. Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) , designed by McCullough et al. ( 2002 ), is a unidimensional test that assesses the propensity to experience gratitude in everyday life. It comprises six Likert-type items (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree). Quezada Berumen ( 2023 ) validated this instrument in a sample of 566 people aged 18 to 67 (SD = 12.08). Consistency was .79 for women and .77 for men. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale , a measurement system developed by Rosenberg ( 1965 ) to assess feelings of self-worth and self-respect, consists of ten Likert-type items (with values ranging from one "strongly disagree" to four "strongly agree"), five direct items, and five reverse items. This instrument has been adapted for older Mexican adults, and an internal consistency of .73 has been reported (De León Ricardi & García Méndez, 2016 ). Ethical considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Health Sciences of the Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo (approval number ICSa/213/2023). Procedure Data was collected using the snowball sampling technique between February and June 2024. Participants were recruited from among the acquaintances and relatives of students enrolled in the gerontology degree program at a state university. The criteria for participation were being an adult over the age of 60 with no reported cognitive impairment. After giving their informed consent, they were given a battery of tests. Data collection was conducted individually, through face-to-face interviews. Data capture was performed using software called " Recopilación y análisis de datos de suicidio en adultos mayores " (RADSAM, Sánchez, 2024), a data collection and analysis tool. Analytical strategy In order to determine the reliability of the FAS adapted for Mexican older adults, item-total correlation calculations were performed for the scale, as well as Cronbach's Alpha and MacDonald's Omega coefficients (these analyses were performed using the RADSAM program). About validity analyses, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and polychoric correlations were performed using the FACTOR statistical package, version 12.01.05 (Ferrando & Lorenzo-Seva, 2017 ). Convergent validity was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; version 22, in Spanish), while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (EQS; version 6.1; Bentler, 2004 ). For CFA, the KMO coefficients ( r = .80) and Bartlett's sphericity ( p < .05) were considered as determinants for the relevance of this analysis (KMO [ r = .85] and Bartlett's sphericity [ x 2 = 1393.4, gl = 21, p = .001]). A polychoric correlation matrix was used due to the ordinal nature of the data and the lack of normality in their distribution, obtained through a multivariate analysis by Mardia (PM = 1702.57, p = .001). Robust unweighted least squares extraction analysis and Promin oblique rotation were used to obtain the factors. Likewise, the following guidelines were taken into account for the formation of the factor structure: determination of the number of factors with the parallel analysis of Timmerman and Lorenzo-Seva ( 2011 ); items with a factor loading equal to or greater than .40 were retained; similarly, in the case of items with cross-loadings, a difference of less than .20 was considered for elimination; and items with cross-loadings that had a difference equal to or greater than .20 were retained in the factors, remaining in the factor with the highest loading; (Costello & Osborne, 2005 ; Fabrigar et al., 1999 ; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001 ; Visauta & Martori, 2003; Worthington & Whittaker, 2006 ). For the AFC, the original latent structure model of the FAS (Alleva et al., 2017 ) was tested with the second sample. Multivariate normality was calculated using Mardia's normalized coefficient of kurtosis and skewness (PM = 935.50, p = .001). To determine the fit of the model, the raw data matrix was considered and goodness-of-fit indicators were taken into account (Bentler, 1977 ; Kline, 2005 ; Mulaik, 2009 ; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001 ) were considered, including: non-significant chi-square (x2; p > .05), and normalized chi-square ( x 2 / gl ; with values between 1.00 and 2.00); Normalized Fit Index (NFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (NNFI), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI), with values greater than .95; in terms of Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) greater than .90; standardized mean residual (SMR) value not exceeding .05, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) less than .08; and upper limit of RMSEA confidence interval less than .10. Results Exploratory factor analysis In order to determine the factorial structure of the FAS items, a factor analysis was performed on the first sample collected. To this end, compliance with the AFE feasibility requirements for the FAS was determined; favourable KMO (.85) and Bartlett's sphericity ( x 2 = 1393.4, gl = 21, p = < .0001) indices were obtained. Timmerman & Lorenzo-Seva's (2011) parallel analysis of polychoric analysis suggests one factor (since in only one case does it exceed the explained variance of 86.42 with respect to the 95% percentile of random data of 36.03%). However, when running the CFA, the parallel analysis is confirmed, obtaining a unifactorial structure that meets the criteria expressed above for forming factors and loading items on the factors (Table 2 ). The items represented the factor consistently, ranging from .85 to .92. To ensure that FAS presents a good fit of the data, the fit indices GFI (.997; CI = .989 − .999); RMSEA (.043; CI = .026 − .063); RMSR (.050; CI = .024 − .07) were calculated, and the model index under Kelly's criterion, which was also favourable (.082). Confirmatory factor analysis To verify the factorial structure of the FAS, a CFA was performed using the second subsample of 211 participants, where, according to the feasibility requirements, an adequate fit model was obtained with the following indicators: Chi2 goodness-of-fit index – not significant ( x 2 20.2, gl = 14, p = .13) and Chi-squared of 1.43; normalized fit index (NFI) of .976, Tucker-Lewis index (NNFI) of .99, and comparative fit index (CFI) of .996, goodness-of-fit indices GFI of .998, and adjusted goodness-of-fit (AGFI) of .996. The standardized mean residual (RMR) value was .030, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was .045, which is less than .08; and the upper limit of the RMSEA confidence interval of .061 is also less than .10 (Bentler, 2004 ; Kline, 2005 ; Mulaik, 2009 ; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001 ). In addition, Kelle's criterion was obtained, which was .068 (Kelley, 1935 ). The FAS factorial model is presented in Fig. 1 . It should be noted that coefficients between .63 and .76 were retained. Convergent validity In order to determine the convergent validity of the Functional Appreciation construct, Spearman correlations were performed with the total scores of the BAS-2, GQ-6, and EAR. Statistically significant ( p = < .001), positive, and moderate correlations were obtained between physical function and body appreciation ( r s = .33), gratitude ( r s = .41), and self-esteem ( r s = .48). Reliability Finally, the internal consistency of the FAS was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients, which showed acceptable levels of reliability for the scale as a whole (from .87 to .91). In terms of internal consistency by gender, men obtained adequate coefficients in both sample 1 ( ω = .89 and α = .87) and sample 2 ( ω = .88 and α = .88). Similarly, women obtained adequate reliability values for sample 1 ( ω = .92 and α = .92) and sample 2 ( ω = .92 and α = .85). Discussion The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the FAS for older adults in Mexico. The FAS has proven to be an effective measurement tool in different regions of the world (Anastasiades et al., 2023 ; Arnaud et al., 2025 ; Cerea et al., 2021 ; Faria et al., 2020 ; He et al., 2022 ; Namatame et al., 2022 ; Rekkers et al., 2023 ; Sahlan et al., 2022 ; Swami et al., 2021 , 2022 ; Zamora et al., 2024 ). However, until now, no validation of this instrument has been identified in the Mexican population, and exclusively in a sample of older adults. The results obtained in the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses reinforced the FAS's one-dimensionality, similar to other studies considering samples of older adults (Anastasiades et al., 2023 ; Cerea et al., 2021 ; Namate et al., 2022; Rekkers et al., 2023 ; Swami et al., 2021 , 2022 ). Regarding the one-dimensionality found in the FAS (86.42% of the variance explained), this result is consistent with that observed by He et al. ( 2022 ), who used a sample of older adults from China and obtained an explained variance of 87%; while in other validations of the FAS, which included older adults (without being exclusively validated at this stage of development), variance percentages of between 57 and 76% were found (Anastasiades et al., 2023 ; Cerea et al., 2021 ; Namate et al., 2022; Rekkers et al., 2023 ; Swami et al., 2021 , 2022 ). The differences in the percentages of variance obtained so far may be because the construct of functional appreciation becomes more representative at this stage of life, with older adults placing more importance on maintaining the functionality of their bodies than on physical appearance (He et al., 2023 ). In addition, the reliability obtained in this FAS analysis was consistent in the two samples studied in the present study, being greater than .80, which is consistent with the coefficients reported by other studies (Anastasiades et al., 2023 ; Arnaud, 2024; Cerea et al., 2021 ; He et al., 2022 ; Faria et al., 2020 ; Namate et al., 2022; Sahlan et al., 2022 ; Swami et al., 2021 , 2022 ; Zamora et al., 2024 ). On the other hand, the consistency reported by gender remained favourable in both samples, with women reporting internal consistency greater than .90 and men reporting consistency greater than .80. These data were consistent with those reported in previous analyses (Anastasiades et al., 2023 ; Arnaud., 2024; Cerea et al., 2021 ; He et al., 2022 ; Faria et al., 2020 ; Namate et al., 2022; Rekkers et al., 2023 ; Sahlan et al., 2022 ; Swami et al., 2021 , 2022 ; Zamora et al., 2024 ). Concerning convergent validity, a degree of association was demonstrated between FAS and the constructs of gratitude, self-esteem, and body appreciation. In particular, moderate correlations were observed with self-esteem and gratitude. The results were similar to those reported in other studies (Avella et al., 2023; Mebarak et al., 2023 ; Riechers & Warschburger, 2025 ). Notably, associations with body appreciation were identified to a lesser extent than in previous studies that have also examined this relationship (Anastasiades et al., 2023 ; Avella et al., 2023); this may be because the samples analysed in these studies have considered or included younger populations, where it is understood that, due to their stage of development, self-worth takes on a different meaning compared to the perspective generated by the aging process in older adults, who deem aspects of esteem related to physical appearance and appreciation based on functionality to be less important. Limitations of the study In the present study, it is recognized that only the convergent validity analysis is reported. In the following revisions of the scale, the relevance of reviewing the divergent validity is considered to provide greater robustness to the properties of the FAS. On the other hand, within the sample considered and the type of data collection, it would be necessary to include not only older adults living at home but also those in institutions, which would broaden the spectrum of the study population. Similarly, it is recognized that the test-retest reliability of the scale was not evaluated. Future research Because low associations were found between functional appreciation and self-esteem, future studies should analyse convergence with other constructs where the correspondence with older adults can be better appreciated, such as scales that measure functionality through comprehensive gerontological assessment (Briggs et al., 2022 ). Likewise, expanding the population's age range could be considered. Conclusion The Mexican version of the FAS for adults over 60 confirmed the original scale's one-dimensionality. It also proved to be an instrument with adequate psychometric properties, favourable reliability coefficients, and associations between the FAS and self-esteem, gratitude, and body appreciation. Therefore, this study confirms the use of the FAS in the target population, a preliminary step in gerontological psychology research to continue investigating the emotional changes in older adults concerning their perception and acceptance of their bodies. Declarations We declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding this research. Funding This research was funded by a grant from the Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology, and Innovation (Secihti), called “National Postgraduate Scholarships”, with grant acceptance number 2023-000002-01NACF-05091. Data availability The dataset analyzed for this report is not publicly available, but may be requested from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Ethical approval Our research was conducted in accordance with ethical standards. We obtained all necessary approvals and permissions to conduct the study, ensuring the privacy, confidentiality, and rights of the participants involved. Informed Consent We obtained informed consent from all participants involved in the study. They were fully informed about the research objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits, and gave their voluntary consent to participate. Author Contribution "Conceptualization LEBB., CJFP., LP & RGS.; Methodology LEBB & CJFP; Software LEBB, AFA, ASS & CJFP; Validation LEBB, LILA & CJFP; Formal Analysis LEBB, LILA & CJFP; Investigation LEBB, AFA, ASS, LILA & CJFP.; Resources LP & RGS; Data Curation LEBB, LILA & CJFP; Writing – Original Draft LEBB., CJFP, LILA, LP, AFA, ASS & RGS; Writing – Review & Editing LEBB & CJFP; Visualization LEBB & CJFP; Supervision LEBB, LILA & CJFP; Project Administration LEBB & CJFP; Funding Acquisition LEBB, RGS, LP & CJFP Todos los autores han leído y están de acuerdo con la versión publicada del manuscrito". References Alleva, J. M., Custers, M., Wu, Y., & Martijn, C. (2023). Psychometric properties of a Dutch translation of the functionality appreciation scale (FAS) among adults in the Netherlands. Body Image, 47, 101624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101624 Alleva, J. M., Tylka, T. L., & Kroon Van Diest, A. M. (2017). 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N., Todd, J., & Swami, V. (2022). Psychometric properties of a Farsi translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in Iranian adolescents. Body Image , 41 , 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.011 Sánchez-Cabrero, R. (2020). Mejora de la satisfacción corporal en la madurez a través de un programa específico de imagen corporal. Universitas psychologica , 19 (1), 27. Swami, V., Todd, J., Azzi, V., Malaeb, D., El Dine, A. S., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2022). Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in Lebanese adults. Body Image , 42 , 361-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.008 Swami, V., Todd, J., Goian, C., Tudorel, O., Barron, D., & Vintilă, M. (2021). Psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS). Body Image , 37 , 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.02.010 Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th Edition, Allyn and Bacon, Boston. Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods , 16 (2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023353 Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image , 12 , 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006 Visauta, B. y Martori, J. (2003). Análisis estadístico con SPSSpara Windows: Volumen II, estadística multivariante . Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. Counseling Psychologist , 34 (6), 806---838. Zamora, Á., Desdentado, L., Herrero, R., Miragall, M., & Baños, R. (2024). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functionality appreciation scale. Journal of Eating Disorders , 12 (1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01004-0 Tables Tables 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table12.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 26 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 13 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 05 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 19 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 16 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 16 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 06 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8534647","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":577979524,"identity":"cb80e287-bf04-4f84-aebb-5e9b16aada7c","order_by":0,"name":"Lilián Elizabeth Bosques Brugada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lilián","middleName":"Elizabeth Bosques","lastName":"Brugada","suffix":""},{"id":577979525,"identity":"fc1ac190-c951-4946-9edd-679d7c3421ff","order_by":1,"name":"Christian Jazmín Flores 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07:08:15","extension":"xml","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":132604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"c764f4e6115449fea6e3308945a425dc1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8534647/v1/81d9f2ab44930dcd9f276f65.xml"},{"id":100949815,"identity":"dff8d46b-f0d5-4ae2-ac9a-71069b06dbea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 07:05:53","extension":"html","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":149095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8534647/v1/9e075fb9e3be71e255f59c89.html"},{"id":100897224,"identity":"1558c62c-13bc-418c-bcd5-2cb76e968393","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 14:22:35","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFAS factorial model\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: \u003c/em\u003eFAS = Functional Appreciation Scale\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8534647/v1/a8d45973b668aa2c926d4feb.png"},{"id":100952939,"identity":"9c789d68-413b-43c6-ae26-0fc4df5f3e4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 07:18:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":612080,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8534647/v1/3b8e9ec3-3f04-4720-b20b-6ba3329d4c9f.pdf"},{"id":100897226,"identity":"1709f432-ce07-4ef8-adf4-ba49e97cacc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 14:22:35","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":32056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table12.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8534647/v1/86029fd6bd808cf46f5cbf72.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS): evaluation of psychometric properties in older adults in Mexico","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOld age is a term coined by society to describe physical and tangible aspects of the aging process, which is characterized by factors such as the appearance and functionality of older adults (Cobo \u0026amp; Mar\u0026iacute;a, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), relevant in understanding those related to body image in old age. Body image in older adults is related to feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction experienced due to physical changes, from socially widespread (wrinkles, grey hair, changes in body shape) to the loss of functionality that can significantly affect self-concept. Various factors are decisive, such as age-related health conditions, social expectations, and personal attitudes toward aging, contributing to how older adults perceive their bodies physically and emotionally (S\u0026aacute;nchez-Cabrero, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding and evaluating these dimensions through the development of an associated scale can promote a positive, functional, and physically satisfying body image.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFunctional appreciation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunctional appreciation is the valuation of physical functionality, respecting and praising the body for what it can do, beyond awareness of it. It concerns internal processes, bodily senses and perceptions, creative efforts, communication with others, and self-care. Although functionality can be altered by factors such as illness, injury, and structural differences, including old age, esteem for one\u0026apos;s body refers to functionality regardless of its limitations (Alleva et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). One of the instruments that assesses functionality in a holistic sense is the Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS), designed by Alleva et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), which considers the evaluation of body image as a perception influenced by indicators associated with motivation, affective, and physical self-perception.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe FAS consists of seven items, where a higher score indicates greater functional appreciation. This test has a unidimensional structure aimed at adults aged 18 to 75. Currently, several cultural adaptations exist (Latin America, Europe, and Asia), and validations exist in different age groups, including older adults (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Generally, the scale has been reported to have adequate internal consistency, ranging from .80 to .97 (Rekkers et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eContext in Mexico and older adults\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of the aging population worldwide has been increasing significantly. In Mexico, the population over 65 years old constitutes 14% (National Institute of Statistics and Geography, 2022), with an annual increase of 1.3%. Therefore, the analysis, evaluation, and design of evidence-based tools to promote quality of life in this age group is imperative.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (2024), 50% of older adults in Mexico have some form of sensorimotor, cognitive, or basic activities of daily living limitation. Likewise, the prevalence of frailty is 11% in people aged 65 and over and is related to low socioeconomic status, cognitive impairment, falls, sarcopenia, malnutrition, and depression (P\u0026eacute;rez-Zepeda et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe perception of physical condition is a variable that influences older adults\u0026apos; self-assessment of their ability to perform physically demanding activities, strengthening their sense of competence in different areas of personal development. This, combined with the feeling of strength applied to tasks, constitutes a series of factors that contribute to a positive perception (Jodra Jim\u0026eacute;nez et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody image in older adults is aimed at giving greater importance to physical ability rather than physical appearance (Monsalve-Jaramillo et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), which is one of the reasons why the Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS) was developed (Alleva et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), focusing on people\u0026apos;s ability to accept their bodies. Therefore, the study of positive psychological factors focused on physical functionality in old age is important for maintaining overall health. In this sense, this study aimed to determine the psychometric properties (construct validity and reliability) of the Functional Appreciation Scale for use in the Mexican older adult population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThis study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the FAS in a sample of older adults in Mexico. To date, there is no validated version of the FAS for the Mexican population. Therefore, this study examined the dimensions and indicators associated with functional appreciation through construct validity and internal consistency. The hypothesis was that the Mexican version of the FAS would show a unidimensional structure supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, considering gender invariance. Regarding convergent validity, a positive correlation between body appreciation, gratitude, and self-esteem, and a divergent correlation with the variables of anxiety and depression were hypothesized.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eA quantitative study was conducted, with a non-experimental, instrumental design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo carry out the first part of the study, which involved exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a non-probabilistic, purposive sample was formed of 146 Mexican older adults living in the community, aged between 51 and 88 (\u003cem\u003e߂\u003c/em\u003e = 70.24, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.04), of whom 95 were women (\u003cem\u003e߂\u003c/em\u003e = 70.20, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.41) and 51 were men (\u003cem\u003e߂\u003c/em\u003e = 70.29, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.15). For the second part of the study, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a non-probabilistic, intentional sample of 211 older adults living in the community was composed, ranging in age from 50 to 96 years (\u003cem\u003e߂\u003c/em\u003e = 68.5, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.79), of whom 130 were women (\u003cem\u003e߂\u003c/em\u003e = 67.81, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.02) and 81 were men (\u003cem\u003e߂\u003c/em\u003e = 69.77, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.72).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInstruments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunctional Appreciation Scale (FAS)\u003c/em\u003e, designed by Alleva et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), a test that measures people's appreciation and respect for bodily functionality, comprising seven Likert-type items ranging from \"strongly disagree\" (1) to \"strongly agree\" (5), with an internal consistency of .91. For this study, the Spanish version for the Colombian population by Mebarak et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) was used. The comprehension of the instructions, items, and response options was verified in all participants in the sample (given that the application was face-to-face and individual), thus ensuring and corroborating its adaptability in the same language.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBody Appreciation Scale (BAS-2)\u003c/em\u003e, developed by Tylka and Wood-Barcalow (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), is a test that measures the evaluation of body acceptance and respect, favourable opinions of the body, as well as the rejection of appearance ideals, comprising 10 Likert-type items ranging from \"never\" (1) to \"always\" (5). The BAS-2 has an internal consistency of .97 (.97 for women and .96 for men). The BAS-2 was validated in the Mexican population by Escoto et al. (2020) in a sample of 1,127 people (508 men and 619 women). An omega consistency of .93 was obtained for women and .90 for men.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eGratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6)\u003c/em\u003e, designed by McCullough et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), is a unidimensional test that assesses the propensity to experience gratitude in everyday life. It comprises six Likert-type items (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree; 7\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree). Quezada Berumen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) validated this instrument in a sample of 566 people aged 18 to 67 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.08). Consistency was .79 for women and .77 for men.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eRosenberg Self-Esteem Scale\u003c/em\u003e, a measurement system developed by Rosenberg (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e) to assess feelings of self-worth and self-respect, consists of ten Likert-type items (with values ranging from one \"strongly disagree\" to four \"strongly agree\"), five direct items, and five reverse items. This instrument has been adapted for older Mexican adults, and an internal consistency of .73 has been reported (De Le\u0026oacute;n Ricardi \u0026amp; Garc\u0026iacute;a M\u0026eacute;ndez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Health Sciences of the Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo (approval number ICSa/213/2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProcedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was collected using the snowball sampling technique between February and June 2024. Participants were recruited from among the acquaintances and relatives of students enrolled in the gerontology degree program at a state university. The criteria for participation were being an adult over the age of 60 with no reported cognitive impairment. After giving their informed consent, they were given a battery of tests. Data collection was conducted individually, through face-to-face interviews. Data capture was performed using software called \"\u003cem\u003eRecopilaci\u0026oacute;n y an\u0026aacute;lisis de datos de suicidio en adultos mayores\u003c/em\u003e\" (RADSAM, S\u0026aacute;nchez, 2024), a data collection and analysis tool.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalytical strategy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to determine the reliability of the FAS adapted for Mexican older adults, item-total correlation calculations were performed for the scale, as well as Cronbach's Alpha and MacDonald's Omega coefficients (these analyses were performed using the RADSAM program). About validity analyses, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and polychoric correlations were performed using the FACTOR statistical package, version 12.01.05 (Ferrando \u0026amp; Lorenzo-Seva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Convergent validity was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; version 22, in Spanish), while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (EQS; version 6.1; Bentler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor CFA, the KMO coefficients (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.80) and Bartlett's sphericity (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05) were considered as determinants for the relevance of this analysis (KMO [\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.85] and Bartlett's sphericity [\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1393.4, \u003cem\u003egl\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.001]). A polychoric correlation matrix was used due to the ordinal nature of the data and the lack of normality in their distribution, obtained through a multivariate analysis by Mardia (PM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1702.57, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.001). Robust unweighted least squares extraction analysis and Promin oblique rotation were used to obtain the factors. Likewise, the following guidelines were taken into account for the formation of the factor structure: determination of the number of factors with the parallel analysis of Timmerman and Lorenzo-Seva (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e); items with a factor loading equal to or greater than .40 were retained; similarly, in the case of items with cross-loadings, a difference of less than .20 was considered for elimination; and items with cross-loadings that had a difference equal to or greater than .20 were retained in the factors, remaining in the factor with the highest loading; (Costello \u0026amp; Osborne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Fabrigar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Visauta \u0026amp; Martori, 2003; Worthington \u0026amp; Whittaker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the AFC, the original latent structure model of the FAS (Alleva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) was tested with the second sample. Multivariate normality was calculated using Mardia's normalized coefficient of kurtosis and skewness (PM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;935.50, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.001). To determine the fit of the model, the raw data matrix was considered and goodness-of-fit indicators were taken into account (Bentler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e; Kline, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Mulaik, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) were considered, including: non-significant chi-square (x2; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.05), and normalized chi-square (\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e/\u003cem\u003egl\u003c/em\u003e; with values between 1.00 and 2.00); Normalized Fit Index (NFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (NNFI), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI), with values greater than .95; in terms of Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) greater than .90; standardized mean residual (SMR) value not exceeding .05, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) less than .08; and upper limit of RMSEA confidence interval less than .10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExploratory factor analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to determine the factorial structure of the FAS items, a factor analysis was performed on the first sample collected. To this end, compliance with the AFE feasibility requirements for the FAS was determined; favourable KMO (.85) and Bartlett\u0026apos;s sphericity (\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1393.4, \u003cem\u003egl\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001) indices were obtained. Timmerman \u0026amp; Lorenzo-Seva\u0026apos;s (2011) parallel analysis of polychoric analysis suggests one factor (since in only one case does it exceed the explained variance of 86.42 with respect to the 95% percentile of random data of 36.03%). However, when running the CFA, the parallel analysis is confirmed, obtaining a unifactorial structure that meets the criteria expressed above for forming factors and loading items on the factors (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The items represented the factor consistently, ranging from .85 to .92. To ensure that FAS presents a good fit of the data, the fit indices GFI (.997; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.989 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.999); RMSEA (.043; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.026 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.063); RMSR (.050; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.024 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.07) were calculated, and the model index under Kelly\u0026apos;s criterion, which was also favourable (.082).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eConfirmatory factor analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo verify the factorial structure of the FAS, a CFA was performed using the second subsample of 211 participants, where, according to the feasibility requirements, an adequate fit model was obtained with the following indicators: Chi2 goodness-of-fit index \u0026ndash; not significant (\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e 20.2, \u003cem\u003egl\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.13) and Chi-squared of 1.43; normalized fit index (NFI) of .976, Tucker-Lewis index (NNFI) of .99, and comparative fit index (CFI) of .996, goodness-of-fit indices GFI of .998, and adjusted goodness-of-fit (AGFI) of .996. The standardized mean residual (RMR) value was .030, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was .045, which is less than .08; and the upper limit of the RMSEA confidence interval of .061 is also less than .10 (Bentler, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Kline, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Mulaik, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, Kelle\u0026apos;s criterion was obtained, which was .068 (Kelley, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1935\u003c/span\u003e). The FAS factorial model is presented in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. It should be noted that coefficients between .63 and .76 were retained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eConvergent validity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to determine the convergent validity of the Functional Appreciation construct, Spearman correlations were performed with the total scores of the BAS-2, GQ-6, and EAR. Statistically significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), positive, and moderate correlations were obtained between physical function and body appreciation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .33), gratitude (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .41), and self-esteem (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .48).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eReliability\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinally, the internal consistency of the FAS was estimated using Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha and McDonald\u0026apos;s omega coefficients, which showed acceptable levels of reliability for the scale as a whole (from .87 to .91).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn terms of internal consistency by gender, men obtained adequate coefficients in both sample 1 (\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.89 and \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.87) and sample 2 (\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.88 and \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.88). Similarly, women obtained adequate reliability values for sample 1 (\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.92 and \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.92) and sample 2 (\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.92 and \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.85).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the FAS for older adults in Mexico. The FAS has proven to be an effective measurement tool in different regions of the world (Anastasiades et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Arnaud et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Cerea et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Faria et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; He et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Namatame et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Rekkers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sahlan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Swami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zamora et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, until now, no validation of this instrument has been identified in the Mexican population, and exclusively in a sample of older adults.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results obtained in the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses reinforced the FAS's one-dimensionality, similar to other studies considering samples of older adults (Anastasiades et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Cerea et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Namate et al., 2022; Rekkers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Swami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the one-dimensionality found in the FAS (86.42% of the variance explained), this result is consistent with that observed by He et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who used a sample of older adults from China and obtained an explained variance of 87%; while in other validations of the FAS, which included older adults (without being exclusively validated at this stage of development), variance percentages of between 57 and 76% were found (Anastasiades et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Cerea et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Namate et al., 2022; Rekkers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Swami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The differences in the percentages of variance obtained so far may be because the construct of functional appreciation becomes more representative at this stage of life, with older adults placing more importance on maintaining the functionality of their bodies than on physical appearance (He et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the reliability obtained in this FAS analysis was consistent in the two samples studied in the present study, being greater than .80, which is consistent with the coefficients reported by other studies (Anastasiades et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Arnaud, 2024; Cerea et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; He et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Faria et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Namate et al., 2022; Sahlan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Swami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zamora et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the consistency reported by gender remained favourable in both samples, with women reporting internal consistency greater than .90 and men reporting consistency greater than .80. These data were consistent with those reported in previous analyses (Anastasiades et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Arnaud., 2024; Cerea et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; He et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Faria et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Namate et al., 2022; Rekkers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sahlan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Swami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zamora et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning convergent validity, a degree of association was demonstrated between FAS and the constructs of gratitude, self-esteem, and body appreciation. In particular, moderate correlations were observed with self-esteem and gratitude. The results were similar to those reported in other studies (Avella et al., 2023; Mebarak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Riechers \u0026amp; Warschburger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, associations with body appreciation were identified to a lesser extent than in previous studies that have also examined this relationship (Anastasiades et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Avella et al., 2023); this may be because the samples analysed in these studies have considered or included younger populations, where it is understood that, due to their stage of development, self-worth takes on a different meaning compared to the perspective generated by the aging process in older adults, who deem aspects of esteem related to physical appearance and appreciation based on functionality to be less important.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, it is recognized that only the convergent validity analysis is reported. In the following revisions of the scale, the relevance of reviewing the divergent validity is considered to provide greater robustness to the properties of the FAS. On the other hand, within the sample considered and the type of data collection, it would be necessary to include not only older adults living at home but also those in institutions, which would broaden the spectrum of the study population. Similarly, it is recognized that the test-retest reliability of the scale was not evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFuture research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause low associations were found between functional appreciation and self-esteem, future studies should analyse convergence with other constructs where the correspondence with older adults can be better appreciated, such as scales that measure functionality through comprehensive gerontological assessment (Briggs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Likewise, expanding the population's age range could be considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mexican version of the FAS for adults over 60 confirmed the original scale's one-dimensionality. It also proved to be an instrument with adequate psychometric properties, favourable reliability coefficients, and associations between the FAS and self-esteem, gratitude, and body appreciation. Therefore, this study confirms the use of the FAS in the target population, a preliminary step in gerontological psychology research to continue investigating the emotional changes in older adults concerning their perception and acceptance of their bodies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by a grant from the Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology, and Innovation (Secihti), called \u0026ldquo;National Postgraduate Scholarships\u0026rdquo;, with grant acceptance number 2023-000002-01NACF-05091.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData availability\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset analyzed for this report is not publicly available, but may be requested from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthical approval\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur research was conducted in accordance with ethical standards. We obtained all necessary approvals and permissions to conduct the study, ensuring the privacy, confidentiality, and rights of the participants involved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInformed Consent\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe obtained informed consent from all participants involved in the study. They were fully informed about the research objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits, and gave their voluntary consent to participate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Conceptualization LEBB., CJFP., LP \u0026amp; RGS.; Methodology LEBB \u0026amp; CJFP; Software LEBB, AFA, ASS \u0026amp; CJFP; Validation LEBB, LILA \u0026amp; CJFP; Formal Analysis LEBB, LILA \u0026amp; CJFP; Investigation LEBB, AFA, ASS, LILA \u0026amp; CJFP.; Resources LP \u0026amp; RGS; Data Curation LEBB, LILA \u0026amp; CJFP; Writing \u0026ndash; Original Draft LEBB., CJFP, LILA, LP, AFA, ASS \u0026amp; RGS; Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing LEBB \u0026amp; CJFP; Visualization LEBB \u0026amp; CJFP; Supervision LEBB, LILA \u0026amp; CJFP; Project Administration LEBB \u0026amp; CJFP; Funding Acquisition LEBB, RGS, LP \u0026amp; CJFP Todos los autores han le\u0026iacute;do y est\u0026aacute;n de acuerdo con la versi\u0026oacute;n publicada del manuscrito\u0026quot;.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlleva, J. 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L., \u0026amp; Dom\u0026iacute;nguez Herrera, R. (2019). Percepci\u0026oacute;n de salud, autoestima y autoconcepto f\u0026iacute;sico en persones mayores en funci\u0026oacute;n de su actividad f\u0026iacute;sica.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eRevista de Psicolog\u0026iacute;a del Deporte\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c/em\u003e(2), 127-134.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKelley, T. L. (1935). Essential Traits of Mental Life, Harvard Studies in Education (Vol. 26). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKline, R. (2005). \u003cem\u003ePrinciples and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling\u003c/em\u003e (Fourth Ed.). Guilford Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMebarak, M., Todd, J., Coneo, A. M. C., Mu\u0026ntilde;oz-Alvis, A., Polo-Vargas, J. D., De Los Reyes Arag\u0026oacute;n, C., Herrera, M., Mart\u0026iacute;nez, M., Hoyos De Los R\u0026iacute;os, O. L., Mendoza, J., Carrasquilla, A., \u0026amp; Swami, V. (2023). Psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in adults from Colombia. \u003cem\u003eBody Image\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e, 101631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101631\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., \u0026amp; Tsang, J.-A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Personality and Social Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e82\u003c/em\u003e(1), 112-127. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMonsalve-Jaramillo, E., Cobo-Mej\u0026iacute;a, E. A., Botello-Garnica, J. D., \u0026amp; Botello-Garnica, J. A. (2022). Correlaci\u0026oacute;n entre IMC con el autoconcepto f\u0026iacute;sico y apreciaci\u0026oacute;n corporal en personas mayores.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eSalud Uninorte\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e38\u003c/em\u003e(01), 51-67. https://doi.org/10.14482/sun.38.1.618.974\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMulaik, S. A. (2009). Foundations of Factor Analysis. CRC Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNamatame, H., Yamamiya, Y., Shimai, S., \u0026amp; Sawamiya, Y. (2022). Psychometric validation of the Japanese version of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eBody Image\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e40\u003c/em\u003e, 116-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.11.007\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eP\u0026eacute;rez-Zepeda, M. U., Cesari, M., Carrillo-Vega, M. F., Salinas-Escudero, G., Tella-Vega, P., \u0026amp; Garc\u0026iacute;a-Pe\u0026ntilde;a, C. (2017). A Frailty Index from Next-of-Kin Data: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the Mexican Health and Aging Study.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eBioMed Research International\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2017\u003c/em\u003e, 6069374. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6069374\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eQuezada Berumen, L. (2023). Estudio de validez y confiabilidad del Cuestionario de Gratitud-6 (GQ-6) en M\u0026eacute;xico. \u003cem\u003eActa de Investigaci\u0026oacute;n Psicol\u0026oacute;gica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(1), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2023.1.476\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRekkers, M. E., Nieuwenhuijse, A. M., Scheffers, M., Busschbach, J. T. V., \u0026amp; Elburg, A. A. V. (2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eThe Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS): Psychometric properties and results of the Dutch version in a community sample and a sample of women with eating disorders\u003c/em\u003e. In Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2750656/v1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRiechers, R., \u0026amp; Warschburger, P. (2025). Psychometric properties of a German translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) among adults in Germany. \u003cem\u003eBody Image, 52\u003c/em\u003e, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101853\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRosenberg, M. (1965). \u003cem\u003eSociety and the Adolescent Self-Image\u003c/em\u003e. Princeton University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pjjh\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSahlan, R. N., Todd, J., \u0026amp; Swami, V. (2022). Psychometric properties of a Farsi translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in Iranian adolescents. \u003cem\u003eBody Image\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e41\u003c/em\u003e, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.011\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS\u0026aacute;nchez-Cabrero, R. (2020). Mejora de la satisfacci\u0026oacute;n corporal en la madurez a trav\u0026eacute;s de un programa espec\u0026iacute;fico de imagen corporal. \u003cem\u003eUniversitas psychologica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e(1), 27.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSwami, V., Todd, J., Azzi, V., Malaeb, D., El Dine, A. S., Obeid, S., \u0026amp; Hallit, S. (2022). Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in Lebanese adults. \u003cem\u003eBody Image\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e42\u003c/em\u003e, 361-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.008\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSwami, V., Todd, J., Goian, C., Tudorel, O., Barron, D., \u0026amp; Vintilă, M. (2021). Psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS). \u003cem\u003eBody Image\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c/em\u003e, 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.02.010\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTabachnick, B.G. \u0026amp; Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th Edition, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTimmerman, M. E., \u0026amp; Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Methods\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023353\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTylka, T. L., \u0026amp; Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eBody Image\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e, 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVisauta, B. y Martori, J. (2003). \u003cem\u003eAn\u0026aacute;lisis estad\u0026iacute;stico con SPSSpara Windows: Volumen II, estad\u0026iacute;stica multivariante\u003c/em\u003e. Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorthington, R. L., \u0026amp; Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eCounseling Psychologist\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c/em\u003e(6), 806---838.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZamora, \u0026Aacute;., Desdentado, L., Herrero, R., Miragall, M., \u0026amp; Ba\u0026ntilde;os, R. (2024). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functionality appreciation scale. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Eating Disorders\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01004-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-aging","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Aging](https://link.springer.com/journal/44518)","snPcode":"44518","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44518/3","title":"Discover Aging","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Older adults, Functional appreciation, Positive body image, Psychometric properties, Mexico","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8534647/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8534647/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe aging process involves a series of physical changes that socially characterize old age; this is why the perception of vitality in older adulthood is prejudiced and affected, especially for those who suffer from pathologies that could impair their functionality. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Functional Appreciation Scale in Mexican older adults. A total of 357 participants were collected, subdivided into two samples, and asked to complete a battery of tests consisting of the target scale and tests to assess self-esteem, gratitude, and body appreciation. All evaluations were conducted individually and face-to-face. Among the main results, the one-dimensionality of the scale was confirmed in both the exploratory factor analysis (86.42% of variance explained) and the confirmatory factor analysis (\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.2, \u003cem\u003egl\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.13; NNFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.99, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.976, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.996, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.045). Likewise, strong and statistically significant associations (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001) were observed between the measurement system and body appreciation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .33), gratitude (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .41), and self-esteem (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .48). The results obtained are discussed in the context of previous adoptions, particularly in studies that validated the instrument in older adults.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Functional Appreciation Scale (FAS): evaluation of psychometric properties in older adults in Mexico","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-22 14:22:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8534647/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-26T20:04:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T18:33:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-13T21:47:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"91087623258507439733505272585335397466","date":"2026-02-13T21:16:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"171545665595386122822978049414292747707","date":"2026-02-12T01:43:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T15:15:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"320296652437277863512429229479432026824","date":"2026-01-21T09:05:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-21T04:19:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T05:32:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-16T10:15:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-16T10:14:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Aging","date":"2026-01-06T19:48:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-aging","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Aging](https://link.springer.com/journal/44518)","snPcode":"44518","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44518/3","title":"Discover Aging","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5673c978-15fd-4a5b-92e9-e3f2338d0ee9","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 22nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-15T18:39:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-22 14:22:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8534647","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8534647","identity":"rs-8534647","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}